UC-NRLF 


fifi    Tlfl 

HANDBOOK 

OF 

ECONOMIC  AGENCIES 

OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917 


Monograph  No.  3 


Prepared  in  the 

Historical  Branch,  War  Plans  Division 
General  Staff 

1919 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1919 


GIFT  OF 


908 
A  HANDBOOK 

OF 

ECONOMIC  AGENCIES 

OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917 


Monograph  No.  3 


Prepared  in  the 

Historical  Branch,  War  Plans  Division 

General  Staff 

1919 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1919 


DEPABTMENT 
Document  No.  908 
Office  of  The  Adjutant  General 


1WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
WASHINGTON,  September  10,  1919. 

The  following  publication,  entitled  "A  Handbook  of  Economic  Agencies  of 
the  War  of  1917,"  prepared  in  the  Economic  Mobilization  Section,  Historical 
Branch,  War  Plans  Division,  General  Staff,  is  approved  and  published  for  the 
information  of  all  concerned. 
[062.1,  A.  G.  O.] 

BY  ORDER  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR  I 

PEYTON  C.  MARCH, 

General,  Chief  of  Staff. 
OFFICIAL  : 

P.  C.  HARRIS, 

The  Adjutant  General. 

3 


425599 


PREFACE. 


The  economic  agencies  of  the  War  of  1917  included  organizations 
that  were  parts  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  before  the 
war ;  others  that  were  created  in  the  permanent  departments  to  meet 
war  conditions;  other  war  boards  or  administrative  bodies  that 
were  created  by  special  legislation  or  Executive  order;  others  that 
were  created  by  interallied  action  for  joint  service;  and  still  others 
that  were  not  a  part  of  the  Government  at  all  but  represented  private 
enterprise  organized  to  assist  and  cooperate  in  the  advancement  of 
the  war.  These  organizations  have  been  studied  as  a  part  of  the  pre- 
liminary work  in  the  preparation  of  the  History  of  Economic  Mobili- 
zation for  the  War  of  1917.  In  every  case  it  has  been  desirable  to 
learn  when,  where,  and  under  what  auspices  the  agency  came  into  ex- 
istence, to  trace  the  history  of  its  growth  or  disappearance,  to  as- 
certain its  principal  functions  and  its  relationships  to  other  agencies, 
and  to  indicate  the  personnel  responsible  for  its  work.  This  Hand- 
book of  Agencies  is  the  result  of  the  above  preliminary  study.  It 
is  printed  in  the  belief  that  the  data  here  assembled  will  be  increas- 
ingly useful  in  the  future  to  officers,  administrators,  and  investi- 
gators, as  time  obliterates  the  recollections  by  which  alone  the  clear 
outlines  of  the  agencies  are  now  preserved. 

The  range  of  agencies  is  necessarily  as  broad  as  the  range  of  hu- 
man effort  by  which  material  things  were  assembled  for  the  purposes 
of  war,  a  fact  to  which  the  diversity  of  titles  contained  in  the  Hand- 
book bears  witness.  It  has  been  the  purpose,  however,  to  include 
only  such  agencies  as  were  of  economic  significance,  and  the  Hand- 
book is  in  no  sense  to  be  regarded  as  a  complete  catalog  of  agencies, 
governmental  or  private,  whose  functions  were  related  to  the  war. 
This  economic  point  of  view  will  explain  seeming  omissions,  par- 
ticularly in  the  treatment  of  certain  Government  bureaus  and  de- 
partments, the  functions  of  which  were  not  economic.  Furthermore, 
agencies,  the  duties  of  which  were  purely  executive  and  administra- 
tive, have  not  been  included.  In  a  very  small  number  of  cases  the 
impossibility  of  obtaining  information  from  the  agencies  concerned 
definite  enough  to  warrant  publication  has  necessitated  the  omission 
of  certain  articles.  The  alphabetical  order  has  been  followed  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  articles,  but  it  should  be  noted  that  United  States 
has  not  been  used  as  a  filing  term.  An  alphabetical  index  of  names 
will  be  found  at  the  back  of  the  Handbook  as  a  help  in  the  location 
of  those  agencies,  the  names  of  which  may  be  uncertain,  but  the 
executives  of  which  may  be  known. 

An  earnest  expression  of  thanks  and  obligation  is  made  to  the 
executives  and  their  assistants  in  all  the  agencies  listed  who  so 
unanimously  gave  both  courteous  and  prompt  assistance  in  the  col- 
lection of  material  from  which  the  Handbook  articles  were  written. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 


ACCOUNTANTS,  COOPERATIVE   COMMITTEE   OF  AMERICAN  INSTITUTE  OF; 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  by  the  institute  in  April,  1917,  as  an  advisory  commit- 
tee to  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  committee  examined 
contracts  and  furnished  accountants  for  camp  and  cantonment  con- 
struction. When  it  was  dissolved  as  a  committee  of  the  Council  of 
National  Defense,  the  organization  was  continued  as  a  war  service 
committee  of  the  institute  with  the  same  personnel  and  functions. 
E.  L.  Suffern,  chairman. 

ACCOUNTANTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  April,  1917,  by  the  American  Institute  of  Account- 
ants as  an  advisory  committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense. 
It  named  accountants  to  assist  Government  departments  and  super- 
vised the  making  of  contracts  for  the  War  Department.  When  the 
subsidiary  committees  of  the  War  Industries  Board  passed  out  of 
existence,  the  committee  became  a  war  service  committee  of  the 
United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce.  E.  L.  Suffern,  chairman. 

ACCOUNTING  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Created  May  24,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  accounting,  legal  matters, 
and  general  administration.  This  branch  acted  in  an  advisory  ca- 
pacity for  Government  accounting  forces  on  the  construction  proj- 
ects, sent  out  traveling  accountants,  and  assembled  cost  data  and 
financial  statistics  relative  to  all  jobs.  Maj.  W.  A.  Dempsey,  chief, 
succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  Charles  Neville. 

ACCOUNTING  COMMITTEE,  DIVISION  OF  PUBLIC  SERVICE  AND  ACCOUNT- 
ING, UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Creation  announced  April  2,  1918,  under  A.  H.  Plant,  chairman. 
Associated  with  Mr.  Plant  were  a  number  of  experts  in  railroad  ac- 
counting. This  committee  gave  advice  with  respect  to  technical 
matters  pertaining  to  accounting  procedure.  Owing  to  the  elimina- 
tion of  competition  in  the  operation  of  the  railroads  it  was  possible 
to  make  many  changes  in  accounting  methods  in  the  interests  of 
economy  and  efficiency.  The  committee  also  took  over,  practically 
intact,  the  functions  and  the  organization  of  the  subcommittees  on 
military  transportation  accounting  of  the  Special  Committee  on 
National  Defense,  American  Kailway  Association,  and  the  work  of 
the  general,  State,  and  field  military  accountants  was  continued  as 
before. 

7 


8  HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ACCOUNTING    DIVISION.    BUREAU    CF    SUPPLIES    AND    ACCOUNTS,    NAVY 
DEPARTMENT 

A  continuing  division  which  during  the  war  took  on  new  activities 
caused  by  the  increased  purchasing  of  the  Navy  Department.  This 
division  determined  the  basis  of  cost-plus  contracts,  the  fairness  of 
bid  prices  on  proprietary  articles,  the  proper  allowances  for  amorti- 
zation of  plant  improvements,  the  financial  condition  of  various 
companies,  and  the  merit  of  their  claims  for  advances  of  money,  and 
in  general  all  relations  of  the  Bureau  of  Supplies  and  Accounts  with 
contractors.  A  force  of  over  2,000  accountants  handled  this  work. 
It  functioned  through  an  Appropriation  Section,  Stores  Section, 
Cost  Section,  and  Cost-Inspection  Section. 

ACCOUNTING,  DIVISION  OF,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Public  Service  and  Accounting,  Division  of;  United  States 
Railroad  A dministration. 

ACCOUNTING  SECTION,   DIVISION   OF   PUBLIC    SERVICE  AND  ACCOUNTING, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  during  the  summer  of  1918.  This  section  supervised 
the  administration's  accounting  of  all  railroads  under  Federal  con- 
trol, and  developed  the  accounting  system  which  controlled  the  car- 
riers' accounts  and  made  it  possible  to  render  statements  of  the 
operating  results  and  the  assets  and  liabilities  of  all  carriers  in  the 
aggregate.  D.  E.  Brown  was  appointed  manager  on  November  1, 
1918,  and  was  made  director  of  accounting  February  1,  1919. 

ACCOUNTING   SECTION,    GENERAL   ADMINISTRATIVE   BUREAU,    ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT. 

Created  April  19,  1918,  to  be  in  charge  of  work  formerly  assigned 
to  Finance  Section.  It  functioned  through  the  following  branches: 
Payroll  Accounting,  Cost  Accounting,  and  Stores.  Lieut.  Col.  L.  W. 
Blyth,  chief. 

ACCOUNTS    AND    ADJUSTMENTS    BRANCH,    SUBSISTENCE    DIVISION,    QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  in  January,  1918.  It  made  and  executed  all  contracts 
entered  into  by  the  Subsistence  Division ;  handled  all  claims  made  by 
packers  and  canners  with  respect  to  final  prices  upon  goods  taken  by 
allotment;  advised  upon  all  legal  matters;  handled  contract  termi- 
nations ;  and  represented  the  Subsistence  Division  in  commandeering 
procedure.  Capt.  E.  H.  Kothe  and  Capt.  H.  B.  Walker  acted  suc- 
cessively as  chief. 

ACIDS,  COMMITTEE  ON,  THE  CHEMICAL  ALLIANCE   (INC.). 

Formed  February  6,  1918,  to  attend  to  matters  concerning  the 
industry  and  to  work  in  connection  with  the  War  Industries  Board. 
It  issued  a  weekly  Bulletin,  Nos.  1  to  41,  the  last  being  of  date  Janu- 
ary 3,  1919.  The  committee  was  kept  as  one  of  the  sections  of  the 
Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.),  and  directed  its  efforts  to  guiding  the 
industry  in  its  reconstruction  problems.  W.  D,  Huntington, 
chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.  9 

ACIDS    SUBCOMMITTEE,    CHEMICALS    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  E.  R.  Grasselli,  chairman,  becoming  the  Acids  Com- 
mittee or  Section  of  the  Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.),  November,  1917. 

ACIDS    AND    HEAVY    CHEMICALS    SECTION,    CHEMICALS    DIVISION,    WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  about  May  1,  1918.  Information  was  already  at  hand  as 
to  production,  from  a  Bureau  of  Mines  survey,  and  as  to  costs,  from 
a  survey  made  by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission.  Work  was  con- 
fined chiefly  to  procurement  of  sufficient  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids, 
not  only  for  explosives  and  gases,  but  also  for  fertilizers,  the  refin- 
ing of  oils,  and  dye  stuffs.  It  helped  to  create  new  capacity,  investi- 
gated and  controlled  raw  materials,  worked  out  transportation  prob- 
lems, and  allocated  supply.  The  industry  was  not  commandeered,  but 
the  Government  reserved  priority  right,  and  prices  were  fixed.  The 
section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Albert  R.  Brunker, 
chief. 

ACTUARY,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

An  official  appointed  May  25,  1918.  He  performed  the  duty  of 
compiling  and  analyzing  statistics  and  preparing  reports  concern- 
ing various  economic  problems  connected  with  the  United  States 
Railroad  Administration  which  were  referred  to  him  by  the  Director 
General  or  members  of  his  staff.  He  also  had  charge  of  the  Bureau 
of  Suggestions  and  Complaints,  the  organization  of  which  was 
announced  on  August  22,  1918.  Theodore  H.  Price,  actuary. 

ADJUTANT  GENERAL  OF  THE  ARMY,  THE. 

The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  functioned  along  noneconomic 
lines  with  two  exceptions,  the  War  Service  Exchange  and  the  Indus- 
trial Furlough  Section.  Maj.  Gen.  H.  P.  McCain  was  The  Adjutant 
General  until  August  9,  1918,  when  he  was  relieved  bv  Maj.  Gen. 
P.  C.  Harris. 

ADMINISTRATION     BRANCH,     PROCUREMENT     DIVISION,     ORDNANCE     DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Established  March  4,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  supervising  routine 
business  throughout  the  Procurement  Division,  including  the  han- 
dling of  mail  and  cablegrams,  distribution  of  administrative  orders, 
the  compiling  of  reports  not  handled  by  the  Statistical  Branch,  etc. 
The  Administration  Branch  was  subdivided  into  a  number  of  units. 
There  was  a  Contract  Information  Unit,  which  interviewed  contrac- 
tors and  referred  them  to  the  proper  negotiating  officers  and  main- 
tained a  mailing  list  of  the  contractors  recommended  by  the  chairmen 
of  the  various  committees  associated  with  the  Resources  and  Con- 
version Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  A  Clearance  Unit 
was  established  for  the  purpose  of  handling  applications  for  clear- 
ance on  orders  placed  for  certain  materials  from  the  Clearance  Com- 
mittee of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Later,  when  all  clearances  were 
handled  through  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase,  Storage  and 
Traffic,  this  unit  acted  as  a  liaison  agent  between  the  Procurement 


10          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Division  and  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic.  Lieut.  R.  R,  Lally  was 
head  of  the  Administration  Branch  from  its  organization  until 
March  30,  1918,  when  he  was  relieved  by  Lieut.  A.  H.  Estabrook. 
The  latter  was  relieved  in  turn  by  Capt.  (later  Maj.)  A.  W.  Fair- 
child,  and  Lieut.  D.  C.  Noyes. 

ADMINISTRATION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

See  General  Administrative  Bureau,  Ordnance  Department. 

ADMINISTRATION,   DIVISION   OF,   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Created  January  12,  1918,  and  abolished  two  weeks  later.  It 
functioned  through  the  Control,  Cemeterial,  Chief  Clerk,  Personnel 
and  Finance,  and  Accounts  Branches.  It  was  called  General  Ad- 
ministration Bureau  on  its  reorganization. 

ADMINISTRATION    OF   LABOR   STANDARDS   FOR   ARMY   CLOTHING,   INDUS- 
TRIAL RELATIONS  BRANCH,   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

See  Control  of  Labor  Standards  for  Army  Clothing,  Board  of. 

ADMINISTRATIVE   BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPAGE   DIVISION,    QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  June  14, 1918,  with  C.  A.  McCormick,  chief.  It  had  super- 
vision over  all  branches  of  the  division  except  procurement,  working 
through  four  supervisors,  Purchase,  Production,  Inspection,  and 
Depot  Relations,  and  two  sections,  Contracts  and  Office  Service. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  BRANCH,  DEPOT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  June  14,  1918,  reporting  to  the  Depot  Division  until 
August  15,  1918,  and  to  the  Operating  Division  from  that  date  to 
October  28,  1918,  when  its  duties  were  transferred  to  the  Domestic 
Operations  Division,  Office  of  Director  of  Storage.  Lieut.  Col. 
George  F.  Perkins,  chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  BRANCH,  QUARTERMASTER  SUPPLY  CONTROL  BUREAU, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  January  26, 1918.  Subordinate  to  it  were  the  Methods, 
the  Statistical,  and  the  Central  Office  Service  Sections.  The  names 
of  these  sections  indicate  the  nature  of  the  functions  of  the  branch 
itself.  It  was  abolished  upon  the  reorganization  of  the  Office  of 
the  Quartermaster  General,  April  16,  1918. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  BRANCH,  MACHINERY  AND  ENGINEERING  MATERIALS 
DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  general  administrative 
work  in  connection  with  the  operation  of  the  Machinery  and  En- 
gineering Materials  Division.  It  functioned  through  the  Contract 
and  Legal,  Production,  Statistics,  Order  and  Requisition,  and  Office 
Service  Sections.  Lieut.  Col.  C.  H.  Crawford  was  chief,  Novem- 
ber 1,  1918,  to  December  4,  1918,  succeeded  by  Maj.  Howard  Yost. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          11 

ADMINISTRATIVE  BRANCH,  MOTORS  AND  VEHICLES  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR 
OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  June  14,  1918.  Prior  to  September  21,  1918,  the 
Administrative  Branch  was  subordinate  to  the  Vehicles  and  Harness 
Division,  Quartermaster  General.  It  was  at  different  times  under 
the  direction  of  Capt.  J.  M.  Barr,  Capt.  S.  B.  Dean,  and  A.  G.  Drefs. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  BRANCH,  RAW  MATERIALS  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Organized  January  18,  1918,  as  a  part  of  the  Fuel  and  Forage 
Division.  Transferred  to  Raw  Materials  Division,  October  28,  1918. 
This  branch  handled  and  coordinated  all  military  matters  and  had 
charge  of  clerical  force,  compilation  of  information,  statistics,  and 
preparation  of  reports.  Lieut.  Col.  W.  E.  Horton,  chief  until  August 
1,  1918;  Maj.  E.  S.  Bronson,  to  September  21,  1918;  and  Capt.  E.  R. 
Johnson,  to  November  11,  1918. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION. 

Created  May  20,  1918,  to  handle  all  administrative  problems,  to 
carry  out  and  supervise  office  work,  and  to  have  charge  of  commis- 
sioned, enlisted,  and  civilian  personnel.  It  took  over  a  part  of  the 
personnel  and  functions  of  the  Administrative  Division  of  the  Sig- 
nal Corps.  On  November  1,  1918,  it  functioned  through  the  follow- 
ing departments :  Advisory  and  Consulting,  Program  and  Statistics, 
Administrative,  Military  Intelligence,  Personnel,  and  Technical 
Information.  Lieut.  Col.  R.  M.  Jones,  chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  October  11, 1918.  to  have  the  responsibility  for  and  author- 
ity over  policies,  preparation  and  distribution  of  orders,  and  regu- 
lations and  interpretation  of  same,  the  receiving  and  distribution 
of  correspondence,  personnel,  and  making  decisions  in  regard  to 
mooted  or  disputed  financial  questions.  It  functioned  through  the 
following  branches:  Orders  and  Regulations,  Communications,  Ex- 
ecutive, Personnel,  and  Office  Service.  H.  N.  Wiseman,  chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Administrative  Division  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Admin- 
istration was  organized  in  September,  1917,  by  G.  W.  Nasmyth.  It 
was  purely  an  office  organization.  In  May,  1918,  it  was  reorganized 
by  Cyrus  L.  Garnsey,  jr.,  who  was  appointed  Assistant  Fuel  Admin- 
istrator, and  was  divided  into  the  Legal  Bureau,  Bureau  of  Pro- 
duction, Bureau  of  Prices,  Bureau  of  State  Organizations,  Bureau 
of  Conservation,  Bureau  of  Traffic  and  Transportation,  Bureau 
of  Investigation,  Bureau  of  Education,  Mine  Track  Committee,  and 
Business  Office.  The  division  had  charge  of  the  business  office  of 
the  Fuel  Administration,  prices  for  operators,  jobbers,  and  retailers, 
traffic  and  transportation  matters,  conservation,  legal  matters,  edu- 
cation, production,  and  the  work  of  the  State  Administrators.  The 
bureaus  were  more  or  less  separate  and  in  some  cases  reported 
directly  to  the  Fuel  Administrator. 


12  HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

In  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  It  was  abolished  Janu- 
ary 12,  1918,  and  its  duties  were  transferred  to  the  Division  of 
Administration.  It  functioned  through  the  following  branches: 
Administration,  Cemeterial,  Mail,  Records  and  Document  Files,  Per- 
sonnel, Estimates,  Office  Personnel,  Reserve  Depots  and  National 
Defense,  Contracts,  Claims. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918,  to  succeed  the  General  Administrative 
Bureau.  It  was  abolished  October  28,  1918,  and  its  duties  were 
taken  over  by  the  General  Administrative  Division,  Purchase  and 
Storage.  It  functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Adminis- 
trative Control,  Orders  and  Regulations,  Telegraphic  and  Cable, 
Communications,  Confidential  Records,  Messenger,  Office  Service, 
Methods,  Mail  and  Records,  Statistics,  Training.  Col.  C.  P.  Daly, 
Maj.  Ezra  Davis,  Maj.  B.  L.  Frazier,  successively  served  as  chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE    SECTION,    SALES    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE    AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  January  21,  1919.  This  section  had  general  supervision 
of  the  administrative  work  of  the  office  of  the  Director  of  Sales, 
including  Personnel,  Mail,  Records,  Files,  etc.  Maj.  C.  S.  Shaw, 
chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE      SUBDIVISION,      OVERSEAS     DISTRIBUTION      DIVISION. 
DIRECTOR    OF    STORAGE,    PURCHASE    AND    STORAGE. 

Established  November  1,  1918.  This  subdivision  performed  vari- 
c  us  administrative  functions  connected  with  the  shipment  of  sup- 
plies to  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces,  which  involved  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  coordination  of  the  activities  of  the.  various  subdivi- 
sions of  the  Overseas  Distribution  Division.  It  performed  its  func- 
tions through  the  Statistical  and  Records,  Cable,  Storage  and  Traf- 
fic, and  Priority  Clearance  Branches.  Capt.  G.  G.  Fuller,  chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE   CONTROL   BRANCH,    GENERAL   ADMINISTRATIVE    DIVI- 
SION, PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  January  12,  1918,  going  through  a  series  of  reorganiza- 
tions and  change  of  name.  It  was  finally  transferred  to  Purchase 
and  Storage,  November  1,  1918.  Capt.  A.  J.  Chappell,  chief. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  METHODS  BRANCH,  PERSONAL  AND  PLANNING   STAFF, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  plans 
and  issuing  orders  looking  to  the  development  and  perfection  of  the 
organization  functioning  under  the  Quartermaster  General.  The 
branch  was  abolished  upon  the  reorganization  of  the  office  of  the 
Quartermaster  General  April  16,  1918. 

ADVERTISING  COMMITTEE,  DIVISION  OF  TRAFFIC,  UNITED  STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  May  1,  1918.  This  committee  drew  up  regulations  with 
respect  to  advertising  for  the  guidance  of  railroads  under  Federal 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          13 

control.  Certain  forms  were  prescribed  for  time-tables,  circulars, 
etc..  while  in  the  interests  of  economy  certain  kinds  of  advertising 
prohibited  altogether.  A.  L.  Craig,  chairman. 


ADVERTISING,  DIVISION  OF;    COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Created  by  Executive  order  January  20,  1918.  This  division  or- 
ganized the  various  advertising  clubs  and  associations.  Through  its 
agency  space  was  contributed  by  numerous  periodicals  and  bill- 
board:- and  used  to  advertise  the  various  loan  and  other  campaigns 
directed  by  the  Government.  It  was  disbanded  December  15,  1918. 
William  H.  Johns,  director. 

ADVERTISING  SPECIALTIES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  February  13,  1918,  at  the  request  of  the  United  States 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  It  assisted  the  industry  in  securing  contracts 
and  in  supplying  the  Government  with  commodities  manufactured 
by  the  companies  represented.  Carroll  H.  Sudler,  chairman. 

ADVISORY  COMMISSION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  October  11,  1916,  by  the  President  on  nomination  of 
the  Council  of  Xational  Defense  in  accordance  with  the  Army  appro- 
priation act  approved  August  29,  1916,  consisting  of  the  following 
seven  members:  Chairman,  Daniel  Willard,  Transportation  and 
Communication:  Howard  E.  Coffin,  Munitions,  Manufacturing,  and 
Industrial  Relations:  Julius  Rosen  wald,  Supplies:  Bernard  M. 
Barnch,  Raw  Materials,  Minerals,  and  Metals:  Dr.  Hollis  Godfrey. 
Engineering  and  Education:  Samuel  Gompers,  Labor,  including 
conservation  of  health  and  welfare  of  workers:  Dr.  Franklin  Martin, 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  including  general  sanitation.  Xo  work  seems 
to  have  been  done  by  the  commission  until  the  breaking  of  diplomatic 
relations  with  Germany.  Its  preliminary  organization  was  a  division 
into  seven  committees,  each  headed  by  one  of  the  commissioners,  who 
were  to  call  conferences  of  representatives  of  trades,  business,  and 
professions,  who  in  turn  were  to  be  asked  to  organize  committees  to 
consider  problems  affecting  national  defense  submitted  to  them  by 
the  council.  By  decision  reached  February  13,  1917,  there  were 
created  the  cooperative  committees  of  industry  of  the  Advisory  Com- 
mission, most  of  them  being  subordinate  to  the  chairmen  of  the  Com- 
mittees on  Supplies  and  on  Raw  Materials.  Minerals,  and  Metals. 
Immediately  following  the  declaration  of  war  and  in  succeeding 
weeks  these  committees  or  others  of  like  composition  were  appointed 
subcommittees  of  the  commission,  forming  what  may  be  termed  the 
subcommittee  system.  These  committees,  serving  without  pay,  were 
composed  of  men  prominent  in  their  respective  fields  of  industry. 
and  their  activities  were  (1)  furnishing  information  regarding  in- 
dustrial resources,  manufacturing  capacities,  means  of  increasing 
production,  and  of  converting  facilities:  (2)  assisting  in  accelerating 
service  for  the  Government;  (3)  negotiating  price  agreements;  and 
(M-)  distributing  orders  and  awarding  contracts.  The  increasing 
number  of  committees,  more  than  150.  and  the  difficulties  attending 
efficient  coordination  necessitated  a  reorganization  in  July,  1917, 
which  gave  the  newly  created  War  Industries  Board  an  advisory 
function  in  coordinating  purchases  for  the  Army  and  Xavy.  The 


14  HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

interpretation  of  the  Food  Control  Act  of  August  10, 1917,  regarding 
contracts  with  firms  in  which  committeemen  were  financially  inter- 
ested, brought  about  a  wholesale  resignation  of  men  in  the  coop- 
erative committees,  although  the  final  dissolution  of  these  committees 
was  not  announced  by  the  council  until  December  7,  1917.  This 
brought  about  only  a  nominal  change  in  relations,  inasmuch  as  the 
dissolved  committees  were  reestablished  either  in  the  War  Industries 
Board  or  by  the  industries  themselves  through  war  service  com- 
mittees. 

ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  TO  THE  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE,  DIVISION  OF 
FINANCE  AND  PURCHASES,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

Creation  of  committee  announced  March,  1918.  It  advised  the 
director  of  the  division  in  matters  pertaining  to  finance.  Chairman, 
Franklin  Q.  Brown,  assisted  by  two,  later  three,  additional  members. 

ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  ON  PLANTS  AND  MUNITIONS. 

See  Plants  and  Munitions,  War  Industries  Board. 

ADVISORY  COUNCIL,  WAR  SERVICE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE,  CHAMBER 
OF  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Organized  January  3,  1919,  and  composed  of  the  chairmen  of  all 
war  service  committees.  It  took  up  the  matter  of  the  disposal  of 
surplus  property  and  the  settlement  of  contracts.  Charles  W.  Asbury, 
chairman. 

ADVISORY  TAX  BOARD,  BUREAU  OF  INTERNAL  REVENUE,  TREASURY 
DEPARTMENT. 

A  board  of  six  members,  organized  March  14,  1919,  by  authority 
of  the  revenue  act  of  1919,  as  a  permanent  advisory  board  in  the 
Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue.  Its  function  is  to  assist  in  interpreta- 
tion of  the  law  and  regulations,  conduct  hearings  of  taxpayers,  and 
work  out  administrative  principles.  Five  members  have  been  ap- 
pointed, the  sixth  position  to  be  filled  by  temporary  appointment 
of  experts  qualified  with  respect  to  specific  matters  under  considera- 
tion. The  membership  is  as  follows:  T.  S.  Adams  (chairman),  S.  W. 
Cramer,  F.  J.  Field,  L.  F.  Speer,  and  J.  E.  Sterrett. 

AERO  CLUB  OF  AMERICA. 

Founded  in  1905.  The  club  in  connection  with  the  aircraft  pro- 
gram functioned  through  the  following  committees:  Contests  Com- 
mittee, Alan  R.  Hawley,  chairman;  Military  and  Naval  Aviation 
Committee,  Brig.  Gen.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  chairman ;  Marine  Fly- 
ing Committee,  Henry  A.  Wise  Wood,  chairman ;  Aeronautical  Map 
and  Landing  Places  Committee,  Rear  Admiral  R.  E.  Peary,  chair- 
man; Public  Safety  Committee,  Gen.  Theodore  A.  Bingham,  chair- 
man; Dirigible  and  Kite  Balloon  Committee,  Henry  Woodhouse, 
chairman;  Foreign  Relations  Committee,  Rear  Admiral  Bradley 
Fiske,  chairman;  Foreign  Service  Committee,  W.  G.  Sharpe,  chair- 
man; Spherical  Balloon  Committee,  George  M.  Myers,  chairman; 
Committee  on  Trans- Atlantic  Flight,  Henry  A.  Wise  Wood,  chair- 
man. Alan  R.  Hawley  was  president  of  the  Aero  Club  during  the 
period  of  the  war. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          15 

AEROLOGICAL    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    WEATHER    BUREAU,    DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

One  of  the  permanent  organizations  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  con- 
tinuing its  normal  activities  during  the  war.  It  was  able  to  give  much 
practical  assistance  in  the  solution  of  certain  technical  problems  con- 
nected with  the  development  of  artillery  and  aviation.  Stations  were 
established  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  for  taking  observa- 
tions by  means  of  kites,  balloons,  airplanes,  etc.  Bulletins  of  existing 
and  prospective  conditions  were  distributed  from  time  to  time. 
Special  kite  flights  were  conducted  in  searchlight  beams,  as  an  aid 
to  artillerists  in  detecting  moving  objects  in  the  air.  Willis  R. 
Gregg,  chief. 

AERONAUTICAL  COMMISSION. 

A  joint  Army  and  Navy  board,  sent  abroad  June  17,  1917.  The 
commission  sent  from  Paris,  August  15,  1917,  a  report  upon  the 
American  production  program.  Maj.  R.  C.  Boiling,  chairman. 

AERONAUTICAL  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

See  Air  Division,  Signal  Corps,  War  Department. 

AERONAUTICS,    DIVISION    OF;    BUREAU    OF    STEAM    ENGINEERING,    NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

Established  June  1,  1917.  This  division  supervised  the  design, 
supply,  and  maintenance  of  power  plants  and  their  attachments  in  all 
naval  aircraft.  Commander  A.  K.  Adams,  chief. 

AERONAUTICS,  NATIONAL  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  FOR. 

A  body  of  scientists  created  by  Act  of  March  3,  1915,  to  direct 
research,  study  problems  of  flight,  and  make  a  report  to  Congress. 
The  members  of  the  committee  were  appointed  by  the  President  and 
included  representatives  from  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  as 
well  as  from  the  Treasury,  Agriculture,  and  Commerce  Departments. 
Four  technical  members  were  appointed  from  without  the  Govern- 
ment service.  The  committee  acted  as  a  clearing  house  for  aeronau- 
tic inventions,  examining  about  7,000  in  1918  alone.  It  established 
and  maintained  a  special  laboratory  at  Langley  Field.  Many  techni- 
cal aspects  of  aeronautics  were  investigated,  and  special  attention 
was  given  to  the  development  of  aircraft  for  miltary  purposes.  Pre- 
vious to  the  war  the  committee  took  a  census  of  the  production  facili- 
ties of  manufacturers  of  aircraft  and  aeronautic  engines.  Upon  its 
advice  the  Aircraft  Production  Board  was  established.  Close  touch 
was  maintained  with  the  Signal  Corps,  the  Bureau  of  Standards,  and 
the  agencies  interested  in  aircraft  production.  W.  T.  Durand,  chair- 
man. 

AGENCIES,   DIVISION   OF  OPERATIONS,   UNITED   STATES   SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  cumulative  extension  of  the  task  of  operating  the  Shipping 
Board  vessels  necessitated  the  gradual  establishment  of  a  chain  of 
branch  offices  of  the  Division  of  Operations  at  various  j)orts.  These 
offices,  called  respectively  assistant  directorships,  managing  agencies, 


16          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

general  agencies,  agencies,  and  subagencies,  served  to  span  the  dis- 
tance between  the  main  office  of  the  division  and  the  working  field. 
The  assistant  directorship  and  managing  agencies  were  at  New  York, 
Boston,  and  San  Francisco.  The  general  agency  covered  ports  where 
an  organization  was  maintained  for  husbanding  ships,  such  as  Nor- 
folk, Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  Cleveland,  and  New  Orleans;  the 
agency  dealt  only  with  general  matters  in  less  important  ports  as 
Portland,  Me.,  and  Tampa,  Fla. ;  and  the  subagency  was  maintained 
in  ports  where  none  of  the  other  agencies  was  necessary,  but  where 
permanent  representation  was  desirable.  The  subagent  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  managing  agent,  the  general  agent,  or  the  agent  of  his 
district. 

AGRICULTURAL  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  United  States  Food 
Administrator  in  March,  1918,  to  represent  agricultural  and  live 
stock  interests  in  the  United  States.  It  was  first  assembled  March  28, 
1918,  in  Washington.  The  functions  of  the  committee  were  to  keep 
Government  agencies  in  touch  with  production  and  food  problems 
throughout  the  Nation,  and  to  keep  the  people  informed  of  the  action 
and  function  of  Government  agencies  The  committee  closed  its 
activities  March  1,  1919.  Henry  C.  Stuart,  chairman. 

AGRICULTURAL   SECTION,    DIVISION   OF   TRAFFIC,    UNITED    STATES    RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  July  10, 1918.  The  Agricultural  Section  directed  its  atten- 
tion to  the  transportation  needs  of  the  country's  agricultural  inter- 
ests. For  the  more  effective  conduct  of  this  work,  two  general  com- 
mittees were  organized,  a  standing  committee  for  the  South,  and  a 
standing  committee  for  the  North  and  West.  Through  these,  State 
subcommittees  were  formed,  whose  duty  it  was  to  assist  in  carrying 
out  the  policy  of  the  section  by  cooperating  with  one  another  and 
with  the  appropriate  Federal,  State,  and  county  authorities.  J.  L. 
Edwards,  manager. 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS,  VEHICLES,  AND  WOOD  PRODUCTS  SECTION, 
FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  October  17,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  makers  and  users 
of  agricultural  implements  and  vehicles,  because  of  the  25  per  cent 
reduction  by  the  War  Industries  Board  of  iron  and  steel  available  to 
the  industry  and  the  need  at  the  same  time  for  increased  production 
of  food  and  lumber.  E.  E.  Parsonage,  chief. 

AGRICULTURE,  DEPARTMENT  OF. 

An  executive  department  under  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
During  the  war  it  conducted  numerous  investigations  relating  to 
agricultural  products  with  a  view  to  increasing  production,  avoiding 
wastes,  and  providing  substitutes  for  articles  not  readily  available. 
The  investigations  included  such  matters  as  technical  chemical  prob- 
lems, questions  relating  to  the  uses  and  location  of  various  types  of 
timber,  studies  of  plant  life,  insect  pests,  and  diseases  of  animals. 
Of  great  importance  were  the  food  surveys,  provided  for  under  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          17 

Food  Production  Act  of  August  10,  1917,  to  ascertain  the  quantities 
of  food,  food  materials,  and  feed  in  the  country.  The  department 
furnished  advice  and  information  in  regard  to  these  matters  as  well 
as  in  regard  to  certain  other  problems  concerning  which  its  existing 
organization  enabled  it  to  be  of  service.  Among  these  things  may  be 
mentioned  its  advice  in  regard  to  weather  conditions  in  connection 
with  the  location  of  camps  and  in  regard  to  meteorological  conditions 
for  the  development  of  military  aeronautics.  Its  experts  were  also 
of  assistance  in  the  construction  of  roads  at  camps  and  cantonments, 
and  at  various  housing  projects  carried  out  during  the  war.  Various 
special  administrative  functions  were  undertaken  by  the  department 
during  the  war.  It  administered  the  issuance  of  licenses  for  stock- 
yards, slaughterers,  and  renderers,  for  manufacturers  and  dis- 
tributors of  farm  equipment,  and  for  manufacturers  of  fertilizer. 
It  also  had  charge  of  the.  granting  of  seed  grain  loans  to 
farmers  in  the  drought-stricken  regions  of  the  Southeast.  In 
this  connection  might  be  mentioned  the  inspection  of  meats  and 
dairy  products  for  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  and  the 
food  products  inspection  services  maintained  at  large  central  mar- 
kets. The  department  carried  on  an  active  campaign  through  leaf- 
lets, circulars,  bulletins,  posters,  placards,  and  motion  pictures  for 
the  stimulation  of  the  output  of  agricultural  products  and  the  con- 
servation of  foodstuffs.  It  cooperated  with  the  Department  of  Labor 
and  State  agencies  in  supplying  farm  labor.  Most  of  the  war  work 
of  the  department  was  carried  on  through  its  regular  bureaus  or 
offices  and  extensions  within  them.  A  more  detailed  account  of  these 
activities  of  the  department  will  be  found  in  the  articles  on  the  fol- 
lowing: Forest  Service,  Chemistry,  Weather,  Markets,  Plant  Indus- 
try, Crop  Estimates,  Entomology,  Biological  Survey,  Farm  Manage- 
ment, States  Relations  Service,  Public  Roads,  Soils,  Animal  Indus- 
try, and  Publications  Bureaus;  the  Office  of  Farm  Equipment  Con- 
trol, and  the  Office  of  Fertilizer  Control.  David  Franklin  Houston, 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  during  the  war. 

AGRICULTURE,  BOTANY,  FORESTRY,  ZOOLOGY,  AND  FISHERIES  DIVISION, 
NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL. 

Under  Vernon  Kellogg,  chairman,  this  division  worked  through 
six  committees:  Agriculture,  A.  F.  Woods,  chairman;  Botany,  J. 
M.  Coulter,  chairman;  Botanical  Raw  Products,  E.  M.  East,  chair- 
man; Zoology,  C.  E.  McClung,  chairman;  Fisheries,  H.  F.  Moore, 
representative ;  Forestry,  R.  Zon,  I.  W.  Bailey,  representatives ;  three 
special  committees:  Fibers,  E.  M.  East,  chairman;  Protein  Metabo- 
lism in  Animal  Feeding,  H.  P.  Armsby,  chairman ;  Physiological  Salt 
Requirements  of  Certain  Cultivated  Plants,  B.  E.  Livingston,  chair- 
man; and  a  Special  Joint  Committee  on  Fertilizer  Investigations, 
A.  F.  Woods,  chairman. 

AIR  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  division  of  the  Signal  Corps  which  existed  prior  to  the  war,  then 

known  as  Aeronautical  Division.     This  division  had  charge  of  all 

matters  in  regard  to  aviation  at  the  declaration  of  war,  including 

construction,  engineering,  experiments,  training,  and  personnel.    As 

127232—19 2 


18          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  work  of  the  division  was  increased  by  the  large  aviation  program, 
it  lost  part  of  the  functions  by  the  creation  of  the  following  new 
divisions  in  the  Signal  Corps:  Construction  Division,  established 
May  21,  1917;  Aircraft  Engineering  Division,  May  24,  1917;  Equip- 
ment Division,  August  2,  1917.  By  this  time  operation,  training, 
and  personnel  had  reached  such  importance  that  the  air  division 
was  concerned  only  with  these  matters.  This  division  had  charge 
of  the  establishment  of  flying  fields,  the  enlistment  and  train- 
ing of  personnel  in  ground  schools,  engineering  schools,  supply 
schools,  and  flying  schools.  These  activities  were  continued  until 
May  20,  1918,  when  the  Department  of  Military  Aeronautics  was 
established  by  Executive  order  to  have  these  matters  in  charge. 
Lieut.  Col.  J.  B.  Bennett,  Brig.  Gen.  B.  D.  Foulois,  Col.  L.  C.  Brown, 
successively  acted  as  chief  of  this  division. 

AIR  SERVICE,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

John  D.  Ryan,  Second  Assistant  Secretary  of  War,  was  on  August 
28,  1918,  named  Director  of  Air  Service  and  was  made  responsible 
for  procuring  and  furnishing  to  the  army  in  the  field  the  materiel 
and  personnel  required  for  the  Air  Service.  To  that  end,  he  was 
directed  to  exercise  such  supervision,  control  and  direction  as  was 
necessary  over  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  and  the  Bureau 
of  Military  Aeronautics,  which,  as  separate  agencies,  had  been  re- 
sponsible respectively  for  the  production  of  aircraft  and  the  train- 
ing of  personnel.  On  December  21,  1918,  Maj.  Gen.  C.  T.  Menoher 
was  appointed  Director  of  the  Air  Service  to  succeed  Mr.  Ryan. 

AIR  NITRATES  CORPORATION,  AMERICAN  CYANAMID  CO. 

Organized  by  the  Cyanamid  Co.  to  act  as  agent  of  the  Govern- 
ment for  construction  and  operation  of  a  plant  at  Muscle  Shoals, 
Ala.,  using  the  cyanamid  process  to  produce  nitrogen.  Not  much 
work  was  done  because  on  October  22,  1918,  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment announced  a  temporary  suspension  of  work  on  the  water  power 
plant  on  the  Tennessee  River  upon  representation  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  that  power  would  not  be  obtainable  under  four  or  five 
years.  Nitrate  of  soda  was  beginning  to  be  produced  at  Muscle 
Shoals  at  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 

AIRCRAFT  BOARD. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress,  approved  October  1,  1917,  for  the 
purpose  of  directing  and  supervising,  in  accordance  with  the  re- 
quirements of  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  the  purchase,  pro- 
duction and  manufacture  of  aircraft  and  aircraft  accessories.  It 
was  composed  of  nine  members,  including  the  Chief  Signal  Officer 
of  the  Army  and  two  additional  Army  officers,  the  chief  of  the 
Bureau  of  Construction  of  the  Navy,  two  additional  officers  of  the 
Navy,  and  three  civilians.  The  board  took  over  the  work  of  the 
Aircraft  Production  Board,  which  was  discontinued.  It  made  recom- 
mendations as  to  contracts  and  their  distribution,  but  contracts  were 
made  only  upon  the  authority  of  the  War  and  Navy  Departments. 
In  February,  1918,  the  Acting  Judge  Advocate  General  rendered  an 
opinion  to  the  effect  that  the  board  might  perform  only  advisory  or 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          19 

recommendatory  functions.  The  Chief  Signal  Officer  thereupon 
issued  an  order,  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy,  defining  the  duties  of  the  Aircraft  Board.  There- 
after the  board  served  as  a  clearing  house  for  proposals  covering  the 
aircraft  program,  emanating  from  various  sources.  Howard  E. 
Coffin,  chairman,  was  succeeded  in  April,  1918,  by  John  D.  Ryan. 

AIRCRAFT  BOARD,  JOINT  ARMY  AND  NAVY  TECHNICAL. 

Organized  in  May,  1917.  This  board  was  composed  of  three  officers 
from  the  Army  and  three  from  the  Navy,  reporting  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Army  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  respectively.  It  was 
formed  in  order  to  standardize,  so  far  as  possible,  the  design  and 
specifications  of  aircraft.  The  board  made  recommendations  from 
time  to  time  in  connection  with  the  aircraft  program,  serving  in  an 
advisory  capacity  only. 

AIRCRAFT    DIVISION,   BUREAU   OF    CONSTRUCTION    AND    REPAIR,   NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

This  division  had  charge  of  all  matters  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  bureau  pertaining  to  aeronautics,  with  the  exception  of  aeronautic 
bases,  which  were  in  charge  of  the  Shore  Establishment  Division,  and 
shipboard  appliances  for  handling  aircraft,  which  were  handled  by 
the  Design  and  Maintenance  Divisions.  The  work  of  the  Aircraft 
Division  included  the  design  and  construction  of  aircraft,  the  main- 
tenance in  service,  intelligence  work  in  connection  with  aeronautics, 
and  the  bureau's  part  in  the  work  of  the  Joint  Army  and  Navy  Air- 
craft Board.  Commander  J.  C.  Hunsaker,  chief. 

AIRCRAFT  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION. 

Created  May  20,  1918,  taking  over  the  duties  of  the  Purchase  and 
Storage  Department  of  the  Equipment  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps. 
It  had  charge  of  the  purchase  of  all  materiel  and  accessories  to  air- 
craft, including  aviators'  clothing,  hardwood  and  plywood,  fabrics, 
castor  oil,  tools,  radio  and  photographic  material,  propellers,  engine 
accessories,  and  spare  parts.  The  storage  and  transportation  of  this 
materiel  was  one  of  the  functions  of  this  division.  It  functioned 
through  the  Purchasing,  Executive,  Storage  and  Traffic,  and  Con- 
tract Departments.  J.  G.  Fletcher,  chief. 

AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION  BOARD. 

Established  pursuant  to  a  resolution  passed  by  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense  on  May  16, 1917.  This  action  was  taken  in  accordance 
with  a  recommendation  of  the  National  Advisory  Committee  for 
Aeronautics.  It  included  four  civilian  members,  together  with  the 
Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the  Army  and  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Construction  of  the  Navy.  The  board  served  in  an  advisory  capacity, 
confining  its  attention  mainly  to  the  nonmilitary  and  industrial 
phases  of  the  situation.  The  program  undertaken  involved  (1) 
quantity  production  of  aircraft,  and  (2)  the  establishment  of  schools 
and  training  fields.  Facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  aircraft  were 
thoroughly  investigated  and  every  effort  was  made  to  bring  about 
standardization  in  design  and  manufacture.  The  board  worked  in 
close  cooperation  with  aeronautic  engineers  and  a  commission  was 


20          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

sent  abroad  to  study  various  phases  of  the  problem.  Numerous  con- 
tracts for  airplanes  and  engines  were  placed  upon  recommendation  of 
the  board.  Its  work  became  of  less  importance  after  the  organization 
of  the  Equipment  Division  of  the  Aviation  Section  of  the  Signal 
Corps  in  August,  1917.  The  Aircraft  Production  Board  \vas  super- 
seded by  the  Aircraft  Board,  created  by  act  of  October  1, 1917.  How- 
ard E.  Coffin,  chairman. 

AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION,  BUREAU  OF;   WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

An  independent  War  Department  bureau  which  was  created  by 
Executive  order  May  20,  1918,  to  take  over  the  responsibility  for  the 
planning  and  construction  of  all  War  Department  aircraft  equip- 
ment, including  engines,  planes,  ordnance,  instruments,  and  supplies. 
The  bureau  succeeded  to  the  function  hitherto  exercised  by  the  Signal 
Corps  of  the  Army  through  its  Supply,  Science  and  Research,  and 
Equipment  Divisions.  The  order  divided  the  field  of  aviation  into 
the  division  of  production  and  operation  and  created  the  Bureau  of 
Aircraft  Production  and  Department  of  Military  Aeronautics,  the 
latter  succeeding  to  the  control  of  aircraft  maintenance  and  operation 
hitherto  administered  by  the  Air  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps.  The 
bureau,  after  progressive  changes  and  developments  in  organization, 
was  operating  in  November,  1918,  through  the  following  divisions : 
Airplane  Engineering,  Production,  Procurement,  Finance,  and 
Spruce  Production.  John  D.  Ryan  was  director  of  the  bureau  as  well 
as  of  the  Air  Service.  Maj.  Gen.  C.  T.  Menoher  was  appointed  direc- 
tor of  the  Air  Service  on  December  21,  1918. 

AIRPLANE  ENGINEERING  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION. 

Formed  August  21,  1918,  by  the  combination  of  the  Airplane  En- 
gineering and  the  Production  Engineering  Departments.  This  work 
had  been  carried  on  by  the  Airplane  Engineering  Department  of  the 
Equipment  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps  and  was  transferred  to  Air- 
craft Production,  May  20,  1918.  It  had  charge  of  the  Science  and 
Research  Department,  of  the  experimental  engineering  at  McCook 
Field,  production  engineering  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  experimental 
engineering  at  Langley  Field.  C.  W.  Nash  was  in  charge  of  this 
work,  acting  as  assistant  to  the  Director  of  Aircraft  Production  in 
charge  of  Engineering  and  Production.  Lieut.  Col.  J.  G.  Vincent, 
chief. 

ALABAMA  AND  MISSISSIPPI  EMERGENCY  BUREAU. 

Created  November  15,  1917,  and  became  associated  with  the  Di- 
rector of  Lumber,  War  Industries  Board,  December  10,  1917.  The 
function  of  the  bureau  was  to  facilitate  the  purchase  and  delivery  of 
the  southern  yellow-pine  lumber  required  by  the  Government.  The 
membership  of  the  bureau  comprised  about  250  sawmills,  whose 
entire  output  was  pledged  for  Government  use.  H.  B.  Wood, 
manager. 

ALCOHOL,     COOPERATIVE     COMMITTEE     ON;     COMMITTEE     ON     SUPPLIES, 
COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL    DEFENSE. 

Appointed  by  Bernard  Baruch,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Raw  Materials,  Metals,  and  Minerals,  April  24,  1917,  representing 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          21 

the  manufacturers  of  alcohol  using  sugar-cane  molasses  and  corn  and 
beet  sugar  as  a  basis  for  alcohol.  The  committee  made  a  census  of 
alcohol  production  and  the  conversion  of  the  product  to  govern- 
mental uses.  The  committee  was  dissolved  November  13,  1917. 
Horatio  S.  Rubens,  chairman. 

ALIEN  PROPERTY  CUSTODIAN. 

The  office  of  Alien  Property  Custodian  was  created  by  the  Trading 
With  the  Enemy  Act  of  October  6, 1917,  and  came  into  existence  with 
the  appointment  of  the  Custodian  by  the  President  on  October  22, 
1917.  The  function  of  the  Custodian,  as  authorized  in  the  original 
act,  amendments  to  the  act,  and  various  presidential  proclamations 
and  Executive  orders,  was  to  discover,  take  over,  administer,  and 
dispose  of  property  in  the  United  States,  and  its  possessions  owned 
by  enemies  or  allies  of  enemies.  The  primary  purpose  was  to  remove 
all  possibility  of  enemy  control  of  property  in  the  United  States  for 
enemy  benefit,  whether  by  securing  the  proceeds  of  sale  or  operation 
or  by  injuring  war  production  through  sabotage  or  retardation  of 
output.  The  test  of  liability  to  seizure  was  not  the  citizenship  or 
nationality  status  of  the  owner,  but  rather  the  status  of  ownership 
with  respect  to  possibilities  of  enemy  control.  The  property  of  e'nemy 
aliens  interned,  of  persons  residing  in  enemy  countries,  or  territory 
occupied  by  the  enemy,  regardless  of  citizenship,  and  of  persons 
outside  the  United  States  doing  business  within  enemy  territory 
was  taken  over.  Under  the  authority  granted  by  statute  and  Ex- 
ecutive order  the  custodian  organized  the  office,  and  through  its 
bureau  of  investigation,  working  in  cooperation  with  other  Gov- 
ernment agencies,  discovered  a  large  volume  and  a  wide  variety  of 
enemy-property  interests.  Property  taken  over  was  administered 
by  the  custodian  essentially  after  the  manner  of  a  common-law  trust. 
In  the  majority  of  cases  the  property  has  been  administered  as  busi- 
ness property.  In  other  cases  the  property  has  been  sold  outright 
to  private  or  public  purchasers  in  the  United  States.  By  statutory 
requirement  all  proceeds  of  sale  or  operation  were  turned  into  the 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States  and  invested  in  Liberty  bonds.  To 
February  15,  1919,  more  than  35,000  reports  of  enemy  ownership 
had  been  received  and  property  had  been  taken  over  in  more  than 
32,000  cases.  The  value  of  such  items  as  had  been  inventoried  aggre- 
gated more  than  $500,000.000,  with  those  awaiting  valuation,  prob- 
ably amounting  to  $200,000,000,  additional.  More  than  $100,000,000 
in  cash  and  Liberty  bonds  had  been  credited  to  the  account  of  the 
Treasury.  The  eventual  adjustment  of  the  claims  of  the  former 
owners  to  rights  in  the  property  and  its  proceeds  is  a  matter  for 
congressional  action.  The  Alien  Property  Custodian  during  the 
war  period  was  A.  Mitchell  Palmer.  He  was  succeeded  on  March  4, 
1919,  by  Francis  P.  Garvan.  Executive  assistants  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  office  were  as  follows :  J.  L.  Davis,  managing  director ; 
N.  B.  Dreher,  F.  P.  Garvan,  F.  J.  Home,  H.  A.  Dunn,  J.  F.  Guffey, 
L.  C.  Bradley,  and  Mansfield  Ferry. 

ALIMENTARY  PASTE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  National  Association  of  Macaroni  and  Noodle 
Manufacturers  under  direction  of  the  Food  Administration  in  Sep- 


22          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

tember,  1918.  The  committee  represented  manufacturers  of  macaroni 
and  noodles  and  cooperated  with  the  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion in  carrying  out  the  restrictions  placed  on  the  industry  and  in 
informing  foreign-speaking  manufacturers  of  the  license  regulations 
and  the  rules  relative  to  the  amount  of  wheat  flour  that  could  be 
used.  James  T.  Williams,  chairman. 

ALKALI  SUBCOMMITTEE,  CHEMICALS  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  T.  D.  Pennock,  chairman,  becoming  Alkali  Commit- 
tee of  the  Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.)  after  the  dissolution  of  the 
Chemicals  Cooperative  Committee  in  November,  1917. 

ALKALI  AND  CHLORINE  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  April  15,  1918,  as  a  new  section  in  the  Chemicals  and 
Explosives  Division,  to  consolidate  the  work  previously  done  by  the 
division  and  by  the  Alkali  Section  of  the  Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.), 
in  view  of  the  threatened  shortage  of  caustic  soda  and  chlorine. 
The  section  allocated  its  commodities,  maintained  supply,  and  stimu- 
lated new  capacity.  In  addition  to  commodities  named,  the  section 
had  jurisdiction  over  soda  ash,  potash,  chemical  lime  and  salt,  and 
chlorine  compounds.  It  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  H.  G. 
Carrell,  chief. 

ALLEGHENY  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  June  1,  1918,  principally  from  territory  formerly  included 
in  tRe  Eastern  Region.  It  comprised  lines  located  chiefly  in  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  northern  part  of  West  Virginia,  certain 
lines  in  Maryland  and  New  Jersey,  and  it  also  included  the  Long 
Island  lines  as  an  extension  of  the  Pennsylvania  road  east  of  Pitts- 
burgh. Among  the  more  important  individual  lines  were  the  Balti- 
more &  Ohio  and  the  Pennsylvania  lines  east  of  the  Ohio  River;  the 
Bessemer  &  Lake  Erie;  the  Central  of  New  Jersey;  the  New  York, 
Philadelphia  &  Norfolk;  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading;  and  the  West- 
ern Maryland.  On  December  1,  1918,  the  following  roads  were  de- 
tached from  the  Eastern  and  added  to  the  Allegheny  Region :  Penn- 
sylvania lines  west  of  Erie  and  Pittsburgh;  Baltimore  &  Ohio  west 
of  Parkersburg  and  Pittsburgh;  and  certain  less  important  roads. 
Other  changes  were  made  from  time  to  time.  C.  H.  Markham,  presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  was  regional  director,  with 
headquarters  at  Philadelphia.  On  September  30,  1918,  E.  J.  Henry 
became  supervisor  of  rail  and  lake  traffic,  with  jurisdiction  over  the 
Lehigh  Valley  transportation  line  and  the  interchange  of  traffic  be- 
tween the  lake  lines  and  the  Railroad  Administration  at  eastern  lake 
ports. 

ALLIED. 

See  also  Inter- Allied. 

ALLIED  INDUSTRIES  CORPORATION. 

Formed  by  44  American  firms,  March  15,  1918,  with  Alfred  I. 
du  Pont,  president.    It  was  proposed  to  establish  markets  in  Africa, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          23 

Asia,  Europe,  Australasia,  and  North  and  South  America,  where  it 
was  planned  to  introduce  the  goods  of  these  manufacturers.  The  or- 
ganization was  affiliated  with  the  French-American  Construction 
Corporation.  The  corporation  functioned  through  three  divisions: 
Domestic  Sales,  Export,  and  Import. 

ALLIED  MARITIME  TRANSPORT  COUNCIL. 

Created  by  the  allied  conference  at  Paris,  November  20-December 
3,  1917,  and  seated  in  London  as  representative  of  the  Supreme  War 
Council.  Its  permanent  organization  was  completed  March  11, 
1918.  Its  purpose  was  to  supervise  the  general  conduct  of  allied 
transport,  and  to  obtain  the  most  effective  use  of  tonnage,  while 
leaving  each  nation  responsible  for  the  management  of  the  tonnage 
under  its  control.  The  council  was  served  by  four  statistical  sections, 
French,  Italian,  American,  and  British,  and  acted  as  a  clearance 
body  for  the  Inter- Allied  Food  and  Munitions  Councils.  It  received 
American  data  from  the  Division  of  Planning  and  Statistics  of  the 
Shipping  Board,  and  its  policies  guided  the  Shipping  Control  Com- 
mittee and  the  Chartering  Committee.  Following  the  armistice  the 
Supreme  Council  of  Supply  and  Relief  took  over  certain  of  the  func- 
tions of  tonnage  in  connection  with  relief  work  and  the  use  of  Ger- 
man ships,  and  upon  the  organization  of  the  Paris  Peace  Conference 
its  remaining  functions  were  taken  over  by  the  Supreme  Economic 
Council.  American  representative,  Raymond  B.  Stevens. 

ALLIED  NAVAL  COUNCIL. 

Created  November  29  and  30, 1917,  at  the  Allied  Naval  Conference 
in  Paris,  "  in  order  to  insure  the  closest  touch  and  complete  coopera- 
tion between  the  allied  fleets."  The  membership  included  the  allied 
ministers  of  marine  and  their  chiefs  of  naval  staffs,  and  flag  officers 
to  represent  the  United  States  and  Japan. 

ALLIED  PROVISIONS  EXPORT  COMMISSION. 

The  purchasing  agency  of  the  Inter- Allied  Meats  and  Fats  Execu- 
tive, London,  which  in  the  reorganization  of  September,  1918,  be- 
came a  subagency  of  the  Inter- Allied  Food  Council.  It  purchased 
all  foodstuffs  other  than  sugar  and  cereals,  in  the  United  States  or 
Canada,  for  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Italy,  in  cooperation  with 
the  Division  of  Coordination  of  Purchase  of  the  United  States  Food 
Administration  which  was  created  for  this  purpose.  The  Wheat 
Export  Co.  had  charge  of  the  purchase  and  export  of  all  grain  for 
the  commission.  It  was  dissolved  early  in  1919.  Owen  H.  Smith, 
chairman. 

ALLIED  (OR  ALLIES)  PURCHASING  COMMISSION. 

See  Purchasing  Commission. 

ALLIED  RELATIONS  SECTION,  EXTERNAL  RELATIONS  BRANCH,  PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918.  It  was  charged  with  the  duty  of 
maintaining  relations  and  conducting  negotiations  with  representa- 
tives of  the  allied  governments  in  matters  pertaining  to  supplies. 


24          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

It  also  supervised  the  compilation  and  maintenance  of  accounts 
pertaining  thereto.  After  February  28,  1918,  the  section  was  known 
as  the  Foreign  Relations  Section,  its  duties  having  been  enlarged  to 
include  dealings  with  all  foreign  as  well  as  allied  governments. 
Lieut.  Col.  F.  C.  Weenis  was  originally  chief  of  the  section,  being 
followed  by  Lieut.  Col.  E.  P.  Pierson. 

ALLOTMENT  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  NAVY  FUEL  SECTION,  LOGISTICS  AND 
FUEL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPART- 
MENT. 

A  permanent  section  which  arranged  for  the  allotment  of  the 
Navy's  fuel  supply  among  the  various  producers  and  -secured  an  ade- 
quate supply  for  all  purposes.  Ensign  J.  M.  Sitler,  chief,  succeeded 
by  O.  M.  Ellsworth. 

ALLOTMENT  AND  WAR  RISK  INSURANCE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES 
AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  as  a  section  of  the  Disbursing  Division  October,  1917,  and 
in  1918  organized  as  a  separate  division.  Close  cooperation  was 
maintained  with  the  Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance,  officers  being 
instructed  in  allotments  and  insurance  and  then  sent  out  to  the  fleet 
and  to  Navy  stations.  The  division  functioned  through  the  Allot- 
ment Section  and  a  War  Risk  Allotment  and  Insurance  Section. 

ALLOYS,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL  AND 
STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  April  26,  1917,  by  a  meeting  of  leading  steel  manufac- 
turers, and  in  May  became  a  subcommittee  of  the  Cooperative  Com- 
mittee on  Steel  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  It  had  charge 
of  the  importing  and  production  of  ferro-manganese.  In  September, 
1917,  it  became  a  subcommittee  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute (Inc.).  James  A.  Farrell,  chairman. 

ALUMINUM,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON;  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

Formed  at  the  same  time  as  the  Committee  on  Brass,  April  7,  1917, 
at  the  request  of  B.  M.  Baruch, -to  bring  expert  information  to  the 
Rawr  Materials  Committee  of  the  Advisory  Commission.  Aluminum 
was  controlled  by  price  fixing  after  March  5,  1918.  Arthur  V.  Davis, 
chairman. 

ALUMINUM,  SMELTERS  OF  SECONDARY;   WAR  SERVICE  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  September  26,  1918,  to  include  all  firms  and  corpora- 
tions engaged  in  the  smelting  and  refining  of  scrap  aluminum.  It 
was  to  cooperate  with  the  War  Industries  Board,  and  to  provide  a 
way,  if  possible,  for  the  distribution  of  raw  materials  to  members  in 
case  such  were  offered  by  the  Government,  with  the  intention  of  pre- 
venting an  unnecessary  disturbance  of  market  conditions;  to  study 
means  of  conservation  of  raw  materials;  and  to  eliminate  nonessen- 
tials  during  such  period  as  this  Government  might  be  at  war.  B.  W. 
Randolph,  president. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          25 
AMERICAN  ALLIANCE  FOR  LABOR  AND  DEMOCRACY. 

Organized  for  the  purpose  of  fostering  among  the  workingmen 
of  this  country  a  patriotic  spirit  of  support  of  the  Government  dur- 
ing the  war.  Its  inception  was  occasioned  by  the  antiwar  activities 
of  certain  organizations  such  as  the  People's  Council  and  the  Work- 
ingmeivs  Council.  A  local  organization  was  first  formed  in  New 
York  City  on  June  29,  1917,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Central  Fed- 
erated Union  of  that  city  following  an  address  by  Samuel  Gompers. 
The  activities  of  the  alliance  quickly  spread  to  other  cities  and  on 
September  5  a  national  conference  \vas  begun  at  Minneapolis. 
Declarations  were  adopted  affirming  the  loyal  support  of  labor  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  war,  pledging  to  the  Russian  democracy  under 
Kerensky  the  support  of  American  labor,  and  indorsing  the  right  of 
self-determination  for  small  nationalities.  These  proceedings  were 
indorsed  by  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  at  its  convention  in 
November,  1917.  Samuel  Gompers,  president  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor,  was  also  president  of  the  American  Alliance  for 
Labor  and  Democracy. 

AMERICAN  AUTOMOBILE  ASSOCIATION. 

During  the  war  the  association  cooperated  with  the  War  Depart- 
ment in  the  securing  of  men  for  the  Motor  Transport  Corps,  supplied 
road  maps,  and  assisted  the  American  National  Red  Cross  in  securing 
drivers  for  ambulances  in  France.  David  Jameson,  president. 

AMERICAN  BANKERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

A  private  organization  representing  the  entire  banking  interests  of 
the  country.  By  its  cooperation  with  the  financial  officers  of  the 
Government  it  made  itself  a  definite  agency  in  the  prosecution  of 
the  war,  especially  in  the  sale  of  Liberty  bonds,  the  financing  of  war 
industries,  the  restriction  of  capital  expenditures,  and  the  control  of 
foreign  exchange. 

AMERICAN  BAR  ASSOCIATION,  SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  FOR  WAR  SERVICE. 

This  committee  began  its  work  in  Washington  in  January,  1918. 
According  to  the  request  of  the  President  it  worked  in  close  coopera- 
tion with  the  Employment  Service  of  the  Department  of  Labor. 
Starting  as  a  clearing  house  for  the  registration  and  placement  of 
lawyers  for  Government  service,  it  supplied  lawyers  to  various  Gov- 
ernment departments  and  war  organizations  in  Washington,  and  fur- 
nished the  names  of  lawyers  for  work  outside  of  Washington;  for 
instance,  to  assist  district  attorneys  in  cases  of  necessity  and  to  aid 
the  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities  in  the  enforcement  of 
]aw  and  in  the  maintenance  of  proper  conditions  in  the  neighborhood 
of  camps.  Most  of  the  work  outside  of  Washington  was  volunteer. 
It  also  supplied  lawyers  for  various  kinds  of  work  overseas.  The 
committee  cooperated  with  the  Attorney  General  in  the  coordination 
of  the  legal  work  of  Government  departments  and  organizations, 
and  with  the  Alien  Property  Custodian  in  obtaining  the  assistance 
of  lawyers  throughout  the  country  to  uncover  German-owned  prop- 
erty. It  assisted  in  drafting  a  bill,  which  afterwards  became  a  law, 


26          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

for  the  purpose  of  restricting  fees  of  agents  and  attorneys  seeking 
to  collect  claims  under  the  War  Risk  Insurance  Act.  The  War  De- 
partment relied  upon  the  committee  to  handle  correspondence  of 
soldiers  and  sailors  and  other  dependents  where  their  rights  were 
assailed  in  violation  of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Civil  Relief  Act. 
John  Lowell,  chairman. 

AMERICAN  COMMITTEE  FOR  ARMENIAN  AND  SYRIAN  RELIEF. 

This  committee  provided  necessities  of  life  for  two  and  a  half  mil- 
lion starving  people  in  the  Eastern  War  Zone,  relief  being  trans- 
mitted in  the  form  of  credit  through  the  War  Trade  Board  and  in 
cooperation  with  the  Department  of  State.  Food  was  purchased  in 
the  countries  wher'e'the  relief  was  distributed  and  the  distribution 
was  made  by  American  missionaries,  physicians,  and  teachers  already 
in  the  field.  James  L.  Barton,  chairman. 

AMERICAN  DIAMOND  COMMITTEE  (INC.). 

Organized  by  the  War  Trade  Board  to  assist  its  Bureau  of  Imports 
in  its  supervision  over  the  importation  and  distribution  of  polished 
and  rough  diamonds,  industrial  diamonds,  diamond  dies,  and  tools 
set  with  diamonds.  Similar  functions  were  performed  in  connection 
with  platinum  metals  until  these  were  commandeered  by  the  Wai- 
Industries  Board.  The  committee  supplied  information  to  the 
Bureau  of  War  Trade  Intelligence  concerning  the  nationality  of 
consignees  and  their  enemy  affiliations,  and  also  cooperated  with  the 
Naval  Censor.  R.  B.  Monroe,  president. 

AMERICAN  PROTECTIVE  LEAGUE. 

A  citizens'  organization  formed  March  22,  1917,  as  an  auxiliary  to 
the  Department  of  Justice.  At  the  signing  of  the  armistice  it  had 
250,000  members,  and  branch  organizations  in  all  important  towns  or 
cities.  Its  members  gave  free  and  voluntary  service  in  uncovering 
enemy  activity,  disloyalty,  draft  evasion,  and  other  illegal  activities, 
and  were  stated  to  have  conducted  upwards  of  3,000,000  investiga- 
tions. 

AMERICAN  RAILROAD  ASSOCIATION. 

See  Railway  Association,  American. 

AMERICAN  RELIEF  ADMINISTRATION. 

Herbert  Hoover  was  appointed  director  general  of  the  American 
Relief  Administration  March  1,  1919,  by  President  Wilson  under 
the  power  granted  by  the  Relief  Act  approved  February  24,  1919. 
This  administration  was  the  spending  agency  of  the  fund  provided 
by  Congress  and  was  under  the  joint  direction  of  Edgar  Rickard 
and  Theodore  Whitmarsh  in  the  United  States.  Herbert  Hoover  as 
Director  of  the  Supreme  Council  of  Supply  and  Relief  was  in  charge 
of  the  distribution  of  foodstuffs  in  Europe. 

AMERICANIZATION  COMMITTEES,  STATE  COUNCILS  OF  DEFENSE. 

Recommended  to  be  appointed  February  12,  1918,  by  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  acting  through  its  State  Councils  Section.  The 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          27 

State  councils  and  the  State  divisions  of  the  Woman's  Committee 
were  urged  to  create  State  and  county  committees  for  the  American- 
ization of  aliens  to  cooperate  with  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Naturaliza- 
tion and  Immigrant  Education  Division,  Bureau  of  Education. 

AMERICANIZATION   DIVISION,   BUREAU   OF  EDUCATION,   DEPARTMENT   OF 
THE  INTERIOR. 

Organized  September,  1918.  to  consolidate  the  Americanization 
work  of  the  Bureau  of  Education,  including  the  divisions  of  Immi- 
grant Education  and  War  Work  Extension.  Its  functions  were  to 
coordinate  national  forces  working  for  the  assimilation  or  Ameri- 
canization of  the  foreign-born,  and  to  assist  in  organizing  States  and 
communities  for  the  task.  It  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau 
of  Naturalization,  Department  of  Labor,  confining  its  activities  to 
the  period  before  aliens  declared  their  intentions  to  become  citizens. 
It  issued  a  monthly  periodical,  Americanization.  Fred  C.  Butler, 
director. 

AMERICANIZATION  SECTION,  FIELD  DIVISION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

Organized  October  1,  1918.  It  had  charge  of  the  dissemination  of 
educational  information,  taking  over  the  propaganda  work  formerly 
handled  by  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the  council.  Special  atten- 
tion was  paid  to  the  problems  of  Americanization.  Mrs.  Martha 
Evans  Martin,  head  of  section. 

AMERICANIZATION,  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE  OF  100  ON. 

Appointed  September,  1916,  by  the  Commissioner  of  Education 
to  act  as  an  advisory  body  and  representative  council  for  the  purpose 
of  teaching  the  English  language  and  patriotic  ideals  to  the  non- 
English-speaking  residents  of  the  United  States.  H.  H.  Wheaton, 
chairman  of  the  executive  committee,  was  also  chief  of  the  Immigrant 
Education  Division  of  the  Bureau  of  Education. 

AMMONIA  CONTROL  INTERDEPARTMENTAL  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  January,  1918,  when 
the  importation,  manufacture,  storage,  and  distribution  of  ammonia 
was  licensed  by  presidential  proclamation.  The  committee  was  com- 
posed of  representatives  of  the  Departments  of  Agriculture,  In- 
terior, War,  and  Navy,  United  States  Food  Administration,  and  the 
Council  of  National  Defense.  It  considered  relative  needs  and  de- 
termined all  important  allocations,  acting  as  an  advisory  board  to 
the  Ammonia  and  Ice  Section  of  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration. Charles  W.  Merrill,  chairman. 

AMMONIA    AND    ICE    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    COLLATERAL    COMMODITIES, 
UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  as  the  Division  of  Chemicals  in  November,  1917,  having 
control  of  ammonia,  arsenic,  and  other  chemicals.  Ice  was  taken 
under  jurisdiction  in  April,  1918.  The  name  of  the  Chemicals  Divi- 
sion was  changed  to  Division  of  Collateral  Commodities  May  14. 
1918.  The  wrork  of  the  division  was  divided  October  15,  1918,  and 
the  Ammonia  and  Ice  Section  created  under  W.  H.  Campbell.  The 


28          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

production  of  ammonia  was  stimulated,  and  a  sufficient  supply  se- 
cured for  the  use  of  the  Ordnance  Department.  Campaigns  were 
waged  for  the  conservation  of  ammonia  by  the  elimination  of  hoard- 
ing and  the  harvesting  of  natural  ice  to  save  artificial  ice.  The  ice 
problem  was  handled  as  a  local  one  largely  through  the  State  food 
administrators.  Charles  W.  Merrill  was  head  of  the  division. 

AMMONIA  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Division  of  Collateral  Commodities  of  the  United 
States  Food  Administration,  September  17,  1917,  to  represent  the 
manufacturers  of  anhydrous  and  aqua  ammonia.  C.  L.  Whittemore, 
chairman,  succeeded  January  31,  1919,  by  Dr.  Dannenbaum. 

AMMUNITION  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  January  14,  1918,  to  supervise  and  regulate  the  produc- 
tion of  artillery,  ammunition,  shells  and  shrapnel,  fuze  and  primers, 
hand  and  rifle  grenades,  and  drop  bombs.  Lieut.  Col.  H.  B.  Hunt, 
chief. 

ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  which  carried  on  during  the  war  active 
propaganda  in  the  production  of  pork,  poultry,  beef,  mutton,  and 
wool  in  cooperation  with  the  States  Relations  Service  and  agricul- 
tural colleges.  The  division  cooperated  also  with  the  War  Depart- 
ment in  providing  for  the  breeding  of  mares  in  connection  with  war 
activities.  It  received  assistance  in  extending  its  activities  from  the 
Cattle  Raisers'  Association  of  Texas,  the  American  Poultry  Asso- 
ciation, the  National  Swine  Growers'  Association,  the  National  Wool 
Growers'  Association,  the  Southern  Settlement  and  Development  Or- 
ganization, and  affiliated  bodies.  As  a  result  of  the  propaganda  of 
this  division  the  number  of  hogs  increased  from  67,503,000  on  Janu- 
ary 1,  1917,  to  75,587,000  on  January  1,  1919.  The  principal  emer- 
gency work  of  the  division  in  beef  production  was  in  rendering 
assistance  in  the  movement  of  cattle  out  of  the  drought-stricken  re- 
gions of  Texas  and  other  Southwestern  States  and  the  corn  belt  in 
the  summers  of  1917  and  1918.  Emergency  work  in  sheep  and  wool 
production  consisted  in  the  addition  of  specialists  to  the  extension 
divisions  of  the  agricultural  colleges  to  give  expert  advice  in  sheep 
raising.  The  wool  clip  of  1918  exceeded  that  of  1917  by  12,000,000 
pounds.  George  M.  Rommel,  chief. 

ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  BUREAU  OF;    DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  bureau,  created  by  act  of  Congress  approved  May  29, 
1884.  During  the  war  many  of  the  trained  members  of  the  bureau 
served  directly  with  the  various  military  branches  of  the  Govern- 
ment, especially  as  veterinarians.  The  most  important  work  of  the 
bureau  in  connection  with  the  war,  however,  consisted  in  the  read- 
justment of  its  organization  and  the  speeding  up  of  its  activities 
for  the  accomplishment  of  quick  results  essential  to  the  proper  sup- 
port of  the  battle  lines.  Its  activities  in  connection  with  the  war 
included  the  inspection  of  meats  and  dairy  products  for  the  War 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          29 

and  Navy  Departments ;  propaganda  to  encourage  the  production  of 
pork,  poultry,  beef,  mutton,  and  wool;  campaigns  for  the  eradica- 
tion of  cattle  tick,  hog  cholera,  and  tuberculosis  among  live  stock; 
investigations  of  animal  parasites;  inspection  of  veterinary  bio- 
logical products;  enforcement  of  quarantine  regulations  for  the  ex- 
clusion of  contagion  from  abroad;  and,  in  general,  war  on  all  animal 
diseases  caused  by  germs  or  poisonous  plants.  The  work  of  the 
bureau  was  thus  of  decided  importance  in  the  conservation  of  food 
and  the  encouragement  of  its  production.  Its  functions  were  per- 
formed principally  through  the  following  divisions:  Meat  Inspec- 
tion, Animal  Husbandry,  Dairy,  Field  Inspection,  Biochemic,  Tick 
Eradication,  Zoological,  Hog  Cholera  Control,  Virus-Serum  Con- 
trol, Tuberculosis  Eradication,  Pathological,  and  Quarantine.  A.  D. 
Melvin,  chief  of  bureau  to  December  -7,  1917;  J.  R.  Mohler,  after 
December  10,  1917. 

ANIMAL    ISSUE    AND    INSPECTION    BRANCH,    REMOUNT    DIVISION,    QUAR- 
TERMASTER  GENERAL. 

This  branch  had  charge  of  requisitions  for  animals  and  issues  to 
organizations  and  of  the  inspection  of  permanent  remount,  auxiliary 
remount,  and  animal  embarkation  depots.  It  supervised  and  co- 
ordinated shipments  of  animals  both  in  the  United  States  and  over- 
seas. The  branch  was  incorporated  in  the  Animal  Purchase,  Issue, 
and  Sales  Branch  of  the  Remount  Division  on  December  12,  1918. 
Officers  in  charge  of  inspection:  Col.  Matt  C.  Bristol,  November  14, 

1917,  to  April  22,  1918;  Lieut.  Col.  Joseph  F.  Taulber,  November  9, 

1918.  Officer  in  charge  of  domestic  and  overseas  issues  from  Decem- 
ber 12,  1917,  to  May,  1918,  Maj.  H.  Lawrence  Armour. 

ANIMAL    PURCHASING    BRANCH,    REMOUNT    DIVISION,    QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

This  branch  had  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  purchase  of 
horses  and  mules  and  their  shipment  to  remount  depots.  It  co- 
operated with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  the  breeding  of  suit- 
able horses  for  the  military  service.  In  May,  1918,  it  was  taken  over 
by  the  Animal  Purchasing  and  Issue  Branch  of  the  Remount  Divi- 
sion, which  branch  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  the  Animal  Purchase, 
Issue,  and  Sales  Branch  on  December  12,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H. 
Williams,  jr.,  was  assigned  to  the  Remount  Division  in  charge  of 
the  Animal  Purchasing  Branch  on  October  24,  1917,  followed  by 
Maj.  Robert  E.  Strawbridge  February  7,  1918.  Maj.  Hayclen  W. 
Wagner  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Animal  Purchase  and  Issue 
Branch  on  November  9,  1918. 

ANTHRACITE,    BUREAU    OF;    DISTRIBUTION    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

A.  S.  Learoyd  was  appointed  October  26,  1917,  to  take  charge  of 
the  distribution  of  anthracite  under  the  Division  of  Apportionment 
and  Distribution.  The  bureau  had  charge  of  allotment  of  anthracite 
coal  to  the  States,  supervision  of  shipments  and  increases  of  tonnage 
to  dealers  not  receiving  a  fair  share,  issuance  of  permits  for  the  use 
of  domestic  sizes  of  anthracite  by  industries,  and  the  restriction  of  its 
use  to  those  concerns  whose  processes  absolutely  required  it. 


30          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

ANTHRACITE  COMMITTEE,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  March  5,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  apportioning  and 
distributing  domestic  anthracite  coal  to  the  retail  dealers  of  the 
country,  having  the  same  duties  as  district  representatives  in  the 
bituminous  fields.  The  work  of  this  committee  was  to  confer  with 
State  fuel  administrators  in  regard  to  needs  of  the  various  States 
and  to  meet  these  requirements  as  far  as  possible.  Increased  produc- 
tion was  urged  and  the  committee  worked  to  provide  at  all  times  an 
adequate  car  supply.  The  committee,  which  had  an  office  at  437 
Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  was  composed  of  J.  B.  Dickson, 
S.  D.  Warriner^and  TV.  J.  Richards. 

APPALACHIAN  PRODUCTION  (WESTERN  DIVISION),  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 
ON;  NATIONAL  PETROLEUM  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

The  committee  was  appointed  in  April,  1918,  by  the  National 
Petroleum  War  Service  Committee,  relative  to  production  in  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Michigan.  The  first  meeting  was  held  May  13, 
.1918.  It  acted  as  the  point  of  contact  between  the  producers  and  the 
Oil  Division  of  the  Fuel  Administration.  Its  main  function  Avas  to 
furnish  the  maximum  amount  of  petroleum  supplies  for  our  own 
forces  and  those  of  the  Allies  and  it  arranged  for  the  delivery  of 
additional  quantities  of  crude  oil  to  the  eastern  refineries. 

APPEAL  AGENTS,  GOVERNMENT,  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

In  order  to  safeguard  the  interests  of  the  Government  under  the 
selective  service  act,  it  was  necessary  to  provide  some  method  of  ap- 
peal from  the  decisions  of  the  local  boards  in  cases  involving  claims 
for  exemption,  where  the  decision  was  contrary  to  the  Government 
interest.  Hence  provision  was  made  for  the  automatic  appeal  of  all 
cases  of  discharge  on  account  of  dependency,  and  for  discretionary 
authority  of  appeal  in  other  cases.  The  governors  of  the  various 
States  appointed  persons  to  act  as  representatives  of  the  Government 
in  hearing  these  appeals.  County  and  city  attorneys  were  in  most 
cases  appointed.  Later,  under  the  Selective  Service  Regulations  of 
December  15,  1917,  the  governors  of  the  various  States  were  au- 
thorized to  designate  for  each  local  board  one  or  more  persons  to  take 
appeals  on  behalf  of  the  United  States.  In  all,  4,679  such  agents  were 
appointed.  The  duties  of  the  appeal  agents  were  also  greatly  ex- 
tended and  included  a  variety  of  matters  connected  with  claims  for 
exemption  before  both  district  and  local  boards. 

APPORTIONMENT   ACCOUNTS   BRANCH,   FINANCE   AND   ACCOUNTING   DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

The  branch  was  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  It  ex- 
ercised administrative  control  over  all  matters  with  reference  to  funds 
except  the  examination  of  money  accounts  of  quartermasters.  From 
January  26  to  April  16,  1918,  the  duties  of  the  branch  were  per- 
formed by  the  Estimates  Branch  of  the  Administrative  Division. 
After  April  16, 1918.  the  branch  became  part  of  the  Finance  and  Ac- 
counts Division,  which  was  transferred  to  the  office  of  the  Director  of 
Finance  on  October  21,  1918.  Col.  H.  M.  Lord  was  head  of  the 
branch,  succeeded  by  Capt.  J.  A.  Hill. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         31 

APPORTIONMENT  AND  DISTRIBUTION,  DIVISION  OF;  UNITED  STATES  FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Distribution  Division,  United  States  Fuel  Administration. 

APPRAISAL  AND  CONDEMNATION,  NAVAL  BOARD  FOR. 

Created  February,  1918,  to  operate  in  New  York  and  to  act  as  a 
clearing  house  for  the  Navy  with  respect  to  information  necessary  to 
guide  it  in  commandeering  stored  materials  held  in  and  around  New 
York.  It  was  created  upon  recommendation  of  the  Director  of  Naval 
Intelligence,  and  acted  under  the  Paymaster  General  and  the  Bureau 
of  Supplies  and  Accounts. 

APPRAISERS,  BOARD  OF;  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  War  Department  board  of  officers  created  in  the  Purchase,  Stor- 
age and  Traffic  Division  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  April  1, 
1918,  to  determine  compensation  for  property  commandeered  or  pro- 
duced for  war  purposes  by  compulsory  order  of  the  Government,  to 
determine  costs  and  valuations  in  the  execution  of  War  Department 
contracts  when  such  valuations  were  not  otherwise  provided  for,  and 
to  determine  compensation  in  the  case  of  damage  to  private  property 
incident  to  war  activities.  The  primary  function  of  the  board  during 
the  war  was  to  determine  just  compensation  to  the  owners  of  com- 
mandeered property  and  to  the  producers  working  under  compulsory 
orders.  The  procedure  included  the  examination  of  claims,  hearings 
before  members  of  the  board  in  Washington  and  elsewhere,  determina- 
tion of  the  amount  to  be  awarded,  and  issue  and  certification  of  the 
award  to  the  requisitioning  authorities.  From  the  date  of  organiza- 
tion to  May  1,  1919,  the  board  made  awards  aggregating  approxi- 
mately $66,000,000.  The  membership  of  the  board  to  the  time  of  the 
armistice  was  as  follows:  Lieut.  Col.  J.  S.  Dean  (chairman),  Lieut. 
Col.  R.  W.  E.  Douges,  Lieut.  Col.  N.  B.  Gaskill,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  H.  Gray, 
and  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H.  Montgomery.  As  finally  constituted  the  mem- 
bership was  as  follows :  Col.  J.  S.  Dean  (chairman) ,  Col.  G.  M.  Cralle, 
Col.  J.  L.  Knowlton,  Col.  H.  O.  Williard,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  W.  E.  Douges, 
Lieut.  Col.  N.  B.  Gaskill,  Maj.  J.  J.  Cosgrove,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  W. 
Davidge,  and  Lieut.  Col.  A.  R.  Stallings. 

ARCH  TERRA  COTTA  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  with  W.  H.  Powell  as  chairman. 

ARCHITECTURAL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND 
TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

This  division  took  charge  of  the  architectural  phases  of  the  work 
of  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  In  cooperation  with  the 
National  Housing  Association,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and 
Council  of  National  Defense,  it  drew  up  a  standard  of  minimum  re- 
quirements, somewhat  resembling  a  building  code,  for  Government 
construction.  It  prepared  special  type  designs  for  buildings,  such 
as  houses,  apartments,  dormitories,  cafeterias,  to  serve  as  a  guide  to 
local  architects,  who  adapted  the  plans  or  designed  new  ones  suited  to 


32          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  community  needs  and  preferences.  It  appointed  one  of  its  mem- 
bers to  serve  on  the  Committee  on  Sites,  and  also  appointed  an 
architect  from  the  ranks  of  the  profession  to  take  charge  of  the  work 
on  each  project.  The  plans  of  the  local  project  architect  were 
checked,  amended,  and  given  final  approval  by  the  division.  John 
W.  Cross,  manager,  April  1  to  December  7,  1918;  M.  A.  Dyer,  De- 
cember 15,  1918,  to  May  1,  1919;  George  F.  Temple,  appointed  May  1. 
1919. 

ARMOR  PLATE,  COMMITTEE  TO  DEVELOP,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  committee  was  appointed  on  July  18,  1918,  for  the  purpose 
of  conducting  experiments  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of 
light  armor  plate,  the  purpose  being  to  carry  its  development  to  the 
point  where  such  plate  might  be  readily  produced  in  quantity  by 
commercial  methods.  The  committee  included  three  civilians  and 
one  officer,  under  the  chairmanship  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Sargent.  It  was 
dissolved  on  January  4,  1919. 

ARMY  AND   NAVY   ARTILLERY,   SUBCOMMITTEE   ON;    MUNITIONS    STAND- 
ARDS BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  April  19,  1917,  and  called  at  first  Committee  on  Mobile 
Artillery.  The  name  was  changed  April  28,  1917.  The  function  of 
the  committee  was  to  work  out  the  questions  of  increasing  the  ca- 
pacity of  this  country  in  big  gun  forging  and  big  gun  machining; 
was  disbanded  September  20,  1917.  S.  M.  Vauclain,  chairman. 

ARMY    NURSE    CORPS    BRANCH,    PERSONNEL    DIVISION,    SURGEON    GEN- 
ERAL'S OFFICE. 

Created  February  2,  1901,  by  act  of  Congress.  Its  purpose  was  to 
supply  properly  trained  graduate  nurses  for  the  Army  hospitals  in 
the  United  States  and  for  those  of  the  military  establishment  over- 
seas. Superintendent  Army  Nurse  Corps,  Dora  E.  Thompson. 

ARMY  OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Created  by  General  Order  No.  14,  W.  D.,  dated  February  9,  1918, 
from  the  former  Operations  and  Equipment  Committees  of  the  Gen- 
eral Staff.  As  reorganized  on  August  26,  1918  (G.  O.  80,  W.  D.), 
this  division  is  held  responsible  for  the  recruitment  and  mobilization 
of  the  Army,  including  the  assignment  and  distribution  of  the  draft : 
for  the  personnel  of  troops ;  the  movement  and  disposition  of  troops, 
including  demobilization  of  organizations;  the  determination  of  all 
oversea  priorities;  for  the  procurement,  assignment,  promotion, 
transfer,  and  discharge  of  the  commissioned  personnel  of  all  branches 
of  the  Army ;  for  the  determination  and  distribution  of  all  types  and 
quantities  of  equipment  and  supplies  of  all  branches  of  the  Army 
and  regulations  concerning  the  same ;  and  for  the  design,  production, 
procurement,  reception,  storage,  maintenance,  and  replacement  of  all 
motor  vehicles  and  the  assignment  and  training  of  personnel  neces- 
sary for  maintenance  and  operation.  This  division  passes  on  esti- 
mates for  funds  for  the  support  of  the  Army,  handles  matters  of 
construction  and  projects  for  camp  sites,  cantonments,  permanent 
forts,  hospitals,  construction,  demobilization,  and  sale  of  cantonments 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          33 

and  material.  This  division  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  (1)  Operations;  (2)  Equipment;  (3)  Commissioned  Per- 
sonnel; (4)  Motor  Transport  Corps.  The  Director  of  Operations, 
who  is  an  assistant  chief  of  staff,  and  who  is  authorized  to  issue 
instructions  regarding  matters  within  his  control,  in  the  name  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  for  carrying  out  the  policies  approved  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  and  the  Chief  of  Staff,  has  been  from  the  organization 
of  the  Army  Operations  Division  Maj.  Gen.  Henry  Jervey. 

ARSENAL  ADMINISTRATION  SECTION,  GENERAL  ADMINISTRATION  BU- 
REAU, ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

An  Arsenal  Administration  Section  was  organized  on  January  14, 
1918,  which  had  jurisdiction  over  all  matters  relating  to  arsenals 
as  military  establishments.  It  had  no  authority  over  manufacturing 
and  storage  and  matters  related  thereto.  Lieut.  R.  W.  Smith,  chief. 

ARSENAL  FACILITIES  REQUIRED  FOR  WORK  OF  MANUFACTURE  AND 
REPAIR  TO  BE  PERFORMED  BY  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT,  BOARD  TO 
CONSIDER;  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  board,  consisting  originally  of  four  officers  and  one  civilian, 
under  the  direction  of  Brig  Gen.  John  T.  Thompson,  was  appointed 
on  November  4,  1918,  to  consider  the  subject  of  the  arsenal  facilities 
required  for  the  work  of  manufacture  and  repair  which  should  be 
directly  performed  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  and  to  prepare  and 
submit  a  project  showing  the  proposed  distribution  of  the  work,  the 
capacity  to  be  provided,  and  the  number  and  location  of  the  arsenals 
proposed.  Several  subordinate  committees  were  organized  from  time 
to  time  to  investigate  and  report  upon  various  specific  phases  of  this 
work.  Having  completed  its  work  and  submitted  its  report,  the  com- 
mittee was  dissolved  December  23,  1918. 

ARSENAL  AND  NAVY  YARD  WAGE  COMMISSION. 

Created  in  August,  1917,  through  the  appointment  of  one  repre- 
sentative each  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
and  the  Secretary  of  Labor.  It  was  the  function  of  the  commission 
to  pass  upon  all  wage  questions  arising  in  arsenals  and  navy  yards, 
in  order  that  unity  of  action  in  such  matters  might  be  secured. 
Franklin  Roosevelt^  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Navy ;  Walter  Lipp- 
man,  assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  War ;  and  William  Blackmail,  of 
the  Department  of  Labor,  were  the  original  members  of  the  commis- 
sion. Mr.  Lippman  and  Mr.  Blackman  were  succeeded,  respectively, 
by  Stanley  King  and  Roland  B.  Mahaney. 

ARSENALS,  DIRECTOR  OF;   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

By  order  of  January  14,  1918,  Col.  S.  JE.  Blunt  was  appointed 
supervisor  of  manufacturing  arsenals.  He  became  responsible,  under 
the  Chief  of  Ordnance,  for  the  operation  and  general  administration 
of  arsenals  as  manufacturing  plants,  as  distinguished  from  arsenals 
used  for  storage  purposes.  He  was  succeeded  on  July  23,  1918,  by 
Col.  (later  Brig.  Gen.)  John  T.  Thompson,  as  supervisor  of  manu- 
facturing arsenals.  Later  his  title  was  changed  to  that  of  director 
of  arsenals.  In  September,  1918,  there  were  14  arsenals  and  armories 
127232—19 3 


34          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

in  the  United  States  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  director  of  arsenals, 
besides  these,  arsenals  at  Hawaii,  Manila,  and  Panama. 

ARSENIC    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    COLLATERAL    COMMODITIES,    UNITED 
STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  manufacture  and  distribution  of  white  arsenic  and  of  in- 
secticides containing  arsenic  were  put  under  control  of  the  Food 
Administration  by  presidential  proclamation  dated  November  25, 
1917,  and  this  section  was  organized  in  October,  1918.  It  stimu- 
lated production,  distributed  arsenic  for  essential  uses,  and  pre- 
vented unreasonable  profits  and  unfair  practices.  C.  W.  Merrill 
was  in  charge  from  November,  1917,  until  August,  1918,  when  H.  H. 
Bundy  was  made  chief. 

ARTILLERY    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DEPART- 
MENT. 

Formed  January  15,  1918.  Before  the  establishment  of  this  sec- 
tion its  duties  were  performed  by  the  procurement  branches  of  the 
Field  Artillery,  Antiaircraft,  Seacoast  Sections  of  the  Carriage 
Division,  and  the  Cannon  Section  of  the  Gun  Division.  One  minor 
procurement  function  was  also  taken  over  from  the  Small  Arms 
Division.  The  Artillery  Section  supervised  all  negotiations  con- 
nected with  the  purchase  of  field,  remount,  and  antiaircraft  can- 
non, complete  with  guns,  mounts,  carriages,  and  all  necessary  equip- 
ment, including  instruments,  spare  parts,  etc.  It  also  handled  the 
purchase  of  optical  instruments.  The  section  functioned  through 
the  Carriage,  Cannon,  and  Miscellaneous  Branches.  Lieut.  Col. 
E.  S.  Hughes  was  originally  head  of  the  section,  but  was  succeeded 
by  Maj.  G.  R.  Nichols  on  October  18,  1918,  as  acting  head,  and  as 
head  on  December  10,  1918. 

ARTILLERY  AMMUNITION  PROGRAMS,  BOARD  OF  OFFICERS  TO  REVIEW; 
ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  board  was  appointed  on  July  3,  1918,  to  review  the  entire 
artillery  ammunition  program  by  caliber  and  submit  recommen- 
dations" as  to  requirements,  procurement,  inspection,  and  produc- 
tion for  the  approval  of  the  Acting  Chief  of  Ordnance.  The  board 
originally  consisted  of  six  officers,  though  the  number  was  later 
increased.  It  was  dissolved  on  December  6,  1918. 

ARTILLERY  PROGRAM,  BOARD  OF  OFFICERS  TO  REVIEW;   ORDNANCE  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

A  board  of  officers  was  appointed  on  June  1,  1918,  to  review  the 
entire  artillery  program  with  reference  to  the  problem  of  require- 
ments. It  submitted  recommendations  as  to  requirements,  procure- 
ments, inspection,  and  production  for  the  approval  of  the  Acting 
Chief  of  Ordnance,  the  general  policy  being  to  provide  at  least  two 
sources  of  supply  for  all  important  artillery  components  wherever 
practicable.  Having  completed  its  work,  the  board  was  dissolved 
on  November  6,  1918. 

ASBESTOS   AND   MAGNESIA   SECTION,   CHEMICALS   DIVISION,   WAR   INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  April  6,  1918,  as  a  separate  section  under  the  Chemi- 
cals and  Explosives  Division,  and  after  May  28,  1918,  continued  as 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          35 

a  section  of  the  Chemicals  Division.  Through  the  Asbestos  Trades 
Bureau,  it  brought  about  a  standardization  of  products  and  more 
uniform  shipping  conditions.  It  approved  through  the  Capital 
Issues  Committee  the  opening  of  a  new  asbestos  mine  in  Canada 
from  which  90  per  cent  of  prewar  crude  asbestos  came.  It  was 
beginning  to  encourage  increased  production  of  rutile,  used  for 
smoke  screens,  hand  grenades,  etc.,  to  make  up  for  the  supply  for- 
merly imported  from  Norway,  at  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the 
armistice.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Rob- 
ert M.  Torrence,  chief. 

ASBESTOS,    MAGNESIA,    AND    ROOFING    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE,    COM- 
MITTEE ON  RAW  MATERIALS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  in  June,  1917.  Its  functions  taken  over  by  War  Industries 
Board  in  November,  1917,  when  it  was  dissolved.  Thomas  L.  Man- 
ville,  chairman. 

ASBESTOS  AND  MAGNESIA  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  on  July  2,  1918,  from  the  members  of  the  Asbestos 
Trades  Bureau  to  cooperate  with  the  War  Industries  Board.  George 
D.  Crabbs,  chairman. 

ASBESTOS  TRADES  BUREAU  (INC.). 

Organized  January  22,  1918,  at  the  direct  request  of  the  Bureau 
of  Imports  of  the  War  Trade  Board,  to  render  assistance  and  coop- 
eration to  that  body.  Its  membership  included  the  firms  engaged  in 
the  asbestos  and  magnesia  industries.  It  maintained  committees  of 
importers,  manufacturers,  and  distributors.  Its  indorsement  was  re- 
quired upon  all  licenses  for  the  importation  of  asbestos.  C.  S.  Stover, 
as  secretary-treasurer,  managed  its  affairs.  S.  R.  Zimmerman,  presi- 
dent. 

ASSIGNMENTS  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION   OF   OPERATIONS,   UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Recommended  and  recorded  assignments  of  ships  to  managers  and 
operators  and  gave  notification  of  the  same  after  approval  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board.  It  also  had  charge  of  charters,  and 
in  conjunction  with  the  Shipping  Control  Committee,  had  supervi- 
sion over  the  allocation  of  freight  and  passenger  steamers.  F.  C. 
Lockhart  and  E.  R.  Jones  were  successively  in  charge. 

ASSISTANT  AUDITOR  FOR  THE  WAR  DEPARTMENT   (OVERSEAS). 

A  Treasury  Department  official,  appointed  under  authority  of  the 
act  of  Congress  of  September  24,  1917,  to  audit  the  accounts  of  the 
expeditionary  forces.  The  office  was  established  in  Paris  in  Decem- 
ber, 1917.  The  assistant  auditor  was  J.  E.  Maulding. 

ASSISTANT  COMPTROLLER  OF  THE  TREASURY  (OVERSEAS). 

A  Treasury  Department  official,  appointed  under  authority  of  act 
of  Congress  of  September  24,  1917,  to  perform  the  duties  of  the 
Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  in  so  far  as  they  related  to  the  expedi- 
tionary forces.  The  office  was  established  in  Paris  in  December,  1917. 
The  assistant  comptroller  was  F.  R.  Ginn. 


36          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
ASTROPHYSICAL   OBSERVATORY,   SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

It  instituted  five  researches  which  bore  upon  war  work  (1)  on  the 
pressure  exerted  by  the  wind  upon  projectiles,  at  the  request  of  the 
coast  defense  station  at  Fort  Monroe;  (2)  experiments  on  search- 
lights, as  a  result  of  a  letter  from  the  Chief  of  Engineers  to  the 
National  Research  Council;  (3)  a  determination  of  geographical 
positions  from  an  airplane  or  a  ship  at  sea  without  reference  to  land- 
marks, celestial  or  terrestrial;  (4)  development  of  a  special  multiple- 
charge  rocket  to  be  fired  to  great  heights,  and  a  recoilless  gun  appar- 
ently suitable  for  airplane  work,  tests,  however,  being  too  late  to  be 
of  service  during  the  war;  (5)  means  of  steadying  the  flight  of 
trench  mortar  projectiles.  The  turbine  principle  was  used,  and  the 
tests  seem  to  guarantee  results  for  ordnance  equal  to  those  of  rifled 
gun  practice. 

ATHLETIC    DIVISION,    WAR    DEPARTMENT    COMMISSION    ON    TRAINING 
CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Organized  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  commission  on  April  26, 
1917,  under  Dr.  Joseph  E.  Raycroft.  The  Athletic  Division  had 
charge  of  recreational  games  in  the  various  camps,  physical  educa- 
tional instructions,  and  instruction  in  boxing  and  various  methods 
of  hand-to-hand  fighting.  It  also  coordinated  the  efforts  of  the 
athletic  representatives  of  the  various  welfare  agencies,  assisted  in 
raising  money  from  athletic  contests,  post  exchanges,  and  private 
sources  for  the  purchase  of  athletic  equipment;  and  procured  through 
the  Quartermaster  Department  athletic  equipment  purchased  with 
funds  appropriated  by  Congress. 

ATHLETIC  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  6,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
athletic  goods.  The  committee  worked  with  the  Priorities  Commit- 
tee and  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  F.  W. 
Bradsby,  chairman. 

AUDITING    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD    EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Organized  by  Gen.  George  W.  Goethals  on  April  20,  1917,  and 
charged  with  looking  after  the  accounting  and  finances  of  the  cor- 
poration. Until  May  10,  1918,  when  the  Finance  Division  was 
created,  the  Auditing  Division  included  the  Insurance  Department 
and  the  Credit  Section,  whose  duties  embraced  respectively  the 
administration  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  insurance  of  property  in 
which  the  corporation  was  interested,  the  operation  of  a  self-insur- 
ance scheme,  and  the  investigation  of  the  financial  standing  of  all 
contractors.  On  April  15,  1919,  the  Finance  Division  and  the  Audit- 
ing Division  were  combined.  D.  H.  Bender,  general  auditor,  was 
succeeded  by  Gordon  Wilson. 

AUDITING   SECTION,   DIVISION    OF    PUBLIC    SERVICE    AND    ACCOUNTING, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  May  1, 1918.  It  supervised  the  receipt  and  disbursement 
of  all  moneys  appropriated  by  Congress  to  the  Railroad  Adminis- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          37 

tration,  placed  in  the  revolving  fund,  or  remitted  by  the  treasurers 
of  the  individual  carriers  on  call  of  the  Director  General.  Upon 
the  establishment  of  the  Division  of  Accounting  as  a  separate  or- 
ganization, on  February  1,  1919,  it  became  subordinate  thereto. 
J.  W.  Roberts,  auditor. 

AUTOMATIC  ENGINEERS,  SOCIETY  OF. 

Its  Committee  on  Aeronautic  Standards  worked  on  specifications 
for  airplane  fittings  in  cooperation  with  the  International  Standards 
Board.  F.  C.  Diffin,  chairman. 

See  Autom-otive  Products  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

AUTOMATIC  OFFICE  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  September  20,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
adding,  tabulating,  and  computing  machines,  cash  registers,  check 
books,  accounting  registers,  and  autographic  registers.  Thomas  J. 
Watson,  chairman. 

AUTOMATIC  SPRINKLERS  WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
;automatic  sprinklers.  It  functioned  with  the  construction  divisions 
of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  the  Fire  Protection  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  in  protecting  properties  and  munitions  essential 
in  running  the  war.  W.  G.  Allen,  chairman. 

AUTOMATIC    TRAIN    CONTROL    COMMITTEE,    DIVISION    OF     OPERATION, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  January  14,  1919,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  and  report- 
ing upon  automatic  train  control  devices  being  tested  upon  various 
roads  as  well  as  proposed  devices,  with  the  idea  of  making  recom- 
mendations concerning  the  progress  of  the  art,  and  possible  installa- 
tion for  further  test.  C.  A.  Morse,  chairman. 

AUTOMOBILE  DEALERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Conservation  Division  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  It  conducted  a  campaign  of  conservation 
which  included  the  closing  of  garages  and  supply  stations  on  nights 
and  Sundays,  and  the  saving  of  gasoline  and  oils.  This  work  was 
done  under  the  auspices  of  the  National  Automobile  Dealers'  Associa- 
tion. F.  W.  A.  Vesper,  chairman. 

AUTOMOTIVE  ENGINEERS,  SOCIETY  OF. 

See  Automotive  Products  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

AUTOMOTIVE  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  FINISHED   PRODUCTS  DIVISION,  WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section  was  the  Automotive  Transport  Committee  of  the  Ad- 
visory Commission  reorganized  September  4,  1917,  to  aid  in  the 
allocation  of  government  business,  to  advise  on  prices  and  purchases 
by  the  United  States  Government  and  the  allies,  of  motorcycles, 
trucks,  tractors,  trailers,  cars,  tanks,  and  automotive  appartus.  Be- 


38          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

cause  of  the  divergence  in  specifications  for  miltary  trucks  submitted 
to  the  Motor  Transport  Division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  the 
parts  manufacturers  and  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers  were 
summoned  by  the  Automotive  Products  Section,  and  with  their  aid 
and  through  the  subcommittee  of  the  section,  known  as  the  Military 
Truck  Committee,  there  was  designed  the  Class  B  military  truck 
which  was  adopted  by  the  War  Department  as  the  standard  heavy- 
cargo  truck.  The  section  cooperated  at  all  times  with  the  Purchas- 
ing Commission  for  the  Allies.  It  was  discontinued  January  1,  1919. 
C.  C.  Hanch,  chief. 

AUTOMOTIVE     TRANSPORT     COMMITTEE,     COUNCIL     OF     NATIONAL     DE- 
FENSE. 

Organized  May  25,  1917,  to  assist  the  Government  in  matters  in- 
volving the  use  of  internal-combustion  engines,  including  the  produc- 
tion of  motor  cars,  trucks,  and  ambulances,  tractors,  motor  boats, 
and  airplanes.  It  worked  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Society  of 
Automotive  Engineers  on  the  matter  or  automotive  standardization, 
and  maintained  its  function  as  an  advisory  committee  under  the  Ad- 
visory Commission  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  until  Septem- 
ber 4,  1917,  when  it  was  reorganized  as  Automotive  Products  Sec- 
tion, Finished  Products  Division,  War  Industries  Board.  Charles 
Clifton,  chairman. 

AUXILIARY  SECTION,  SUPPLY  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Auxiliary  Section  performed  various  routine  duties  for  the 
Supply  Division,  including  drafting,  care  of  files  and  records,  fur- 
nishing of  office  equipment,  supervision  of  civilian  personnel,  etc. 
Maj.  M.  F.  Carney,  chief. 

AWARD  SECTION,  PURCHASE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  AC- 
COUNTS, NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  section  of  the  Purchase  Division  which  recorded  bids 
after  formal  competition  and  advertisement,  checked  up  recom- 
mendations from  technical  bureaus,  notified  contractors  of  awards, 
and  indicated  the  amounts  and  specifications  of  each  contract. 
L.  Fortune,  chief. 

AWARD    AND    CONTRACT    BRANCH,    PURCHASE    ADMINISTRATIVE    DIVI- 
SION, DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  June  14,  1918,  as  a  branch  of  the  Supply  Control  Division 
and  transferred  to  the  Director  of  Purchase  on  October  28,  1918.  It 
had  charge  of  legal  review  and  supervision  of  award  and  contractual 
agreements  of  purchases.  L.  Marvin  and  W.  W.  Pickard  succes- 
sively acted  as  chief. 

AWARDS,  COMMITTEE  ON;  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Appointed  by  Director  General  Schwab  of  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation  to  decide  each  month  the  yards  holding  first,  second, 
and  third  places  in  the  shipbuilding  contest,  and  to  award  to  these 
yards  the  blue,  red,  and  white  pennants  of  honor.  The  yards  were 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         39 

judged  on  the  basis  of  performance,  taking  into  consideration  size, 
location,  and  other  unequal  factors.  The  committee  was  headed  by 
Rear  Admiral  F.  F.  Fletcher,  representing  labor;  F.  W.  Wood,  vice 
president  of  the  International  Shipbuilding  Corporation;  and  Hugh 
Frayne,  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  As  a  result  of  the  spirit  of 
rivalry  thus  fostered  among  the  shipyards  of  the  country,  some 
remarkable  records  in  shipbuilding  were  made. 

BABY  VEHICLE  MANUFACTURERS'  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  WAR  SERV- 
ICE COMMITTEE. 

The  baby  vehicle  trades  first  came  into  contact  with  war  needs 
through  the  General  Medical  Board  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  with  whom  they  held  conference  early  in  1917.  They 
designed  and  supplied  invalids'  rolling  chairs  and  push  carts. 

BAG  MANUFACTURERS,  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF. 

Formed  for  war  service  at  a  meeting  of  manufacturers  of  cloth 
bags  in  New  York,  November  22,  1917.  It  represented  substantially 
the  whole  industry,  and  had  a  membership  open  to  all  concerned. 
Its  work  "  was  largely  centered  on  insuring  an  adequate  supply  of 
bag  materials  for  the  distribution  of  *  *  food  products."  It 
worked  with  the  war  boards,  and  maintained  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee, a  Burlap  Committee,  and  a  Cotton  Committee.  A.  F.  Bemis, 
chairman  Executive  Committee. 

BAKERS,  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF  MASTER. 

This  association,  organized  in  1897,  had  two  special  committees 
working  on  war  problems  of  the  baking  industry:  The  Emergency 
War  Council,  a  general  committee,  and  the  National  Technical  Serv- 
ice Committee,  which  supervised  the  manufacture  of  "victory  bread." 
Henry  Stude,  president. 

BAKERY  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  January  2,  1918.  It  was  in  charge  of  the  supervision  and 
operation  of  all  schools  for  bakers  and  cooks  and  the  furnishing  of 
equipment  for  these  schools.  This  branch  was  abolished,  its  School 
Section  being  transferred  to  The  Adjutant  General's  Office,  and  its 
Equipment  Section  to  the  Hardware  and  Metals  Division.  Col.  L. 
L.  Deitrick,  chief. 

BAKING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  15,  1917.  The  division  took  up  the  problem  of 
the  control  of  commercial  baking  and  the  conservation  of  wheat. 
The  National  Association  of  Master  Bakers  cooperated  with  the 
division.  In  March,  1918,  the  division  became  a  section  of  the  Dis- 
tribution Division.  Duncan  McDuffie,  chief,  followed  by  Huntley 
Child  as  acting  chief  June  7,  1918. 

BAKING  INDUSTRY,  WAR  EMERGENCY  COUNCIL  OF. 

Appointed  by  the  national  association  May  18,  1917,  to  deal  with 
the  Government  in  all  relations  between  breadmakers  and  Federal 


40  HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

authorities.  A  licensing  plan  for  the  baking  industry  was  submitted 
to  the  Food  Administration,  but  the  system  was  not  put  into  effect 
until  December  10,  1917.  Frank  R.  Shepart,  chairman,  succeeded  by 
George  S.  Ward. 

See  National  Technical  Service  Committee,  National  Association 
of  Master  Bakers. 

BALATA  BELTING  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  October,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry,  The  com- 
mittee submitted  specifications  of  balata  belting  to  the  Committee 
on  Specifications  of  Mechanical  Rubber  Goods.  Benjamin  A.  Keiley, 
chairman. 

BALL  BEARING  AND  STEEL  BALLS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  January  7,  1918.  The  committee  devised  specifications, 
and  although  the  committee  did  not  distribute  Government  con- 
tracts, it  was  frequently  consulted  by  Government  departments  and 
kept  the  industry  in  touch  with  requirements.  W.  M.  Nomes,  chair- 
man. 

BAND  INSTRUMENTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  28,  1918,  by  the  War  Industries  Board  to  rep- 
resent manufacturers  of  drums  and  musical  instruments.  Brass  was 
furnished  only  for  army  and  navy  instruments.  C.  D.  Greenleaf, 
chairman. 

BARE  COPPER  AND  BRONZE  WIRE  WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Electrical  and  Power  Equipment  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  with  F.  W.  Wallace  as  chairman. 

BEDDING  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  National  Association  of  Bedding  Manufacturers 
May  13,  1918.  The  committee  provided  requirements  for  bedding, 
furnished  specifications,  and  looked  after  conservation  of  labor  and 
material.  Albert  J.  Logan,  chairman. 

'BEDSTEADS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  19,  1918,  at  a  meeting  of  manufacturers  of 
bedsteads  and  spring  beds.  A.  F.  Carpenter,  chairman. 

BICYCLE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  March,  1918,  by  the  Bicycle  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation but  reorganized  in  August,  1918,  to  include  the  Bicycle  Parts 
Manufacturers'  Association  and  the  Motor  Cycle  Association.  The 
committee  met  monthly  with  the  industry.  The  Motor  Cycle  Asso- 
ciation later  formed  a  separate  war  service  committee.  E.  J.  Lonn, 
chairman. 

BIOCHEMIC  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  which  rendered  valuable  service  during  the 
war  in  the  production  of  mallein  for  the  Army  to  test  horses  for 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.          41 

glanders.  Between  February  3,  1917,  and  November  11,  1918,  the 
amount  furnished  aggregated  3,523,260  doses,  having  an  estimated 
market  value  of  $176,000.  This  was  practically  the  entire  supply 
used  by  the  Army.  M.  Dorset,  chief. 

BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  BUREAU  OF;    DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  bureau  whose  war  activities  were  carried  on  in  con- 
nection with  the  work  of  its  Division  of  Economic  Investigations  and 
centered  mainly  in  a  program  for  the  eradication  of  injurious  native 
and  introduced  rodents,  and  in  the  destruction  of  predatory  animals. 
In  its  noxious  animal  campaigns,  centering  largely  in  stock-raising 
and  farming  centers  of  the  country,  the  bureau  worked  in  close  co- 
operation with  the  State  extension  services  and  county  agents,  stock- 
men's associations,  farmers,  State  councils  of  defense,  and  State  live- 
stock commissions.  Its  campaign  to  destroy  predatory  animals  in 
the  Western  States  resulted,  between  April  1,  1917,  and  December 
31,  1918,  in  the  killing  of  1,266  wolves,  46,235  coyotes,  171  mountain 
lions,  and  5,852  wild  cats  through  trapping  and  hunting,  and  tens  of 
thousands  of  coyotes  through  extended  poisoning  on  sheep  ranges. 
This  work  alone  effected  a  direct  saving  in  meat,  hide,  and  wool  of 
about  $8,000,000.  The  campaigns  against  native  rodents  such  as 
prairie  dogs,  ground  squirrels,  pocket  gophers,  and  jack  rabbits  were 
conducted  mainly  in  cooperation  with  the  States  Relations  Service 
and  the  extension  services  of  the  agricultural  colleges  of  the  Western 
States.  More  than  20.000,000  acres  of  agricultural  and  range  lands 
were  treated  with  poison  baits  to  destroy  these  rodents,  and  more 
than  $13,500,000  saved  thereby  during  the  crop  season  of  1918.  The 
bureau  was  also  active  in  aiding  the  Army  and  Navy  in  eliminating 
rats  from  their  warehouses.  In  the  Bush  Terminal  warehouses, 
alone,  the  number  of  rats  caught  ranged  from  35,000  to  50,000,  and 
the  damage  done  to  Government  stores  by  rats  in  13  months  of  opera- 
tion did  not  exceed  $50.  E.  W.  Nelson  was  chief  of  this  bureau  and 
A.  K.  Fisher  in  charge  of  the  Division  of  Economic  Investigations. 

BISCUIT  AND  CRACKER  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  to  cooperate  with  the  Food  Administration  and  to  serve 
as  an  advisory  committee  of  the  Baking  Division.  It  worked  with 
the  Army  and  Navy  to  produce  sufficient  quantities  of  pilot  bread 
and  hard  bread,  and  also  cooperated  in  the  production  of  a  tin  con- 
tainer for  oversea  bread.  Meetings  were  held  to  instruct  bakers 
in  the  making  of  these  breads.  Brooks  Morgan,  chairman. 

BITUMINOUS     COAL,     BUREAU     OF;      DISTRIBUTION     DIVISION,     UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  February  23,  1918.  This  bureau  had  charge  of  distri- 
bution and  inspection'of  all  bituminous  coal  through  the  Washington 
organization  of  the  bureau  and  the  district  representatives.  Inspec- 
tion was  handled  by  the  Inspection  Section  and  inspectors  in  the  field 
working  under  the  direction  of  the  district  representatives.  District 
representatives  were  directly  under  the  control  of  this  bureau  as  far 
as  their  work  concerned  bituminous  coal.  A.  W.  Galloway,  director. 


42          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
BLEACHERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  with  W.  C.  Johnson  as  chairman. 

BLOCKADE  SECTION,  SUPREME  ECONOMIC  COUNCIL,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Created  in  March,  1918,  to  deal  with  blockade  matters,  and  com- 
posed of  one  representative  from  each  of  four  great  powers.  It 
established  three  committees:  On  Blockade  of  Orient  (with  two  sub- 
committees :  Commission  Permanente  Internationale  des  Contingents, 
and  Inter- Allied  Commission  at  Berne) ;  On  Left  Bank  of  the  Rhine 
(with  subcommittees:  Inter- Allied  Economic  Committee  of  Luxem- 
bourg, and  a  number  of  economic  subsections  in  the  zones  of  occupa- 
tion) ;  and  Allied  Blockade  (with  subcommittees  called  inter-allied 
trade  committees  established  in  each  of  the  northern  neutrals,  all  in 
liaison  with  the  Food  Section).  Vance  McCormick,  American  mem- 
ber and  president. 

BOBBINS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  14,  1918,  with  George  H.  Wilson  as  chairman, 
to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  bobbins  and  shuttles. 

BOILERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Electrical  and  Power  Equipment  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  with  W.  C.  Connelly  as  chairman. 

BOLTS,  NUTS,  AND  RIVETS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  April  17,  1918,  by  a  meeting  of  98  per  cent  of  the  in- 
dustry. The  committee  took  charge  of  the  allocation  of  Government 
requirements  for  bolts.  Charles  J.  Graham,  chairman. 

BOOT  AND  SHOE  SECTION,  HIDES,  LEATHER  AND  LEATHER  GOODS  DIVI- 
SION, WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section,  although  not  formally  organized  until  June  12,  1918, 
on  May  28, 1918,  took  over  the  administration  of  methods  of  conserva- 
tion in  the  boot  and  shoe  industry  formerly  in  charge  of  the  Commer- 
cial Economy  Board.  This  section  did  not  recommend  fixing  of 
prices,  but  took  pledges  on  a  cost-plus  basis  from  the  shoe  manufac- 
turers, wholesalers,  and  retailers;  it  made  no  restrictions  on  selling 
other  than  the  acceptance  of  merchants'  pledges  to  sell  within  the  set- 
price  range;  it  made  no  allocations  of  materials  or  man  power.  This 
section  and  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  board  conferred  with 
the  War  Service  committees  of  the  shoe  manufacturers,  wholesalers, 
and  retailers,  and  as  a  result  a  set  of  recommendations  was  approved 
and  issued  to  the  trade  June  13, 1918  (amended  and  reissued  June  29, 
1918,  and  approved  by  the  War  industries  Board  in  September,  1918) , 
restricting  colors  of  leather  and  fabrics  which  resulted  in  a  6G| 
per  cent  elimination  of  styles  and  lasts.  The  section  reported  that 
"  practically  all  shoe  manufacturers  and  wholesalers  pledged  coopera- 
tion, and  through  the  manufacturers  the  retailers  stabilized  their 
business ;  but  the  program  for  conservation  has  not  been  in  existence 
long  enough  to  clean  house  and  stabilize  on  prewar  carried  stock." 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         43 

C.  D.  P.  Hamilton,  chief.  See  Conservation  Division,  W.  I.  B. 
(formerly  Commercial  Economy  Board).  The  section  was  discon- 
tinued December  31,  1918. 

BOOTS   AND   SHOES    DIVISION,    RUBBER   INDUSTRY   WAR   SERVICE    COM- 
MITTEE. 

Formed  January,  1918,  and  enlarged  July,  1918,  to  include  all  man- 
ufacturers of  rubber  footwear.  Its  functions  were  to  represent  the 
trade  in  allocating  the  war  orders  of  the  Government,  and  in  comply- 
ing with  the  conservation  programs  established  by  the  War  Industries 
Board.  In  October,  1918,  over  60  per  cent  of  the  output  was  Govern- 
ment work.  The  division  voted  on  January  16,  1919,  to  continue  as  a 
peace  agency  attached  to  the  Rubber  Association  of  America.  H.  E. 
Sawyer,  chairman,  January-June,  1918.  G.  H.  Mayo,  July,  1918. 

BOSTON  AGENCY,  DIVISION   OF   OPERATIONS,  UNITED   STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD   EMERGENCY  FLEET   CORPORATION. 

In  the  fall  of  1917,  when  a  coal  shortage  threatened  the  war  indus- 
tries of  Now  England,  the  Division  of  Operations  made  a  tentative 
agreement  with  the  New  England  Coal  Barge  &  Towers'  Association 
to  supervise  and  operate  the  additional  steam  tonnage  assigned  to  the 
New  England  coal  trade  by  the  Shipping  Board.  The  number  of 
these  steamers  soon  grew  to  such  proportions  that  it  became  necessary 
to  establish  the  Boston  Agency  of  Operations  in  order  to  keep  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  operations  of  the  steamers  with  the  Shipping 
Board.  The  new  agency  absorbed  the  New  England  Coal  Barge  & 
Towers'  Association  and  maintained  the  supervision  of  the  operation 
of  the  coal-carrying  fleet  under  a  separate  division  which  was  known 
as  the  Coal  Transportation  Agency.  Capt.  A.  L.  Crowley,  who  had 
been  appointed  supervisor  of  the  association  by  the  trustees  of  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  was  retained  as  the  agent  in  charge  of 
this  division.  The  Boston  office  had  under  its  supervision  and  opera- 
tion about  70  vessels  in  ocean  traffic  and  a  fleet  of  about  300  barges 
and  37  tugs.  It  also  assigned  ships  to  the  coal  consignees  for  the 
entire  coal  traffic  from  Hampton  Roads  to  Eastport,  Me.  W.  K. 
Irving  was  dispatch  agent. 

BOTTLE  AND  JAR  CAPS  MANUFACTURERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WAR 
SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  16,  1918,  with  George  A.  Williams  as  chairman 
at  the  request  of  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board. 

BOYS'  WORKING   RESERVE,   UNITED   STATES;    DEPARTMENT   OF   LABOR. 

This  organization  was  initiated  April  20,  1917,  under  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor.  William  E.  Hall  was  appointed  national  director. 
State  organizations  under  State  directors,  appointed  by  the  Secretary 
of  Labor,  were  gradually  formed.  These  worked  in  close  cooperation 
with  State  and  Community  Councils  of  Defense,  and  the  public 
schools.  When  the  United  States  Employment  Service  was  made  a 
separate  service  in  the  Department  of  Labor  in  January,  1918,  the 
United  States  Boys'  Working  Reserve  was  made  a  part  of  that 


44          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

service.  The  primary  work  of  the  reserve  has  been  the  mobilization 
of  high  school  boys  between  the  ages  of  16  and  21  for  agricultural 
service  during  their  summer  vacation.  Approximately  250,000  were 
enrolled  in  the  reserve  and  about  200,000  were  placed  for  service. 
About  30,000  of  this  number  received  preliminary  training  in  farm 
craft  lessons  at  training  camps  and  training  farms,  but  the  majority 
went  directly  from  city  life  to  the  farm.  In  addition  to  subsistence 
boys  received  an  average  monthly  wage  of  $30.  A  national  badge  was 
given  for  36  days  of  actual  service  and  an  honorable  service  bar  for 
continuous  and  satisfactory  service.  Boys  were  permitted  to  leave 
school  for  such  service  only  on  condition  that  educational  advance- 
ment was  not  thereby  retarded.  When  the  armistice  was  signed, 
plans  were  well  under  way  for  the  organization  of  an  Industrial  Unit 
as  a  part  of  the  reserve.  The  founders  of  the  organization,  however, 
decided  that  the  Junior  Section  of  the  United  States  Employment 
Service  would  be  a  more  logical  agency  for  solving  the  labor  "prob- 
lems of  reconstruction.  The  organization  published  a  monthly  bulle- 
tin called  Boy  Power. 

BRANCHES  AND   CUSTOMS,  BUREAU  OF,  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Organized  as  Division  of  Branches  and  Customs  in  the  Bureau  of 
Exports,  October  13,  1917,  and  became  a  separate  bureau  on  Feb- 
ruary 6,  1918.  This  bureau  managed  and  directed  the  branch  offices 
and  transmitted  to  the  Customs  Division  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment the  instructions  of  the  various  bureaus  of  the  War  Trade  Board 
relating  to  the  control  of  exports,  imports,  enemy  trade,  ship  stores, 
and  bunkers.  In  December.  1918,  there  were  branch  offices  in  Bos- 
ton, Chicago,  Detroit,  Eagle  Pass,  El  Paso,  Galveston,  Laredo,  Los 
Angeles,  Mobile,  New  Orleans,  New  York,  Nogales,  Philadelphia, 
Portland,  St.  Louis,  San  Francisco,  Savannah,  Seattle,  Canal  Zone, 
Guam,  Honolulu,  Juneau,  Manila,  St.  Thomas,  San  Juan,  and 
Tutuila.  Alexander  H.  Bullock,  director. 

BRASS,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON;    COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  April  7,  1917,  at  the  request  of  B.  M.  Baruch,  to  serve  in 
conjunction  with  the  Committee  on  Raw  Materials  of  the  Advisory 
Commission  of  the  council.  It  "  took  no  action  except  to  answer  some 
technical  questions  which  were  raised  by  Mr.  Baruch  from  time  to 
time."  The  five  members  of  the  committee  resigned  upon  the  pas- 
sage of  the  food  and  fuel  act  of  Congress  of  August  10, 1917.  Charles 
F.  Brooker,  chairman. 

See  Brass  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

BRASS     SECTION,     FINISHED     PRODUCTS     DIVISION,     WAR     INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Created  April  6,  1918,  under  the  name  of  Non-Ferrous  Tube  Sec- 
tion, but  about  August  1,  1918,  changed  to  Brass  Section  because  the 
work  of  the  section  had  expanded  from  dealing  with  manufacture 
of  brass  and  copper  tube  to  all  manufactured  products  of  copper, 
brass,  and  other  copper  base  alloys.  The  section  was  assisted  in  its 
work  by  the  War  Service  Committee  of  the  brass  manufacturers  to 
arrange  for  eliminating  nonessentials  and  for  bringing  about  an  in- 
crease of  output  of  at  least  thirty-three  and  one-third  per  cent.  The 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         45 

Bureau  of  Supplies  and  Accounts  of  the  Navy  Department,  the 
Projectile  Section,  Procurement  Division  of  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment, the  Marine  Corps,  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and  the 
Railroad  Administration,  each  had  representatives  as  members  of 
the  section.  The  chief  of  the  section  was  also  a  member  of  Priorities 
Committee.  It  was  formally  disbanded  December  14,  1918.  Everett 
Morss,  chief. 

BRASS  AND  COPPEE  TUBES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  to  continue  the  work  of  the  Committee 
on  Non-Ferrous  Tubes.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Brass 
Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  with  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment in  the  production  of  cupro-nickel  for  small  arms  ammu- 
nition. J.  P.  Elton,  chairman. 

BRASSIERE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  10,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  before  the 
Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board  in  regard  to  the 
amount  of  steel  that  could  be  used  by  manufacturers.  George  A. 
Kaufman,  chairman. 

BREWING  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

The  executive  committee  of  the  United  States  Brewers'  Associa- 
tion was  designated  October  3,  1917,  as  the  war  service  committee  of 
the  brewing  industry.  Surveys  were  conducted  to  find  the  amount 
of  food  materials  in  hands  of  brewers  and  the  fuel  consumption  of 
breweries,  and  to  devise  means  of  utilization  of  food  products  in 
hands  of  brewers  December  1,  1918.  C.  W.  Feigenspan,  chairman. 

BRICK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Material  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  as  a  central  committee  to  represent  all  the  manufacturers  of 
paving,  face,  and  building  brick.  William  Schlake,  chairman. 

BRISTLES,  HAIR,  AND  FIBERS  FOR  BRUSHES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  17,  1918,  with  L.  W.  Wolff  as  chairman,  to  rep- 
resent the  manufacturers  of  bristles,  hair,  and  fibers  for  brushes. 

BRITISH  WAR  MISSION. 

With  Sir  Charles  Gordon,  K.  B.  E.,  as  vice-chairman,  functioned 
through  a  number  of  ministries  and  departments,  of  which  the  non- 
military  ones  were :  Shipping,  Sir  Thomas  Eoyden,  Bart.,  represen- 
tative; Food  (Allied  Provisions  Export  Commission),  C.  F.  H.  Les- 
lie, representative;  Purchasing  Department,  J.  W.  Woods,  director; 
Production  Department,  H.  Japp,  deputy  director  general ;  Mechani- 
cal Transport  Inspection  Department,  Maj.  P.  C.  Cannon,  chief; 
Royal  Commission  on  Sugar,  G.  H.  Logan,  administrator. 

BROKERS'  SECTION,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  October  10,  1917.  It  was  charged  with  maintaining 
close  cooperation  with  brokers  and  advised  as  to  regulation  of  non- 


46          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

perishable  food  commodities.  Through  this  section,  brokers  com- 
municated to  the  Food  Administration  the  price  lists  and  quotations 
issued  to  the  trade.  Bird  W.  Housum,  chief. 

BRONZE  CASTINGS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  to  represent  the  industry  before  that  section  and  the 
Priorities  Board.  A.  Y.  Evins,  chairman. 

BRUSHES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  17,  1918,  with  William  Cordes  as  chairman,  at 
the  request  of  the  Jute,  Hemp,  and  Cordage  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  toilet  brushes, 
paint  brushes,  household  and  machine  brushes. 

BUILDING  BRICK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  by  the  National  Brick  Manufacturers'  Association,  Decem- 
ber, 1917,  to  represent  the  industry  with  the  Building  Materials  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administration.  George  H.  Clippert,  chairman. 

BUILDING  INDUSTRIES,  NATIONAL  FEDERATION  OF. 

Organized  July  15  and  1(3, 1918,  at  a  convention  of  all  building  and 
building  materials  associations  in  the  United  States.  The  federation 
cooperated  with  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  Ernest  T.  Trigg  was  president  and  chairman  of  the 
War  Service  Executive  Committee. 

BUILDING  MATERIALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Established  March  16,  1918,  as  the  Building  Materials  Section  of 
the  War  Industries  Board,  under  R.  L.  Humphrey,  who  had  been 
with  the  board  since  October,  1917.  The  section  was  made  a  division 
in  the  fall  of  1918,  and  consisted  of  a  director,  a  staff  of  forty-five 
persons,  branch  offices  in  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Norfolk,  and 
representatives  of  each  of  the  various  construction  bureaus  of  the 
Government  interested  in  its  work,  such  as  the  Army,  Navy,  Marine 
Corps,  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corpora- 
tion, Panama  Canal,  Railroad  Administration,  Supervising  Archi- 
tect of  the  Treasury,  and  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation. 
The  principal  activities  of  the  division  were:  (1)  Collation  of  data 
as  to  the  resources,  available  stock,  and  capacity  of  the  various  plants 
manufacturing  building  materials;  (2)  recording  rates  of  production 
and  delivery  on  Government  purchases;  (3)  formulation  of  standard 
specifications  and  details  which  served  as  a  basis  for  the  purchase  of 
building  materials,  whereby  the  greatest  conservation  of  labor,  fuel, 
and  metals  was  attained;  (4)  regulation  of  fuel  supply  for  the  build- 
ing materials  industries;  (5)  permits  and  clearances  for  materials 
required  in  permissible  construction;  (6)  and  study  of  the  standardi- 
zation of  methods  of  production,  and  of  application,  and  of  possible 
substitution  for  the  various  building  materials  for  the  purpose  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         47 

effecting  the  greatest  possible  conservation  of  fuel,  materials,  labor, 
and  transportation.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1918  the  increasing  short- 
age of  building  materials  and  the  need  for  immediate  information 
concerning  them  made  it  necessary  for  the  director  of  the  division 
to  bring  about  the  formation  of  war  service  committees  for  these 
industries.  The  division  had  supervisory  control  over  43  different 
building  materials  with  38  war  service  committees,  whose  members 
being  scattered  all  over  the  country  kept  it  in  c.lose  contact  with  all 
portions  of  the  United  States.  The  division  terminated  its  activities 
January  1,  1919. 

BUILDING   MATERIALS   SECTION,    SALES   BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  January  26,  1919,  for  the  purpose  of  formulating  policies 
with  reference  to  the  sale  of  all  surplus  building  material  on  hand 
among  the  various  bureaus  of  the  War  Department.  This  material 
included  lumber,  hardware,  brick, .  cement,  heating  equipment,  etc. 
On  February  25,  1919,  an  agreement  covering  the  disposition  of  sur- 
plus lumber  was  entered  into  between  the  Director  of  Sales  and 
representatives  of  the  lumber  producers.  The  latter  purchased  the 
surplus  lumber,  agreeing  to  resell  it  at  prevailing  market  prices,  pay- 
ing to  the  War  Department  the  amount  received  less  the  actual  ex- 
pense of  selling  it.  The  section  supervised  the  sales  made  by  the 
salvage  boards  of  the  various  Wat  Department  bureaus.  Upon  the 
creation  of  the  Building  Materials  Section,  Maj.  W.  M.  Crunder  be- 
came chief.  He  was  succeeded  on  March  25,  1919,  by  W.  P.  Gleason. 

BUILDING  STONE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  19,  1918,  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  The  committee  was  divided  into  six  groups 
representing  all  sections  of  the  country.  H.  E.  Fletcher,  chairman 
New  England;  P.  B.  Parker,  chairman  Central;  R.  M.  Richter,  chair- 
man Mid- West ;  Martin  Simpson,  chairman  Trans-Mississippi ;  John 
D.  McGilvray,  chairman  Far- West  Groups.  At  this  time  the  Ohio 
Sandstone  War  Service  Committee  was  dissolved,  the  new  committee 
representing  all  branches  of  the  industry.  Col.  Sam  Tate,  chairman. 

BUTCHERS  AND  MEAT  DEALERS'  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Appointed  in  March,  1918,  by  the  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion to  work  out  a  program  for  further  economy  in  the  slaughter, 
dressing,  and  sale  of  meat.  This  committee  worked  in  conjunction 
with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Husbandry  and  Bureau  of  Markets,  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  John  A.  Kotal,  chairman. 

BUTTER   AND    CHEESE    SECTION,    PERISHABLE    COMMODITIES   DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  April,  1918,  to  administer  the  regulations  of  butter 
and  cheese.  The  section  directed  marketing  and  carried  out  the 
rules  governing  the  manufacture  of  fresh  butter  from  July,  1918. 
George  II.  Coffin,  chief. 


48          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
BUTTONS  WAR  SEEVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  17,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
vegetable  ivory,  cloth-covered,  celluloid,  bone,  glass,  composition, 
horn,  metal,  and  fiber  buttons.  W.  A.  Porter,  chairman. 

CABLE  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE    SUBDIVISION,    OVERSEAS    DISTRIBU- 
TION DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PUCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1, 1918.  The  Cable  Branch  received,  routed, 
distributed,  and  answered  all  cables  pertaining  to  the  supply  of  the 
A.  E.  F.  It  also  followed  the  orders,  releases,  and  loadings  of  all 
supplies  called  for  by  cable  from  the  date  of  receiving  the  message 
until  the  supplies  were  actually  floated.  Maj.  W.  G.  Sheehan,  chief. 

CABLE    SERVICE    AND    OVERSEAS    BRANCH,    WAREHOUSING    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  October  16,  1917,  to  receive  cables  and  requisitions  from 
the  American  Expeditionary  Forces,  and  to  take  action  as  authorized 
including  the  follow-up  of  shipment  until  the  supplies  were  received 
by  the  Embarkation  Division.  It  was  abolished  February  13, 1918. 

CALIFORNIA  EXPORT  COMMITTEE,  CENTRAL  WESTERN  REGION,  UNITED 
STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointed  September  30,  1918.  This  committee  controlled  the 
movement  of  export  freight  through  California  ports.  It  issued  ship- 
ping permits,  subject  to  certain  rules,  without  which  no  shipments 
for  export  would  be  received  by  the  railroads.  W.  G.  Barnwell, 
chairman. 

CAMOUFLAGE    SECTION,   STEEL   SHIP    CONSTRUCTION   DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Established  February  4,  1918,  to  supervise  the  application  of  ma- 
rine camouflage,  the  designs  of  which  were  furnished  by  the  Navy 
Department  and  distributed  for  application  to  the  camoufleur  of  each 
shipbuilding  district.  The  district  camoufleur  was  not  allowed  to 
change  the  principle  of  the  design  furnished  by  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment but  was  instructed  to  use  the  design  most  applicable  to  the  form 
and  type  of  ship  to  be  painted.  With  the  cessation  of  hostilities  in 
the  fall  of  1918  the  need  for  the  work  of  this  section  ceased.  H.  C, 
Grover,  head. 

CAMP  MUSIC   DIVISION,   WAR   DEPARTMENT   COMMISSION    ON   TRAINING 
CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Organized  in  May,  1917,  under  Lee  F.  Hammer.  The  duties  of 
this  division  consisted  in  conducting  mass  singing  in  the  training 
camps,  training  company  song  leaders  to  carry  on  the  work  overseas, 
providing  music  and  musical  instruments,  and  assisting  in  the  organi- 
zation and  training  of  military  bands. 

CANADIAN  CONTRACT  ASSESSORS,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  post-armistice  board  of  two  officers,  created  by  order  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  March  19,  1919,  to  represent  the  United  States 
on  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  in  the  adjustment  and  settlement  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         49 

war  contracts  and  agreements  entered  into  through  the  agency  of  the 
Munitions  Board  for  performance  in  Canada.  It  was  the  function 
of  the  assessors  to  liquidate  the  financial  affairs  of  the  United  States 
in  Canada  in  essentially  the  same  way  the  Liquidation  Commission 
disposed  of  such  affairs  in  all  other  foreign  countries.  Final  settle- 
ment was  to  be  made  by  the  Munitions  Board,  the  agreement  to  be 
signed  by  a  member  of  the  board  and  by  one  of  the  contract  assessors 
sitting  as  a  member.  The  assessors  were  Lieut..  Col.  O.  W.  Albee 
and  Maj.  S.  S.  Underwood. 

CANADIAN  RELATIONS,   DIVISION   OF;    UNITED   STATES   FOOD   ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

Created  December  1,  1917.  This  division  gave  special  attention  to 
relations  with  Canada  in  regard  to  matters  affecting  food  supply 
and  regulations.  Cordial  relations  were  maintained  with  the  Cana- 
dian Food  Board,  and  cooperation  in  the  matter  of  exports  and  im- 
ports of  foodstuffs  maintained  so  as  not  to  set  up  impossible  economic 
barriers  along  the  boundary.  W.  Fisher,  chief. 

CANADIAN  WAR  MISSION. 

Created  February  2,  1918,  to  represent  the  Cabinet  and  the  heads 
of  the  various  departments  and  other  administrative  branches  of  the 
Government  of  Canada  with  the  United  States  Government  and  with 
other  British  and  allied  missions  operating  in  the  United  States  in 
connection  with  the  war.  This  mission  arranged  for  the  supplies 
of  raw  materials  so  as  to  utilize  manufacturing  facilities  of  both 
countries  to  the  best  advantage,  and  provided  information  in  regard 
to  Canada.  The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  of  Canada  and  the 
Canadian  War  Trade  Board  were  represented  in  the  United  States 
by  this  mission.  Lloyd  Harris,  chairman,  February  2  to  November 
15,  1918;  Frank  A.  Rolph,  November  15,  1918,  to  January  15,  1919; 
Sir  Charles  Gordon,  acting  chairman,  February  15,  1919,  to  date. 

CANNED   GOOES    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE,   COMMITTEE    ON    SUPPLIES, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  early  in  June,  1917,  bv  Julius  Rosenwald,  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Supplies  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  Its 
function  was  to  advise  the  Army  and  Navy  as  to  the  sources  of  supply 
for  canned  goods  and  the  best  methods  for  securing  them.  With  the 
organization  of  the  Food  Administration,  the  functions  of  the  com- 
mittee were  taken  over  by  that  administration  in  the  Division  of 
Coordination  of  Purchase.  The  committee  was  never  disbanded  but 
ceased  to  function  in  the  fall  of  1917.  Charles  H.  Bentley,  chairman. 

CANNED  GOODS  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  June,  1917,  to  handle  the  problems  of  supply  and  pro- 
curement of  canned  goods  for  use  of  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Marine 
Corps,  the  stimulation  of  production,  the  prevention  of  abuses  in 
the  trade,  and  the  enforcement  of  the  food  control  act  with  reference 
to  the  manufacturers  and  wholesale  dealers  in  canned  foods.  The 
division  cooperated  with  the  Division  of  Coordination  of  Purchase. 
127232—19 4 


50          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

The  Canned  Milk  Section  handled  the  milk  problem.  C.  H.  Bentley 
was  chief  from  June,  1917,  to  March,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  John  R.  Munn. 

CANNED    MILK    SECTION,    CANNED    FOODS    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES 
FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  15,  1917,  to  handle  the  problem  of  the  supply 
and  procurement  of  canned  milk  for  essential  demands.  This  section 
had  charge  of  the  regulation  and  control  of  canned  milk.  S.  J. 
Scudder,  chief. 

CANNED  MILK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  May,  1917,  to  handle  the  details  of  allotments  and 
determination  of  prices  for  the  members  of  the  National  Canners' 
Association  who  were  manufacturers  of  canned  milk.  The  com- 
mittee was  continued  September  27, 1917,  and  authorized  to  represent 
the  industry  with  the  Food  Administration  in  the  matter  of  control- 
ling profits  to  the  industry  and  price  to  the  public.  John  F.  Mont- 
gomery, chairman. 

CANNON  SECTION,  GUN  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  September  7,  1917.  It  handled  all  questions  relating 
to  the  design  and  procurement  of  field  and  seacoast  cannon  and  their 
accessories,  which  included  everything  connected  with  revision  of 
design,  development  work,  and  the  adoption  of  types  as  well  as  all 
matters  of  a  technical  nature  and  questions  relating  to  erosion  and 
interior  ballistics.  Originally  the  section  contained  the  Design,  Pro- 
duction, Purchase,  and  Inspection  Branches,  while  there  were  added 
at  ohe  time  or  another  Explosives,  Trench  Warfare,  Projectile,  Fuze, 
and  Artillery  Ammunition  Branches.  Later,  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
the  Cannon  Section  had  completed  substantially  the  negotiations  of 
its  contracts,  a  reorganization  was  effected,  by  which  the  work  of 
the  section  was  distributed  among  the  Design,  Production,  and  Pur- 
chase Sections.  That  portion  of  the  Cannon  Section  which  had  dealt 
with  inspection  continued  to  operate  as  a  separate  inspection  unit 
because  of  its  individual  problems. 

CANNON  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  January  14, 1918,  to  supervise  and  regulate  the  production 
of  guns,  carriages,  and  battery  vehicles.  It  functioned  through  a 
Cannon  Branch  in  charge  of  Maj.  A.  B.  Hubbard,  and  a  Carriage 
and  Battery  Vehicles  Branch  in  charge  of  Maj.  J.  G.  Serugham. 
Lieut.  Col.  H.  B.  Hunt,  chief. 

CANTONMENT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  CORPS. 

See  Construction  Division  of  the  Army. 

CANTONMENT  ADJUSTMENT  COMMISSION. 

Created  by  the  so-called  Baker-Gompers  agreement  made  by  Sec- 
retary of  War  Baker  and  Samuel  Gompers,  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor,  on  June  19, 1917,  for  the  purpose  of  adjust- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         51 

ing  and  controlling  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  of  labor  in  the 
construction  of  cantonments.  The  commission  was  composed  of 
three  persons  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  one  to  represent 
the  Army,  one  the  public,  and  one  labor,  the  last  to  be  nominated 
by  Samuel  Gompers.  The  agreement  provided  that  in  making 
adjustments  with  reference  to  each  cantonment  the  commission 
should  use  the  union  scale  of  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  in  force 
on  June  1,  1917,  in  the  locality  where  such  cantonment  was  situated. 
It  provided  that  consideration  should  be  given  to  special  circum- 
stances arising  after  that  date  which  might  require  particular  ad- 
vances in  wages  or  changes'  in  other  standards.  Adjustments  made 
by  the  commission  were  to  be  treated  as  binding  by  all  parties.  The 
rules  of  procedure  adopted  under  the  agreement  provided  that  the 
actual  work  of  construction  should  not  be  interrupted  pending  a 
decision  of  the  commission.  On  July  27,  1917,  a  supplementary 
agreement  between  Secretary  Baker  and  Mr.  Gompers  was  signed, 
providing  that  on  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War  the  agreement  of 
June  19  might  be  extended  to  embrace  any  other  construction  work 
in  addition  to  cantonment  construction  which  might  be  carried  on 
during  the  war  by  the  War  Department.  On  August  8,  1917,  acting 
under  this  supplementary  agreement,  the  construction  of  aviation 
fields  was  placed  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  commission;  and  on 
September  4, 1917,  the  construction  of  warehouses  and  storage  facili- 
ties was  placed  under  its  jurisdiction.  Finally  on  December  28, 
1917,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  commission  was  extended  to  all  con- 
struction work  for  the  War  Department.  In  September,  1918,  by 
order  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  name  of  the  commission  was 
changed  to  the  Emergency  Construction  Wage  Commission.  The 
original  members  of  the  commission  were  Gen.  E.  A.  Garlington, 
representing  the  Army;  Walter  Lippman,  representing  the  public; 
and  John  R.  Alpine,  representing  labor.  A  little  later  the  represent- 
atives of  the  Army  and  the  public  were  changed  respectively  to  Col. 
J.  H.  Alexander  and  Stanley  King.  Mr.  King  was  succeeded  by 
E.  M.  Hopkins. 

CAPITAL   EXPENDITURES,   DIVISION   OF;    UNITED   STATES   RAILROAD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Created  March  12,  1918.  It  was  the  function  of  this  division  to 
authorize  expenditures  made  by  railroads  for  improvements  which 
were  chargeable  to  capital  account,  and  to  exercise  supervision  over 
such  expenditures.  Director,  Robert  S.  Lovett,  succeeded,  on  Janu- 
ary 16,  1919,  by  T.  C.  Powell. 

CAPITAL  ISSUES  COMMITTEE. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  April  5,  1918,  which  also  created 
the  War  Finance  Corporation.  The  Capital  Issues  Committee  of 
the  Federal  Reserve  Board  was  without  legal  status.  To  create  a 
committee  of  statutory  character  the  act  established  an  independent 
organization.  The  measure  provided  for  a  committee  of  the  same 
general  organization  and  powers  as  those  of  the  Reserve  Board  Com- 
mittee, with  the  added  features  of  legal  sanction,  definition  of 
powers,  and  financial  support.  The  act  provided  for  seven  members, 
to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  to  serve  not  longer  than  six 


52          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

months  after  the  termination  of  the  war,  and  to  receive  annual  sal- 
aries of  $7,500.  Not  less  than  three  were  to  be  members  of  the  Fed- 
eral Eeserve  Board.  The  committee  was  given  authority  to  investi- 
gate and  pass  upon  the  issue  of  securities  in  amounts  of  $100,000 
or  more,  this  minimum  to  apply  cumulatively  to  successive  issues. 
Security  issues  and  financial  paper  arising  from  ordinary  business 
loans,  refunding  operations,  railroad  financing,  and  War  Finance 
Corporation  finance  were  specifically  exempted  from  supervision  by 
the  committee.  The  act  did  not  give  the  committee  the  mandatory 
and  punitive  powers  requested  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
and  it  was  without  power  to  demand  submittal  of  proposed  issues 
or  to  compel  compliance  with  its  findings.  The  committee  was  or- 
ganized May  IT,  1918,  taking  over  the  subcommittee  organization, 
the  established  cooperative  connections,  and  in  large  part  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  existing  committee.  The  essential  function  of  the 
committee  was  to  determine  the  advisability,  from  the  point  of 
national  interest,  of  the  issue  of  new  securities  involving  the 
expenditure  of  capital  for  extensions,  improvements,  and  new  enter- 
prises. Issues  of  this  character  were  approved  only  where  the  pro- 
posed expenditure  contributed  to  war  production  or  met  a  vital 
economic  need.  The  primary  service  of  the  committee  was  in  dis- 
couraging nonwar  enterprises  in  general,  including  not  only  those 
proposing  to  produce  nonessentials,  but  also  those  of  State  and  local 
governments  desirable  in  themselves,  but  not  advisable  in  time  of 
war.  Incidental  to  this  was  its  work  in  preventing  the  establishment 
of  doubtful  enterprises,  in  repressing  the  sale  of  worthless  and 
fraudulent  stocks,  and  in  stimulating  investment  in  war  industries. 
It  directly  contributed  to  war  finance  by  securing  the  cessation  of 
all  new  security-selling  during  the  period  of  the  fourth  Liberty 
loan  drive.  The  committee's  ability  to  control  issues  was  in  large 
measure  due  to  the  active  cooperation  of  the  industrial  corporations, 
State  and  local  officials,  and  the  entire  banking  interests  of  the 
country.  The  volume  of  security  issues  officially  passed  on  by  the 
committee  does  not  give  an  accurate  index  to  the  total  issues  dis- 
couraged, as  the  informal  action  of  local .  organizations  and  the 
probability  of  committee  disapproval  sufficed  to  prevent  the  issue  of 
a  large  volume.  The  committee  suspended  active  operations  on 
December  31,  1918.  In  its  eight  months  of  operation  it  passed  upon 
applications  involving  issues  of  approximately  $3,800,000,000,  of 
which  more  than  $900,000,000  was  disapproved.  Of  the  amount  ap- 
proved only  $500,000,000  represented  issues  involving  actual  use  of 
labor  and  material,  the  remainder  not  affecting  the  productive  re- 
sources of  the  country.  The  personnel  of  the  committee  was  as  fol- 
lows: C.  S.  Hamlin  (chairman),  F.  H.  Goff  (vice-chariman),  J.  B. 
Brown,  F.  A.  Delano,  J.  S.  Drum,  H.  C.  Flower,  J.  S.  Williams. 

CAPITAL  ISSUES  COMMITTEE,  FEDERAL  EESERVE  BOARD. 

Organized  January  27,  1918,  to  pass  upon  the  advisability  of  pro- 
posed issues  of  new  securities  during  the  war.  The  necessity  for 
universal  application  of  capital  and  resources  to  war  work  or  gov- 
ernmental financial  requirements  called  for  some  form  of  official 
control  of  security  issues  with  a  view  to  preventing  unnecessary 
capital  expenditures.  In  January,  1918,  Secretary  McAdoo  re- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAB  OF  1917.         53 

quested  the  Federal  Eeserve  Board  to  pass  upon  such  proposed  issues 
as  should  be  referred  to  it.  The  board  created  from  its  own  mem- 
bership a  Capital  Issues  Committee,  with  a  voluntary  advisory  com- 
mittee of  three.  Subcommittees  were  formed  for  each  of  the  12 
Federal  reserve  districts,  consisting  of  the  Federal  reserve  agent,  the 
governor  of  the  bank,  and  three  others.  District  auxiliary  commit- 
tees, composed  of  leading  investment  authorities,  were  created  as 
advisers  to  the  subcommittees.  The  nonstatutory  character  of  the 
committee  and  the  absence  of  legal  powers  of  control  necessitated 
reliance  upon  the  patriotic  cooperation  of  persons  wishing  to  issue 
new  securities  and  of  banking  and  investment  interests  involved. 
The  committee  enlisted  the  active  cooperation  of  the  banking  in- 
terests, the  State  agencies  in  control  of  security  issues,  the  State 
public  utility  interests,  the  State  and  local  legislative  bodies,  and 
the  various  Washington  boards  and  departments  interested  in  in- 
dustrial production.  The  committee  adopted  a  policy  of  disapproval 
of  all  issues  not  clearly  necessary  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war  or 
the  health  and  welfare  of  the  people,  with  due  regard  given  to  the 
necessity  for  refunding  of  existing  capital  indebtedness  and  for  safe- 
guarding the  interests  of  labor.  During  the  major  part  of  its  ex- 
istence the  committee  took  cognizance  only  of  issues  of  $500,000  or 
more  in  the  case  of  general  issues,  and  $250,000  in  the  case  of  munici- 
pal issues.  This  minimum  was  later  reduced  to  $100,000.  The  com- 
mittee passed  upon  applications  involving  issues  of  $478,500,000,  of 
which  $65,700,000  were  disapproved.  Of  the  amounts  approved  only 
$154,000,000  involved  original  issues,  the  larger  amount  being  issued 
in  refunding  operations.  The  personnel  of  the  committee  was  as 
follows:  P.  M.  Warburg  (chairman),  F.  A.  Delano,  and  C.  S.  Ham- 
lin.  The  advisory  committee  consisted  of  A.  B.  Forbes,  H.  C.  Flower, 
and  F.  H.  Goff.  The  war  finance  corporation  act  of  April  5,  1918, 
created  a  statutory  capital  issues  committee.  The  Federal  Reserve 
Board  Committee  was  merged  into  and  superseded  by  the  new  com- 
mittee on  May  17,  1918. 

CAR  EFFICIENCY,   CONFERENCE   COMMITTEE   ON;    AMERICAN   RAILWAY 
ASSOCIATION. 

Created  at  a  meeting  of  the  American  Railway  Association,  No- 
vember 15,  1916,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission to  assist  in  overcoming  the  serious  situation  with  reference 
to  car  shortage  and  supply.  The  committee  consisted  of  six  mem- 
bers and  was  "  to  sit  constantly  in  Washington  to  deal  with  the  car 
situation."  Shortly  after  its  creation  the  committee  proceeded  to 
Louisville,  Ky.,  and  joined  with  the  car-service  commission  of  the 
American  Railway  Association  and  a  representative  of  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission  in  an  informal  conference  on  the  car 
situation.  Soon  thereafter  it  issued  circulars  directing  the  return  to 
the  owners  of  all  foreign  open-top  cars,  and  the  relocation  of  fruit 
refrigerator  and  heater  and  box  cars.  Failing  to  secure  obedience  to 
its  orders,  owing  in  part  to  lack  of  authority,  the  committee  was  dis- 
solved at  a  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  American  Rail- 
way Association  held  December  5, 1916.  Its  functions  were  delegated 
to  the  reconstituted  commission  on  car  service  of  the  association. 
Chairman  of  Conference  Committee,  George  Hodges. 


54          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

CAB    POOL,    EASTERN    RAILROADS,    GENERAL    OPERATING    COMMITTEE, 
EASTERN  RAILROADS'  POOL. 

Authorized  December  5,  1917,  by  General  Operating  Committee, 
and  effective  same  day.  The  administrative  machinery  of  the  pool 
consisted  of  its  manager  and  the  office  and  field  assistants  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  General  Operating  Committee.  F.  G.  Min- 
nick  was  made  chairman  of  the  pool.  The  purpose  was  to  pool  all 
railroad  coal-carrying  cars  upon  the  lines  coming  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  General  Committee,  with  the  idea  of  obtaining  the 
maximum  efficiency  in  the  handling  of  coal-car  equipment.  Periodi- 
cal reports  covering  the  car  situation  were  required  from  all  lines 
belonging  to  the  pool,  and  orders  were  issued  regulating  the  distri- 
bution of  cars  among  the  various  roads.  Under  Federal  control,  the 
Eastern  Railroads  Car  Pool  continued  to  function  under  the  Car 
Service  Section  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration.  H. 
G.  German  became  manager. 

CAR  RECORD  OFFICE,  CAR  SERVICE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Opened  May  15,  1918.  In  this  office  were  recorded  movements  of 
cars,  principally  those  carrying  Government  freight.  It  also  directed 
the  activities  of  special  tracers  covering  important  Government  ship- 
ments. Manager,  F.  L.  Stillman. 

CAR  REPAIR  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  TRANSPORTATION   (LATER   OPERA- 
TION), UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  March  29,  1918.  Its  function  was  to  supervise  the  main- 
tenance and  repair  of  freight  and  passenger  cars  in  all  railway  shops 
and  outside  points.  The  section  was  discontinued  on  July  1,  1918,  its 
duties  being  taken  over  by  the  Mechanical  Department  of  the  Divi- 
sion of  Operation,  which  was  created  on  the  same  date.  J.  J.  Tatum, 
manager. 

CAR  SERVICE,  BUREAU  OF;  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

This  bureau,  under  the  name  of  the  Division  of  Car  Service,  was 
organized  by  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  on  July  9,  1917, 
under  authority  conferred  by  the  Esch  Car  Service  Act,  approved 
May  29,  1917.  When  the  commission  was  reorganized,  the  name 
of  the  division  was  changed  to  that  of  the  Bureau  of  Car  Service. 
By  the  terms  of  the  Esch  Act,  the  commission  was  authorized  to 
require  carriers  to  file  their  regulations  with  respect  to  car  service, 
to  suspend  these  regulations  in  case  of  necessity,  and  to  establish 
such  rules  of  its  own  during  rush  times  as  in  its  opinion  would 
best  promote  car  service  in  the  interest  of  the  public.  The  act  defines 
"  car  service  "  as  including  "  the  movement,  distribution,  exchange,  in- 
terchange, and  return  of  cars  used  in  the  transportation  of  property." 
Under  the  provision  of  the  act,  the  bureau  undertook  to  regulate 
car  service  and,  where  occasion  required,  it  issued  orders  to  carriers. 
In  practice,  the  bureau  worked  through  the  Commission  on  Car 
Service  of  the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense,  American 
Railway  Association.  E.  H.  DeGroot,  jr.,  was  designated  to  take 
charge  of  the  organization  and  operation  of  the  division  (later 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         55 

the  bureau),  assisted  by  August  C.  Gutheim.  The  organization  also 
included,  temporarily,  H.  C.  Barlow,  chairman  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  National  Industrial  Traffic  League. 

CAB,  SERVICE,  COMMISSION  ON;   SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE, AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  December  5,  1916.  The  Commission  on  Car  Service 
was  formed  from  a  standing  committee  on  car  service  of  the  Ameri- 
can Kailway  Association,  at  a  meeting  of  the  executive  committee 
of  the  Association  held  on  December  5,  1916.  It  also  took  over  the 
functions  of  the  Conference  Committee  on  Car  Efficiency,  which 
had  been  created  on  November  15,  1916,  to  meet  the  emergency 
created  by  the  car  shortage  situation  and  traffic  congestion.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  American  Railway  Association,  on  February  2, 
1917,  further  reorganization  was  effected  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  As  reorganized,  the  commission 
was  to  consist  of  five  members,  and  was  to  sit  in  Washington;  and 
in  cooperation  with  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  was  to 
enforce  the  new  code  of  car  service  rules  which  the  American  Rail- 
way Association  had  adopted  at  their  meeting  of  February  2.  The 
necessary  authority  was  delegated  to  the  commission  by  means  of 
a  contract  signed  by  the  leading  railroads  of  the  country,  which 
authority  was  to  continue  until  May  1,  1917.  Immediately  upon 
the  creation  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Special  Committee 
on  National  Defense  of  the  American  Railway  Association  on  April 
11,  1917,  the  Commission  on  Car  Service  was  made  a  subcommittee 
of  that  organization.  As  such,  it  submitted  weekly  reports  to 
the  Executive  Committee,  showing  in  detail  the  car  situation 
throughout  the  country.  It  also  assisted  in  the  task  of  regulating 
car  exchange  and  distribution,  in  the  laying  of  freight  embargoes, 
and  in  enforcing  regulations  designed  to  relieve  traffic  congestion. 
It  functioned  through  subcommittees  located  at  the  more  important 
cities  and  traffic  centers  of  the  United  States.  Originally  23,  the 
number  of  these  subcommittees  was  raised  first  to  28  and  later  to 
30.  They  kept  in  close  touch  with  the  local  situation,  acting  in  con- 
junction with  State  railway  commissioners,  boards  of  trade,  and 
the  shippers'  cooperative  committees  which  were  located  at  the 
same  points.  In  each  case  the  chairman  was  a  railroad  operating 
official  with  headquarters  in  the  city  in  which  the  subcommittee  was 
located,  and  all  the  lines  entering  the  particular  city  were  repre- 
sented on  the  committee.  The  records  and  duties  of  the  Commission 
on  Car  Service  were  later  taken  over  by  the  Car  Service  Section 
of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration.  The  chairman  of 
the  commission  as  reorganized  on  December  5,  1916,  was  Fairfax 
Harrison.  He  resigned,  however,  and  was  succeeded  by  George 
Hodges,  and  upon  the  reorganization  of  February  6,  19i7,  C.  M. 
Sheaffer  became  chairman. 

CAR  SERVICE  DIVISION,  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE   COMMISSION. 

See  Car  Service  Bureau,  Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 


56         'HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

CAR  SERVICE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  by  an  order  of  the  Director  General  dated  February  6, 
1918,  the  effect  of  which  was  to  retain  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States  Railroad  Administration  the  organization  and  practically  the 
entire  personnel  of  the  Commission  on  Car  Service  of  the  American 
Railway  Association,  and  its  subsidiary  organization,  the  Eastern 
Railroads  Car  Pool.  The  central  organization  was  located  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  where  there  was  also  a  Car  Record  Office  which  record- 
ed the  movement  of  cars  in  the  transportation  of  Government  freight. 
A  Refrigerator  and  Tank  Department  was  established  in  Chicago 
on  July  1.  A  branch  at  Seattle  was  charged  with  the  handling  of 
cars  in  the  far  Northwest,  the  principal  purpose  being  to  afford 
adequate  service  for  the  vast  quantities  of  forest  products  moving 
from  that  territory  incident  to  aeroplane  and  shipbuilding  construc- 
tion. Among  the  functions  of  the  section  were  the  following:  The 
relocation  of  freight  cars;  supervision,  through  the  regional  direc- 
tors, of  priorities  in  car  supply  and  movement;  supervision  of  such 
reports  as  were  necessary  in  order  to  keej)  informed  with  reference 
to  car  service,  embargo,  and  transportation  conditions  generally; 
and  the  issuing  of  the  necessary  instructions  in  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  car  service  to  the  regional  directors  and  the  individual  roads. 
The  Car  Service  Section  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Canadian 
Railway  War  Board.  W.  C.  Kendall  was  manager  of  the  section. 

CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE. 

The  trustees  of  the  endowment  at  their  annual  meeting  in  Wash- 
ington on  April  19,  1917,  declared  by  formal  resolution  their  belief 
that  the  most  effectual  means  of  promoting  durable  international 
peace  was  by  prosecuting  the  war  against  the  Imperial  German 
Government  to  final  victory  for  democracy  in  accordance  with  the 
policy  declared  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  At  the  same 
time  they  offered  to  the  Government  the  services  of  the  Endowment's 
Division  of  International  Law.  This  offer  was  communicated  to  and 
accepted  by  the  Secretary  of  State  and  pursuant  thereto  the  Division 
of  International  Law  thereafter  devoted  the  larger  part  of  its  re- 
sources, personnel,  and  activities  to  special  work  for  the  State 
Department  in  connection  with  questions  of  international  law  grow- 
ing out  of  the  war.  Later  the  services  of  the  division  were  centered 
upon  special  work  which  the  department  had  deemed  it  desirable  to 
have  undertaken  with  respect  to  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  the  rules 
of  international  law,  and  to  the  proposals  which  had  been  made  for  a 
world  organization  after  the  termination  of  the  war.  After  the 
signing  of  the  armistice,  the  director  of  the  division,  Dr.  James 
Brown  Scott,  was  appointed  technical  adviser  to  the  American  Com- 
mission to  Negotiate  Peace.  George  A.  Finch,  assistant  director  of 
the  division,  was  appointed  as  one  of  the  assistant  technical  advisers 
to  the  American  Peace  Commission.  That  part  of  the  work  which 
was  unfinished  at  the  time  of  the  sailing  of  the  American  Peace 
Commission  was  carried  on  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  S.  N.  D. 
North,  acting  secretary  of  the  endowment,  and  the  finished  work 
forwarded  to  the  peace  conference  from  time  to  time.  During  the 
war  the  endowment  also  donated  the  use  of  one  of  its  buildings  to  the 
Committee  on  Public  Information. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          57 
CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON. 

In  April,  1917,  immediately  after  the  declaration  of  war,  by  reso- 
lution of  its  Executive  Committee,  the  Carnegie  Institution  offered  its 
services  to  the.  Government  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  Espe- 
cially worthy  of  mention  among  its  contributions  were  the  optical 
glass  and  nitrate  investigations  carried  on  in  its  Geophysical  Labora- 
tory ;  the  construction  at  its  Pasadena  plant  connected  with  the  Mount 
Wilson  Observatory  of  optical  parts  for  fire-control  instruments ;  the 
making  of  optical  instruments  for  the  Army  and  Navy  by  its  Depart- 
ment of  Terrestrial  Magnetism,  and  the  work  of  its  Nutrition  Labo- 
ratory at  Boston  on  the  gradations  of  undernutrition  and  the  experi- 
ments with  and  special  effects  of  fasting  with  reference  to  food  con- 
servation and  food  values.  Dr.  Robert  Simpson  Woodward,  presi- 
dent. 

CARRIAGE  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  the  war  and  retained  as  one  of  the  10  divisions 
by  office  order  No.  8,  dated  May  23,  1917.  It  was  concerned  with  the 
design,  procurement,  alteration,  and  repair  of  field  artillery  vehicles, 
seacoast  gun  carriages,  railway  mounts,  antiaircraft  mounts,  machine 
guns,  motor  vehicles,  and  fire-control  instruments.  It  also  provided 
and  supervised  means  for  the  instruction  of  commissioned,  civilian, 
and  enlisted  personnel  required  in  this  work.  The  work  of  the  di- 
vision was  carried  on  through  the  following  sections:  General  Con- 
trol, Field  Artillery,  Machine  Guns,  Seacoast  and  Railway  Mounts, 
Antiaircraft,  Motor  Equipment,  Inspection  Service,  Drafting  Sup- 
ply* In  July,  1917,  the  Production  Section  was  organized.  This 
section  had  supervisory  duties  and  carried  on  studies  and  investiga- 
tions in  connection  with  the  work  of  the  various  procurement  sections. 
In  accordance  with  office  order  No.  104  the  Carriage  Division  was 
absorbed  by  new  bureaus  and  divisions,  most  of  the  functions  being 
carried  by  the  new  Procurement  Division.  The  Inspection  Section 
of  the  Carriage  Division  was  taken  over  by  the  Inspection  Division 
and  the  Drafting  Supply  Section  by  the  Engineering  Bureau.  Lieut. 
Col.  (later  Brig.  Gen.)  J.  H.  Rice  was  in  charge  of  the  division. 

CARRIAGE   SECTION,   PRODUCTION   DIVISION,   ORDNANCE   DEPARTMENT. 

The  Production  Section  of  the  Carriage  Division  was  transferred  to 
the  Production  Division  January  18,  1918,  and  became  known  as  the 
Carriage  Section.  This  section  supervised  and  regulated  the  produc- 
tion of  gun  carriages.  It  functioned  through  the  Statistical,  Ma- 
terial, and  Manufacturing  Branches.  Lieut.  Col.  H.  W.  Read,  chief. 

CARS,    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE   ON;    COUNCIL   OF    NATIONAL   DEFENSE. 

Created  May  1, 1917.  The  committee  consisted  of  six  members,  in- 
cluding the  chairman,  and  its  duties  consisted  in  keeping  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  constantly  advised  of  the  car  situation  from  the 
manufacturing  point  of  view,  in  providing  for  an  increased  output 
of  cars  through  coordination  of  the  efforts  of  manufacturers,  and  in 
securing  the  most  efficient  use  possible  of  existing  rolling  stock.  It 
also  assisted  in  supervising  the  design  of  cars  and  in  regulating  the 
distribution  of  American-built  cars  among  the  Allies,  particularly 


58          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

France,  Russia,  and  Italy.     The  committee  was  dissolved  on  Septem- 
ber 20, 1917.     Chairman,  S.  M.  Vauclain. 

CAST-IKON  BOILER  AND   RADIATOR  MANUFACTURERS    OF    THE   UNITED 
STATES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  to  represent  the  industry  before  that  section 
and  the  Priorities  Board.  Frederick  W.  Herendeen,  chairman. 

CAST-IRON    PIPE    MANUFACTURERS    OF    UNITED    STATES    WAR    SERVICE 
BUREAU. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Construction  Division  of  the  Army 
in  May,  1917,  so  that  the  Government  could  deal  with  one  committee 
in  securing  its  requirements  of  cast-iron  pipe.  This  bureau  worked 
independently  until  January  1, 1918,  but  after  the  fixing  of  basic  iron 
and  steel  prices,  the  bureau  filed  prices  with  the  Central  Committee 
of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  for  recommendation  to  the 
War  Industries  Board.  The  bureau  never  had  an  official  connection 
with  the  institute  and  went  out  of  existence  December  31,  1918,  after 
its  services  were  no  longer  required  by  the  Construction  Division. 
N.  F.  S.  Russell,  manager. 

CAST-IRON  SOIL  PIPE  AND  FITTINGS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board.  De  Coursey  Cleveland,  chairman. 

CASTOR  BEAN  AND  OIL  ASSOCIATION  (INC.),  AMERICAN. 

Organized  in  May,  1918,  to  act  as  consignee  for  the  Bureau  of 
Imports,  War  Trade  Board,  of  all  importations  of  castor  beans  and 
castor  oil. 

CATHOLIC  WAR  COUNCIL,  NATIONAL. 

In  August,  1917,  under  the  direction  and  by  the  authority  of  Cardi- 
nals Gibbons,  Farley,  and  O'Connell,  a  general  convention  of  the 
Catholics  of  the  country  was  held  at  the  Catholic  University  of 
America,  Washington,  D.  C.  At  this  convention  three  things  were 
decided  upon — first,  that  all  Catholic  war  activities  should  be  unified 
and  coordinated  for  greater  efficiency ;  secondly,  that  where  necessary, 
local  councils  should  be  established  in  the  various  dioceses;  and 
thirdly,  that  the  Knights  of  Columbus  be  recognized  as  the  body  rep- 
resenting the  church  in  the  recreational  welfare  of  the  soldiers  in  the 
camps.  In  November,  1917,  the  14  archbishops  of  the  United  States 
constituted  themselves  the  National  Catholic  War  Council  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  out  these  resolutions.  The  various  activities  of 
the  War  Council,  except  the  supervision  and  appointment  of  chap- 
lains, were  directed  by  an  administrative  committee  composed  of  four 
bishops.  The  council  operated  through  three  principal  committees, 
as  follows :  Advisory  Finance  Committee,  Committee  on  Special  War 
Activities,  and  Knights  of  Columbus  Committee  on  War  Activities. 
His  Eminence  James  Cardinal  Gibbons  was  president  of  the  Council 
and  Right  Reverend  Peter  J.  Muldoon  was  chairman  of  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          59 

CEMENT,    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE    ON;    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL    DE- 
FENSE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917.  The  committee  distributed  orders  to 
manufacturers  and  maintained  production  and  shipments  so  that 
Government  construction  would  not  be  delayed.  When  the  commit- 
tees of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  were  dissolved,  it  was  or- 
ganized as  a  war  service  committee  with  the  same  personnel  and 
functions.  John  R.  Morron,  chairman. 

CEMENT  AND  REINFORCED  CONCRETE  PIPE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  with  A.  M.  Hirsh  as  chairman. 

CENSORSHIP  BOARD. 

Established  by  Executive  order  on  October  12,  1917,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  censoring  communications  by  mail,  cable,  radio,  etc.,  passing 
between  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries.  It  included  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Secretary  of  War,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Post- 
master General,  and  the  War  Trade  Board,  and  also  the  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Public  Information.  The  details  of  the  actual 
censorship  of  the  mails  and  the  control  and  disposal  of  the  informa- 
tion disclosed  were  determined  by  the  representatives  on  the  com- 
mittee of  the  other  three  departments,  but  the  administration  of  the 
service  was  exercised  by  the  Post  Office  Department  through  its  rep- 
resentatives on  the  Censorship  Board  and  the  Postal  Censorship 
Committees.  It  organized  on  October  17,  1917,  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  Robert  L.  Maddox,  the  representative  of  the  Post  Office 
Department.  The  work  of  censoring  the  mails  was  begun  on  Novem- 
ber 2.  Postal  censorship  committees  were  established  at  various 
points  in  the  United  States  and  its  dependencies,  and  also  at  the 
United  States  Postal  Agency  in  Shanghai,  China.  The  postal  cen- 
sorship rendered  great  assistance  in  enforcing  the  provision  of  the 
Trading  With  the  Enemy  Act,  in  preventing  the  transmission  of 
propaganda,  and  in  disclosing  information  of  military  value.  After 
the  signing  of  the  armistice,  its  activities  were  curtailed  to  a  very 
considerable  extent,  and  it  was  discontinued  entirely  with  the  close  of 
business  June  21,  1919. 

CENSUS,  BUREAU  OF;    DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

The  Bureau  of  the  Census  took  on  various  additional  activities 
connected  with  the  war.  These  were  as  follows :  ( 1 )  Census  of  nitric 
acid  and  of  acids  and  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  explosives, 
for  the  Council  of  National  Defense;  (2)  inquiry  in  regard  to  pro- 
duction of  dental  gold,  for  the  Federal  Reserve  Board;  (3)  census  of 
war  materials  and  commodities,  for  various  war  agencies;  (4)  prepa- 
ration of  list  of  shipbuilding  establishments,  for  United  States  Ship- 
ping Board;  (5)  preparation  of  data,  for  United  States  Fuel  Ad- 
ministration; (6)  census  of  commercial  greenhouses,  for  War  In- 
dustries Board.  For  the  Provost  Marshal  General,  the  Bureau  of 
Census  made  the  estimates  of  men  affected  by  the  first  draft,  the 
classification  of  occupations  of  registrants,  and  the  allocation  of  en- 
listments. This  work  wras  done  by  the  Division  of  Manufacturers, 


60       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Division  of  Agriculture,  Geographic  Division,  Division  of  Popula- 
tion, and  the  Division  of  Revision  and  Results.  Samuel  L.  Rogers, 
director. 

CENTRAL  COMMITTEE  ON  TERRITORIAL  QUESTIONS. 

See  Territorial  Questions  Commission,  Peace  Conference. 

CENTRAL  DISBURSING  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  June  12,  1918.  Subordinate  to  it  were  the  Pay  and 
Mileage,  the  Personal  Deposits  and  Allotments,  and  the  Transporta- 
tion and  Telegraph  Branches.  Besides  the  functions  indicated  by 
these  titles,  the  division  through  its  various  branches  handled  the 
accounts  of  the  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities,  the  Com- 
mission on  Education  and  Special  Training,  and  the  Committee  on 
Classification  of  Personnel  in  the  Army,  also  the  payment  of  the  trav- 
eling expenses  of  civilian  employees,  and  the  settlement  of  all  other 
accounts  not  pertaining  to  depots.  On  October  21,  1918,  the  Central 
Disbursing  Division  was  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the  Director  of 
Finance.  Lieut.  Col.  P.  L.  Smith,  chief. 

CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  FREIGHT  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1917  and  included  the  elec- 
tric roads  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan. 
Upon  being  organized  it  at  once  undertook  the  task  of  assembling 
statistics  with  reference  to  various  phases  of  electric  railway  trans- 
portation, including  rolling  stock,  connections,  rates,  and  routes,  with 
the  idea  of  facilitating  the  movement  of  freight.  A  particular  effort 
was  made  to  assist  in  the  handling  of  freight  at  certain  of  the  larger 
terminals,  in  order  to  relieve  the  railroads  of  a  part  of  their  traffic 
burden. 

CENTRAL  WESTERN  REGION,  UNITED   STATES   RAILROAD   ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

Created  June  11,  1918,  by  a  division  of  what  had  previously  been 
known  as  the  Western  Region.  The  region  included  lines  running  in 
a  southwesterly  direction  from  Chicago  and  Kansas  City  toward  the 
Pacific  Coast,  traversing  Illinois,  southern  Iowa,  northern  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  Wyoming,  southern  Idaho,  Colorado,  New  Mexico, 
Utah,  Arizona,  Nevada,  and  California.  The  principal  roads  were 
the  following :  Union  Pacific ;  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe ;  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  excepting  that  portion  of  its  lines  in- 
cluded in  the  Southwestern  Region ;  the  Chicago  &  Alton ;  Chicago  & 
Eastern  Illinois;  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy;  Colorado  & 
Southern;  Northwestern  Pacific;  Oregon  Short  Line;  the  Southern 
Pacific  lines  west  of  El  Paso  and  Ogden,  excepting  north  of  Ashland, 
Oreg. ;  the  Western  Pacific ;  and  the  El  Paso  &  Southwestern.  Hale 
Holden,  president  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  was  re- 
gional director,  with  headquarters  at  Chicago. 

CEREAL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  July  29,  1918,  superseding  the  Milling  Division,  which 
then  became  the  Flour  Milling  Section.  The  division  was  closely 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         61 

allied  with  the  Food  Administration  Grain  Corporation,  and  took 
charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  grain,  including  warehousing  con- 
trol, milling,  and  exporting.  Zonal  agents,  who  were  vice  presidents 
of  the  Grain  Corporation,  carried  on  the  activities  of  the  Cereal  Divi- 
sion in  the  field.  The  division  was  subdivided  into  the  Coarse  Grain 
Section  and  the  Flour  Milling  Section.  Julius  H.  Barnes,  chief. 

CEREAL  SECTION,  ENFORCEMENT  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Organized  July  1, 1918,  to  handle  all  matters  of  enforcement  relat- 
ing to  cereals.  All  violations  reported  by  the  field  representatives  of 
the  Cereal  Division  were  referred  to  this  section  for  settlement.  Al- 
fred Brandeis,  chief. 

CHAIN     SECTION,     FINISHED     PRODUCTS     DIVISION,     WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Organized  April  11,  1918,  to  obtain  data  as  to  sources  of  supply  for 
chains.  On  April  25,  at  request  of  this  section,  chain  manufacturers 
representing  90  per  cent  of  the  country's  production  met  in  Wash- 
ington. By  May  22  representatives  of  all  governmental  depart- 
ments interested  were  attending  the  weekly  meetings  of  the  section. 
Manufacturers  were  encouraged  by  the  section  to  increase  production 
of  heavy  ships'  cables  to  meet  the  production  schedule  of  the  kShipping 
Board.  Many  types,  styles,  and  sizes  of  trace  chains  were  eliminated 
by  the  Conservation  Division,  War  Industries  Board,  and  production 
was  restricted.  On  November  20,  1918,  the  priorities  commissioner 
approved  removal  of  fifty  per  cent  of  the  restriction  on  production  of 
trace,  harness,  porch  swing,  and  chandelier  chains,  with  no  change 
in  sizes  and  standards.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  4, 
1918.  John  C.  Schmidt,  chief. 

CHAIN  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  19,  1918,  at  a  meeting  of  chain  manufacturers,  at 
which  time  the  National  Association  of  Chain  Manufacturers  was 
created.  Subcommittees  were  appointed  for  the  welded  chain  group, 
transmission  chains  and  sprocket  group,  and  for  the  weldless  and 
hardware  group.  The  chairmen  of  these  three  committees  formed  a 
general  war  service  committee.  The  committees  cooperated  with  the 
Chain  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  C.  M.  Power,  chairman. 

CHALKS  AND  CRAYONS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  October  23,  1918,  to  represent  the  four  manufacturers 
of  chalks  and  crayons  in  the  United  States.  C.  W.  Hord,  chairman, 
succeeded  November  19, 1918,  by  George  E.  Parmenter. 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States  during  the  war 
directed  its  efforts  toward  establishing  a  leadership  for  business  men 
and  industry.  The  chamber  advocated  a  policy  of  no  special  profits 
from  war  contracts,  a  program  of  heavy  taxation  to  meet  war  ex- 
penses, and  coordination  and  devotion  of  the  industrial  resources  of 
the  country  to  support  the  war.  The  chamber  held  a  war  convention 


62          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

in  September,  1917,  to  consider  the  appointment  of  committees  of  in- 
dustry to  take  the  place  of  the  advisory  committees  of  the  Council  of 
National  Defense.  The  Reconstruction  Congress  of  American  In- 
dustries held  in  December,  1918,  brought  together  all  war  service 
committees  of  related  industries  into  groups,  where  the  general  prob- 
lems of  reconstruction  were  taken  up.  The  special  activities  of  the 
chamber  were  carried  on  through  the  following  committees:  Quarter- 
master Advisory  Committee,  War  Finance,  War  Pay  Rolls,  Food  Ad- 
ministration, Shipping,  Cooperation  with  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, Price  Fixing,  War  Committee,  War  Service  Executive  and 
Advisory  Council,  Coal  Conservation,  Industrial  Relations,  and  Im- 
migration. R.  G.  Rhett  was  president  until  April,  1918,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Harry  A.  Wheeler. 

CHARTERING  COMMITTEE,  OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIP- 
PING BOARD. 

A  committee  of  three  appointed  September  29,  1917,  to  administer 
the  resolution  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  that  no  vessels 
should  be  chartered  to  an  American  or  neutral  except  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  board.  After  March  29,  1918,  it  controlled  cargoes  and 
voyages  of  all  such  chartered  vessels;  and  after  April  18,  charters  of 
neutral  vessels  were  forbidden  except  to  the  Shipping  Board.  These 
powers  were  enlarged  by  proclamation  of  July  29,  under  act  of  Con- 
gress of  July  18, 1918 ;  'and  on  January  9, 1919,  these  prohibitions  were 
relaxed.  Besides  the  aforenamed  powers  the  Chartering  Committee 
had  authority  to  fix  outward  and  homeward  charter  rates,  and  freight 
rates  on  merchandise  shipments.  It  worked  in  concert  with  the  Ship- 
ping Control  Committee  and  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council 
in  deciding  where  tonnage  could  be  used  to  best  advantage  and  in 
securing  it  for  such  purposes.  Until  March,  1918,  the  War  Trade 
Board  had  enforced  the  rulings  of  this  committee.  W.  Ring,  chair- 
man. With  the  passing  of  the  war  emergency  the  duties  of  the 
committee  decreased,  and  it  was  dissolved  on  March  1,  1919,  trans- 
ferring its  remaining  activities  to  the  Division  of  Operations. 

CHEMICAL  ALLIANCE  (INC.). 

Incorporated  July  30,  1917,  in  the  State  of  Connecticut  at  the 
request  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  to  meet  certain  conditions 
which  were  arising  in  connection  with  the  handling  of  foreign  pyrites. 
By  a  letter  of  December  19,  1917.  B.  M.  Baruch,  then  commissioner 
of  raw  materials,  War  Industries  Board,  indorsed  its  act  of  Decem- 
ber 4,  1917,  which  took  over  formally  the  various  subcommittees  of 
the  Chemicals  Cooperative  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense.  All  importations  of  pyrites  were  consigned  to  the  Chemi- 
cal Alliance  and  then  distributed.  This  was  done  at  the  request  of 
the  Bureau  of  Imports,  War  Trade  Board.  It  handled  the  prob- 
lems affecting  the  chemical  industry  through  the  following  nine 
sections:  Acids,  By-Products  of  Coal  and  Gas,  Foreign  Pyrites, 
Electro-Chemicals,  Fertilizer,  Miscellaneous  Chemicals,  Alkali,  Do- 
mestic Pyrites  and  Sulphur,  Dyestuffs  and  Intermediates. 

CHEMICAL  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

1  See  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Division. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          68 

CHEMICAL  GLASS  AND  STONEWARE  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  April  6,  1918,  to  handle  the  following  commodities: 
Chemical  glass,  glass  carboys,  chemical  stoneware,  asbestos,  and  mag- 
nesia. It  was  first  operated  as  a  section  of  the  Chemicals  and  Ex- 
plosives Division  under  direction  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense 
and  under  the  War  Industries  Board  since  its  creation  as  a  separate 
organization  May  28,  1918.  The  section  took  steps  to  increase  or 
decrease  production  as  its  data  showed  shortages  or  surpluses  and 
allocated  the  available  supplies.  It  was  discontinued  December  31, 

1918.  Robert  M.  Torrence,  chief. 

CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

Created  by  Executive  order  June  25,  1918,  under  authority  of  the 
act  of  May  18,  1917,  and  the  Overman  Act  of  May  28,  1918.  Maj. 
Gen.  William  L.  Sibert  was  detailed  as  Director  of  the  Chemical 
Warfare  Service,  being  relieved  from  duty  as  director  of  the  Gas 
Service.  The  newly  formed  branch  included  the  Chemical  Service 
Section  of  the  National  Army,  the  gas-defense  production  of  the 
Medical  Department,  the  gas-offense  production  of  the  Ordnance 
Department,  and  the  research  work  that  had  been  developed  by  the 
Bureau  of  Mines.  The  field  organization  was  divided  into  the  Gas 
Offense,  Gas  Defense,  Training,  Development,  Research,  Adminis- 
trative, European,  and  Medical  Divisions.  The  defensive  warfare 
was  turned  over  to  the  Engineer  Corps,  which  has  been  directed  to 
carry  out  research  and  experimental  work  in  the  future.  Edgewood 
Arsenal,  which  was  used  for  gas  offense,  was  ordered  on  February  3, 

1919,  to  be  returned  to  the  Ordnance  Department  and  became  a  part 
of  the  Aberdeen  Proving  Ground. 

CHEMICALS,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE;   COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  in  spring  of  1917,  at  verbal  request  of  B.  M.  Baruch, 
to  perform  the  following  functions:  Reduction  and  stabilization  of 
prices  by  voluntary  agreement  of  producers,  development  of  new 
resources,  obtaining  priorities,  and  allocation.  The  committee  con- 
cluded census  on:  (1)  Pyrites  and  sulphur  requirements;  (2)  exist- 
ing toluol  capacities  and  potential  capacity  of  gas  plants  for  its  pro- 
duction; (3)  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid  capacities;  and  (4)  munitions, 
capacities  and  requirements.  It  issued  a  weekly  report  of  a  general 
nature  and  a  separate  report  on  deficiencies,  with  suggestions,  on 
October  30,  1917.  "Confusion  in  responsibility  and  conflict  of  au- 
thority encountered  in  many  directions  served  to  prevent  establish- 
ment of  an  authoritative  and  composite  organization."  It  worked 
through  the  following  subcommittees:  Acids,  Alkalies,  Coal-Tar  By- 
Products,  Electro-Chemicals,  Fertilizers,  Miscellaneous  Chemicals, 
Pyrites,  and  Sulphur.  The  committee  made  its  last  report  November 
10,  1917,  when  it  turned  over  its  records  and  functions  to  the  War 
Industries  Board.  The  Chemical  Alliance  was  organized  to  take 
over  the  functions  of  this  committee.  William  H.  Nichols,  chairman. 

CHEMICALS,  DIVISION  OF;  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  October  17,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  ammonia,  arsenic, 
and  other  chemicals.  Sisal  and  jute  were  later  added,  and  on  Janu- 


64          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ary  15, 1918,  the  division  became  known  as  the  Division  of  Chemicals, 
Sisal,  and  Jute.  The  name  was  changed  May  14,  1918,  to  Division 
of  Collateral  Commodities,  and  other  commodities  came  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  this  division.  Charles  W.  Merrill,  in  charge. 

CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June  1,  1918,  succeeding  the  Chemicals  and  Explosives 
Division  and  continuing  with  the  following  organization:  Acids 
and  Heavy  Chemicals,  Alkali  and  Chlorine,  Chemical  Glass  and 
Stoneware,  Creosote,  Ferro-Alloys,  Mica,  Nitrates,  Paint  and  Pig- 
ment, Platinum,  and  Technical  and  Consulting  Sections;  dropping 
Coal-Gas  Products,  Fine  Chemicals,  Sulphur,  Alcohol,  and  Pyrites, 
Tanning  Materials,  and  Wood  Distillation  Products,  while  substi- 
tuting or  adding  for  them  Artificial  Dyes  and  Intermediates,  As- 
bestos and  Magnesia,  Electrodes  and  Abrasives,  Ethyl  Alcohol,  Gold 
and  Silver,  Industrial  Gases  and  Gas  Products,  Miscellaneous  Chemi- 
cals, Refractories  and  Native  Products,  Sulphur  and  Pyrites,  Tan- 
ning Materials  and  Natural  Dyes,  and  Wood  Chemical  Sections. 
The  division  collected  data  regarding  productive  capacity,  secured 
governmental  and  civilian  requirements,  increased  production,  allo- 
cated supplies,  and  acted  in  general  as  the^point  of  contact  between 
the  departments  using  chemicals  and  articles  in  which  they  are  in 
combination,  and  the  organizations  producing  them.  The  division 
was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Charles  H.  MacDowell,  di- 
rector. 

CHEMICALS   SECTION,   MISCELLANEOUS;    CHEMICALS   DIVISION,   WAR  IN- 
DUSTRIES BOARD. 

Changed  from  the  Fine  Chemicals  Section  on  April  23,  1918,  to 
handle  all  chemicals  not  under  separate  sections.  The  Chemical 
Alliance  (Inc.)  cooperated  with  and  reported  to  this  section.  It 
was  discontinued  December  31, 1918.  A.  G.  Rosengarten,  chief. 

CHEMICALS  AND  EXPLOSIVES  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

The  Chemicals  Committee  was  formed  April  17,  1917,  under  the 
Raw  Materials  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense, 
which  grew  into  the  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  with  C.  H.  MacDowell  in  charge  of  nitrates  and 
general  chemicals,  and  M.  F.  Chase  and  L.  L.  Summers  having  charge 
of  general  explosives.  It  was  reorganized  about  November  1,  1917, 
as  the  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Division.  It  worked  through  the 
following  commodity  sections:  Acids  and  Heavy  Chemicals,  Alkali 
and  Chlorine,  Chemical  Glass  and  Stoneware,  Coal-Gas  Products, 
Creosote,  Ferro-Alloys,  Fine  Chemicals,  Mica,  Nitrates,  Paint  and 
Pigment,  Platinum,  Sulphur,  Alcohol,  and  Pyrites,  Tanning  Ma- 
terials, Technical  and  Consulting,  and  Wood  Distillation  Products. 
These  sections  were  formed  gradually  as  new  production  was  needed, 
as  arrangements  were  made  for  international  control,  and  as  neces- 
sity for  commandeering  and  allocation  of  products  arose.  Prices  on 
acids  were  fixed  by  the  Price  Fixing  Committee.  This  division  was 
divided  into  the  Chemicals  and  the  Explosives  Divisions,  on  June  1, 
1918.  L.  L.  Summers,  director. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          65 

CHEMICALS,  SISAL,  AND  JUTE,  DIVISION  OF;    UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

When  sisal  and  binder  twine  were  added  to  the  Division  of  Chemi- 
cals on  January  13,  1918,  its  name  was  changed  first  as  above,  and 
then  on  May  14,  1918,  to  Division  of  Collateral  Commodities. 

CHEMICALS   STATISTICS,    JOINT    OFFICE    ON;    CHEMICALS   DIVISION,    WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  in  January,  1918,  as  an  outgrowth  of  the  Division  of 
Statistics,  Council  of  National  Defense,  under  the  supervision  of 
Army,  Navy,  and  War  Industries  Board  representatives.  Its  func- 
tions were  to  compute  and  codify  statistics  in  regard  to  production 
of  chemicals  and  explosives  and  the  amount  of  raw  material  con- 
sumed. It  issued  a  bimonthly  bulletin,  Propellants  and  Explosives, 
which  it  sent  to  persons  concerned,  the  last  bulletin  being  as  of  date 
January  20,  1919.  The  office  was  discontinued  January  31,  1919. 
Capt.  W.  B.  Rice,  manager. 

CHEMISTRY,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  continuing  bureau  of  the  department,  which  during  the  war 
was  able  through  its  trained  specialists  to  be  of  service  to  many  de- 
partments of  the  Government :  (1)  It  aided  the  organization  of  war 
agencies,  such  as  the  bakery  inspection  service,  whose  various  ex- 
perts cooperated  with  the  United  States  Food  Administration. 
(2)  It  performed  consultation  nnd  committee  service.  The  bureau 
was  called  on  to  answer  thousands  of  technical  questions.  The  chief 
of  the  bureau  and  members  of  the  scientific  staff  served  on  many  im- 
portant committees  connected  with  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration, National  Research  Council,  War  Trade  Board,  and  War  In- 
dustries Board.  (3)  It  prepared  specifications  for  war  material. 
This  service  was  rendered  to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  preparing 
specifications  for  food  products.  This  work  was  done  by  the  Food 
Control,  Pharmacognosy,  and  Water  Laboratories.  (4)  It  tested 
supplies  for  Army  and  Navy,  including  not  only  articles  of  food  and 
drink,  but  also  ]eather,  greases,  tanning  materials,  and  food  con- 
tainers. (5)  It  conducted  technical  investigations  of  war  problems. 
These  investigations  included  sensitizing  dyes,  dyes  for  color  screens, 
processes  for  making  secondary  alcohol,  acetones  and  ketones,  photo- 
graphic chemicals,  smoke  screens,  dyes  for  blood  studies,  incendiary 
bullets,  charcoal,  supply  of  rare  carbohydrates  for  research  work, 
development  of  explosives,  pungent  compounds,  production  of  caustic 
soda,  leather,  baling  for  oversea  shipment,  fire  proofing,  and  fiber 
containers.  (6)  It  conserved  essential  materials.  This  program  in- 
cluded conservation  of  tin  plate,  ammonia,  arsenic,  acetic  acid,  fish, 
wheat,  poultry  and  eggs,  sugar,  fats,  and  oils.  Cotton  gins,  grain 
elevators,  and  thrashing  machines  were  inspected  in  an  effort  to 
prevent  explosions  and  fires.  The  Bureau  of  Chemistry  carried  on 
its  activities  through  its  various  divisions,  Drug,  Miscellaneous,  and 
Dehydration,  and  through  its  various  laboratories.  Animal,  Physio- 
logical, Chemical,  Carbohydrate,  Color  Investigation,  Food  Control. 
Food  Investigation,  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Utilization,  Leather  and 
127232—19 5 


66          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Paper,  Microbiological,  Microchemical,  Nitrogen,  Oil,  Fat  and  Wax. 
Pharmacognosy,  Pharmacological,  Phytochemical  Protein  Investiga- 
tion, Water,  Citrus  By-Products,  and  Food  Eesearch.  D.  A.  L.  Als- 
berg  was  chief  of  the  bureau  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

CHEMISTRY    AND    CHEMICAL    TECHNOLOGY    DIVISION,    NATIONAL    RE- 
SEARCH COUNCIL. 

This  division  worked  especially  in  cooperation  with  manufacturers 
to  utilize  waste  and  by-products,  in  devising  substitutes  for  raw  ma- 
terials, and  in  promoting  manufacture  of  wholly  new  substances.  It 
had  committees  on  Nitrate  Investigations,  A.  A.  Noyes,  chairman : 
and  on  Explosives  Investigations,  C.  E.  Munroe,  chairman;  and  10 
special  committees:  Chemical  Apparatus,  Ceramics,  Textiles  and 
Fabrics,  Glass,  Fuels,  Colloids,  Soils  and  Fertilizers,.  Synthetic 
Drugs,  Chemical  Engineering,  and  Rubber.  John  Johnston,  chair- 
man. 

CHEWING  GUM  MANUFACTURERS  AND  ALLIED  TRADES  NATIONAL  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

Organized  June  21,  1918,  to  cooperate  with  Government  during 
period  of  the  war  in  connection  with  the  importation  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  various  raw  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chew- 
ing gum.  Carwin  E.  James,  president.  B.  L.  Atwater  was  chairman 
of  the  War  Service  Committee,  which  carried  out  the  war  activities 
of  the  association. 

CHILD  CONSERVATION  SECTION,  FIELD  DIVISION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Organized  October  1,  1918.  It  took  over  the  functions  of  the  Child 
Welfare  Section  of  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the  Council.  Dr. 
Jessica  B.  Peixotto  was  head  of  the  section.  In  March,  1919.  she  Avas 
succeeded  by  Mrs.  Ina  J.  N.  Perkins. 

CHILD  LABOR  DIVISION,  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Created  May  1,  1917,  for  the  enforcement  of  the  Federal  child- 
labor  law,  which  became  operative  on  September  1,  1917,  one  year 
after  date  of  passage.  After  this  law  was  declared  unconstitutional 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  on  June  3.  1918.  the 
division  was  continued  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  and  reporting 
upon  questions  relating  to  the  employment  of  children  and  upon 
legislation  affecting  them  in  the  several  States  and  Territories.  On 
July  12, 1918,  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board  agreed  that  there  should 
be  incorporated  in  all  Government  contracts  a  clause  providing  that 
in  carrying  out  a  contract  the  employer  should  not  employ  any 
minor  under  the  age  of  14  years  or  permit  any  minor  between  the 
ages  of  14  and  16  years  to  work  more  than  eight  hours  in  any  one  day, 
more  than  six  days  in  any  one  week,  or  before  6  a.  m.  or  after  7  p.  m. 
On  July  19,  1918,  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board  voted  that  the 
machinery  of  the  Child  Labor  Division  be  utilized  by  all  departments 
in  administering  the  above  clause.  Director,  Miss  Grace  Abbott; 
acting  director  after  August  1,  1918,  Miss  Ellen  N.  Matthews.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         67 

CHILD  WELFARE  COMMITTEE,  GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  in  March,  1918.  It  was  composed  of  representatives  of 
educational  institutions,  governmental  bureaus,  and  various  other 
organizations.  It  cooperated  with  the  Children's  Bureau  of  the 
Department  of  Labor  in  the  plans  for  the  "  Children's  Year."  It 
issued  to  the  States  through  the  State  Councils  Section  and  the 
Woman's  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  a  program 
covering  the  problems  of  the  child  up  to  the  school  age  and  prepared 
the  program  covering  the  problems  of  the  child  of  school  age.  Chair- 
man, Samuel  McC.  Hamil.  M.  D. 

CHILD    WELFARE    DEPARTMENT,    WOMAN'S    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  department  cooperated  with  the  Children's  Bureau  of  the 
Department  of  Labor  and  the  General  Medical  Board  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  in  promoting  work  for  the  protection  of  children. 
A  "Children's  Year"  campaign,  to  extend  from  April  6,  1918,  to 
April  6,  1919,  carried  out  a  program  to  secure  the  public  protection 
of  mothers  and  children,  enforcement  of  all  child-labor  laws,  full 
schooling  for  children  of  school  age,  recreation,  and  protection  from 
exploitation.  Two  definite  drives  were  undertaken,  first  for  the 
weighing  and  measuring  of  children  of  pre-school  age,  with  certain 
follow-up  measures;  the  second,  a  drive  for  recreation  facilities.  Dr. 
Jessica  B.  Peixotto,  executive  chairman,  January,  1918,  to  January, 
1919;  Mrs.  Ina  J.  N.  Perkins,  January  to  July,  1919;  Mrs.  Josiah  E. 
Cowles,  chairman. 

CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  bureau  in  the  Department  of  Labor,  whose  function 
is  to  investigate  and  report  on  all  matters  pertaining  to  child  welfare. 
No  special  section  or  branch  was  created  during  the  war,  but  certain 
extra  war  activities  were  undertaken  by  the  existing  agencies  of  the 
bureau.  The  Child  Labor  Division  was  given  charge  of  enforcing  the 
child-labor  provisions  of  Government  contracts  as  prescribed  by  the 
War  Labor  Policies  Board.  On  April  6,  1918,  a  special  Children's 
Year  Campaign  was  inaugurated  by  the  bureau  to  promote  work  for 
the  protection  of  children  throughout  the  second  year  of  the  war. 
This  campaign  was  waged  in  cooperation  with  the  Child  Welfare 
Department  of  the  Woman's  Committee,  later  changed  to  the  Child 
Conservation  Section  of  the  Field  Division,  Council  of  National 
Defense.  Use  was  made  of  the  numerous  local  committees  of  the 
latter  for  carrying  on  the  publicity  work.  In  the  latter  part  of  191 8-,, 
the  bureau  inaugurated  a  vigorous  back-to-school  rlri^e  to  encourage 
the  return  to  school  of  children  who  had  obtained  jobs  during  the 
war.  Chief,  Miss  Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Washington,  D.  C. 

CHLORINE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  9,  1918,  at  a  meeting  called  by  the  Pulp  and 
Paper  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  This  committee  repre- 
sented the  chlorine  industry  in  the  United  States.  F.  J.  Senson- 
brenner,  chairman. 


68          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
CIGAR  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  as  tin  advisory  committee  of  the  Tobacco  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  Henry  Esberg,  chairman. 

CIVIC    AND    EDUCATIONAL    COOPERATION,    DIVISION    OF,    COMMITTEE    ON 
PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Organized  in  May,  1917.  .The  division,  with  the  assistance  of 
numerous  historians  and  other  scholars,  edited  or  wrote  the  pam- 
phlets which  were  issued  as  the  Eed,  White  and  Blue  Series  and  the 
War  Information  Series.  It  had  the  close  cooperation  of  the 
National  Board  for  Historical  Service.  Disbanded  December  31, 
1918.  Guy  Stanton  Ford,  director. 

CIVIL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  The  work  of  this  division 
related,  in  brief,  to  the  finances,  commercial  contracts,  correspond- 
ence, files,  and  records  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance.  To  carry  out 
these  functions  were  a  Finance  and  Special  Contract  Section,  a 
Eequisitions  and  Open  Purchase  Contract  Section,  and  a  Files  and 
Records  Section. 

CIVIL  AERIAL  TRANSPORT  COMMITTEE. 

Established  November  19,  1917,  to  supersede  the  Committee  on 
Aerial  Mail  Service.  This  committee  advised  in  regard  to  the  Aerial 
Mail  Service,  the  problems  connected  with  the  application  of  air- 
craft to  civil  purposes,  and  the  utilization  of  military  airplanes  and 
aviators  after  the  war  for  such  purposes.  Cooperation  was  main- 
tained with  similar  organizations  of  other  nations.  W.  F.  Durand, 
chairman. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 

A  permanent  commission  of  three  members  organized  on  March 
9,  1883,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  examinations  and  making  ap- 
pointments for  the  Government  civil  service.  During  the  war  as  a 
result  of  the  exceptional  demand  for  civil  service  employees  the  Avork 
of  the  commission  assumed  greatly  enhanced  importance.  During 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1917.  the  commission  examined 
212,114  persons,  of  whom  86,312  were  appointed.  In  the  next  fiscal 
year,  during  the  war,  608,747  persons  were  examined,  of  whom  242,- 
173  were  appointed,  and  it  is  estimated  that  during  the  entire 
19  months  of  the  war  more  than  950,000  persons  were  exam- 
ined, of  whom  about  400,000  were  appointed.  For  many  positions 
there  was  a  scarcity  of  applicants  and  it  was  necessary  for  the  com- 
mission to  actively  canvass  the  country.  This  was  accomplished 
through  the  3,000  local  boards  of  examiners  distributed  in  all  parts 
of  the  country,  through  the  cooperation  of  postmasters  at  third-clas> 
offices,  through  posters,  lantern  slides  at  motion-picture  theaters, 
card  displays  in  street  cars,  notices  in  newspapers,  magazines,  and 
trade  periodicals.  A  campaign  was  inaugurated  for  the  training  of 
persons  in  various  lines  of  work  in  which  there  was  a  shortage  of 
personnel.  In  this  campaign  the  commission  secured  the  cooperation 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.          69 

of  a  number  of  colleges  and  technical  schools.  The  members  of  the 
commission  were  John  A.  Mcllhenny,  president,  Charles  M.  Gallo- 
way, and  Hermon  W.  Craven. 

CIVILIAN  RELATIONS,  DIRECTOR  OF. 

See  Secretary  of  War,  Third  Assistant. 

CIVILIAN  RELIEF,   DEPARTMENT   OF;    AMERICAN   NATIONAL   RED   CROSS. 

This  department  supplied  the  need  for  accurate  information  on 
allotments,  allowances,  insurance,  compensation,  military  regulations, 
etc.,  on  the  civil  relief  act,  and  on  other  laws  and  rules  which  applied 
to  the  affairs  of  soldiers'  and  sailors'  families.  It  functioned-  outside 
of  the  central  organization  through  Home  Service  Sections  in  the 
cities  and  towns,  giving  the  same  aid  and  assistance  to  the  soldiers' 
families.  The  department  functioned  through  the  following  bureaus : 
Home  Service,  Disaster  Relief,  Christinas  Seals,  Executive  Person- 
nel, and  Division  Directors.  W.  Frank  Pearsons,  director  general. 

CLAIMS  BOARD,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Claims  Board  was  created  November  2,  1918,  to  take  charge 
of  the  settlement  of  claims  arising  under  contracts  executed  by  the 
Ordnance  Department.  On  November  15,  it  took  over  the  duties  of 
the  Board  to  Review  the  Projects  for  New  Facilities  Now  Authorized 
or  Proposed,  which  had  been  established  on  October  26,  1918.  It 
was  also  provided  that  after  November  15, 1918,  no  officer  or  employee 
of  the  Ordnance  Department  could  directly  or  indirectly  order  or 
otherwise  direct  the  expedition,  cancellation,  suspension,  or  curtail- 
ment of  any  contract  work  without  the  authority  of  the  Claims 
Board.  On 'December  24,  1918,  the  Claims  Board  also  took  over  the 
functions  of  the  Compensation  Board,  established  July  24,  1917.  On 
February  25,  1919,  two  subcommittees  were  created :  Sale  of  Build- 
ings and  Equipment,  and  Sale  of  Materials.  On  February  12,  1919, 
the  board  included  six  officers.  Brig.  Gen.  W.  S.  Pierce,  chairman. 

See  War  Department  Claims  Board. 

CLAIMS  BOARD,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  post-armistice  War  Department  board,  created  January  20,  1919, 
by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  supervise  and  coordinate  the 
work  of  the  agencies  engaged  in  the  settlement  of  the  claims  that 
resulted  from  the  modification  or  termination  of  war  contracts  after 
the  armistice.  The  act  of  Congress  of  March  2,  1919,  authorized  the 
Secretary  of  War  to  settle  claims  arising  from  informal  agreements 
that  had  not  been  executed  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law.  The 
Secretary  delegated  this  authority  to  the  Claims  Board.  It  devolved 
upon  the  board  to  classify  the  various  types  of  claims,  to  establish 
the  methods  of  procedure  in  the  verification,  adjustment,  and  settle- 
ment of  claims,  to  supervise  the  work  of  the  subordinate  agencies 
engaged  in  adjustment,  and  to  approve  the  final  awards  in  settlement. 
The  subordinate  agencies  were  the  claims  boards  of  the  individual 
War  Department  procurement  bureaus  and  the  district  claims  boards 
established  in  the  industrial  centers  to  make  preliminary  adjustment 
of  claims  against  the  various  bureaus.  The  board  was  further 


70          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

authorized  to  make  use  of  existing  organizations,  such  as  the  Board 
of  Appraisers  and  the  Board  of  Contract  Adjustment.  Claims  were 
classified  as  those  arising  from  formal  contracts  legally  executed,  or 
arising  from  informal  agreements  made  under  authority  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  and  established  by  written  evidence,  and  "those  arising 
from  all  other  kinds  of  informal  agreements,  including  those  made 
by  an  officer  or  agent  acting  under  authority  of  the  President.  The 
procedure  in  general  in  the  case  of  the  first  two  types  involved  pre- 
liminary adjustment  and  recommendation  of  an  award  by  the  district 
board  of  the  bureau  concerned  and  approval  of  the  award  by  the 
Bureau  Claims  Board  and  by  a  special  member  of  the  Claims  Board 
sitting  with  each  of  the  bureau  boards.  The  signature  of  a  member 
of  the  Claims  Board  was  necessary  for  final  award  in  the  case  of 
informal  agreements.  Appeals  from  awards  by  the  bureau  boards 
were  carried  to  the  Board  of  Contract  Adjustment.  In  the  third  type 
of  claims  the  Board  of  Contract  Adjustment,  or  in  certain  cases  "the 
Board  of  Appraisers,  had  original  jurisdiction.  The  Claims  Board 
membership  was  as  follows :  Benedict  Crowell,  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War  (president),  Maj.  Gen.  G.  W.  Burr,  W.  H.  Davis  (counsel), 
G.  H.  Dorr,  Brig.  Gen.  H.  M.  Lord,  Col.  H.  H.  Lehman,  and  R.  D. 
Stephens.  The  special  members  of  the  board,  appointed  to  represent 
the  various  bureaus,  were  as  follows:  Maj.  F.  G.  Bolles,  Maj.  J.  R. 
Frazer,  H.  T.  Goodhart,  H.  T.  Hunt,  Col.  C.  A.  McKenney,  Lieut. 
Col.  E.  J.  W.  Proffitt  and  Maj.  H.  D.  Rawson. 

CLAIMS  BRANCH,  FINANCE  AND  ACCOUNTS  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  this  branch  was  attached  to  the  Ad- 
ministrative Division  of  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General.  In 
August  it  was  transferred  to  the  Finance  and  Accounting  Division. 
From  January  12  to  April  16,  1918,  its  duties  were  taken  over  by 
the  Administrative  Division.  Upon  the  reorganization  of  the  Finance 
and  Accounts  Division  after  April  16  the  branch  again  became  part 
of  that  division,  which  on  October  21,  1918,  was  transferred  to  the 
office  of  the  Director  of  Finance.  The  branch  passed  on  all  claims  on 
the  Quartermaster  Corps,  including  claims  for  damage  to  private 

roperty  due  to  military  operations.    Lieut.  Col.  J.  Q.  A.  Brett  was 

ead  of  the  branch. 

CLAIMS  BRANCH,  SETTLEMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  February  28,  1919,  to  examine  and  prepare  claims  for 
roperty  lost,  damaged,  or  destroyed  in  the  military  service.  Capt. 
.  Hartley,  chief. 

CLAIMS     AND     PROPERTY     PROTECTION     SECTION,     DIVISION     OF     LAW, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  September  1,  1918.  This  organization  took  over  the  func- 
tions of  the  Section  for  the  Protection  of  Railroad  Property  and 
Property  of  Shippers  in  Transit,  organized  March  26,  1918,  and  the 
Freight  Claim  Section,  established  August  1,  1918,  both  belonging 
to  the  Division  of  Law.  The  work  of  the  secret  service  branch  was 
taken  over  by  the  secret  service  and  police  section  of  the  Division 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          71 

of  Operation  on  January  1,  1919.  The  section  had  jurisdiction  over 
loss  and  damage  freight  claims  and  personal  injury  claims,  as  well 
as  the  prevention  of  such  claims.  It  also  undertook  to  protect  the 
railroads  from  theft,  padding  of  pay  rolls,  and  embezzlements,  and 
assisted  in  the  prosecution  of  offenders  against  Federal  laws  cover- 
ing such  crimes.  John  H.  Howard,  manager. 

CLASSIFICATION  BOARD,  SETTLEMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  May  6.  1919,  to  have  charge  of  the  classification,  routing, 
investigation,  and  settlement  of  claims  forwarded  by  the  auditor  for 
the  War  Department  to  the  War  Department  Claims  Board.  Capt. 
D.  B.  Van  Dusen,  chief. 

CLASSIFICATION,  DIVISION  OF,  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization.  With  the  vast  increase  of  matter 
mailed  by  the  various  war  agencies  under  the  penalty  privilege  it 
became  more  necessary  for  the  division  to  wire  instructions  and  con- 
duct a  large  correspondence  relating  thereto.  The  division  was 
charged  with  the  responsibility  of  extending  the  domestic  rates  of 
postage,  classification,  and  other  conditions  to  mail  matter  for  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces.  Arrangements  were  also  made  for 
the  distribution  of  magazines  to  soldiers  and  sailors  at  a  nominal 
rate  of  postage.  Superintendent,  William  G.  Wood,  reporting  to 
Alexander  M.  Dockery,  Third  Assistant  Postmaster  General. 

CLAY  ROOFING  TILE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Building  Materials  Section  to 
represent  the  industry  before  that  section  and  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administration..  A.  W.  Brown,  chairman. 

CLAY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  15,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
ball,  kaolin,  paper,  paint,  crucible  and  allied  clays.  The  committee 
worked  with  the  Chemicals  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
D.  E.  Edgar,  chairman. 

CLEARANCE  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Originally  formed  as  an  administrative  committee  of  the  General 
Munitions  Board  of  the  War  Industries  Board  when  it  was  formed 
August  1,  1917,  with  Lieut.  Col.  C.  C.  Bolton  as  chairman  until  May 
3, 1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Rear  Admiral  F.  F.  Fletcher.  The 
General  Staff,  Navy  Department,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  Pur- 
chasing Commission  for  the  Allies,  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion, Army  supply  bureaus,  and  more  important  sections  of  General 
Munitions  Board"  each  had  representatives  on  this  committee.  In 
September,  1917,  it  was  given  the  additional  duties  of  adjusting  mat- 
ters of  priority  between  the  departments  represented  and  of  inform- 
ing the  divisions  of  the  War  Industries  Board  of  threatened  or  de- 
veloping shortages.  The  reorganization  of  the  committee  May  3, 
1918,  was  due  to  the  organization  of  Purchase  and  Supply  Branch  of 
Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division,  and  a  change  of  function 


72          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

was  made  by  the  organization  of  the  Requirements  Division,  War  In- 
dustries Board,  which  limited  the  duties  of  the  committee  to  clearance 
on  current  purchases  of  commodities  as  distinguished  from  future 
requirements.  The  committee  was  discontinued  July  24,  1918,  owing 
to  the  increased  number  of. purchases  and  resultant  impracticability 
of  action  at  a  committee  meeting,  but  a  clearance  office  to  supervise 
purchases  was  continued  until  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 

CLEARANCE      OFFICE,      REQUIREMENTS     DIVISION,      WAR     INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Organized  July  24,  1918,  as  the  central  and  single  point  of  contact 
between  the  governmental  purchasing  agencies  and  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  Its  duties  were :  To  record,  forward  to  the  proper  sec- 
tion, and  follow  all  clearance  requests;  to  handle  communications 
relative  to  all  requests;  to  keep  sections  informed  of  clearances  by 
other  sections;  to  keep  every  purchasing  department  of  the  Govern- 
ment informed  of  contemplated  purchases  by  other  departments. 
During  the  existence  of  the  Clearance  Committee  and  the  Clearance 
Office  approximately  29,000  clearances  were  handled,  80  per  cent 
coming  from  the  War  Department,  15  per  cent  from  the  Navy  De- 
partment, and  5  per  cent  from  all  others.  Only  about  5  per  cent  of  all 
requests  for  clearances  were  refused.  J.  C.  Musser,  chief. 

CLEARANCE     SECTION,     EXTERNAL     RELATIONS     BRANCH,     PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918.  The  section  decided  clearances  a- 
between  the  various  War  Department  agencies  and  secured  clearance 
for  the  War  Department  from  the  War  Industries  Board.  It  also 
represented  the  War  Department  on  the  Clearance  Committee  of  that 
board.  The  section  was  disbanded  immediately  after  the  signing  of 
the  armistice.  Capt.  Stanley  Williamson,  chief. 

CLIMATOLOGICAL    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    WEATHER    BUREAU,    DE- 
PARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

One  of  the  permanent  organizations  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  con- 
tinuing its  normal  functions  during  the  war.  It  cooperated  with  the 
Surgeon  General's  Office  in  the  preparation  of  meteorological  data 
and  in  making  a  series  of  observations  required  in  connection  with 
studies  of  dietetics,  camp  sanitation,  etc.  Preston  C.  Day,  chief. 

CLOCKS  AND  CLOCK  WATCHES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
clocks  and  clock  watches.  The  committee  worked  with  the  Finished 
Products  Division  and  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  Walter  Camp,  chairman. 

CLOTHES  WRINGERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  17,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
clothes  wringers  with  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tools  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  B.  A.  Walker,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          73 
CLOTHING   DIVISION,   RUBBER  WAR   SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  November  27,  1917,  to  take  up  the  question  of  Army 
raincoats.  The  committee  met  with  the  manufacturers  of  rubber 
clothing  and  drew  up  plans  for  the  elimination  of  styles  and  a  general 
reduction  of  lines  manufactured,  to  meet  the  request  of  the  Conserva- 
tion Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  measures  of  conser- 
vation agreed  upon  were  continued  until  June  1,  1919.  Lincoln 
Cromwell,  chairman. 

CLOTHING  AND   EQUIPAGE   BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPMENT    DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

The  old  name  of  branch  according  to  paragraph  281,  Quartermaster 
General  Manual,  1916.  It  functioned  under  the  Supplies  Division 
to  January  18,  1918,  when  it  was  abolished,  its  duties  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  Supplies  and  Equipment  Division.  Albert  L.  Scott, 
chief. 

CLOTHING  AND  EQUIPAGE  BRANCH,  DOMESTIC  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION, 
DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  supervise  storage,  distribution,  and 
maintenance  of  stocks  of  all  classes  of  clothing  and  equipage.  It 
functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Clothing,  Equipage, 
Salvage,  Shoes  and  Leather  Goods,  Material.  L.  R.  Ach,  chief. 

CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPAGE   DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER    GENERAL. 

Formed  January  18,  1918,  by  merging  the  Quartermaster  Purchas- 
ing and  Manufacturing  Offices,  formerly  Purchasing  Branch  of 
Philadelphia  Depot,  and  the  Committee  of  Supplies,  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense.  On  January  26,  1918,  the  name  of  division  was 
changed  to  Supplies  and  Equipment  Division,  but  it  was  changed 
back  to  the  old  name  on  May  18.  It  functioned  at  first  through  the 
following  service  bureaus :  Central  Office,  Service,  Research,  Produc- 
tion, Planning,  and  Follow-up,  Inspection  and  Labor;  and  through 
the  following  procurement  branches:  Woolens,  Cotton  Goods,  Knit 
Goods,  Shoes  (Leather  and  Rubber),  manufacturing,  and  Miscellane- 
ous Supplies.  A  reorganization  of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster 
General  was  made  on  June  14, 1918,  and  this  division  was  subdivided 
as  follows :  Textile  Subdivision,  and  the  Cotton  Goods,  Woolen,  Knit 
Goods,  Wool  Tops  and  Yarn,  Manufacturing,  Shoes,  Leather  and 
Rubber  Goods,  Leather  Materials,  and  Administrative  and  Control 
Branches.  In  its  function  of  procuring  articles  it  had  in  many  cases 
to  control  raw  materials,  especially  that  of  the  entire  raw  wool  pro- 
duction of  the  country.  Albert  L.  Scott  was  chief  from  the  forma- 
tion until  June  14,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Malcolm  Donald, 
chief  until  February  9,  1919. 

CLOTHING    RENOVATION    BRANCH,    SALVAGE    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF 
STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  October  28,  1918,  to  take  charge  of  the  renovation  and 
repair  of  all  woolen  clothing,  hats,  underclothing,  and  cotton  cloth- 
ing for  thev  Army.  Dr.  H.  E.  Mechling,  chief. 


74          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

CLOTHING  REPAIR   BRANCH,   CONSERVATION  AND   RECLAMATION   DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  April  16,  1918.  and  responsible  to  Reclamation  Di- 
vision prior  to  April  22,  1918.  The  branch  was  abolished  October 
28,  1918,  when  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Clothing  Renovation 
Branch,  Salvage  Division.  Lt.  H.  A.  Rosenthal,  chief. 

COAL  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL. 

Organized  at  Washington,  August  22,  1917,  with  a  membership 
composed  of  local  associations  of  operators,  including  also  many 
individual  operators,  but  open  to  every  coal  operator  in  United 
States.  Its  functions  were  to  assist  the  Fuel  Administration  and  other 
governmental  agencies ;  and  to  carry  on  constructive  work  of  benefit 
to  the  industry.  It  began  work  October  1,  1917,  and  held  its  first 
annual  meeting  in  Philadelphia  on  May  28,  1918.  It  conducted  an 
information  service  for  members  through  its  Daily  Digest,  and  cre- 
ated a  Traffic  Department  to  obtain  better  treatment  for  the  industry 
from  the  railroads.  J.  D.  A.  Morrow,  general  secretary. 

COAL  BARGE  OPERATIONS,  SUPERVISOR  OF;  NEW  ENGLAND  COAL  BARGE 
TOWERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

An  officer  in  charge  of  the  central  office  of  the  New  England  Coal 
Barge  &  Towers'  Association,  and  appointed  by  and  accountable  to 
the  Division  of  Operations,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  Capt. 
A.  L.  Crowley,  supervisor. 

COAL   CONSERVATION   COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES   CHAMBER   OF   COM- 
MERCE. 

Appointed  by  the  Executive  Committee  in  October,  1917,  to  assist 
in  creating  sentiment  that  would  lead  to  economies  in  use  of  coal  at  a 
time  when  the  fuel  shortage  was  acute.  The  committee  issued  bulle- 
tins on  the  situation  and  the  means  that  could  be  employed  to  save 
coal.  Ernest  T.  Trigg,  chairman. 

COAL-GAS   PRODUCTS   SECTION,    CHEMICALS   AND    EXPLOSIVES    DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  January,  1918,  to  increase  the  output  of  toluol,  the 
basis  of  high  explosive  T.  N.  T.  powder,  and  this  product  on  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1918,  was  commandeered,  and  allocated.  Supervision  was 
exercised  by  the  section  over  benzol,  xylol,  solvent,  naphtha,  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  acetylene,  and  production  of  these  gases  was 
increased  more  than  100  per  cent,  but  none  of  these  was  comman- 
deered. The  name  of  the  section  was  changed  to  Industrial  Gases 
and  Gas  Products  Section.  J.  M.  Morehead,  chief. 


COAL  JOBBERS'  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL. 

Organized  in  September,  1917,  as  the  outgrowth  of  a  movement 
organized  to  check  the  movement  toward  the  elimination  of  the  coal 
jobber.  The  first  annual  meeting  was  held  in  Chicago  in  October.  A 
representative  was  maintained  in  Washington  to  represent  the  jobbers 
with  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration.  E.  M.  Platt,  president. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          75 
€OAL  MERCHANTS'  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL  RETAIL. 

Organized  November  20,  1917,  at  Philadelphia.  The  association 
represented  about  25,000  retail  coal  dealers.  The  object  was  to  co- 
operate with  Federal,  State,  and  municipal  governments,  to  gather 
accurate  and  reliable  information  regarding  cost  and  distribution  of 
coal.  The  first  annual  convention  was  held  in  Atlantic  City,  N.  J., 
May  20,  1918.  W.  A.  Smoot,  jr.,  president. 

COAL  PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  April  27,  1917,  with  jurisdiction  over  anthracite  and  bi- 
tuminous coal  and  coke.  It  charted  coal  resources,  assisted  in  the 
organization  of  the  Lake  and  Tidewater  Coal  Pools,  and  named  ten- 
tative maximum  prices  on  June  28,  1917,  following  a  meeting  of  coal 
operators.  With  the  appointment  August  23, 1917,  of  a  United  States 
fuel  administrator  its  constructive  work  passed  to  the  United  States 
Fuel  Administration,  and  the  resignations  of  its  members  were  ac- 
cepted by  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  February  25, 1918.  F.  S. 
Peabody,  chairman. 

COAL  TAR  BY-PRODUCTS  SUBCOMMITTEE,  COMMITTEE  ON  CHEMICALS, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  about  October,  1917,  but  transferred  to  the  Chemical  Al- 
liance (Inc.),  as  its  Section  on  By-Products  of  Coal  and  Gas,  Novem- 
ber, 1917.  William  H.  Childs,  chairman. 

COAL  TRANSPORTATION  AGENCY,  BOSTON  AGENCY,  DIVISION  OF  OPERA- 
TIONS, UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORA- 
TION. 

When  the  New  England  Coal  Barge  &  Towers'  Association  was  ab- 
sorbed by  the  Boston  Agency  of  Operations,  a  separate  division  was 
maintained  to  supervise  the  operation  of  the  coal-carrying  fleet  which 
functioned  between  Hampton  Roads  and  Eastport,  Me.  This  division 
was  known  as  the  Coal  Transportation  Agency  and  remained  in  the 
charge  of  Capt.  A.  L.  Crowley,  who  had  been  appointed  supervisor  of 
the  New  England  Coal  Barge  &  Towers'  Association  by  the  trustees 
of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

COAL  ZONE  PERMIT  SECTION,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  when  the  zone  distribution  plan  was  put  into  effect 
April  1.  1918.  Coal  was  not  permitted  to  be  shipped  out  of  the  zone 
in  which  the  producing  district  was  situated.  The  only  exceptions 
made  were  for  coals  of  particular  quality  or  for  special  uses,  such  as 
by-product  coke,  gas,  blacksmith,  or  metallurgical  coal.  Applica- 
tions for  coals  of  these  kinds  were  granted  by  permit  by  the  Coal  Zone 
Permit  Section.  The  section  ceased  to  function  when  the  zone  re- 
strictions were  removed.  A.  M.  Macleod  and  subsequently  C.  B. 
Nichols,  manager. 

COARSE  GRAINS  SECTION,  CEREAL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Organized  April  1.  1918,  to  tako  charge  of  corn,  oats,  barley,  and 
rve  for  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  The  coarse-grain 


76          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

millers  and  feed  dealers  were  also  under  the  supervision  of  this  sec- 
tion. When  the  Cereal  Division  was  organized  in  July,  1918,  the 
Coarse  Grains  Section  reported  to  it.  J.  J.  Stream,  chief. 

UNITED  STATES  COAST  AND   GEODETIC   SURVEY,  BUREAU  OF;    DEPART- 
MENT OF  COMMERCE. 

The  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  is  charged  with  the  survey  of  the 
coasts  of  the  United  States  and  coasts  under  the  jurisdiction 'thereof, 
and  with  the  publication  of  charts  covering  the  sea  coasts.  During 
the  war  the  activities  of  the  bureau  were  largely  confined  to  work  for 
the  War  and  Xavy  Departments.  The  Division  of  Geodesy  was  en- 
gaged in  work  for  the  War  Department,  cooperating  with  the  Divi- 
sion of  Military  Mapping  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers.  The  Division 
of  Charts  prepared  numerous  maps  for  the  War  Department,  a 
treatise  on  the  Lambert  projection  for  use  in  the  construction  of  maps, 
and  various  maps  for  the  Navy  Department  to  be  used  in  connection 
with  submarine  activities.  The  work  of  the  division  of  Hydrography 
and  Topography  was  devoted  almost  exclusively  to  war  work.  The 
work  of  the  Instrument  Section  was  greatly  increased  on  account  of 
the  construction,  repair,  and  loan  of  delicate  instruments  for  Army 
and  Xavv.  During  the  war  253,497  charts  were  furnished  to  the 
Xavv  and  14,000  charts  to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  Five 
vessels  of  the  bureau  were  transferred  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Navy 
Department  during  the  war,  and  240  members  were  in  the  service. 
Col.  E.  Lester  Jones,  superintendent. 

COASTWISE  STEAMSHIP  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE,  MARINE  SECTION,  DIVI- 
SION OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  April  13,  1918.  It  operated  all  the  coastwise  lines  under 
the  control  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration.  The  com- 
mittee was  discontinued  on  September  1,  1918,  all  coastwise  lines  un- 
der Federal  control  being  combined  under  a  Federal  manager  on  that 
date,  reporting  to  the  Marine  Department.  Division  of  Operation. 
L.  J.  Spence,  chairman. 

COASTWISE  STEAMSHIP  LINES,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Operation  of  the  coastwise  lines  under  Federal  control  was  super- 
vised by  the  Coastwise  Steamship  Advisory  Committee,  reporting  to 
the  Marine  Section  of  the  Division  of  Operation  prior  to  September 
1, 1918.  On  that  date  they  were  placed  under  the  control  of  a  Federal 
manager,  reporting  to  the  Marine  Department,  Division  of  Opera- 
tion. The  coastwise  steamship  lines  included  all  the  properties  of 
the  following  companies,  which  were  under  Federal  control:  Old 
Dominion  Steamship  Co.,  Ocean  Steamship  Co.,  Southern  Steamship 
Co..  Merchants'  and  Miners'  Transportation  Co.,  Mallory  Steamship 
Co.,  Clyde  Steamship  Co.,  and  the  Atlantic  Steamship  Lines  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  Co.  On  December  6,  operation  of  the  Southern. 
Mallory,  and  Clyde  Steamship  Cos.  was  relinquished  to  the  owners. 
H.  B.  Walker.  Federal  manager. 

COCOA  BEAN  CONSUMERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States 
Food  Administration.  At  a  conference  September  6,  1918,  the  com- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          77 

mittee  recommended  the  elimination  of  the  use  of  tin  containers  and 
the  standardization  of  packages  of  cocoa  and  chocolate.  H.  E. 
Gallagher,  chairman. 

COKE,  BUREAU  OF;  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  February,  1918,  as  a  separate  section,  coffee  having 
been  up  to  this  time  in  the  Staple  Groceries  Section.  This  section 
worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Coffee  Advisory  Committee  and  later 
with  the  Sugar  Equalization  Board.  G.  W.  Lawrence,  chief. 

COFFEE  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June,  1918,  to  make  recommendations  to  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  for  the  control  of  the  coffee  trade,  and 
to  consider  in  particular  the  problems  of  bringing  coffee  into  the 
United  States,  distributing  it  from  ports  of  entry  and  regulating 
dealers.  Upon  these  matters  it  cooperated  with  the  War  Trade  Board 
and  the  Sugar  Equalization  Board.  Henry  Schaefer,  chairman. 

COKE,  BUREAU  OF,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Created  November  5,  1917,  by  the  United  States  Fuel  Administra- 
tion, to  take  care  of  the  coke  interests  of  the  country.  The  function 
of  the  bureau  Avas  to  distribute  coke  to  the  steel  plants  of  the  country 
and  to  provide  for  increasing  its  production.  Coke  representatives 
in  the  producing  districts  provided  for  the  allotment  and  distribu- 
tion of  coke.  An  inspection  system  kept  the  quality  up  to  stand- 
ard. Warren  S.  Blauvelt  was  director  until  October  15,  1918,  when 
Frank  J.  Herman  was  made  manager. 

COLD  ROLLED  AND  COLD  DRAWN  STEEL,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  COOPERA- 
TIVE COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL  AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

A  subcommittee  of  the  Committee  of  Raw  Materials  of  the  Ad- 
visory Commission  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  organized  in 
June',  1917.  Its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the -War  Industries 
Board,  when  the  committee  was  dissolved  in  November,  1917.  F.  W. 
Beegle,  chairman. 

COLD  STORAGE  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  section  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  the  Food  Administra- 
tion in  reference  to  the  problems  of  cold  storage  warehousemen  as 
licensees  and  the  formulation  for  them  of  the  rules  and  regulations. 
Frank  A.  Home,  director. 

COLD  STORAGE  SUBDIVISION,  DOMESTIC  OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  DIREC- 
TOR OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  November  1,  1918.  It  handled  all  supplies  of  the  Army 
requiring  refrigeration.  Q.  C.  Franklin,  chief. 

COLD  STORAGE  INDUSTRY,  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  ON. 

Appointed  in  July.  11)17,  to  represent  the  American  Association  of 
Refrigeration  and  the  Cold  Storage  Section  of  the  American  Ware- 


78          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917. 

housemen's  Association.  The  committee  met  with  the  Food  Admin- 
istration and  formulated  plans  for  larger  use  of  cold  storage  facili- 
ties to  conserve  perishable  foods.  Cold  storage  rates  were  regulated 
and  rules  formulated  for  the  licensing  of  cold  storage  plants.  The 
chairman,  Frank  A.  Home,  was  also  in  charge  of  the  Cold  Storage 
Section,  United  States  Food  Administration. 

COLLATERAL  COMMODITIES,  DIVISION   OF,  UNITED   STATES  FOOD  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

This  division  was  originally  known  as  the  Division  of  Chemi- 
cals, organized  Xovember,  1917,  with  jurisdiction  over  arsenic, 
ammonia,  and  other  chemicals.  The  name  was  changed  Janu- 
ary 15,  1918,  to  Division  of  Chemicals,  Sisal,  and  Jute,  when 
these  commodities  were  placed  under  its  charge.  Control  over 
ice  was  taken  April,  1918.  Glycerine  was  added  May  14,  1918,  and 
the  division  became  known  as  the  Division  of  Collateral  Com- 
modities. The  Fats  and  Oil  Division  was  incorporated  June  28,  1918, 
as  the  Fats  and  Oils  Section.  The  Cottonseed  Industries  Division  and 
the  Garbage  Utilization  Division  were  absorbed  as  sections  on  Octo- 
ber 14,  1918,  and  R.  E.  Cranston  was  made  acting  chief  of  the  divi- 
sion. The  functions  of  the  division  were  the  supervision  of  the  ac- 
tivities of  its  various  sections  which  were  as  follows:  Arsenic.  Am- 
monia and  Ice,  Cottonseed  Industries,  Fats  and  Oils,  Garbage  Uti- 
lization, and  Sisal  and  Textile  Food  Container.  Charles  W.  Merrill, 
in  charge. 

COMMANDEERING   DEPARTMENT,    DIVISION   OF    CONSTRUCTION,   UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD   EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Designated  a  part  of  the  Division  of  Construction  by  Adm. 
F.  T.  Bowles  on  August  13,  1917.  It  had  charge  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  matters  pertaining  to  the  commandeering  of  ships 
and  yards.  When  the  Steel  Ship  Construction  Division  was  created, 
it  became  a  part  of  that  division;  and  on  February  15,  1918,  it  was 
absorbed  by  the  Inspection  and  Production  Section  of  the  same  di- 
vision. Under  the  new  section  the  work  was  carried  on  by  a  Com- 
mandeering Branch  with  A.  B.  Haley  in  charge.  L.  1ST.  Pryor,  head. 

COMMANDEERING    SECTION,     PURCHASE    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  September  5, 1918,  to  supervise,  direct,  and  execute  com- 
mandeering and  compulsory  orders,  amendments,  and  cancellations 
thereto,  and  to  keep  a  complete  record  of  all  such  matters.  This 
work  had  been  carried  on  since  April  1,  1918,  as  a  part  of  the  work  of 
the  War  Department  Board  of  Appraisers,  under  the  direction  of 
Maj.  A.  G.  Moss.  On  March  1,  1919,  all  records,  files,  and  documents 
of  the  section  were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment Board  of  Appraisers.  Maj.  A.  G.  Moss  was  chief  of  the  section. 

COMMERCE,  DEPARTMENT  OF. 

One  of  the  executive  departments  of  the  Federal  Government, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  Commerce,  charged  with  the 
promotion  of  the  commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  the  United 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          79 

States.  The  war  activities  of  the  department  were  largely  carried 
on  through  its  subordinate  bureaus,  which  are  the  Bureau  of  the 
Census,  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  the  Bureau 
of  Standards,  and  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Bureau  of  Lighthouses, 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Steamboat  Inspection  Service,  and 
Bureau  of  Fisheries.  The  Secretary  of  Commerce  during  the  war 
was  William  Cox  Redfield. 

COMMERCIAL  COMMISSIONS,  FOREIGN. 

A  number  of  commercial  commissions  visited  the  United  States  in 
1917  for  purposes  of  establishing  trade  relations  during  the  war  and 
after.  They  were:  Denmark,  C.  M.  T.  Cold,  head,  arrived  October 
1;  Japan  Financial  Commission,  Baron  Tanetaro  Megata,  chief, 
arrived  November  2;  Japan  Railway  Commission,  Dr.  Yasujiro 
Shima,  head,  arrived  November  11 ;  the  Netherlands,  Joost  van  Vol- 
lenhoven,  head,  arrived  September  10;  Norway,  Dr.  Fridthj of  Nansen, 
head,  arrived  July  20;  Roumania,  Georges  Danielopol,  head;  Swe- 
den, Mr.  de  Lagercrantz,  succeeded  by  Dr.  Hjalmar  Lundbohm, 
head,  arrived  May  25;  Switzerland,  John  Syz,  head,  arrived  Au- 
gust 20. 

COMMERCIAL  ECONOMY  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Established  March  24,  1917,  to  study  and  advise  how  commercial 
business  might  best  meet  the  demands  to  be  made  on  it  by  the  war, 
especially  to  study  the  problem  of  how  to  cut  down  needless  activi- 
ties. The  board  looked  out  for  needs  of  the  Government  for  essential 
materials,  for  manufacturing  capacity,  shipping  space,  essential  re- 
quirements of  the  civilian  population,  making  in  all  cases  prelimi- 
nary investigations,  holding  conferences,  then  formulating  recom- 
mendations for  the  War  Industries  Board.  It  had  no  power  to 
compel  observance  of  its  recommendations  by  process  of  law,  but 
secured  its  results  through  voluntary  cooperation.  Its  main  lines 
of  work  dealt  with  returns  of  unsold  bread,  delivery  service,  wool, 
men's  and  boys'  clothing,  women's  garments,  leather,  paint  and 
varnish,  automobile  tires,  and  tin.  Its  work  on  May  9,  1918,  was 
transferred  to  the  Conservation  Division,  War  Industries  Board. 
A.  W.  Shaw,  chairman. 

COMMERCIAL    SERVICE    SECTION,    SPECIAL    SERVICE    DIVISION,    SIGNAL 
CORPS. 

A  permanent  organization  of  the  Signal  Corps.  During  the  war 
it  belonged  successively  to  various  divisions  of  the  corps,  being 
finally  placed  under  the  Special  Service  Division  on  September  7, 
1918.  The  normal  peace-time  function  of  the  section  was  the  main- 
tenance of  telephone  systems  at  Coast  Artillery  and  interior  posts, 
the  supervision  of  the  Washington- Alaska  military  cable  and  tele- 
graph system,  and  the  maintenance  of  Coast  Artillery  fire-control 
system.  After  December  1, 1917,  practically  all  telephone  communi- 
cation in  the  Army  was  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Signal 
Corps  and  was  handled  by  the  Commercial  Service  Section.  The 
following  served  successively  as  chief  of  the  section:  Maj.  L.  M. 
Evans,  Col.  J.  O.  Mauborgne,  and  Maj.  Heston. 


80          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
COMMISSION  OF  EIGHT. 

On  March  19,  1918,  the  controversy  between  the  railroads  and  the 
four  large  transportation  organizations  in  regard  to  the  eight-hour 
day  was  settled  by  an  award  of  a  special  committee  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense.  This  award  necessitated  the  revision  of  several 
hundred  then  existing  agreements  between  the  150  or  more  railroads 
represented  on  the  National  Conference  Committee  and  the  four 
labor  organizations.  Immediately  upon  the  acceptance  of  the  award, 
the  Conference  Committee  and  the  four  organizations  entered  into  a 
further  agreement  to  create  a  standing  commission  of  eight  members, 
four  to  be  chosen  by  the  National  Conference  Committee  and  four 
by  the  railroad  brotherhoods,  to  pass  upon  the  application  of  the 
award  to  the  agreements  on  the  individual  roads.  This  was  known 
as  the  Commission  of  Eight.  It  was  intentionally  composed  of  an 
even  number  of  members  from  each  side,  and  a  majority  decision  was 
to  be  binding.  In  every  instance,  however,  the  action  of  the  com- 
mission on  matters  before  it  was  unanimous.  The  commission  met 
first  in  May,  1917,  and  held  sessions  until  March  23.  1918,  when  it 
was  superseded  by  the  Railway  Board  of  Adjustment  No.  1. 

COMMISSION  FOR  RELIEF  IN  BELGIUM. 

Formed  in  London,  October  22,  1914,  growing  out  of  a  meeting  of 
American  engineers  and  business  men  resident  in  Brussels  and  Lon- 
don. The  relief  work  was  carried  on  with  the  approval  of  the  Ger- 
man and  allied  governments.  Subscriptions  in  America,  in  England, 
and  in  the  other  allied  countries  amounted  to  millions  of  dollars 
monthly,  while  the  French  and  British  Governments  advanced  to  the 
commission  $7,000,000  monthly  in  the  form  of  a  loan.  Up  to  the  time 
of  the  entry  of  the  United  States  into  the  war,  the  commission  had 
obtained  some  $250,000,000  worth  of  food  and  clothing  (amounting 
in  quantity  to  two  and  one-half  million  tons)  and  had  sent  it  into 
Belgium  and  into  northern  France.  Only  about  $30,000,000  of  this 
sum  came  from  private  subscriptions,  and  of  this  the  United  States 
contributed  $10,000,000,  Avhile  the  commission  expended  $125,000,000 
in  the  United  States  for  foodstuffs  and  other  supplies.  Some 
7,000,000  Belgians  and  3,000,000  French  were  fed  through  the  efforts 
of  the  commission.  Cooperating  with  this  organization  was  the  Bel- 
gian National  Relief  Committee.  There  was  a  series  of  communal, 
regional,  provincial,  district,  and  national  committees,  associated 
with  which  were  hundreds  of  special  committees  supervising  various 
special  lines  of  benevolent  activity  and  more  or  less  closely  affiliated 
with  the  official  series  and  controlled  by  it.  The  American  commis- 
sion was  independent  of  all  these  but  had  representatives  on  the 
national  and  provincial  committees  and  many  of  the  special  com- 
mittees, and  handed  over  to  these  under  proper  control  and  con- 
tinuous supervision  the  foodstuffs  imported.  There  were  never  more 
than  40  American  commission  workers,  but  some  40,000  Belgian  and 
10,000  French  men  and  women  aided  in  the  detailed  distribution  of 
supplies.  Herbert  C.  Hoover,  chairman. 

COMMITTEE   OF   ELEVEN,  COMMISSION  ON   TRAINING   CAMP  ACTIVITIES, 
WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Formed  to  represent  the  seven  organizations  cooperating  in  the 
United  War  Work  campaign  September  4,  1918.  It  settled  matters 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.          81 

pertaining  to  interrelationship  or  joint  procedure  of  the  National 
War  Work  Council  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  War 
Work  Council  of  the  National  Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association,  National  Catholic  War  Council  (Knights  of  Colum- 
bus), Jewish  Welfare  Board,  War  Camp  Community  Service,  Ameri- 
can Library  Association,  and  Salvation  Army,  and  settled  questions 
between  these  seven  cooperating  societies  and  the  Secretary  of  War, 
upon  invitation,  on  matters  which  involved  duplication  in  expendi- 
tii^e  of  money  and  effort  at  home  and  abroad.  The  members  were: 
George  W.  Perkins  and  Dr.  John  R.  Mott,  for  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association;  Mrs.  Henry  P.  Davison,  for  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association ;  John  G.  Agar  and  James  T.  Phelan, 
for  the  Knights  of  Columbus;  Mortimer  L.  Schiff,  for  the  Jewish 
Welfare  Board;  Myron  T.  Herrick,  for  the  War  Camp  Community 
Service ;  Frank  A.  Vanderlip,  for  the  American  Library  Association ; 
George  G.  Battle,  for  the  Salvation  Army.  John  D.  Rockefeller,  jr., 
chairman,  and  Cleveland  H.  Dodge,  treasurer,  of  the  Great  Union 
Drive  for  New  York  City.  Raymond  B.  Fosdick,  chairman  of  the 
committee;  John  R.  Motf,  acting  chairman. 

COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Created  April  14,  1917,  by  Executive  order,  with  the  Secretaries  of 
State,  War,  and  Navy  as  members,  and  George  Creel,  chairman.  It 
was  supported  out  of  the  Executive  fund  during  the  first  year  of  its 
existence,  and  was  discontinued  gradually  after  December  15,  1918. 
It  served  as  a  central  agency  for  releasing  news  of  Government  activi- 
ties, and  as  directing  agency  for  educational  work  for  the  support  of 
morale  in  the  United  States,  and  allied  and  neutral  countries.  It 
did  most  of  its  work  through  its  Divisions  of  Advertising,  Civic  and 
Educational  Cooperation,  Distribution,  Films,  Foreign  Educational 
Work,  Foreign  Language  Newspapers,  Foreign  Picture  Service,  For- 
eign Press  Bureau,  Foreign  Press-Cable  Service,  Foreign  Section, 
Four  Minute  Men,  Industrial  Relations,  News,  Official  U.  S.  Bul- 
letins, Pictorial  Publicity,  Pictures,  Reference,  Service  Bureau, 
Speaking,  Syndicate  Features,  Women's  War  Work. 

COMMITTEE   ON   SPECIAL   WAR   ACTIVITIES,   NATIONAL   CATHOLIC   WAK 
COUNCIL. 

This  committee  constituted  a  directing  and  coordinating  body  for 
the  work  of  the  following  standing  committees:  Finance,  Women's 
Activities,  Men's  Activities,  Chaplains'  Aid  and  Literature,  Catholic 
Interests.  Reconstruction,  After- War  Activities,  Historical  Records 
of  Catholic  War  Activities.  Rev.  John  J.  Burke  was  chairman  of 
the  committee. 

COMMODITIES    STATISTICS    SECTION,    PLANNING    AND    STATISTICS    DIVI- 
SION, WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  July  1,  1918.  It  had  the  twofold  function  of  acting  both  as 
agent  and  clearing  house  for  the  Commodity  Sections.  After  No- 
vember 11,  1918,  the  force  of  the  section  was  put  on  three  lines  of 
work:  (1)  Prices  in  war  time,  under  the  Price  Section,  which  on  De- 
cember 31, 1918,  was  transferred  to  the  War  Trade  Board;  (2)  report 
127232—19 6 


82          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

for  the  peace  conference,  which  was  completed  in  eight  volumes  by 
Dr.  Wolman,  the  first  copy  delivered  December  20,  1918,  for  trans- 
mission to  Paris;  (3)  study  of  the  labor  situation.  The  section,  in 
cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Labor,  began  to  issue  Weekly 
Reports  on  Labor  Conditions,  and  established  about  November  30,  a 
new  section,  Industrial  Conditions,  which  was  later  transferred  to 
the  War  Trade  Board,  where  until  July  1,  1919,  it  issued  a  weekly 
bulletin  on  labor  conditions  throughout  the  country.  J.  L.  Coulter, 
chief,  succeeded  November  1  by  Leo  Wolman. 

COMMODITY     SECTION,     EXTERNAL     RELATIONS     BRANCH,     PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918. '  It  was  the  duty  of  this  section  to 
supervise,  coordinate,  and  direct  the  work  of  the  Army  Commodity 
Committees  and  of  the  Army  representatives  in  the  commodity  sec- 
tions of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  section  was  disbanded  im- 
mediately after  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  Ma j .  H.  R.  Hayes,  chief. 

COMMUNICATIONS     BRANCH,     ADMINISTRATIVE      DIVISION,      CtUARTER- 
MASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  June  12,  1918,  to  receive  and  transmit  all  telegraphic  and 
cable  dispatches  to  and  from  the  Quartermaster  General,  and  to  have 
general  charge  of  the  office.  It  was  abolished  October  28,  1918.  Maj. 
G.  W.  Hicks,  chief. 

COMMUNICATIONS,  INTERDEPARTMENTAL  COMMITTEE  ON. 

This  committee  was  formed  pursuant  to  letters  from  the  Acting 
Secretary  of  State  to  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  dated  July  24,  1918,  suggesting  that  the  War  and  Navy 
Departments  join  with  the  Department  of  State  in  creating  a  com- 
mittee to  consider  the  cable  situation  with  special  reference  to 
improving  cable  communication  with  Japan  and  China  across  the 
Pacific  which  had  become  inadequate.  The  committee  was  organ- 
ized, and  included  Breckenridge  Long,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of 
State,  chairman;  Maj.  Gen.  George  O.  Squier,  Chief  Signal  Officer, 
United  States  Army ;  Capt.  D.  W.  Todd,  director  of  naval  communi- 
cations, United  States  Navy ;  and  Walter  S.  Rogers,  of  the  Committee 
on  Public  Information.  While  originally  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
improving  cable  service  with  China  and  Japan,  the  scope  of  the  com- 
mittee's investigations  was  extended  to  include  submarine  cables  in 
general.  Its  principal  task  was  to  speed  up  the  transmission  of  mes- 
sages. This  involved  considerations  of  a  technical  character,  and  a 
special  subcommittee  was  accordingly  formed,  including  eminent 
scientists  and  engineers,  which  proceeded  to  gather  the  necessary 
data  and  then  submitted  a  preliminary  report,  making  certain  recom- 
mendations for  technical  improvements  which  would  greatly  facili- 
tate the  transmission  of  messages  by  submarine  cable.  On  January 
25,  1919,  when  the  Interdepartmental  Committee  submitted  its  pre- 
liminary report,  its  recommendations  had  not  yet  been  put  into  effect. 

COMMUNITY  LABOR  BOARDS,  FEDERAL. 

Organized  by  the  United  States  Employment  Service  to  assist  in 
recruiting  and  distributing  unskilled  labor  for  war  work  after 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  Otf  THE  WAK  OF  1917.          83 

August  1,  1918.  The  boards  were  organized  in  industrial  communi- 
ties, the  locations  and  boundaries  of  which  were  determined  by  State 
Organization  Committees.  They  were  composed  of  three  members, 
representing,  respectively,  labor,  employers,  and  the  United  States 
Employment  Service.  In  September,  1918,  provision  was  made  for 
the  selection  of  two  women  members,  representing  labor  and  employ- 
ers. The  board  had  general  jurisdiction  over  the  recruiting  and 
distributing  of  labor  in  its  locality,  utilizing  the  services  of  the 
United  States  Public  Service  Keserve  and  the  United  States  Employ- 
ment Service.  In  December,  1918,  there  were  1,580  boards  in  opera- 
tion. After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  they  took  the  initiative  in 
organizing  Bureaus  for  Returning  Soldiers  and  Sailors. 

COMMUNITY    ORGANIZATION    BRANCH,    INDUSTRIAL    SERVICE    SECTION, 
ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  the  latter  part  of  1917.  It  directed  social  welfare  work 
in  communities  where  large  ordnance  industrial  housing  projects 
were  undertaken  and  made  provision  for  adequate  school,  church,  and 
recreation  facilities.  F.  C.  Butler,  chief. 

COMPENSATION  BOARD,  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

On  March  11,  1918,  the  commision  named  a  committee,  consisting 
of  Commissioners  Edgar  E.  Clark,  Balthasar  H.  Meyer,  Henry  C. 
Hall,  and  George  W.  Anderson,  to  assist  the  staff  of  the  Director 
General  of  Railroads  in  making  contracts  for  the  compensation  to 
be  paid  carriers  under  Federal  control.  On  April  6  the  commission 
organized  the  Compensation  Board,  consisting  of  A.  G.  Hagerty 
(chairman),  C.  V.  Burnside,  J.  W.  Carmatt,  T.  W.  Sweeney,  and 
D.  E.  Brown.  This  board  was  authorized  to  report  to  the  committee 
on  contracts  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration. 

COMPENSATION  BOARD,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  July  24,  1917,  to  consider  and  decide  all  questions 
under  the  rifle  and  ammunition  contracts  entered  into  by  the  Small 
Arms  Division  with  the  several  manufacturers.  On  December  24, 
1918,  the  members  of  this  board  were  appointed  as  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment Claims  Board.  Col.  T.  L.  Ames,  chairman. 

COMPENSATION    AND    CONTRACTS,    COMMITTEE    ON;    DIVISION    OF    LAW, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointed  July  15,  1918.  The  committee  included  two  represen- 
tatives from  the  Division  of  Law  and  one  each  from  the  Divisions 
of  Operation  and  of  Public  Service  and  Accounting.  It  was  the  duty 
of  the  committee  to  consider  and  make  recommendations  concerning 
petitions  of  relinquished  roads  to  be  taken  under  Federal  control, 
and  to  recommend  what  compensation  should  be  paid  to  each  rail- 
road under  Federal  control,  as  well  as  any  necessary  modifications  in 
the  form  of  contract  between  the  Railroad  Administration  and  the 
carriers.  Charles  B.  Eddy,  chairman. 

COMPETITIVE    BOARD,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD    EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  on  June  2,  1918,  to 
decide  upon  awards  and  determine  the  giving  of  service  badges  to 


84          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

shipyard  employees,  gold  and  silver  medals  for  distinguished  service 
of  any  sort  to  individuals  connected  with  the  shipbuilding  industry, 
and  honor  pennants  to  individual  shipbuilding  plants.  The  board 
was  composed  of  four  members  chosen  to  make  impartial  decisions, 
and  was  governed  by  the  rules  of  the  War  Badge  Board  in  awarding 
service  badges.  A  committee  on  awards  decided  each  month  the  win- 
ners in  the  contest  bet\vcen  che  shipbuilding  plants.  Rear  Admiral 
F.  F.  Fletcher  was  chairman  of  both  the  board  and  the  committee. 

COMPOSITION  ROOFING  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  R.  L.  Humphreys,  chief  of  Building  Materials  Sec- 
tion, War  Industries  Board,  June  12,  1918.  The  committee  was  the 
point  of  contact  of  the  industry  with  the  War  Industries  Board  and 
kept  the  industry  advised  as  to  rulings  and  demands  that  were  made 
upon  it  by  the  Government.  Herbert  Abraham,  chairman.  . 

COMPTROLLER  OF  THE  CURRENCY. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  as  a  part  of  the  administration  to 
supervise  the  operation  of  the  national  banking  system  created  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  to  supervise  the  organization  and  operation  of 
national  banks.  The  office  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  is 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  but  reports 
are  made  directly  to  Congress.  The  chief  duties  of  the  office  are  to 
supervise  the  preparation,  issue,  and  redemption  of  bank  notes,  to 
maintain  a  system  of  adequate  bank  examinations,  and  to  enforce 
the  national  bank  laws.  With  the  creation  of  the  Federal  reserve 
system  the  powers  of  the  comptroller  over  national  bank  notes  were 
extended  to  the  new  Federal  reserve  notes  and  Federal  reserve  bank 
notes,  and  the  comptroller  was  made  an  ex-officio  member  of  the 
Federal  Reserve  Board.  The  war  increased  the  responsibility  of 
the  comptroller's  office  in  amount,  the  large  expansion  in  currency 
and  the  closer  relations  of  the  banks  to  the  Government  increasing 
the  importance  of  effective  supervision.  During  the  war  the  office 
has  been  held  by  John  Skelton  Williams.  In  addition  to  his  posi- 
tion as  comptroller  and  as  member  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board, 
Mr.  Williams  served  as  a  member  of  the  Capital  Issues  Committee 
and  as  director  of  the  Division  of  Finances  and  Purchases  of  the 
Railroad  Administration,  and  as  treasurer  of  the  American  National 
Red  Cross. 

COMPTROLLER  OF  THE  TREASURY,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

An  official  of  the  Treasury  Department,  charged  with  the  super- 
vision and  revision  of  all  public  accounts,  settled  by  the  six  auditors 
of  the  Treasury  Department,  with  the  construction  of  statutes  in- 
volving disbursement  of  public  money,  and  with  the  countersigning 
of  warrants  signed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  The  responsi- 
bilities of  the  office  were  increased  by  the  volume  and  character  of 
war-time  expenditures.  The  comptroller  during  the  period  of  the 
war  was  W.  W.  Warwick. 

COMPTROLLER'S  OFFICE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Finance  Division,  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          85 
CONCILIATION,  DIVISION  OF;    DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

See  Labor  Adjustment  Service,  Department  of  Labor. 

CONCILIATION,  JOINT  BOARD  OF. 

Authorized  in  March,  1919,  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board 
in  agreement  with  the  Internal  ional  Seamen's  Union  to  act  where- 
ever  complaints  and  controvr  -ies  should  arise  between  agents, 
managers,  or  operators  of  the  ;  :nited  States  Shipping  Board  and 
members  of  the  various  seamen':  unions  in  their  employ.  The  board 
was  composed  of  two  committees  of  three,  one  with  representatives 
from  the  Division  of  Operations  at  San  Francisco,  the  Waterfront 
Employers'  Union  at  San  Francisco,  and  the  managers  of  Shipping 
Board  vessels,  and  the  other  representing  the  Sailors'  Union,  the 
Marine  Firemen,  Oilers'  and  Watertenders'  Union,  and  the  Marine 
Cooks'  and  Stewards'  Union  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  All  complaints 
and  controversies  which  could  uot  be  adjusted  by  the  parties  im- 
mediately interested  were  referred  to  the  Joint  Board  of  Concilia- 
tion for  decision,  and  a  decision  by  the  majority  of  this  board  was 
deemed  final  and  conclusive.  When  no  majority  decision  was  reached 
by  the  board,  the  matter  could  be  referred  to  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  at  Washington  by  either  party  for  final  decision. 

CONCRETE  MIXERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  IT,  1918,  with  C.  F.  Lang  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  manufacturers  of  concrete  mixers. 

CONCRETE  REINFORCEMENTS,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  reinforcing  bars  for  con- 
crete work.  One  of  its  principal  functions  was  to  see  that  the  various 
restrictions  and  rulings  laid  down  by  the  War  Industries  Board,  such 
as  concerned  construction  of  buildings  for  war  or  nonessential  pur- 
poses, were  strictly  carried  out.  The  committee  also  arranged  to 
maintain  stocks  at  principal  points  for  Government  use.  Specifica- 
tions for  steel  issued  by  Government  departments  were  changed  to 
conform  to  mill  practice.  John  F.  Havemeyer,  chairman. 

CONCRETE  SHIP  CONSTRUCTION  DEPARTMENT,  WOOD  SHIP  CONSTRUC- 
TION DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET 
CORPORATION. 

Organized  on  December  27,  1917,  to  investigate  the  possibilities 
of  using  concrete  for  shipbuilding.  It  took  over  the  organization  at 
the  Bureau  of  Standards  which,  until  then,  was  carrying  on  this 
work  for  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and  with  a  force  of 
34  men  began  the  work  of  experimentation,  investigation,  inspec- 
tion, and  designing  of  a  standard  type  ship  of  about  3,500  tons  dead- 
weight. On  June,  1918,  it  became  the  Concrete  Ship  Section  of 
the  Steel  Ship  Construction  Division.  R.  J.  Wig,  head. 

CONDENSED  AND  EVAPORATED  MILK  PACKERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  This  com- 
mittee allocated  the  orders  for  Government  uses  and  distributed  the 


86  HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

rules  and  regulations  that  applied  to  their  industry.     Charles  S. 
Parsons,  chairman. 

CONDENSER  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  20,  1918,  by  the  Electrical  and  Power  Equip- 
ment Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  committee  took  up 
the  rearrangement  of  the  schedule  for  the  manufacture  of  condensers 
to  fit  the  turbine  situation  and  the  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  surface 
condensers  and  brass  condenser  tubes  except  for  Government  con- 
tracts and  special  orders.  J.  J.  Brown,  chairman. 

CONFECTIONERY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  October,  1917,  by  the  National  Confectioners'  Asso- 
ciation of  the  United  States.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the 
United  States  Fuel  Administration  in  the  restriction  of  nonessentials 
and  with  the  War  Department  in  the  securing  of  candy  for  canton- 
ments and  oversea  shipment.  Y.  L.  Price,  chairman. 

CONFERENCE  COMMITTEE  OF  FIVE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

This  committee  was  provided  for  at  a  Marine  Conference  held  in 
Washington  from  April  29  to  May  4,  1918,  at  which  were  present 
delegates  representing  shipowners  and  employees  from  every  section 
of  the  country.  Tt  was  made  up  of  five  members,  representing  em- 
ployers, employees,  and  the  Shipping  Board.  It  held  periodic  meet- 
ings for  the  purpose  of  advising  the  Shipping  Board  in  regard  to 
the  various  problems  connected  with  the  supply  and  living  conditions 
of  seamen.  Robert  P.  Bass,  the  Shipping  Board  representative,  was 
chairman  of  the  committee. 

CONFERENCE  COMMITTEE  OF  NATIONAL  LABOR  ADJUSTMENT  AGENCIES. 

Created  by  a  resolution  adopted  by  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board 
at  its  meeting  on  September  20,  1918.  It  was  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives of  governmental  wage- ad  justing  agencies.  Its  purpose- 
was  to  promote  the  standardization  of  wTages  and  working  conditions 
in  the  adjustments  by  the  various  agencies.  Each  agency  retained 
the  final  right  to  make  its  awards  as  it  saw  fit,  but  it  first  had  the 
benefit  of  the  counsel  of  the  associate  agencies  as  to  how  the  changes 
in  standards  proposed  might  affect  conditions  in  other  fields  of  labor. 

CONFIDENTIAL  MATTERS  AND  LOGISTIC  RECORDS  SECTION,  LOGISTICS 
AND  FUEL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

A  permanent  section  of  the  Logistics  and  Fuel  Division  which  had 
charge  of  the  handling  of  all  confidential  matters  for  the  Bureau  of 
Supplies  and  Accounts,  and  the  maintenance  and  preparation  of 
logistics  reports.  Lieut.  P.  C.  Moraii,  chief. 

CONFIDENTIAL  RECORDS  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918.  It  was  discontinued  as  a  separate  branch 
May  25.  1918,  and  was  made  a  section  of  the  Administrative  Control 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          87 

Branch,  Administrative  Division.     H.  A.  Allen  and  H.  F.  Davis 
served  as  chief. 

CONSERVATION    BRANCH,    SUPPLIES    DIVISION,    QUARTERMASTER    GEN- 
ERAL. 

Established  October  5,  1917,  to  take  charge  of  all  matters  relating 
to  the  conservation  of  food  and  other  supplies.  The  branch  was  dis- 
continued and  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Conservation  Divi- 
sion on  November  8,  1917. 

CONSERVATION,  BUREAU  OF,  ADMINISTRATION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  October,  1917,  to  take  up  all  means  of  conservation 
by  which  fuel  might  be  saved,  thus  increasing  the  amount  of  coal 
available  for  essential  war  industries.  The  work  consisted  of  a 
series  of  campaigns  which  functioned  through  the  State  adminis- 
trators. The  use  of  wood  for  fuel  was  advocated  and  in  some 
States  corporations  were  formed  to  supply  wood  to  householders. 
The  "lightless  night"  order  was  issued  November  7,  1917,  which 
provided  for  the  elimination  of  white  ways  and  large  electric  dis- 
play signs  during  certain  hours.  This  was  later  suspended  and  then 
issued  again  in  a  new  order.  Pamphlets  were  circulated  on  the  best 
means  of  burning  coal  in  the  home,  and  demonstrations  were  held 
in  many  cities  to  show  the  best  methods  of  operating  furnaces. 
Power-plant  inspection  was  undertaken  in  a  general  attempt  at  the 
conservation  of  power  and  light.  The  skip-stop  on  electric  roads, 
economy  in  artificial  ice  manufacturing,  elimination  of  uneconomical 
and  isolated  plants  and  duplication  of  power  systems,  and  the 
utilization  of  excess  water  power  were  the  main  subdivisions  under 
the  power-plant  inspection  scheme.  Three  groups  of  engineers  com- 
prised the  field  force  of  the  bureau.  The  fuel  engineering  group 
took  care  of  methods  of  using  coal  in  steam-power  plants ;  the  power 
and  light  group  effected  economies  in  plants  after  the  power  had 
been  created ;  the  industrial  furnace  group  was  concerned  with  those 
plants  which  used  fuel  directly  for  manufacturing.  The  restriction 
of  nonessential  industries  was  begun  January  9,  1918,  when  restric- 
tions were  made  in  the  allowance  of  fuel  to  box  board  manufac- 
turers. The  restrictions  affected  manufacturers  of  clay-products, 
musical  instruments,  florists,  private  yachts,  country  clubs,  pleasure 
cars,  and  malt  liquors.  These  restrictions  were  made  after  confer- 
ences with  manufacturers,  although  in  some  cases  the  restrictions 
were  voluntary.  Pierrepont  B.  Noyes,  director. 

CONSERVATION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  the  voluntary  Food  Administration  in  May,  1917. 
This  division  was  the  center  for  practically  all  activities  during  the 
days  of  its  preliminary  organization.  A  wide-spread  educational 
campaign  was  conducted  through  the  press,  schools,  public  meetings, 
etc.,  in  order  to  bring  the  lesson  of  conservation  to  the  people  of  the 
country.  The  main  objects  of  the  campaigns  were  to  prevent  waste 
and  to  bring  about  an  intelligent  understanding  of  the  need  of  food- 
stuffs for  export.  A  conservation  director  in  each  State  handled 


88          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

these  problems  for  the  State.  The  net  result  of  the  propaganda  and 
education  was  to  bring  about  a  clear  understanding  of  the  needs  of 
food  conservation  and  a  cheerful  carrying  out  of  all  rules  and 
regulations.  Dr.  H.  L.  Wilbur  was  director  of  the  division. 

CONSERVATION  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

See  Salvage  Division,  Director  of  Storage,  Purchase  and  Storage. 

CONSERVATION  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

On  May  9,  1918,  the  work  of  the  Commercial  Economy  Board  was 
transferred  to  the  Conservation  Division,  War  Industries  Board, 
under  the  same  chairman,  A.  W.  Shaw.  Its  function  was  defined  as 
"the  studious  conservation  of  resources  and  facilities  by  means  of 
scientific,  commercial,  and  industrial  economies."  The  division  car- 
ried on  the  same  work  as  that  initiated  by  the  Commercial  Economy 
Board  and  added  functions  bearing  upon  the  following:  curtail- 
ment of  retail  deliveries;  maximum  reduction  in  number  of  styles 
and  varieties,  sizes,  colors,  or  finishes;  substitution  of  materials 
which  are  plentiful  for  those  that  are  scarce;  economy  in  samples, 
in  box  or  carton  containers,  and  in  packing  to  save  space.  The  work 
of  the  division  was  turned  over  to  the  Department  of  Commerce 
January  1,  1919. 

CONSERVATION    AND    RECLAMATION    BRANCH,    QUARTERMASTER    GEN- 
ERAL. 

See  Salvage  Division,  Director  of  Storage,  Purchase  and  Storage. 

CONSERVATION    AND    RECLAMATION    DIVISION,    QUARTERMASTER    GEN- 
ERAL. 

See  Salvage  Division,  Director  of  Storage,  Purchase  and  Storage, 

CONSOLIDATED  CLASSIFICATION,  COMMITTEE   ON;    DIVISION   OF  TRAFFIC, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  committee  was  officially  organized,  effective  January  1,  1919. 
by  an  order  dated  January  30.  Its  purpose  was  to  study  carefully 
the  systems  of  freight  classification  in  force  in  the  three  Territories 
and  the  various  States,  with  the  idea  of  making  recommendations 
concerning  their  standardization.  In  this  way  it  was  hoped  to  elim- 
inate confusion  arising  from  the  many  different  ratings  and  classifi- 
cations in  price  throughout  the  country,  together  with  resulting 
overcharges  and  claims.  R.  C.  Fyfe,  of  the  Western  Classification 
Committee,  was  made  chairman,  while  the  committee  also  included 
in  its  personnel  representatives  from  the  Official  and  Southern  Classi- 
fication Committees. 

CONSTRUCTION  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Created  May  24,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  all  operations  in  the  field 
and  all  relations  between  the  Cantonment  Division  and  the  con- 
tractors and  between  the  Cantonment  Division  and  the  constructing 
quartermaster  at  the  several  cantonments.  This  branch  was  divided 
into  two  sections,  one  under  Lieut.  Col.  Philander  Betts.  having 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.          89 

charge  of  additions  and  extensions  to  camps  and  cantonments,  the 
other  having  supervision  over  post  terminals,  supply  depots,  in 
charge  of  Lieut.  Col.  W.  R.  Roberts.  The  branch  was  later  divided 
into  five  construction  sections,  the  Protection  and  Investigation  Sec- 
tion, and  Government  Equipment  and  Material  Section.  Col.  M.  J. 
Whitson,  chief. 

CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  May  19,  1917,  as  Cantonment  Division,  Quartermaster 
Corps,  to  take  charge  of  the  work  of  construction  of  cantonments  and 
camps.  The  work  had  two  phases :  Extensions  to  existing  posts  and 
housing  of  Regular  Army;  construction  of  National  Guard  camps 
and  National  Army  cantonments.  The  division  was  divided  into 
Engineer,  Material,  Construction,  and  Accounting  Subdivisions. 
Close  cooperation  was  maintained  with  the  General  Munitions  Board 
and  the  Committee  on  Emergency  Construction  and  Engineering,  the 
selection  of  contractors  being  left  in  the  hands  of  this  committee. 
The  work  of  construction  began  June  20,  1917,  and  on  September  1, 

1917,  the  National  Army  cantonments  were  ready  for  men.    On  Oc- 
tober 5,  1917,  the  Secretary  of  War  placed  all  emergency  building 
construction  under  the  Cantonment  Division,  which  included  mu- 
nition plants,  proving  grounds,  aviation  fields,  port  terminals,  and 
interior   depots.     The   Construction   and   Repair   Division   of   the 
Quartermaster  Corps  was  consolidated  with  the  Cantonment  Di- 
vision on  October  10,  1917.    On  March  13,  1918,  it  became  known  as 
the  Construction  Division  of  the  Army.    During  1918  the  Construc- 
tion Division  was  engaged  in  building  additions  to  National  Army 
cantonments,  in  improving  water  facilities,  methods  of  sewage  dis- 
posal, and  hospital  facilities,  and  in  building  new  camps  for  special 
training.    Brig.  Gen.  I.  W.  Littell  was  in  charge  until  February  18, 

1918,  when  he  was  relieved  by  Brig.  Gen.  R.  C.  Marshall,  jr. 

CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND 
TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

This  division  took  charge  of  the  letting  of  contracts,  purchase  of 
materials,  and  construction  of  the  projects  of  the  United  States  Hous- 
ing Corporation.  Contractors  who  wished  to  bid  on  the  corporation's 
projects  were  required  to  fill  out  questionnaires.  Based  on  data  gath- 
ered from  this  and  other  sources,  lists  of  competent  and  responsible 
contractors  were  compiled.  Firms  appearing  on  the  list  were  invited 
to  bid  for  the  contracts,  which  were  let  on  a  basis  of  cost  plus  a  fixed 
fee.  Materials  were  purchased  by  the  division  through  the  Construc- 
tion Division  of  the  Army.  A  works  superintendent,  appointed  by 
the  division,  was  in  charge  of  the  actual  construction;  a  traveling 
supervisor,  who  had  jurisdiction  over  all  projects  in  a  given  district, 
a  cost-reports  engineer,  and  a  field  auditor  from  the  Fiscal  Division, 
were  other  representatives  of  the  corporation  on  the  project.  The 
labor  requirements  were  handled  \y  the  Industrial  Relations  Division. 
The  division  was  subdivided  into  the  Contract,  Cost  Reports 
Engineering,  Materials  Procurement,  Powder  Plants,  and  Repair 
Branches.  Daniel  T.  Webster,  manager  until  March  15,  1919;  suc- 
ceeded by  William  C.  Lewis. 


90          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

CONSTRUCTION    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF   YARDS    AND    DOCKS,    NAVY   DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Its  functions  included  the  awarding  and  supervision  of  all  contracts 
for  Navy  construction  ashore;  procuring  priorities  and  allocations  of 
material ;  expediting  the  production  and  delivery  of  construction  ma- 
terials; approving  final  and  reservation  vouchers;  and  closing  of  con- 
tracts. Subordinate  to  the  division  were  the  Inspection  Office  and  the 
Plans  Division.  George  R.  Kurrie,  chief. 

CONSTRUCTION,  DIVISION  OF;    UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Established,  with  Admiral  F.  T.  Bowles  as  head,  August  10,  1917. 
Its  jurisdiction,  as  defined  in  Circular  Letter  13,  on  August  20,  1917, 
included  general  commandeering,  operation  of  commandeered  ship- 
yards, a  technical  department,  inspection  and  production  of  ships,  and 
industrial  service.  On  December  5,  1917,  the  division  was  separated 
into  a  Division  of  Steel  Ship  Construction,  under  Admiral  Bowles, 
manager,  and  a  Division  of  Wood  Ship  Construction,  under  J.  O. 
Heyworth.  These  two  divisions  were  again  united  on  January  16, 
1919,  in  the  Ship  Construction  Division. 

CONSTRUCTION  SECTION,  SUPPLY  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

It  was  the  function  of  the  Construction  Section  to  provide  building, 
transportation,  terminal  facilities,  and  equipment  for  the  handling 
and  storage  of  ordnance  supplies.  At  one  time  or  another  the  section 
functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Building,  Finance, 
Rental,  Design,  Executive,  Inspection,  Cost  Accounting,  Field  Depot, 
Finance  and  Rental,  and  Design  and  Building.  Maj.  J.  C.  Heckman, 
chief,  succeeded  by  Maj.  Munoz. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR  BRANCH,  QUARTERMASTER  CORPS. 

Created  before  the  declaration  of  war  and  having  charge  of  con- 
struction and  repair  in  Army  posts  and  stations.  It  continued  these 
activities  until  October  10,  1917,  when  it  was  transferred  to  the 
Cantonment  Division  as  its  Maintenance  and  Repair  Branch.  Maj. 
C.  O.  Zollars,  chief. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR,  BUREAU  OF;  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization  of  the  Navy  Department.  It  was 
responsible  for  the  design,  construction,  and  maintenance  of  all  ships 
built  for  the  Navy  and  the  equipment  pertaining  to  such  ships.  It 
also  had  charge  of  certain  shore  establishments,  including  navy 
yards,  naval  stations,  and  repair  bases  for  submarines  and  aircraft. 
The  bureau  performed  its  functions  through  the  following  divisions : 
Design,  Production,  Maintenance,  Contract,  Shore  Establishment, 
and  Supply.  Rear  Admiral  David  W.  Taylor,  chief  constructor  of 
the  Navy,  was  chief  of  the  bureau. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND   REPAIR  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

This  was  one  of  the  five  divisions  of  the  Office  of  the  Quarter- 
master General  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Its  function  was  to 
supervise  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps  the  planning,  construction, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          91 

and  repair  of  cantonments,  housing,  and  other  improvements.  It 
operated  through  the  following  branches :  Reservation,  Construction, 
Drafting,  Mechanical  Engineering,  Maintenance  and  Repair,  Mate- 
rials and  Transportation,  Auditing,  Central  Office  Service,  and  Mis- 
cellaneous. A  separate  division  of  the  Quartermaster  General's 
Office  was  authorized  May  19,  1917,  which  was  given  the  name  of 
Cantonment  Division.  To  this  new  organization  was  assigned  the 
work  of  construction  of  cantonments  and  camps.  On  October  10, 
1917.  the  Construction  and  Repair  Division  was  abolished  and  all 
of  its  functions  were  transferred  to  the  Cantonment  Division.  Col. 
I.  B.  Littell,  chief. 

CONTRABAND  COMMITTEE,  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Formed  February  14,  1918.  Its  functions  were  to  issue,  withhold, 
or  refuse  export  licenses,  and  to  expedite  action  upon  licenses.  It 
was  dissolved  during  October,  1918.  Charles  A.  Richards,  who  had 
previously  been  director  of  the  Bureau  of  Exports,  was  chairman. 

CONTRACT  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL 
HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORA- 
TION, DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  branch  kept  the  records  of  all  questionnaires  sent  to  con- 
tractors prior  to  inviting  them  to  bid  on  United  States  Housing  Cor- 
poration projects.  It  filed  the  information  received,  prepared  con- 
tract forms,  and  filed  all  records  pertaining  to  contracts.  H. 
McLaren,  chief. 

CONTRACT  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR,  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

The  Contract  Division  had  charge  of  all  legal  questions  coming 
before  the  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair.  It  cooperated  with 
the  Design  Division  in  the  preparation  of  circulars  and  contracts  for 
new  vessels.  The  head  of  this  division  was  the  representative  of  the 
bureau  in  all  matters  connected  with  the  Compensation  Board  and 
passed  on  the  necessity  for  plant  extensions,  in  cooperation  with  the 
Production  Division.  Capt.  J.  H.  Linnard,  chief. 

CONTRACT  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

When  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  was  first  organized,  all 
the  work  pertaining  to  the  negotiation  of  contracts  was  carried  on 
through  a  Committee  on  Contracts  under  the  supervision  of  Chair- 
man S.  L.  Fuller.  This  committee  was  redesignated,  August  20, 
1917,  as  the  Contract  Division,  and  its  jurisdiction  was  extended  to 
include  the  Examination  and  Negotiation,  the  Credit,  and  the  Prog- 
ress Departments.  The  activities  of  the  division  comprised:  The 
investigation  and  negotiation  of  contracts  for  the  construction  and 
equipping  of  ships,  dry  docks,  and  marine  railways ;  the  preparation 
of  recommendations  to  the  corporation  as  to  the  acceptance,  rejec- 
tion, or  modification  of  contracts ;  the  handling  of  matters  of  transfer 
or  register  and  applications  for  permits  to  construct  ships  for  private 
or  foreign  account.  This  work  continued  under  the  control  of  the 
division  until  October  9,  1918,  when  the  Division  of  Transfer  and 


92          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

Private  Construction  was  created.  By  October  1,  1918,  the  division 
had  negotiated  495  contracts  for  a  total  of  2,298  ships,  aggregating 
14,119,130  dead-weight  tons,  and  including  cargo  carriers,  tankers, 
troopships,  barges,  tugs,  and  refrigerator  and  hospital  ships.  Capt. 
E.  Snow,  the  first  manager  of  the  division,  was  appointed  September 
4,  1917,  followed  on  September  24,  1917,  by  Capt.  G.  S.  Radford,  who 
held  office  until  the  appointment  of  J.  Y.  Underwood,  March  1,  1918. 
He  in  turn  was  followed  by  M.  D.  Ferris,  June  1,  1918. 

CONTRACT   SECTION,   ADMINISTRATIVE   BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUI- 
PAGE DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  January  26,  1918,  with  the  following  subsections:  Labor 
Standards,  Credits  and  Finance,  Contracting,  and  Office  Service.  It- 
prepared  all  contracts  covering  purchases,  and  passed  on  credits  of 
contractors.  Henry  Ittleson.  chief. 

CONTRACT  SECTION,  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

As  it  existed  in  December,  1917,  this  section  was  responsible  for 
making  out  all  new  contract  forms  and  for  passing  on  all  contracts 
made  by  the  Equipment  Division  before  being  sent  out.  It  was  also 
responsible  for  the  adequate  enforcement  of  all  contracts  arranged 
by  the  division.  It  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of  the  Equipment 
Division  after  January  14,  1918.  Capt.  H.  R.  Lane,  chief. 

CONTRACT     SECTION,     PROCUREMENT     DIVISION,     ORDNANCE     DEPART- 
MENT; 

The  Contract  Section,  under  the  designation  of  the  Legal  Section, 
was  established  January  15,  1918,  the  name  being  changed  to  Con- 
tract Section  on  March  25,  1918,  with  no  change  of  function.  Tho 
section  was  really  a  consolidation  of  the  legal  sections  or  branches  of 
the  various  purchasing  and  procuring  divisions  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  prior  to  January  15,  1918.  Its  duties  consisted  in  the 
handling  of  all  legal  matters  connected  with  the  work  of  the  Procure- 
ment Division,  including  the  preparation  of  all  procurement  orders 
and  formal  contracts  in  accordance  with  the  terms  arranged  by  the 
negotiating  agencies  of  the  division.  It  advised  the  chief  of  the 
division  with  respect  to  all  changes  in  laws,  orders,  etc.,  affecting 
the  negotiation  of  orders,  and  also  supervised,  in  their  legal  aspects, 
all  alterations,  cancellations,  and  extensions  of  procurement  orders 
and  formal  contracts.  At  the  conclusion  of  hostilities  the  section 
was  functioning  through  the  Formal  Contract,  Requisitions,  Procure- 
ment Orders,  Form  Contract,  Examination,  Amendment  and  Can- 
cellation, Patents,  and  Office  Administration  Branches,  which  per- 
formed various  phases  of  the  work  described  above.  There  was  also 
an  Advisory  Council,  which  assisted  the  head  of  the  section  in  defin- 
ing policies  for  the  handling  of  special  kinds  of  work,  and  in  con- 
ferring with  contractors  and  in  assisting  negotiators  in  the  closing 
of  contracts.  Maj.  E.  A.  Hamilton  was  head  of  the  Legal  Section 
until  March  25,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  Ralph 
Crews,  as  head 'of  the  Contract  Section.  Maj.  Richard  H.  Hawkins 
became  head  of  the  section  on  December  10, 1918. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         93 

CONTRACT  SECTION,  PURCHASE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  AC- 
COUNTS, NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  April,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  the  preparation  and  dis- 
tribution of  contracts,  maintenance  of  records,  and  collaboration 
with  the  various  procurement  bureaus  and  sections  on  these  con- 
tracts. E.  W.  Smith,  chief. 

CONTRACT  SECTION,  SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC 
DIVISION. 

Established  about  January  25,  1919,  as  the  Legal  Section.  On 
March  6,  the  name  was  changed  to  Contract  Section.  It  compiled 
information  relating  to  the  drafting  of  contracts  covering  sales  made 
by  the  Director  of  Sales,  reviewed  all  contracts  relating  to  sales 
negotiated  by  his  office  or  by  other  departments  or  bureaus  under 
the  War  Department,  and  also  supervised  the  carrying  out  of  these 
contracts.  The  section  gave  advice  upon  all  legal  questions  arising 
in  connection  with  the  work  of  the  Director  of  iSales  and  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  preservation  of  all  executed  contracts.  Chief,  G.  H. 
Dorr,  appointed  March  6,  1917.  Maj.  L.  I.  Harvey  was  acting  chief 
after  May  16. 

CONTRACT  ADJUSTMENT,  BOARD  OF;   WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  board  of  officers  created  in  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic 
Division  on  November  6,  1918,  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
%i  to  hear  and  determine  claims,  doubts,  or  disputes,  including  all 
questions  of  performance  or  nonperformance,"  arising  under  any 
contract  made  by  the  War  Department.  Under  this  authority  it 
was  the  function  of  the  board  to  pass  upon  disputes  and  disagree- 
ments between  contractors  and  the  various  bureaus  concerning  the 
interpretation  and  settlement  of  contracts.  In  the  case  of  both  com- 
pleted contracts  and  contracts  terminated  after  the  armistice,  the 
board  acted  as  a  court  of  appeal  in  cases  of  awards  made  by  the 
bureau  claims  boards.  After  the  passage  of  the  act  of  March  2, 
1919,  providing  for  the  settlement  of  claims  growing  out  of  agree- 
ments not  executed  in  legal  form  the  War  Department  Board  of 
Claims  conferred  upon  the  Contract  Adjustment  Board  original 
jurisdiction  over  claims  arising  from  agreements  made  by  authority 
of  the  President  when  such  agreements  were  not  executed  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  law,  and  over  claims  arising  from  agreements 
made  by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War  when  such  agreements 
were  not  established  by  written  evidence.  The  membership  of  the 
board  was  as  follows:  Col.  C.  B.  Garnett  (chairman),  Col.  F.  C. 
Boggs,  Col.  H.  H.  Lehman,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H.  Carruth,  Lieut.  Col. 
Joseph  Fairbanks.  Lieut.  Col.  E.  A.  Hamilton,  and  Lieut.  Col.  E.  S. 
Malone. 

CONTRACT   ADJUSTMENT   BRANCH,    SETTLEMENTS    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR 
OF  FINANCE. 

Created  February  28,  1919,  to  pass  on  the  validity  of  contracts 
for  the  Director  of  Finance,  and  to  prepare  memoranda  and  opinions 
upon  claims,  adjustments,  and  settlement  of  contracts  and  payments 
under  contracts.  Capt,  R.  D.  Stephens,  chief  to  March  10,  1919, 
succeeded  by  Capt.  Horace  Van  Deventer. 


94          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

CONTEACT  EXAMINING  AND  RECORDS  BRANCH,  SETTLEMENTS  DIVISION, 
DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  February  28,  1919,  to  have  charge  of  the  examination  of 
contracts  and  bonds  to  determine  their  correctness  in  conformity 
with  laws,  regulations,  and  War  Department  rulings.  Maj.  W.  S. 
Griffin,  chief. 

CONTRACT   FILES   BRANCH,    FINANCE    AND    ACCOUNTS    DIVISION,    QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918,  as  the  Contract  Supervision  Branch  of  the 
Administrative  Division.  On  May  29,  1918,  it  was  transferred  to 
the  Finance  and  Accounts  Division,  and  on  June  14,  1918,  the  name 
was  changed  to  the  Contract  Files  Branch.  The  branch  checked 
all  contracts  to  see  that  they  conformed  to  legal  requirements  in 
form.  The  head  of  the  branch  was  Miss  Jessie  Dell.  She  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Lieut.  Col.  J.  Q.  A.  Brett. 

CONTRACT  AND   PURCHASING  BRANCH,   CONSERVATION   AND   RECLAMA- 
TION DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  and  known  successively  as  the  Con- 
trol and  Legal  Branch,  the'  Contract  Branch,  and  the  Contract  tind 
Purchasing  Branch.  Responsible  to  Reclamation  Division  prior  to 
April  22,  1918.  The  branch  supervised  the  purchase  of  the  necessary 
supplies  and  equipment  for  the  work  of  the  division.  It  was  abol- 
ished June  14, 1918.  R.  L.  Raymond,  chief. 

CONTRACTS     BRANCH,     ADMINISTRATIVE     DIVISION,     QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Established  prior  to  outbreak  of  war,  its  functions  being  indicated 
by  its  name.  It  was  abolished  January  26,  1918,  upon  the  re- 
organization of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General. 

CONTRACTS,    COMMITTEE    ON,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET   CORPORATION. 

See  Contract  Division,  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation. 

CONTRACTS  SECTION,  PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

See  War  Contracts  Section,  Planning  and  Statistics  DM* ion. 
War  Industries  Board. 

CONTRACTS   AND    CHARTERS    DEPARTMENT,    DIVISION    OF    OPERATIONS, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

This  department  had  charge  of  contracts,  recorded  and  checked 
all  freight  agreements,  charters,  and  other  obligations,  and  main- 
tained contact  with  the  comptroller  of  the  Division  of  Operations 
concerning  these  matters.  W.  S.  Houston  and  George  Heerbrandt 
successively  in  charge. 

CONTRACTS   AND   PURCHASE   BRANCH,   HARDWARE    AND    METALS    DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  July  IT,  1918.  The  branch  had  supervision  over  the 
preparation  and  approval  of  contracts  for  the  purchase  of  hard- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          95 

ware  and  metals.    This  branch  was  transferred  to  the  General  Sup- 
plies Division,  October  28,  1918.    Maj.  E.  A.  Darr,  chief. 

CONTEOI  BOARD,  DEPARTMENT   OF  MILITARY  AERONAUTICS. 

Created  May  21,  1918,  to  have  supervision  over  promotions  in  the 
Department  of  Military  Aeronautics  and  to  execute  the  function  of 
planning  and  of  the  determination  of  policies,  and  to  act  as  a  clear- 
ing board  for  matters  outside  the  jurisdiction  of  any  one  division 
requiring  joint  consideration.  Col.  M.  F.  Davis  was  president  of 
the  board,  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  W.  E.  Gillmore. 

CONTROL  OF  LABOR  STANDARDS  FOR  ARMY  CLOTHING,  BOARD  OF. 

Created  August  24,  1917,  by  an  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
following  the  recommendations  of  a  committee  of  investigation 
which  had  been  appointed  by  the  Secretary  about  August  1,  1917, 
co  report  on  conditions  in  the  garment  industry  affecting  the  mak- 
ing of  uniforms.  The  board  was  composed  of  Louis  E.  Kirstein, 
chairman;  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley,  and  Capt.  Walter  E.  Kruesi, 
Quartermaster  Corps,  who  had  also  formed  the  personnel  of  the 
Committee  of  Investigation.  The  board  was  authorized  to  establish 
standards  in  wages,  hours,  fire  hazards,  sanitary,  and  other  con- 
ditions in  establishments  producing  clothing  for  the  Army.  Its 
jurisdiction  was  later  extended  to  include  inspection  of  all  factories 
manufacturing  materials  for  the  Clothing  and  Equipage  Division 
of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General.  The  board  was  also 
charged  with  the  adjustment  of  labor  disputes  in  its  field  that  threat- 
ened to  interfere  with  the  delivery  of  completed  product.  Numer- 
ous adjustments  were  made  through  the  methods  of  mediation, 
investigation,  and  arbitration.  On  January  23,  1918,  the  board  was 
dissolved  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  its  work  was  con- 
tinued by  the  Administration  of  Labor  Standards,  a  department 
of  the  Industrial  Relations  Branch  of  the  Office  of  the  Quarter- 
master General.  Mr.  Kirstein  was  appointed  administrator.  He 
resigned  April  8,  1918,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  William  Z.  Ripley, 
of  Harvard  University.  The  activities  of  the  office  ^  terminated 
January  15,  1919.  Headquarters  were  in  New  York  City. 

COOPERAGE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  May  10,  1917,  at  a  convention  of  the  Associated  Coop- 
erage Industries  of  America.  The  committee  worked  through  the 
War  Industries  Board,  kept  the  trade  informed  of  rulings,  and 
formed  the  point  of  contact  for  the  industry  with  governmental 
agencies.  Walker  L.  Wellford,  chairman. 

COOPERATION  WITH  THE  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  COMMITTEE 
ON;    CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Organized  June  1,  1917.  The  committee  acted  in  an  advisory  ca- 
pacity, developing  cooperation  between  the  Council  and  industry. 
The  committee  was  enlarged  December  12,  1917,  and  became  known 
as  the  War  Committee,  which  was  in  turn  succeeded  by  the  War 
Service  Executive  Committee.  Waddill  Catchings,  chairman. 


96          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

COOPERATION  WITH  MILITARY  AUTHORITIES,  SPECIAL  COMMITTEE   ON 
AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  by  American  Railway  Association  upon  the  request  of 
the  Secretary  of  War.  On  October  26,  1915.  the  Secretary  of  War 
suggested  to  the  American  Railway  Association  that  a  committee  be 
appointed  to  cooperate  and  consult  with  the  War  Department  with 
reference  to  military  transportation.  The  executive  committee  of  the 
association  at  once  appointed  a  subcommittee  of  four  to  confer  with 
the  Secretary  of  War,  the  personnel  of  which  was  as  follows :  Fairfax 
Harrison,  chairman;  R.  H.  Aishton,  W.  G.  Besler,  and  A.  W.  Thomp- 
son. Later  the  subcommittee  came  to  be  known  as  the  Special  Com- 
mittee on  Cooperation  with  the  Military  Authorities.  Numerous 
conferences  were  held,  in  the  midst  of  which  orders  were  issued  for 
the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard,  June  18,  1916.  The  plan  of 
cooperation  which  had  been  worked  out  immediately  became  effective. 
Railroad  officials  were  placed  on  duty  at  the  various  mobilization 
camps,  at  the  headquarters  of  the  four  military  departments,  and  in 
the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  at  Washington.  These  of- 
ficials, under  the  supervision  of  the  special  committee,  cooperated 
with  the  military  authorities  throughout  the  period  of  the  mobiliza- 
tion on  the  Mexican  border,  and  both  the  President  and  the  Secretary 
of  War  spoke  in  high  terms  of  their  work.  On  February  16,  1917, 
this  special  committee  was  superseded  by  the  Special  Committee  on 
National  Defense  of  the  American  Railway  Association,  which  was 
organized  to  cooperate  with  the  Council  of  National  Defense  in  or- 
ganizing the  Nation's  railroads. 

COOPERATION   WITH    STATES,    SECTION    ON;     COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL   DE- 
FENSE. 

On  April  6,  1917,  a  department  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense 
was  organized  which  sought  to  coordinate  all  State-defense  activities. 
It  later  became  the  Section  on  Cooperation  with  States,  which  func- 
tioned under  the  general  supervision  of  the  director  of  the  council, 
with  George  F.  Porter  as  chief  of  section.  On  April  9,  1917,  the 
Secretary  of  War,  acting  in  his  capacity  as  chairman  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  issued  to  the  governors  of  all  the  States  and  to 
the  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia  a  request  to  create 
State  councils  of  defense,  and  beginning  May  2  a  conference  was  held 
at  Washington  which  was  attended  by  representatives  from  the  vari- 
ous States,  at  which  the  whole  project  was  discussed.  By  the  end  of 
June  it  was  reported  that  the  organization  of  the  State  councils  of 
defense  had  been  accomplished.  The  Section  on  Cooperation  with 
the  States  took  over  the  supervision  of  the  organization,  and  under 
its  direction  county  and  other  subsidiary  councils  of  defense  were 
organized  within  the  various  States.  The  organization  wThich  func- 
tioned under  the  Section  on  Cooperation  was  created  in  response  to 
the  demand  for  some  agency  which  should  coordinate  the  activities 
of  the  many  local  bodies  which  were  concerning  themselves  with 
problems  of  national  defense.  The  Section  on  Cooperation  served  as 
a  central  agency  for  transmitting  the  recommendations  and  requests 
of  national  organizations  to  the  State  councils,  for  obtaining  infor- 
mation concerning  local  conditions  for  the  use  of  the  appropriate 
Federal  authorities,  and  for  the  interchange  of  ideas  and  suggestions 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.         97 

between  the  various  State  councils.  The  Federal  authorities  were 
then  enabled  to  secure  accurate  information  at  all  times  concerning 
local  conditions  throughout  the  country  and  to  devise  measures  for 
promoting  the  national  interest.  Through  the  section  the  State  coun- 
cils of  defense,  among  various  other  activities,  furthered  plans  for 
the  celebration  of  registration  day,  stimulated  recruiting  for  the 
Regular  Army,  assisted  in  advertising  the  first  Liberty  loan,  and 
aided  in  the  popular  campaign  for  food  conservation.  Whenever 
local  patriotic  societies  were  created,  or  any  agencies  interested  in 
national  defense,  an  effort  was  made  to  coordinate  their  activities 
through  the  State  councils  of  defense,  in  order  to  avoid  dissipation 
of  energy. 

See  also  State  Councils  Section,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

COOPERATIVE   ORGANIZATIONS,   SECTION   ON,   CONSERVATION   DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  June,  1917,  by  the  voluntary  Food  Administration 
to  correlate  the  efforts  of  religious,  fraternal,  patriotic,  labor,  and 
other  organizations  which  were  making  campaigns  for  food  conser- 
vation. The  work  was  taken  over  in  the  fall  of  1917  by  the  Conser- 
vation Division.  It  was  transferred  to  the  States  Administration 
Division  in  January,  1918.  George  Cullen  was  chief  until  February, 
1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  H.  A.  Smith. 

COPPER,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  by  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Raw  Materials, 
Minerals,  and  Metals,  May  17, 1917.  The  committee  arranged  a  satis- 
factory price  for  the  purchase  of  copper  by  the  Government  for  the 
use  of  the  Ordnance  Department.  The  needs  of  the  allies  were  also 
taken  care  of  by  this  committee.  Because  of  provisions  in  the  Food 
and  Fuel  Act,  members  of  the  committee  resigned,  and  in  Novemberv 
1917,  it  ceased  to  function.  John  J.  Ryan,  chairman. 

COPPER  PRODUCERS'  COMMITTEE. 

This  committee  made  all  purchases  for  the  Government,  all  con- 
tracts being  entered  into  with  the  United  Metals  Selling  Co.  for 
purchases  in  this  country,  and  with  the  American  Smelting  &  Refining 
Co.  for  all  purchases  for  export.  The  material  was  allocated  by  the 
committee  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  Non-Ferrous  Metals  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Edward  Morchauer,  Washington 
representative. 

CORN  MILLERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  10,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States 
Food  Administration  in  connection  with  the  substitution  of  corn  for 
wheat  and  with  the  elimination  of  hoarding  and  speculation.  W.  W. 
Marshall,  secretary. 

CORN  PRODUCTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  October  24,  1917,  at  a  meeting  of  corn  products  manu- 
facturers, which  was  held  in  conference  with  the  United  States  Food 
Administration.     The  committee  took  up  the  methods  of  utilizing 
127232—19 7 


98          HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917. 

corn  starch,  corn  sirup,  and  corn  oil  to  replace  wheat,  sugar  and  fats, 
and  coordinated  the  work  of  the  Food  Administration  with  the  in- 
dustry. W.  G.  Irwin,  chairman,  succeeded  by  E.  F.  Bradford. 

CORSET  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  a  meeting  of  manufacturers  held  June  25,  1918,  un- 
der the  auspices  of  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Con- 
servation agreements  were  worked  out  for  the  industry,  together 
with  an  allotment  of  steel,  with  the  Priorities  Division,  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  The  restrictions  were  lifted  after  the  armistice.  The 
committee  was  on  December  10,  1918,  continued  to  act  during  the 
period  of  reconstruction.  Isaac  M.  Ullman,  chairman. 

COST  OP  LIVING  AND  DOMESTIC   ECONOMY,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    COMMIT- 
TEE ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OP  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

S.  Thruston  Ballard  was  appointed  chairman  of  this  committee  by 
Samuel  Gompers,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor,  shortly  after 
the  organization  of  that  committee  in  April,  1917.  No  other  members 
were  appointed.  It  was  designed  to  investigate  the  cost  of  living 
and  encourage  domestic  economy.  These  functions,  however,  were 
taken  over  by  the  United  States  Food  Administration  early  in  the 
war  and  thus  the  need  for  the  committee  ceased. 

DOST    REPORTS    BRANCH,    CONSTRUCTION    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    INDUS- 
TRIAL HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

The  functions  of  this  branch  were  the  keeping  of  accurate  records 
of  unit  cost  and  progress  of  work  performed  on  each  United  States 
Housing  Corporation  project,  and  the  utilizing  of  this  record  to 
eliminate  further  difficulties.  When  a  comparison  of  the  actual  cost 
with  the  contractor's  estimate  showed  an  overrun,  the  cause  was 
sought  and  remedies  applied.  The  branch  had  a  cost-reports  engi- 
neer on  each  project.  J.  C.  Prior,  chief. 

COSTS,   BUREAU    OF;    OIL   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   FUEL   ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

See  Engineering,  Bureau  of ;  Oil  Division,  United  States  Fuel 
A  dminis  tration. 

COTTON  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Appointed  September  23,  1918,  with  the  approval  of  the  President, 
to  devise  methods  for  (1)  broadening  the  channels  of  distribution 
and  use  of  the  great  stock  of  low  grades  of  cotton  now  practically 
unmarketable;  (2)  eliminating  speculation  and  hoarding;  and  (3) 
apportioning  foreign  orders,  with  a  further  suggestion  that  it  might, 
if  found  necessary,  recommend  basic  prices.  On  November  8,  1918,  a 
statement  was  issued  that  no  shortage  of  cotton  existed,  and  therefore 
no  fixed  price  was  recommended,  that  no  way  existed  of  enforcing  a 
fixed  price  unless  the  Government  stood  ready  to  purchase  the  crop, 
and  that  the  installation  of  an  official  system  of  inspection  and  cer- 
tification would  be  impracticable.  The  committee  ceased  to  function 
November  12,  1918.  Thomas  W.  Page,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.          99 
COTTON  BATTING  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  13,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
commercial  batting,  rag  batting,  and  mattress  felts  and  batts,  with 
the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board, 
and  with  the  American  National  Red  Cross.  R.  S.  D wight,  chair- 
man. 

COTTON  AND  COTTON  LINTERS  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  April  4,  1918,  reporting  both  to  its  own  division  and  to 
the  Procurement  Division,  Ordnance  Department.  It  found  that 
substitutes  could  be  provided  for  industries  using  cotton  linters  for 
other  than  explosive  purposes,  and  arranged  concerning  production 
and  price  of  linters  (price  ratified  by  Price  Fixing  Committee  May 
2,  1918)  through  representatives  of  the  cottonseed  crushing  industry. 
In  order  to  secure  the  entire  supply  of  linters,  it  arranged  the  cotton 
linter  pool,  under  whose  arrangements  the  United  States  Ordnance 
Department  and  this  section  were  given  definite  jurisdiction — Ord- 
nance overproduction,  commandeering,  and  finance,  this  section  over 
the  allocation  of  supplies,  the  storage  both  of  mattress  and  muni- 
tion linters  against  prospective  requirements  and  temporary  excess- 
production,  of  rules  regarding  linters  manufacture,  and  over  reports- 
of  all  kinds.  It  also  handled  matters  pertaining  to  the  linter  bleach- 
ing, mattress,  bedding,  and  press-cloth  industries,  cotton  textile  mill 
wastes,  and  absorbent  and  nonabsorbent  cotton  batts.  Investigations 
regarding  cotton  and  stabilizing  the  cotton  market,  especially  the 
discovery  of  a  preponderance  of  low-grade  cotton,  were  made  by  the 
section,  but  the  question  assumed  such  importance  that  on  September 
14, 1918,  the  President  suggested  the  formation  of  a  special  committee, 
which  was  designated  the  Cotton  Committee.  There  were  three  coor- 
dinating members  of  the  section  from  Ordnance,  two  from  Navy,  two 
from  Marine  Corps,  one  each  from  Shipping  Board,  Du  Pont  Ameri- 
can Industries  (Inc.),  and  United  States  Food  Administration.  The 
section  attempted  no  control  over  cotton  rags,  hull  fiber,  or  wool  pulp 
for  nitration,  no  shortage  being  threatened.  It  brought  about  an 
agreement  whereby  the  responsibility  for  and  the  future  control  of  the 
cotton  linter  pool  rests  with  the  officials  of  the  Procurement  Division 
of  the  United  States  Ordnance  Department.  The  section  was  dis- 
continued December  19,  1918.  George  R,  James,  chief. 

COTTON  AND  COTTON  LINTERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August,  1918,  by  the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  to  discuss  trade  problems.  R.  S.  Mont- 
gomery, chairman. 

COTTON  DISTRIBUTION,  COMMITTEE  ON,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  September  23,  1918,  as  a  separate  committee  with  author- 
ity to  buy  cotton  for  the  United  States  and  the  allies,  at  prices  to  be 
approved  by  the  President,  during  the  investigation  by  the  Cotton 
Committee  appointed  on  the  same  date.  It  made  allotments  of  cotton 
as  to  quantity  and  grade  to  all  domestic  and  foreign  consumers.  It 
did  not  recommend  price-fixing.  On  November  13,  1918,  it  pro- 


100       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

hibited  speculative  short  selling  on  the  New  York  and  New  Orleans 
Cotton  Exchanges,  and  on  December  9,  1918,  removed  these  restric- 
tions. The  committee  was  discontinued  December  10,  1918.  Charles 
J.  Brand,  chairman. 

COTTON  DUCK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  May  8,  1918,  by  the  Cotton  Duck  Association.  It 
worked  with  the  Price  Fixing  Committee  of  the  Wa.r  Industries 
Board  and  assisted  in  the  allocation  of  cotton  duck  for  Army,  Navy, 
and  Marine  Corps.  J.  Rousmanniere,  chairman. 

COTTON  GOODS  BRANCH,  CLOTHING  AND   EQUIPAGE   DIVISION,   QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Formed  January  18,  1918,  and  functioning  as  of  October  8,  1918, 
through  four  sections:  Cotton  Goods  Procurement,  Converting,  Cot- 
ton Yarn,  and  Production  and  Inspection.  It  recommended  specifi- 
cations for  and  procurement  of  cotton  goods.  H.  L.  Bailey,  chief. 

COTTON    GOODS    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL    DE- 
FENSE. 

Appointed  in  April,  1917,  to  be  advisory  as  well  as  auxiliary  to  the 
Committee  on  Supplies.  The  committee  coordinated  Government  re- 
quirements, centralized  purchases,  and  eliminated  competition  be- 
tween Governement  departments.  On  January  12,  1918,  the  work 
was  taken  over  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps.  Lincoln  Grant  was 
chairman,  succeeded  by  Spencer  Turner. 

COTTON    GOODS    SECTION,    SUPPLIES    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL 

DEFENSE. 

See  Cotton  Goods  Cooperative  Committee. 

COTTON   GOODS   SECTION,   TEXTILE   AND   RUBBER   DIVISION,   WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Established  after  May  28,  1918,  being  a  development  from  the 
Committee  on  Supplies,  Council  of  National  Defense.  It  assisted 
the  Government  departments  in  securing  supplies  of  cotton  goods 
by  indicating  sources,  making  allocations,  and  calling  on  the  industry 
to  cooperate  loyally  in  turning  over  its  production  to  the  Govern- 
ment at  reasonable  prices.  It  created  a  war  service  committee  to 
advocate  price  fixing,  which  was  almost  universally  opposed,  but 
maximum  net  prices  at  mills  were  agreed  upon  and  issued  by  the 
Price  Fixing  Committee  July  8,  1918  (amended  September  26  and 
November  15,  1918).  The  section  was  discontinued  December  21, 
1918.  Spencer  Turner,  chief. 

COTTON  GOODS  PROCUREMENT  SECTION,  COTTON  GOODS  BRANCH,  CLOTHING 
AND  EQUIPAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  October  8.  1918,  with  Lieut.  Col.  W.  W.  Coriell  at  Wash- 
ington and  W.  H.  Holbrook  at  New  York  as  chiefs.  It  recommended 
changes  in  specifications,  if  necessary,  as  well  as  filling  its  function 
of  procurement. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  01?  EUE'-WAR  OF  19L7,       101 

COTTON  AND  LINEN  THREAD  AND  TAPES  SECTION,  TEXTILE , AND  RUBBER 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD.  ,    *,,.,,          ,    •'     * 

Created  June,  1917,  to  handle  these  commodities  in  coordination 
with  the  Advisory  Committee  on  Linen  Thread  of  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment and  with  the  Committee  on  Supplies,  Council  of  National 
Defense.  The  name  became  the  Flax  Products  Section  in  January, 
1918.  George  F.  Smith,  chief. 

COTTON  LINTER  POOL. 

Formed  May  1,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  entire  supply 
of  cotton  linters  available  August  1,  1918,  to  July  31,  1919,  with 
the  following  participants :  United  States  Ordnance  Department  (by 
agreement  with  Navy)  ;  the  Canadian,  French,  British,  Italian,  and 
Belgian  Governments  through  authorized  boards  or  missions ;  manu- 
facturers of  explosives  with  United  States  or  allied  powder  or  gun- 
cotton  contracts;  and  manufacturers  of  absorbent  cotton,  having 
United  States,  allied,  or  Red  Cross  contracts.  Rules  were  formu- 
lated which  covered  supplies  and  freight  charges,  and  defined  func- 
tions and  relationship  of  jurisdiction  assigned  to  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment and  the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section,  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  The  Du  Pont  American  Industries  (Inc.)  was  ap- 
pointed purchasing  agent  for  the  Ordnance  Department.  Being 
obligated  to  buy,  or  provide  ways  and  means  for  carrying  out  its 
obligations  to  the  cotton  seed  crushing  industry  to  buy,  all  linter 
produced  up  to  July  31,  1919,  the  pool  met  from  November  11  to 
December  19  to  formulate  plans  for  liquidation,  and  on  the  latter 
date  through  the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section,  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  it  arrived  at  an  agreement  which  turned  over  its  ob- 
ligations and  assets  to  the  Procurement  Division  of  the  United  States 
Ordnance  Department. 

COTTON  MANUFACTURERS,  NATIONAL  COUNCIL  OF;   WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Created  June  22,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  governmental  depart- 
ments in  the  procurement  of  the  necessary  requirements  of  cotton 
goods  and  in  the  conversion  of  plants  to  manufacture  military  equip- 
ment. The  committee  cooperated  with  the  War  Industries  Board. 
G.  H.  Millikin,  chairman. 

COTTON   SEED   INDUSTRY   SECTION,   DIVISION   OF   COLLATERAL    COMMODI- 
TIES, UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  section  was  organized  in  August,  1917,  and  was  put  under  the 
Division  of  Collateral  Commodities.  Cottonseed  oil  was  found  to  be 
an  important  factor  in  the  food  program  and  the  section  supervised 
the  industry  in  regard  to  production  and  distribution.  All  dealers 
in  seed,  crushing  mills,  and  refiners  were  licensed  and  brought  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Food  Administration.  The  section  had  under 
its  control  lard  substitutes,  cottonseed  meal  and  feeds  made  from 
cotton  seed.  Exports  were  suspended,  but  after  the  suspension  of 
hostilities  exports  restrictions  were  lifted.  The  price  was  stabilized 
and  the  lowest  possible  cost  of  conversion  allowed.  The  section  co- 
operated with  the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section  of  the  War 


102       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

L  i 

Industries  Board 'la  secure"  the  largest  production  of  cotton  linters. 
D.  H,  Pyle;  chief,  succeeded  April  1, 1918,  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Denny. 

COTTON  THREAD  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June  19, 1918,  by  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War 
Industries  Board.  The  committee  recommended  the  elimination  of  a 
large  number  of  sizes  of  spool  cotton  but  the  order  was  revoked  at  the 
signing  of  the  armistice.  J.  William  Clark,  chairman. 

COTTON  WASTE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  American  Cotton  Waste  Exchange.  The  com- 
mittee cooperated  with  the  War  Industries  Board  and  acted  as  point 
of  contact  of  the  cotton  waste  industry  with  the  Government.  P.  A. 
Green  was  chairman  until  May  7,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
H.  F.  McGrady. 

COUNCIL  OF  GREAT  POWERS,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

The  only  body  of  the  conference  continuously  in  session,  and 
commonly  described  in  official  communiques  as  "  meetings  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  the  Prime  Ministers,  and  Foreign  Ministers 
of  the  allied  and  associated  powers  and  the  Japanese  representatives." 
Two  representatives  from  each  power  having  been  ordinarily  in  at- 
tendance, the  terms  "  the  Council  of  Ten,"  and  later  when  the  repre- 
sentation was  cut  in  half  to  expedite  business,  "  the  Council  of  Five," 
and  still  later,  the  Japanese  representative  not  attending  except  when 
Japanese  interests  were  involved,  "the  Council  of  Four,"  came  into 
existence  as  popular  designations  of  the  council. 

COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

The  Council  of  National  Defense  was  created  by  act  of  Congress, 
approved  August  29,  1916,  but  was  not  fully  organized  until  March  3, 
1917.  Under  the  terms  of  the  act,  the  council  was  among  other  things 
charged  with  the  "  coordination  of  industries  and  resources  for  the 
national  security  and  welfare  "  and  with  the  "  creation  of  relations 
which  render  possible  in  time  of  need  the  immediate  concentration 
and  utilization  of  the  resources  of  the  Nation."  The  council  under 
the  act  was  composed  of  the  Secretaries  of  War,  Navy,  Interior,  Agri- 
culture, Commerce,  and  Labor,  and  functioned  under  the  advice  and 
counsel  of  its  Advisory  Commission,  composed  of  "  not  more  than 
seven  persons,  each  of  whom  shall  have  special  knowledge  of  some 
industry,  public  utilities,  or  the  development  of  some  natural  resource, 
or  be  otherwise  specially  qualified,"  and  functioned  through  a  director 
who  had  authority  to  employ  such  expert  and  other  help  as  might  be 
required.  In  a  broad  sense  it  was  the  council's  duty  to  make  available 
to  the  United  States  the  best  thought  and  effort  of  American  indus- 
trial and  professional  life  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  war. 
It  was  also  its  duty  to  put  behind  the  war  machine  the  coordinated 
individual  effort  of  the  Nation's  industrial  system,  its  transportation, 
communication,  and  production  facilities,  and  to  transmit  from  Wash- 
ington to  the  Nation  the  information  so  that  the  individual  industries 
could  carry  on  that  work  successfully.  The  council  was  and  still  is 
an  administrative  laboratory  where  needs  were  studied  and  the  nec- 
essary machinery  set  up  to  supply  those  needs.  It  was  through  such 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       103 

study  that  the  General  Munitions  Board  was  created  and  the  War 
Industries  Board  built.  These  boards  and  other  similar  organiza- 
tions were  created  around  the  nuclei  of  the  committee  of  the  coun- 
cil. As  new  organizations  were  set  up,  the  subcommittees  of  the 
council  were  dissolved  by  council  action  and  were  immediately  re- 
appointed  under  the  new  agency  or  were  made  cooperative  war 
service  committees  for  the  various  industries  themselves.  For  this 
reason  a  great  number  of  committees  under  the  council  seem  to 
have  had  but  short  life,  but  in  reality  they  were  governmental 
creations  in  process  of  integration.  The  council's  total  expenditures 
to  May  1,  1919,  were  $1,574,000,  which  included  $225,000  for  the 
erection  of  a  building.  Until  December  20,  1918,  the  director  of 
the  council  was  W.  S.  Gifford.  Since  that  date  the  director  has 
been  Grosvenor  B.  Clarkson. 

COUNCIL  OF  TEN,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

See  Council  of  Great  Powers. 

COUNCILS  OF  DEFENSE,  STATE. 

On  April  9,  1917,  the  Secretary  of  War,  acting  as  chairman  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  issued  a  request  that  State  councils  of 
defense  be  created.  On  May  2,  1917,  a  conference  was  held  in 
Washington,  attended  by  representatives  of  the  various  States,  at 
which  problems  of  organization  and  preliminary  plans  for  work 
were  discussed.  By. the  end  of  June  all  of.  the  State  councils  had 
been  appointed,  either  by  the  various  governors  or  by  legislative  acts. 
In  a  majority  of  cases  these  councils  came  ultimately  to  be  established 
by  statute  and  suitable  appropriations  were  made  for  carrying  on 
their  work.  By  the  middle  of  1918,  county  councils  acting  under 
State  councils  were  in  operation  in  no  less  than  46  States.  Since  the 
whole  purpose  of  the  plan  was  to  organize  the  mass  of  the  people 
for  effective  cooperation  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war,  the  necessity 
for  further  decentralization  was  early  recognized,  with  the  result 
that  a  large  number  of  municipal  and  community  councils  were 
established.  The  entire  system  of  State,  county,  municipal,  and  com- 
munity councils,  together  with  the  State  division  of  the  Woman's 
Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  ultimately  comprised 
some  184,400  units.  It  was  the  purpose  of  the  State  councils,  to- 
gether with  their  subsidiary  organizations,  to  centralize  and  coordi- 
nate the  war  work  in  the  various  States,  to  assist  the  Council  of 
National  Defense,  and  the  various  Federal  departments  and  war 
administrations  in  carrying  out  their  programs,  and  to  inaugurate 
defense  policies  in  the  States  themselves.  The  Federal  authorities 
were  constantly  informed,  through  the  States  Council  Section  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  of  the  condition  of  public  opinion 
throughout  the  country.  The  first  definite  task  undertaken  by  the 
State  organizations  was  the  education  of  the  people  concerning  the 
war  aims  of  the  Government  and  the  methods  and  policies  which  had 
been  planned  to  carry  out  its  program.  The  following  are  a  few  of 
the  activities  of  the  State  councils :  Registration  for  the  draft ;  detec- 
tion of  deserters;  regulations  and  curtailment  of  nonwar  construc- 
tion; counteracting  enemy  propaganda;  location  of  enemy-owned 
property  for  the  Alien  Property  Custodian;  conservation  of  food, 


104       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAB  OF  1917. 


fuel,  and  transportation;  sale  of  liberty  bonds;  collection  of  funds 
for  American  National  Ked  Cross,  etc. ;  and  the  Americanization  of 
foreign  elements  in  the  population.  Many  individual  policies  were 
also  initiated  to  meet  special  needs  existing  in  various  regions.  The 
State  councils  of  defense  worked  in  close  cooperation  with  the  State 
sections  of  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense. The  work  of  the  State  councils  did  not  cease  with  the  signing 
of  the  armistice.  Work  was  also  done  in  connection  with  demobiliza- 
tion. The  return  home  of  discharged  soldiers  gave  rise  to  new  prob- 
lems, while  on  the  other  hand,  the  cessation  of  hostilities  did  not 
lessen  the  importance  of  food  production  and  conservation,  and  the 
State  councils  continued  to  devote  their  attention  to  these  and 
similar  matters. 

COUNCILS  OF  DEFENSE,  CHAIRMEN   OF  STATE. 


Alabama,   Richard   M.   Hobble,   Lloyd 

M.  Hooper. 

Arizona,  Gov.  G.  W.  P'.  Hunt. 
Arkansas,  Adjt.  Gen.  Lloyd  England. 
California,  Gov.  W.  C.  Stephens. 
Colorado,  Gov.  Julius  C.  Gunter. 
Connecticut,  Richard  M.  Bissell. 
Delaware,  Gov.  John  G.  Townsend,  jr. 
District     of     Columbia,     William     H. 

Baldwin. 

Florida,  Justice  James  Whitfield. 
Georgia,  Gov.  Hugh  M.  Dorsey. 
Idaho,  Dr.  E.  A.  Bryan. 
Illinois,  Samuel  Insull. 
Indiana,  Michael  Foley. 
Iowa,  Lafayette  Young,  sr. 
Kansas,  Dr.  H.  J.  Waters. 
Kentucky,  Edward  W.  Hines. 
Louisiana,  Gov.  Ruffin  G.  Pleasant. 
Maine,  Harold  M.  Sewall. 
Maryland,  Gen.  Francis  Waters. 
Massachusetts,  James  J.  Storrow. 
Michigan,  Gov.  Albert  Sleeper. 
Minnesota,  Gov.  J.  A.  A.  Burnquist. 
Mississippi,  Gov.  Theodore  Bilbo. 
Missouri,  F.  B.  Mumford. 
Montana,  Gov.  Samuel  Stewart. 


Nebraska,  Robert  M.  Joyce. 

Nevada,  Gov.  Emmet  D.  Boyle. 

New  Hampshire,  John  B.  Jameson. 

New  Jersey.  Mayor  Thomas  Raymond. 

New  Mexico.  Secundino  Romero. 

New  York,  Gov.  Charles  Whitman. 

North  Carolina,  D.  H.  Hill. 

North  Dakota,  Gov.  Lynn  Frazier. 

Ohio,  Gov.  James  Cox. 

Oklahoma,  J.  M.  Aydelotte. 

Oregon,  William  F.  Woodward. 

Pennsylvania,  George  Wharton  Pepper. 

Philippine  Islands,  Gov.  Francis  Bur- 
ton Harrison. 

Rhode  Island,  Gov.  R.  Livingston. 

South  Carolina,  D.  M.  Coker. 

South  Dakota,  Gov.  Peter  Norbeck. 

Tennessee,  Maj.  Rutledge  Smith. 

Texas,  Judge  O.  E.  Dunlap. 

Utah,  L.  H.  Farnsworth. 

Vermont,  Judge  Leighton  P.  Slack. 

Virginia,  Adjt.  Gen.  Jo  Lane  Stern. 

Washington,  Dr.  Henry  Suzzalo. 

West  Virginia,  Gov.  John  G.  Cornwell. 

Wisconsin,  Magnus  Swenson,  W.  S. 
Heddles. 

Wyoming,  Maurice  Groshon. 


CRANE     SECTION,     FINISHED     PRODUCTS     DIVISION,     WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Organized  November  12,  1917,  to  provide  for  supply  of  cranes, 
buckets,  hoists,  and  pile  drivers.  Data  collected  by  the  section  showed 
threatened  shortage  on  the  following  types  of  the  section's  commodi- 
ties, which  were  placed  on  the  clearance  list:  Locomotive,  gantry, 
electric  traveling,  shipyard,  and  wrecking  cranes;  grab  buckets; 
portable,  electric,  electric  monorail,  chain,  pile  drivers,  and  track 
hoists.  Demand  and  threatened  shortage,  acute  enough  to  justify 
allocation  of  orders  and  arrangement  of  shipping  schedules,  was 
necessary  only  in  the  case  of  locomotive  cranes,  an  allocation  of  TOO 
being  made  August  3,  1918,  a  second  of  260  on  September  23,  1918, 
and  a  third  being  planned  for  when  the  armistice  negotiations  began. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  14,  1918.  Alexander  C. 
Brown,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       105 
CREDITS  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Upon  the  creation  of  the  Procurement  Division  on  January  14, 
1918,  the  Credits  Section  was  established  as  a  reorganization  of  the 
Finance  Branch  of  the  Purchase  Section,  Gun  Division,  established 
September  17,  1917.  It  was  originally  charged  with  handling  all 
strictly  financial  matters  in  connection  with  the  wor-k  of  the  Procure- 
ment Division,  and  it  also  acted  as  the  clearing  house  of  the  division 
with  reference  to  business  of  a  financial  nature  to  be  taken  up  with 
other  divisions  or  departments.  By  an  order  of  June  27,  1917,  the 
section  was  given  somewhat  more  restricted  duties,  which  were  as 
follows :  To  obtain  from  the  Finance  Section  of  the  Administration 
Division  the  necessary  financial  reservations  and  allotments  before 
completing  the  negotiation  of  contracts  and  orders;  to  approve 
requisitions  for  contracts  as  regards  final  credit  to  contractors ;  to  act 
as  liaison  section  between  the  Procurement  Division  and  the  War 
Credits  Board  with  reference  to  advance  payments  to  contractors; 
and  to  maintain  a  register  of  orders  placed  against  procurement 
requests.  The  function  of  making  allotments  was  transferred  to  the 
Finance  Section  of  the  Administration  Division.  The  section  car- 
ried out  these  duties  through  the  following  branches:  Allotment 
Request,  Payment  Papers,  Credit,  Advance  Payment,  Bookkeeping, 
Cost  Estimating,  Contract  Abstracting,  and  Project  Estimating.  The 
Bookkeeping  Branch  was  abolished  prior  to  the  signing  of  the  armis- 
tice, while  the  Cost  Estimating  and  Project  Estimating  Branches 
were  supplanted  by  the  Cost  and  Project  Branch.  Capt.  Antonio 
Lazo  became  head  of  the  section  on  January  17,  1918.  He  was  fol- 
lowed successively  by  Lieut.  S.  S.  Gould,  April  25,  1918;  Maj.  John 
H.  Mathew,  May  10,  1918 ;  and  by  Capt.  W.  C.  Brown  on  September 
3, 1918,  as  acting  head  and  as  head  on  October  22, 1918. 

CREDITS  AND  FINANCE  SUBSECTION,  CONTRACT  SECTION,  ADMINISTRA- 
TIVE BRANCH,  CLOTHING  AND  EQUIPAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Formed  June  14, 1918.  It  passed  upon  financial  and  moral  respon- 
sibility of  prospective  contractors,  was  the  representative  of  the 
division  with  War  Credits  Board,  and  controlled  extension  of  credit 
to  purchasers  of  Government-owned  materials.  Henry  Ittleson,  chief. 

CREOSOTE  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  February,  1918.  Creosote  was  originally  handled  by  the 
Coal  Gas  Products  Section.  This  section  completed  a  survey  of  this 
commodity  in  March,  1918,  but  when,  about  June  1, 1918,  the  require- 
ments of  the  Army,  Navy,  United  States  Shipping  Board,  and  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation  were  known,  a  second  complete  question- 
naire was  sent  out  to  the  industry  on  July  19,  report  on  which  with 
compilation  was  made  August  29.  The  section  was  opposed  to  com- 
mandeering the  creosote  production,  and  was  sustained  by  the  Kail- 
road  Administration,  which  through  its  Forest  Products  Section 
adopted  a  program  of  conservation  and  substitution  of  materials  for 
wood  preservation.  The  section  adopted  a  program  whereby  the 
needs  of  Army,  Navy,  and  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  were  given 
clearance.  This  and  the  allocation  of  supply  were  approved  by  the 


106       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Priorities  Commissioner  and  notice  was  sent  to  producers  October  23, 
1918.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Ira  C.  Dar- 
ling, chief. 

CROP  ESTIMATES,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

During  the  war  the  work  of  this  bureau  was,  for  the  most  part,  a 
continuation  and  extension  of  its  regular  activities,  namely,  collect- 
ing, summarizing,  and  publishing  systematically  and  promptly  coun- 
try-wide information  relating  to  agriculture.  Many  of  its  activities, 
however,  were  strictly  war  activities,  such  as  (1)  special  investiga- 
tions of  war  conditions  of  farm  labor,  farm  credit,  crops,  live  stock, 
quantity  and  quality  of  land  under  cultivation,  fertilizer  situation, 
and  seed  supply;  (2)  distribution  of  literature  pertaining  to  food 
conservation,  farm  labor,  thrift,  war  service,  and  Liberty  bonds;  (3) 
cooperation  with  the  Alien  Property  Custodian  through  crop  report- 
ers who  notified  him  of  any  property  known  to  them  to  be  held  by 
aliens  in  the  United  States;  (4)  the  administration  of  the  Govern- 
ment seed  grain  loans  to  farmers  in  drought-stricken  areas  of  the 
Southwest  by  means  of  the  Federal  land  banks  and  in  cooperation 
with  the  Treasury  Department.  The  Truck  Crop  Reporting  Service 
of  the  bureau  was  extended  for  war  purposes,  a  weekly  Truck  Crop 
News  was  issued,  and  a  corps  of  paid  local  correspondents  established 
to  insure  regularity  of  information  from  truck-growing  regions.  At 
the  same  time  the  Field  Service,  the  Crop  Recording  and  Abstracting 
Service,  and  the  library  cooperated  in  the  war  work  of  the  bureau, 
analyzing  special  investigations  and  reports  and  aiding  the  various 
other  agencies  of  the  department  and  the  Government  through  spe- 
cial statements,  summaries,  tables,  and  other  statistical  material. 
During  the  war  period  the  organization  of  the  bureau  was  as  follows : 
Administrative  Division;  Division  of  Crop  Reports,  for  tabulating 
and  summarizing  returns  from  voluntary  crop  reporters ;  Division  of 
Crop  Records,  in  charge  of  statistical  reports,  crop  reports,  and  for- 
eign crop  and  live-stock  statistics;  Truck  Crop  Section,  in  charge  of 
truck  crop  investigations  and  weekly  truck  news ;  Fruit  Crop  Section, 
in  charge  of  commercial  apple  and  peach  investigations;  Crop  Re- 
porting Board,  for  summarizing  all  returns  for  the  Monthly  Crop 
Reporter ;  and  a  Field  Service,  in  charge  of  crop  and  live-stock  inves- 
tigations in  the  field,  with  headquarters  and  organization  in  each 
State.  Leon  M.  Estabrook,  chief  of  bureau. 

CUSTOMS  DIVISION,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

A.  permanent  Treasury  Department  bureau  charged  with  the  col- 
lection of  customs  duties,  and  the  supervision  of  merchandise  exports 
and  imports.  The  function  of  the  bureau  as  collector  of  customs  was 
however,  were  strictly  war  activities,  such  as  (1)  special  investiga- 
ties  were  enlarged  by  the  additional  duties  entailed  upon  it  by  the 
great  increase  in  exports  and  imposed  upon  it  by  the  laws  with  refer- 
ence to  enemy  trade  and  enemy  activity.  The  more  important  of 
these  functions  were  the  inspection  of  passports,  the  supervision  of 
crews,  the  policing  of  vessels  to  prevent  illegal  arrival  or  departure 
of  goods  and  persons,  to  prevent  illegal  communications,  and  to  in- 
sure safety  in  the  handling  of  munitions,  the  checking  of  imports 
and  exports  against  license  permits  of  the  War  Trade  Board,  and  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       107 

•compilation  of  foreign-trade  statistics  for  the  use  of  governmental 
agencies.  The  chief  of  the  Customs  Division  during  the  war  period 
was  F.  M.  Halstead,  under  the  general  supervision  of  Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  L.  S.  Howe. 

€YANAMID  COMPANY,  AMERICAN. 

See  Air  Nitrates  Co. 

DAIRY  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRI- 
CULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  which  conducted  extensive  war  work.  It 
solved  various  technical  problems,  conducted  inspections,  stimulated 
dairy  productions,  and  encouraged  food  substitution  and  conserva- 
tion. The  division  developed  a  procedure  for  the  manufacture  from 
milk  casein  of  a  special  waterproof  glue  used  in  airplane  construc- 
tion, which  had  formerly  been  imported.  Through  inspectors  sta- 
tioned at  various  creameries  the  division  supervised  for  the  Navy 
Department  the  manufacture  and  packing  of  over  3,000,000  pounds 
of  butter  in  the  summer  of  1917  and  over  9,000,000  pounds  during 
1918.  Through  the  efforts  of  the  division  large  savings  in  creamery 
by-products  were  brought  about,  especially  in  the  utilization  of  skim 
milk  and  buttermilk  in  the  making  of  cottage  cheese  and  condensed 
skim  milk.  Representatives  of  the  Dairy  Division  spent  a  great  deal 
of  time  in  the  extra-cantonment  zones  to  improve  the  sanitary  condi- 
tion of  milk  and  dairy  products  and  to  make  available  a  larger  supply 
of  these  products  for  use  by  the  troops.  In  order  to  show  the  relative 
value  of  dairy  products,  to  encourage  their  conservation,  and  to  bring 
about  increased  and  economical  production  of  them,  about  9,000,000 
leaflets,  including  nineteen  different  publications,  were  distributed 
by  the  division  in  all  States.  B.  H.  Rawl,  chief. 

DAIRY  MACHINERY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  24,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  dairy 
machinery  and  cooperate  with  the  Brass  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  C.  A.  Wiltses,  chairman. 

DAIRY  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  PERISHABLE  COMMODITIES  DIVISION,  UNITED 
STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  as  a  division  in  August,  1917,  to  handle  the  problem 
of  dairy  products.  The  work  was  continued  until  December,  1917, 
when  it  became  a  section  of  the  Perishable  Commodities  Division 
created  at  that  time.  George  E.  Haskell,  chief. 

DANDY  ROLLS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  1,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
dandy  rolls  with  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  W.  G.  Trotman,  chairman. 

DEHYDRATION  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER  GEN- 
ERAL. 

Created  February  1,  1918.  The  branch  was  instrumental  in  creat- 
ing the  dehydrated  industry  in  the  United  States.  Millions  of 


108       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

pounds  of  dehydrated  potatoes,  carrots,  ^  onions,  and  turnips  were 
sent  overseas.  Maj.  J.  W.  Mclntosh,  Maj.  Ben  Gallagher,  Capt.  W. 
W.  Krag  successively  acted  as  head  of  this  branch. 

DEHYDRATION,  DIVISION  OF;    BUREAU  OF  CHEMISTRY,  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  when  a  special  appropriation  of  $250.000 
was  made  available  for  investigations  in  the  commercial  phases  of 
dehydration.  The  work  was  carried  on  through  commercial  plants 
and  universities  that  had  been  studying  the  problem.  The  aim  of  the 
division  was  to  investigate  the  best  methods  of  dehydration,  the 
food  value  of  dehydrated  products,  and  the  proper  methods  of  pack- 
ing. Lou  D.  Sweet,  who  had  handled  the  dehydration  problem  for 
the  United  States  Food  Administration,  was  associated  with  this 
division.  Maj.  Samuel  C.  Prescott,  chief. 

DEMOBILIZATION  BOARD,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Demobilization  Board,  consisting  of  six  members,  was  ap- 
pointed on  November  20,  1918,  to  decide  all  questions  relating  to 
the  demobilization  of  the  commissioned,  enlisted,  and  civilian  per- 
sonnel of  the  Ordnance  Department.  The  chief  of  the  Personnel 
Group  was  responsible  for  carrying  into  effect  the  decisions  of  the 
board  after  their  approval  by  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.  The  board 
was  dissolved  on  January  11,  1919,  and  its  records  turned  over  to  the 
recorder  of  the  board  appointed  on  the  same  date  to  "  consider  all 
questions  of  policy  relating  to  the  personnel  of  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment." Col.  W.  H.  Tschaffat  directed  the  work  of  the  board. 

DEMOBILIZATION  BRANCH,   FIELD    OPERATIONS   DIVISION,   DIRECTOR    OF 
FINANCE. 

Established  December  5,  1918,  and  taken  over  by  the  Field  Opera- 
tions Division  in  March,  1919.  This  section  was  established  to  su- 
pervise all  matters  relating  to  the  final  payment  of  troops  upon 
demobilization.  The  executive  personnel  of  the  section  included 
Majs.  O.  W.  Bralund,  F.  E.  Parker,  and  E.  M.  Foster. 

DENIM  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Cotton  Goods  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  S.  F.  Dribben,  chairman. 

DENTAL  SECTION,  PERSONNEL  DIVISION,  SURGEON  GENERAL'S   OFFICE. 

This  section  exercised  general  supervision  over  the  organization  of 
the  dental  service,  which  included  the  assignment  of  dental  officers 
to  duty,  and  the  making  of  recommendations  for  the  construction  of 
the  necessary  dental  infirmaries  in  the  cantonments.  This  section 
was  successively  directed  by  Capt.  John  E.  Ames,  Maj.  W.  H.  G. 
Logan,  and  Lieut.  Col.  L.  K.  Laflamme. 

DENTAL  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  EMERGENCY  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  April  19,  1917,  to  facilitate  the  production  of  dental 
instruments,  supplies,  appliances  and  furniture,  and  to  secure  for  the 
Government  complete  supplies  of  these  articles.  Frank  A.  Taylor, 
president. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       109 

DENTISTRY,  COMMITTEE  ON;  GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  Dr.  Edward  C.  Kirk,  chairman,  succeeded  by  Dr.  W. 
H.  G.  Logan.  Cooperated  with  the  Preparedness  League  01  Ameri- 
can Dentists  in  developing  the  Dental  Reserve  Corps,  had  military 
instruction  included  in  curricula  of  dental  colleges,  cooperated  with 
manufacturers  in  standardization  of  dental  instruments,  secured 
volunteer  services  of  certain  dental  professors  in  eliminating  dental 
disabilities  of  recruits,  and  initiated  investigation  on  trench  mouth 
disease.  It  had  nine  subcommittees :.  Mobilizing  Dental  Educational 
Activities,  Dr.  F.  B.  Moorehead,  chairman;  Special  Hospitals,  Dr. 
G.  V.  I.  Brown,  chairman;  Dental  Supplies,  Dr.  E.  C.  Kirk,  chair- 
man ;  Preparedness  League  of  American  Dentists,  Dr.  T.  W.  Beach, 
chairman;  State  Dental  Societies  and  Examining  Boards,  Dr.  L.  L. 
Barber,  chairman ;  Legislation  and  Enrollment,  Dr.  W.  H.  G.  Logan, 
chairman;  Dental  and  Oral  Hygiene,  Dr.  A.  C.  Fones,  chairman; 
Publicity,  Dr.  O.  U.  King,  chairman;  Dental  Research,  Dr.  W.  W. 
Price,  chairman. 

DEPOSIT  AND  ALLOTMENT  BRANCH. 

See  Personal  Deposits  and  Allotments  Branch,  Quartermaster 
General. 

DEPOT  BRANCH,  OPERATING  DIVISION,  ClUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  February  13,  1918,  being  a  branch  of  the  Warehousing 
Division  to  April  16,  1918,  of  the  Depot  Division  to  August  15,  1918, 
and  after  that  date  of  the  Operating  Division.  It  supervised  the 
operation  of  the  various  depots  and  warehouses  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  and  supervised  the  inspection  of  depots,  warehouses,  and 
camps  and  cantonments.  It  was  abolished  November  1,  1918,  and 
its  duties  taken  over  by  the  Domestic  Operations  Division.  Capt. 
G.  M.  McConnell  and  Maj.  F.  K.  Espenhain,  successively  acted  as 
chief. 

DEPOT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918,  to  continue  the  work  of  the  Warehousing 
Division.  It  supervised  and  coordinated  all  distribution  of  supplies, 
provided  necessary  warehousing  facilities  for  the  receipt,  storage,  and 
handling  of  supplies ;  had  jurisdiction  over  all  general  supply  depots 
and  all  subdepots.  The  division  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  Administration,  Distribution,  Office  Service,  Planning, 
Depot  Service.  It  was  abolished  August  15, 1918,  and  its  duties  were 
transferred  to  the  Operating  Division.  Lieut.  Col.  G.  M.  McConnell 
and  S.  M.  Nicolson  successively  acted  as  head  of  this  division. 

DESIGN,  COMMITTEES  ON;  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANS- 
PORTATION, UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF 
LABOR. 

When  a  project  of  the  Housing  Corporation  had  been  definitely  de- 
cided upon  and  steps  had  been  taken  to  secure  a  site,  a  project  archi- 
tect, engineer,  and  town  planner,  known  as  the  Committee  on  Design, 
were  appointed.  They  were  chosen  from  private  practitioners  of  high 


110       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

standing,  each  taking  charge  of  his  particular  field  on  the  project,, 
and  reporting  to  his  division  of  the  Housing  Corporation.  They 
were  employed  under  contract,  a  lump-sum  fee  being  determined  in 
advance. 

DESIGN  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR,  NAVY  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

This  division  prepared  all  new  ship  designs,  approved  contractorsr 
plans,  and  approved  changes  in  ships  under  construction,  so  far  as 
engineering  features  were  affected.  The  division  was  also  charged 
with  the  preparation  of  estimates  for  new  construction  and  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  technical  features  of  the  circulars  and  contracts  for 
vessels,  cooperating  with  the  Contract  Division  in  the  preparation 
of  circulars  and  contracts.  While  the  division  had  charge  of  all 
matters  pertaining  to  design  and  the  engineering  inspection  of  ves- 
sels, it  was  not  responsible  for  their  production,  which  was  under  the 
Production  Division.  Capt.  Robert  Stocker,  chief. 

DESIGN,  DIVISION  OF,  BUREAU  OF  STEAM  ENGINEERING,  NAVY  DEPART- 
MENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  This  division  prepared  de- 
signs for  machinery  for  naval  vessels,  submitted  specifications,  criti- 
cised plans  submitted  by  contractors,  and  prepared  bidding  and  con- 
tract forms  for  new  ships.  It  also  supervised  aviation  design  draft- 
ing. Working  under  the  division  was  the  Oil  Fuel  Testing  Plant  and 
the  Navy  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  as  well  as  a  number  of 
inspection  officers  at  plants  building  naval  vessels.  Rear  Admiral 
Charles  W.  Dyson,  chief. 

DESIGN  SECTION,  GUN  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Organized  December  15,  1917,  to  exercise  supervision  over  all 
matters  relating  to  design  within  the  Gun  Division.  It  functioned 
through  the  General  Design  Control  and  through  five  De- 
sign Section  branches.  The  Design  Control  coordinated  and  su- 
pervised the  work  of  the  various  Design  Section  branches,  formu- 
lated general  policies,  and  approved  work  orders  and  general  draw- 
ings. Subordinate  to  it  were  a  General  Administration  Unit,  an 
Engineering  Staff,  a  Publications  Unit,  a  statistician,  a  Military 
Information  Unit,  an  Interview  Unit,  an  Instruction  Unit,  and  an 
engineer  in  charge.  The  five  Design  Section  branches  were  as  fol- 
lows: Artillery  Ammunition,  Cannon,  Explosives,  Trench  Warfare, 
and  Gauge.  They  prepared  all  designs,  specifications,  and  revisions 
relating  to  the  different  kinds  of  material  coming  under  their  respec- 
tive jurisdictions.  By  order  dated  January  17,  1918,  the  Gun  Di- 
vision was  dissolved  and  the  Design  Section  was  transferred  to  the 
Engineering  Bureau.  Chief  of  Designs  Section,  Col.  Schull. 

DISPATCH,  DIVISION  OF,  SHIPPING  CONTROL  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Organized  in  December,  1917,  as  a  part  of  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation,  to  expedite  the  transportation  of  cargoes  for  American 
forces  in  France  by  means  of  investigation  and  prevention  of  delays. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       Ill 

It  kept  in  touch  with  all  vessels  in  which  the  Shipping  Board  was 
interested,  and  on  March  16,  1918,  was  consolidated  in  the  Shipping 
Control  Committee.  The  duties  of  the  division  consisted  in  com- 
piling detailed  reports  covering  the  handling  of  each  steamer  from 
the  date  of  arrival  until  the  date  of  departure ;  keeping  daily  reports 
of  the  status  of  steamers  in  the  New  England  coal-carrying  trade; 
assisting  operators  and  owners  in  securing  bunkers,  clearance,  crews, 
harbor  equipment,  and  dry  dockage  priority;  and,  when  necessary, 
acting  as  agent  for  owners.  Its  organization  included  branch 
offices  in  15  Atlantic  ports  for  the  more  efficient  handling  of  the 
work;  and  its  record  of  accomplishment  in  January,  1919,  showed 
a  saving  of  more  than  840  days'  actual  time  in  handling  ships,  with 
thousands  of  dollars  in  the  attendant  cost  of  steamship  hire  and 
labor.  It  also  obtained  detailed  reports  of  more  than  9,000  voyages 
and  statistical  records  of  2,288  steamships.  R.  M.  King,  special 
dispatch  agent,  resigned  in  January,  1919,  succeeded  by  E.  H. 
Duffey. 

DISPATCHING   SECTION,   PURCHASING   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   SHIP- 
PING BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  as  a  part  of  the  Purchasing  Division  of  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  to  attend  to  the  routing  of  the  material  for  the 
construction  of  ships.  When  a  keel  was  laid  and  a  hull  started,  the 
dispatching  section  began  its  work  on  that  ship.  It  took  the  manu- 
factured ship  equipment  from  the  time  it  left  the  doors  of  the  fac- 
tory, and  saw  to  it,  through  a  system  of  graphic  control,  that  that 
particular  article  was  on  hand  when  needed  for  the  ship  for  which 
it  was  made.  When  the  Purchasing  Division  was  absorbed  by  the 
Supply  Division,  the  functions  of  the  Dispatching  and  Transporta- 
tion Departments  were  combined  under  one  head.  E.  M.  Elliot, 
chief. 

DEVELOPING   OF   FUELING  FACILITIES   SECTION,   LOGISTICS   AND    FUEL 
DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  section  which  was  in  charge  of  the  establishment  of 
fueling  organizations,  the  Navy  standard  list  of  mines,  and  data  in 
regard  to  fuel  requirements.  Lieut.  F.  W.  Cobb,  Lieut.  C.  A.  Soars, 
Lieut.  John  Flynn,  successively  acted  as  chief. 

DEVELOPMENT,  DEPARTMENT  OF,  AMERICAN  NATIONAL  RED  CROSS. 

This  department  had  charge  of  the  work  of  the  bureaus  of  Chap- 
ter Organization  and  Membership  Extension,  Chapter  Production, 
Junior  Membership,  Publications,  War  Fund  Campaigns.  The  Bu- 
reau of  Chapter  Production  directed  the  work  of  about  8,000,000 
women.  Samuel  M.  Greer,  director. 

DEVELOPMENT  DIVISION,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

Organized  June  28,  1918,  with  headquarters  at  Nela  Park,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  This  division  was  responsible  for  the  development  of 
chemical  processes  for  the  manufacture  of  gas  warfare  material,  both 
offensive  and  defensive.  It  developed  material  received  from  the 
research  division  to  the  point  where  it  could  be  turned  over  to  the 
Lakehurst  Proving  Ground.  Col.  F.  M.  Dorsey,  in  charge. 


112       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

DINING-CAR     COMMITTEE,     INTERREGIONAL,     DIVISION     OP     TRAFFIC, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointment  announced  September  21,  1918.  Members  of  the 
committee  were  appointed  for  each  region,  who  were  directed  to 
report  to  their  respective  regional  directors.  The  committee  was 
charged  with  the  duty  of  putting  into  effect  a  plan  for  standardizing 
the  meals  served  in  dining  cars.  J.  K.  Smart,  chairman. 

DINING-CAR  SUPERINTENDENTS,  AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION  OF. 

In  existence  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  The  association  co- 
operated with  the  railroads  and  with  the  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration in  formulating  regulations  for  dining-car  service  which 
were  intended  to  assist  in  carrying  out  Mr.  Hoover's  program  for 
food  conservation.  As  a  result  of  action  taken  by  the  association, 
meatless  and  wheatless  days  were  inaugurated  on  all  dining  cars.  In 
November,  1917,  it  was  estimated  that  the  saving  of  meat  in  dining 
cars  and  railroad  restaurants  as  the  result  of  meatless  Tuesday  would 
amount  to  85,000  pounds  annually.  E.  V.  Baugh  was  president  of 
the  association. 

DIPLOMATIC     RELATIONS     SECTION,     HISTORICAL     BRANCH,     GENERAL 
STAFF. 

Engaged  in  collecting,  in  Washington  and  at  the  Peace  Confer- 
ence, data  upon  diplomatic  relations  preceding  and  during  the  period 
of  American  participation  in  the  War  of  1917  and  upon  the  negotia- 
tions of  peace.  Maj.  Fred  Morrow  Fling,  chief. 

DISPOSAL    BRANCH,    REAL    ESTATE    SERVICE,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE    AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  April  1, 1919,  to  have  charge  of  the  granting  and  renewing 
of  all  leases,  licenses,  permits  or  privileges  authorizing  the  use  of 
real  estate  and  the  sale  or  other  disposition  of  all  real  estate,  includ- 
ing the  cancellation,  extension  or  modification  of  all  leases  and  li- 
censes for  use  of  the  War  Department.  It  functioned  through  the 
following  sections :  Sales,  License  Cancellation,  and  Damage  Claims. 
J.  J.  Hubbard,  chief. 

DISTRIBUTION  BRANCH,  DEPOT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  June  14,  1918,  and  abolished  August  15,  1918,  its  duties 
being  transferred  to  the  Domestic  Distribution  Branch  and  Over- 
seas Distribution  Branch.  Maj.  John  Tyssowski,  chief. 

DISTRIBUTION  BRANCH,   SUPPLY   CONTROL  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Created  January  26, 1918.  Prior  to  April  16, 1918,  the  branch  was 
subordinate  to  the  Quartermaster  Supply  Control  Bureau.  Function- 
ing under  the  branch  were  the  Domestic,  Overseas,  Overseas  Service, 
and  Reserve  Sections.  The  branch  was  abolished  June  14,  1918,  upon 
the  reorganization  of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General.  Maj. 
R.  A.  Shaw,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      113 
DISTRIBUTION,  DIVISION  OF;   COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

This  office  was  responsible  for  the  sale  or  distribution  of  the  publi- 
cations of  the  committee.  Henry  Atwater,  director.  Discontinued 
December  15,  1918. 

DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  June  28,  1917.  The  division  had  charge  of  non-perish- 
able commodities  with  special  reference  to  staple  groceries,  and  con- 
trolled wholesalers,  retailers,  commission  merchants,  and  brokers  so 
far  as  they  were  covered  by  license  regulations.  The  division  func- 
tioned through  the  Wholesale  and  Retail,  Retail  Stores,  Brokers, 
Staple  Groceries,  and  Coffee  Sections.  Theodore  Whitmarsh,  chief. 

DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  division  was  organized  in  September,  1917,  under  L.  A.  Snead, 
who  had  been  handling  Government  fuel  requirements  for  the  Coal 
Production  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense.  It  was  known 
as  the  Apportionment  and  Distribution  Division  and  had  charge  of 
Government,  industrial,  and  domestic  requirements  with  the  appor- 
tionment of  fuel  to  these  demands.  J.  D.  A.  Morrow  was  appointed 
director  January  24, 1918,  when  the  division  was  reorganized  with  the 
idea  of  decentralizing  the  work.  In  each  producing  region  there  was  a 
district  representative,  who  took  complete  charge  of  local  shipments 
for  the  Fuel  Administration  and  saw  that  the  output  was  distributed 
in  accordance  with  Federal  regulations.  They  attended  to  proper 
routing  of  shipments,  to  emergency  requests,  and  advised  concerning 
the  best  use  of  cars.  Similar  work  was  performed  by  coke  repre- 
sentatives for  the  coke  regions.  A  charcoal  man  also  was  appointed 
for  Pennsylvania.  This  force  took  charge  of  the  zone  system  of  dis- 
tribution inaugurated  April  1,  1918,  under  which  production  was 
increased  through  the  elimination  of  cross-haulage.  These  district 
representatives  were  under  the  control  of  the  Distribution  Division 
and  worked  through  the  bureaus.  Anthracite  distribution  was  pro- 
vided for  by  a  special  anthracite  committee.  Distribution  to  lake, 
Canadian,  and  tidewater  regions  and  to  railroads  was  a  part  of  the 
work  of  the  division,  special  representatives  taking  care  of  these 
matters.  The  division  was  divided  into  the  Bureaus  of  Bituminous 
Coal,  Anthracite,  Statistics,  Coke,  Gas  Plants,  State  Distribution, 
and  the  Coal  Zone  Permit  Section. 

See  Production,  Bureau  of;  Administrative  Division,  United  States 
Fuel  Administration;  'District  Representatives  for  list  of  men. 

DISTRIBUTION   AND    WAREHOUSE    SECTION,    SUPPLY   DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Formed  by  the  consolidation  of  the  Distribution  and  Storehouse 
Departments  of  the  Supply  Division,  some  time  after  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  that  division  for  more  efficient  handling  of  supplies  and  elimi- 
nation of  delay.  The  consolidation  of  the  two  departments  meant 
the  abandonment  of  a  system  of  distribution  involving  a  multiplicity 
of  detail  similar  to  that  of  a  mail-order  house,  and  the  adoption  of  a 
method  corresponding  to  the  Army  system  of  concentration  points. 
127232—19 8 


114       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

It  also  meant  the  elimination  of  a  large  amount  of  clerical  work,  the 
establishment  of  reserve  stocks  of  material  for  prevention  of  delay  in 
transportation,  and  the  supplanting  of  bulk  shipments  for  the  han- 
dling of  thousands  of  small  orders.  At  the  time  of  the  signing  of 
the  armistice  the  section  included  a  Transportation  Branch,  a  Storage 
and  Distribution  Branch,  and  a  Claims  Branch.  A.  E.  Pfeiffer, 
manager  of  the  Storehouse  Department,  became  manager  of  this 
section. 

DISTRICT  BOARDS,  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

The  District  Boards  were  appointed  by  the  President  upon  recom- 
mendation of  the  governors  of  the  various  States  and  Territories  for 
the  purpose  of  assisting  in  the  administration  of  the  selective  service 
act.  The  number  varied,  but  the  normal  board  consisted  originally  of 
five  members,  and  was  supposed  to  include  members  who  were  in 
close  touch  with  the  agricultural  and  industrial  situation  of  the  dis- 
trict, a  member  in  close  touch  with  labor,  and  representatives  of  the 
medical  and  legal  professions.  On  an  average,  each  district  board 
had  30  local  boards  within  its  jurisdiction,  there  being  altogether 
155  district  boards.  Their  duties  were  twofold:  (1)  They  reviewed 
the  decisions  of  local  boards  upon  appeal;  (2)  they  heard  and  deter- 
mined, as  courts  of  first  instance,  all  questions  of  accepting  for  or  ex- 
cluding from  the  draft  persons  engaged  in  necessary  industries,  in- 
cluding agriculture.  In  this  way  they  safeguarded  the  agricultural 
and  industrial  interests  of  the  Nation  in  the  enforcement  of  the  selec- 
tive service  act.  At  first  the  hearing  of  appeals  from  the  decisions  of 
the  local  boards  required  a  relatively  large  part  of  the  time  of  the 
district  boards,  but  later  the  number  of  claims  for  exemption  de- 
creased, while  the  necessity  for  safeguarding  essential  industries  in- 
creased. Government  appeal  agents  took  appeals  from  the  divisions 
of  local  boards  in  exemption  cases  where  the  interests  of  the  Govern- 
ment were  involved.  The  District  Boards  were  given  the  assistance 
of  Industrial  Advisers  after  the  amendment  to  the  selective  service  act 
of  August  31,  1918. 

DISTRICT    MANAGEMENT     GROUP,    UNITED    STATES     SHIPPING    BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

In  order  that  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  might  keep  a  close 
watch  over  all  matters  pertaining  to  ship  construction  in  the  ship- 
yards throughout  the  country,  a  field  organization  was  organized 
under  the  District  Management  Group  under  which  the  country  was 
divided  into  shipbuilding  districts  with  a  district  manager  and  a  dis- 
trict supervisor  in  each.  These  district  officers  formed  an  office 
through  which  the  various  district  inspectors,  camoufleurs,  safety 
engineers,  sanitation  officers,  fire  guards,  etc.,  carried  out  their  own 
functions  and  made  their  reports  to  the  home  office.  It  was  the  duty 
of  these  officers  to  watch  out  for  the  interests  of  the  corporation  and 
to  secure  the  greatest  possible  production  of  ships  in  the  least  possible 
time.  The  districts  were  at  first  distinguished  from  each  other  by 
numbers,  but  were  later  given  names  such  as  the  Northern  Atlantic, 
Middle  Atlantic,  Delaware  River,  Southern,  Gulf,  Southern  Pacific, 
Northern  Pacific,  and  Great  Lakes  Districts.  The  boundaries  of  the 
districts  were  in  most  cases  formed  naturally  by  the  situation  of  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       115 

yards,  though  in  some  cases  they  were  drawn  to  include  steel  or  wood 
yards  only.  The  district  officers  were  duplicated  for  wood  and  steel 
ship  construction  and  made  their  reports  to  the  division  represented. 

DISTRICT  REPRESENTATIVES,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 


Name. 

Address. 

,    Field. 

J.  P  Cameron    . 

Altoona,  Pa 

Central  Pennsylvania. 

F  B   Rnimann 

Butler  Pa 

W  Pa  north  of  Pitts 

R.  W  Gardiner  . 

Pittsburgh,  Pa  

Pittsburgh  Panhandle. 

J.  B  Huff 

Greensburg,  Pa  

Westm°rland-Irwin,  etc 

W  L  Bvprs 

Uni^ntown  Pa 

Connellsville  region 

John  C.  Brydon. 

Cumberland.  Md  

Somerset,  Myersdale,  etc. 

D.  R  Lawson 

Fairmont,  W  Va    

Fairmount-C  larks  burg 

D.  F.  Hurd... 

Cleveland,  Ohio  

F  astern  and  Central  Ohio. 

W.  I.  Foss    ..  . 

Bay  City,  Mi"h  

Michigan. 

W  D  McKinney 

Columbus  Ohio.. 

Southern  Ohio 

C.  M.  Roehrig  

Ashland,  Ky  

Big  Sandy  and  Elkhorn. 

R.  A.  H>rd  

Lexington,  Kv.. 

Hazard. 

A.  H  Land 

Hnntingtrn,  W  Va 

Southern  West  Virginia 

W  R  J  Zimmerman 

Charleston  W  Va 

New  River*  Winding  Gulf 

E.  J.  Howe  

Bluefield,  W.  Va.. 

Tug  River,  Pooahonta^  etc. 

G  D   Kilg-re 

Norton  Va 

Clinch  Valley  S  W  Va 

E.  R.  Clayton  

Knoxville,  Tenn  

Harlan  Field,  Tenn.,  and  Ga. 

E.  A.  Holmes. 

Birmingham,  Ala  .  . 

Alabama 

C  E   Reed 

Louisville   Kv 

Western  Kentucky 

C.  G.  Hall.... 

Terre  Haute,  Ind  

Indiana. 

F.  C.  Honnold 

Fischer  B!dg  ,  Chicago 

Illinois 

H  N  Taylor 

Kansas  City  Mo 

Iowa   Missouri    Kansas   Arkansas    Oklahoma 

W  H.  Groverman    ... 

Minneapolis,  Minn 

and  Texas. 
Lake  Docks 

W  B  Inne^ 

Billings  Mont 

Mcrcni  Heiner  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  . 

Utah  and  Southern  Wyoming     ~ 

George  D  Kimball 

Denver  Col 

Colorado 

J.  Van  Houten  

Albuquerque,  N.  Mex 

New  Mexico. 

D.  C.  Botting.  . 

Seattle,  Wash 

Washington 

COKE  REPRESENTATIVES. 


Chas.  E.  Lenhart. 

Uniontown.  Pa 

Connellsville  region 

R  M  Fay 

do 

Do 

John  M.  Jamison.. 

Greensburg,  Pa  .... 

Do 

J.  A.  Ballard 

Detroit  Mich 

Ohio  Michigan  and  Kentucky 

James  A.  Galligan  

Chicago,  111  

Indiana,    Illinois,    Wisconsin,    MinnesotJ 

)    and 

Missouri. 

CHARCOAL  REPRESENTATIVE. 


R  T 

Goodfellow  

Bradford, 

Pa 

• 

See  Distribution  Division  for  duties. 

DOMESTIC    CONSUMPTION,   BUREAU    OF,    OIL    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  bureau  provided  for  distribution  of  petroleum  through  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  It  worked  with  distributing  committees 
of  the  National  Petroleum  War  Service  Committees.  The  director 
was  a  member  of  the  United  States'  Highway  Council  and  authorized 
the  use  of  petroleum  materials  for  road  purposes.  C.  G.  Sheffield, 
director. 


DOMESTIC    DISTRIBUTION    BRANCH,    OPERATING    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Created  August  15,  1918,  to  control  the  stocks  and  movement  of  all 
quartermaster  supplies  in  this  country  except  such  supplies  as  were 


116       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

released  to  Overseas  Distribution  Branch.  It  was  abolished  Novem- 
ber 1,  1918,  and  its  duties  transferred  to  the  Domestic  Distribution 
Division,  Director  of  Storage.  Lieut.  Col.  John  F.  Plummer,  chief. 

DOMESTIC  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918.  This  division  supervised  distribution 
of  all  supplies  to  the  Army  in  the  United  States  and  insular 
possessions.  It  functioned  through  the  following  subdivisions :  Ad- 
ministrative, Engineers,  Quartermaster,  Ordnance,  Signal,  Aircraft, 
Medical,  and  Chemical  Warfare.  Lieut.  Col.  John  F.  Plummer, 
chief. 

DOMESTIC  DIVISION,  FREIGHT  TRAFFIC  COMMITTEE,  NORTH  ATLANTIC 
PORTS. 

See  Freight  Traffic  Committee,  North  Atlantic  Ports. 

DOMESTIC  OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  19,  1918,  to  supersede  the  Operating  Division, 
Quartermaster  General.  This  division  was  responsible  for  the  opera- 
tion of  all  General  Supply  depots,  Army  reserve  depots,  and  cold- 
storage  plants.  It  functioned  through  the  following  subdivisions: 
Service,  Cold  Storage,  Army  Eeserve  Depot.  Lieut.  Col.  G.  M. 
McConnell,  chief. 

DOOR  HANGERS  AND  TRACK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  to  represent  the  manufacturers  before  that  section  and 
the  Priorities  Committee.  W.  P.  Benson,  chairman. 

DOUGLAS  FIR  EMERGENCY  BUREAU. 

Organized  by  the  West  Coast  Lumbermen's  Association  June  4, 
1917,  for  the  purpose  of  placing  the  lumber  resources  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest  at  the  service  of  the  Government.  It  took  orders  from  the 
Government,  allocated  them  to  the  mills,  looked  after  shipments, 
and  made  prices  to  the  Government.  In  the  fall  of  1917  the  name 
of  the  bureau  was  changed  to  West  Coast  Lumber  Emergency  Bu- 
reau, and  on  February  1,  1918,  the  Government  took  over  the  activi- 
ties of  the  bureau  in  the  Fir  Production  Board.  George  S.  Long  and 
E.  G.  Ames,  chairmen;  Lynde  Palmer,  Washington  representative. 

DRAFT  CLASSIFICATIONS  AND  TRANSFER  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  RELA- 
TIONS DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET 
CORPORATION. 

This  branch  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  administering  for 
the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  the  regulations  adopted  by  the 
Provost  Marshal  General  in  November,  1917,  providing  for  a  special 
Emergency  Fleet  classification  list  in  accordance  with  which  special 
temporary  exemption  from  the  draft  was  granted  to  shipyard 
workers.  The  branch  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Industrial  Service 
Section  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  Upon  the  organiza- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       117 

tion  of  the  Labor  Supply  Section  of  the  Industrial  Kelations  Divi- 
sion the  branch  was  transferred  to  that  section.  Wilfred  Jessup  was 
head  of  the  branch. 

DROP  FORCINGS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  8,  1918,  by  the  War  Industries  Board.  This 
same  committee  was  later  adopted  as  the  official  committee  of  the 
Drop  Forgers'  Association.  F.  A.  Ingalls,  chairman. 

DRUG  AND  CHEMICAL  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Originally  assembled  April  15,  1917,  at  the  call  of  the  General 
Medical  Board,  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  committee  then 
formed  was  subsequently  dissolved,  its  members  being  reappointed 
as  a  war  service  committee  by  the  president  of  the  American  Drug 
Manufacturers'  Association.  William  Ohlinger,  chairman. 

DRUG  LABEL  AND  BOX  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL. 

Organized  by  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board,  with  William  Koehl  as  president. 

DRUGS,  PROPRIETARY,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  March,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  pro- 
prietary medicines.  F.  A.  Blair,  chairman. 

DRY  CLEANING  BRANCH,  CONSERVATION  AND  RECLAMATION  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  April  16,  1918,  and  responsible  to  the  Eeclamation 
Division  prior  to  April  22,  1918.  The  branch  was  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  all  Government-owned  dry-cleaning  plants  at  camps, 
posts,  depots,  and  cantonments.  The  branch  was  abolished  on  Octo- 
ber 28,  1918,  and  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Clothing  Renova- 
tion Branch,  Salvage  Division,  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Divi- 
sion. Dr.  H.  E.  Mechling,  chief. 

DRY  DOCK  SECTION,  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  August  6,  1917.  It  was  responsible  for  the  construction 
and  maintenance  of  dry  dock  facilities,  including  the  supervision  of 
contracts  and  allotments,  and  the  administration  of  all  details  con- 
nected with  the  installation  of  docks  and  accessories.  It  made 
monthly  reports  on  all  projects  of  the  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks. 
Chief,  Eear  Admiral  Frederick  E.  Harris,  succeeded  in  November, 
1917,  by  Lieut.  H.  D.  Kouzer. 

DYE   SECTION,  ARTIFICIAL  AND   VEGETABLE;    CHEMICALS   AND   EXPLO- 
SIVES DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Dyes,  Artificial,  and  Intermediates  Section,  War  Industries 
Board. 

DYES,    ARTIFICIAL,    AND    INTERMEDIATES    SECTION,    CHEMICALS    DIVI- 
SION, WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  September,  1918,  as  a  continuation  of  the  Artificial  and 
Vegetable  Dye  Section  of  the  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Division, 


118       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

and  the  Vegetable  Dye  and  Aniline  Section  of  the  Chemicals  Divi- 
sion. Vegetable  dyes  were  under  jurisdiction  of  this  section  at  the 
start,  but  were  later  transferred  to  Tanning  Materials  and  Natural 
Dyes  Section,  War  Industries  Board.  The  section  had  to  face  the 
two  facts  that  there  was  no  dye  industry  in  the  United  States,  and 
that  explosives  needed  the  same  ingredients  as  the  color  works.  The 
section  gave  much  credit  to  the  vegetable  dyewood  industry  for 
speeding  up  production  while  the  aniline  manufacturers  were  getting 
started.  Shortages  compelled  the  prohibition  of  certain  classes  of 
colors  until  restrictions  on  toluol,  xylol,  acetic  acid,  etc.,  were 
removed  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  Sharp  restrictions  were 
made  by  the  section  on  sulfide  of  soda,  the  chief  ingredient  in  the 
dyeing  of  olive  drab  and  khaki  cloth.  The  section  was  discontinued 
December  31,  1918.  J.  F.  S.  Schoellkopf,  jr.,  chief,  succeeded  by  V. 
L.  King. 

DYESTTJFFS    AND   INTERMEDIATES,    SECTION    ON;    CHEMICAL   ALLIANCE 
(INC.). 

Created  by  the  Chemical  Alliance  to  cooperate  with  the  War  In- 
dustries Board.  The  section  allocated  raw  materials  and  determined 
their  classifications  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  priority.  The 
section  issued  bulletins  to  the  industry  and  brought  manufacturers  in 
close  contact  with  the  War  Industries  Board.  C.  L.  Reese,  chairman. 

DYEWOOD  EXTRACTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June  5,  1918,  by  the  War  Industries  Board  to  represent 
the  manufacturers  of  dyewood  extracts.  D.  C.  Jones,  chairman. 

EASTERN   RAILROADS    CAR  POOL,   CAR   SERVICE    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF 
OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Taken  over  by  the  Car  Service  Section  as  a  part  of  the  activities 
of  the  Commission  on  Car  Service.  Through  a  central  office  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.,  it  supervised  the  handling  of  open-top  cars,  principally 
for  the  transportation  of  coal  in  the  territory  east  of  Chicago,  111. 
Through  this  organization  coal  cars  were  relocated  without  regard 
to  individual  line  ownership,  in  territory  and  in  traffic  where  war 
necessity  indicated  they  were  most  necessary.  In  this  way  much  more 
coal  was  produced  than  would  otherwise  have  been  possible,  and  the 
administration  was  enabled  to  give  more  adequate  service  with  less 
transportation  effort  to  such  vitally  important  coal  movements  as 
those  to  New  England,  to  tidewater,  to  lower  Lake  Erie  ports  for 
water  movement  to  the  grain  States  of  the  Northwest,  and  to  the 
great  steel  and  other  war  manufacturing  districts.  Manager,  F.  G. 
Minnick,  succeeded  by  H.  J.  German. 

EASTERN  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  January  18,  1918.  The  Eastern  Eegion  originally  in- 
cluded the  railroads  in  that  portion  of  the  United  States  north  of 
the  Ohio  and  Potomac  rivers  and  east  of  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Indiana-Illinois  State  line ;  also  those  railroads  in  Illinois  extending 
into  the  State  from  points  east  of  the  Indiana-Illinois  State  line; 
also  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio,  the  Norfolk  &  Western,  and  the  Vir- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       119 

ginian  railways.  On  June  1,  1918,  the  Allegheny  and  Pocahontas 
regions  were  organized  chiefly  from  lines  originally  included  within 
the  Eastern  Region.  The  Allegheny  Region  took  over  the  princi- 
pal railroads  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Mary- 
land, including  the  Pennsylvania,  and  Baltimore  &  Ohio  east  of 
Pittsburgh,  the  Reading,  and  others.  The  Pocahontas  Region  took 
over  the  principal  railroads  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  includ- 
ing the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  west  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  Columbus, 
Ohio,  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  the  Norfolk  &  Western  and  the  Vir- 
ginian, together  with  the  terminals  and  harbor  facilities  of  all  lines 
reaching  Hampton  Roads.  Certain  lines  or  parts  of  lines  were  at 
various  times  transferred  from  one  region  to  another.  On  Decem- 
ber 1,  1918,  the  Pennsylvania  lines  west  of  Erie  and  Parkersburg 
and  Pittsburgh  and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  west  of  Parkersburg  and 
Pittsburgh,  together  with  certain  smaller  lines,  were  transferred  to 
the  Allegheny  Region.  On  February  1,  1919,  the  Chesapeake  & 
Ohio  Railroad  of  Indiana  was  transferred  to  the  Pocahontas  Region. 
A.  H.  Smith,  president  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  was  ap- 
pointed regional  director,  with  offices  at  New  York.  In  addition  to 
the  task  of  operating  the  railroads  of  this  region,  he  was,  on  Septem- 
ber 13,  1918,  given  jurisdiction  over  the  shipping  on  the  Great  Lakes 
under  Federal  control.  Important  organizations  serving  under  the 
regional  director  were  the  Marine  Department  and  the  North  Atlan- 
tic Ports  Freight  Traffic  Committee.  For  administrative  purposes, 
two  subdivisions  were  created  under  regional  control,  the  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Ohio-Indiana  districts. 

See  Regional  Administration,  United  States  Railroad  Adminis- 
tration. 

ECONOMIC  COMMISSION,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Formerly  the  Economic  Drafting  Committee  of  the  Council  of 
Ten.  It  was  composed  of  one  member  from  each  of  the  five  great 
powers,  with  the  duty  of  advising  the  Peace  Conference  upon  eco- 
nomic questions  in  connection  with  the  terms  of  peace.  It  worked 
through  four  sections:  Permanent  Economic  Relations,  Contracts 
and  Claims,  Status  of  Enemy  Aliens,  and  Status  of  Economic 
Treaties  with  the  Enemy.  Bernard  M.  Baruch,  American  member. 

ECONOMIC  COUNCIL  OF  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

See  Supreme  Economic  Council. 

ECONOMIC  DIVISION,  FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 

The  principal  war  function  of  this  division  was  general  cost  finding 
with  respect  to  all  kinds  of  commodities  for  other  branches  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, particularly  those  which  had  to  fix  prices.  A  letter  of  the 
President,  dated  July  25,  1917,  designated  the  commission  as  the  gen- 
eral cost-finding  body  for  the  Government.  A  member  of  the  Eco- 
nomic Division  represented  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  on  the 
Food  Purchase  Board  and  on  the  Joint  Board  of  Information  on 
Minerals  and  their  Derivatives.  For  part  of  the  war  period  the 
division  served  as  a  policing  agency  for  the  Fuel  Administration  to 
determine  whether  certain  regulations  were  being  observed.  This 


120       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

work  was  afterwards  transferred  to  the  Fuel  Administration.  Vari- 
ous general  economic  investigations  conducted  during  the  war  con- 
tributed information  as  to  conditions  of  supply,  costs,  prices,  profits, 
and  business  practices  in  regard  to  various  commodities  which  had  a 
distinct  relation  to  the  determination  of  war  problems.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  war  the  Economic  Division  was  under  the  direction  of  an 
Economic  Advisory  Board  of  three  economists.  In  May,  1918, 
unitary  direction  was  secured  by  placing  the  division  in  charge  of  a 
chief  economist,  with  several  assistant  chief  economists,  to  each  of 
whom  was  allotted  the  supervision  of  a  group  of  investigations. 
Francis  Walker  was  chief  economist. 

ECONOMIC  DRAFTING  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  COUNCIL  OF  TEN. 

See  Economic  Commission. 

ECONOMIC     MOBILIZATION     SECTION,     HISTORICAL     BRANCH,     GENERAL 
STAFF. 

Created  July,  1918,  and  engaged  in  collecting  historical  data  upon 
economic,  industrial,  financial,  and  social  factors,  contributing  toward 
economic  mobilization  for  the  War  of  1917.  Maj.  Frederic  L.  Pax- 
son,  chief,  succeeded  by  Maj.  E.  B.  Patterson  on  April  1,  1919;  suc- 
ceeded by  Lieut.  Col.  E.  S.  Hayes  on  June  9, 1919. 

ECONOMICS,  DIVISION  OF;   INFORMATION  AND  EDUCATION  SERVICE,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  LABOR. 

Instituted  August  1,  1918.  Its  function  was  to  secure  the  good 
will  of  employers  and  their  cooperation  with  the  Department  of 
Labor  and  to  study  and  formulate  the  work  of  employment  man- 
agers. Dr.  Davis  K.  Dewey,  director. 

EDITORIAL    COMMITTEE,    GENERAL   MEDICAL   BOARD,    COUNCIL   OF   NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

First  known  as  Special  Editorial  Committee,  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Flint, 
chairman;  later  by  the  present  title,  with  Dr.  Edward  Martin, 
chairman.  To  aid  medical  officers  without  military  medical  ex- 
perience it  published  the  following  seven  pocket  manual  war  text- 
books: Sanitation  for  Medical  Officers,  Notes  for  Army  Medical 
Officers,  Military  Ophthalmic  Surgery,  Military  Orthopedic  Sur- 
gery, Lessons  from  the  Enemy,  Laboratory  Methods  of  the  United 
States  Army,  Surgery  in  the  Zone  of  Advance. 

EDITORIAL  SECTION,  PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  July  1,  1918.  It  sent  a  series  of  bulletins  to  some  200 
Government  officials  regarding  the  status  of  the  supply  program  and 
the  influence  of  industrial  conditions  upon  this  program.  Leo 
Wolman,  chief. 

EDUCATION,    BUREAU    OF;    ADMINISTRATIVE    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  September,  1917.  The  bureau  had  charge  of  the  is- 
suing of  weekly  news  bulletins,  press  releases,  and  special  articles  for 
magazines.  E.  R.  Sartwell,  director,  succeeded  by  C.  E.  Persons  on 
October  3,  1918. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       121 
EDUCATION,  BUREAU  OF;    DEPARTMENT  OF   THE  INTERIOR. 

A  permanent  bureau  whose  functions  included  the  following  war 
activities:  Correspondence  and  conference  in  directing  the  readjust- 
ment of  the  courses  of  study  in  schools  to  meet  war  demands  and 
for  keeping  up  attendance  in  schools  during  the  war;  cooperation 
with  the  States  Divisions  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  in  pro- 
moting community  organization ;  cooperation  with  the  Food  Admin- 
istration in  the  preparation  and  publication  of  series  of  lessons  for 
teachers  and  students  on  community  and  national  life ;  studies  of  the 
needs  of  special  education  and  training  for  the  Army  and  cooperation 
with  the  Committee  on  Education  and  Special  Training  of  the  War 
Department;  cooperation  with  State  and  city  school  officers  and  in- 
dustrial plants  for  the  Americanization  of  the  foreign-born  popula- 
tion ;  cooperation  with  the  Industrial  Service  Section  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  of  the  War  Department  in  the  direction  and  supervision 
of  education  in  new  towns  which  arose  around  munition  and  nitrate 
plants  and  other  industries;  stimulation  of  the  production  of  food, 
and  the  conservation  of  food  and  clothing.  The  principal  economic 
activities  of  the  bureau  were  carried  on  through  the  United  States 
School  Garden  Army,  the  School  Board  Service  Section,  the  Edu- 
cational Extension  Division,  and  the  Americanization  Division. 
P.  P.  Claxton,  commissioner. 

EDUCATION   AND    SPECIAL    TRAINING,    COMMITTEE    ON;    WAR    DEPART- 
MENT. 

Created  February  10,  1918,  by  War  Department  General  Orders 
No.  15,  to  supply  the  Army's  need  of  specially  skilled  men  by  mili- 
tary and  allied  (vocational  or  academic)  training  at  educational  in- 
stitutions. This  committee  secured  the  cooperation  of  the  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  country  .and  represented  the  War  Depart- 
ment in  its  relations  with  such  institutions.  This  committee  was 
designated  on  June  28,  1918,  as  a  section  of  the  Training  and  In- 
struction Branch,  War  Plans  Division,  General  Staff,  and  func- 
tioned under  the  direct  supervision  of  that  branch.  It  directly 
administered  during  their  existence  all  units  of  National  Army 
training  detachments  and  all  units  of  the  Student  Army  Training 
Corps.  All  units  of  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps  at  educa- 
tional institutions  were  directly  under  the  supervision  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Education  and  Special  Training.  An  advisory  civilian 
board  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  educational  institutions  was  associated  with  this  committee. 
Brig.  Gen.  Robert  I.  Rees,  chairman,  until  December  15,  1918;  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  Frank  J.  Morrow. 

EDUCATION  AND  TRAINING  SECTION,   INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Industrial  Training  Department,  United  States  Shipping 
Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

EDUCATIONAL  DIVISION,  INFORMATION  AND   EDUCATION  SERVICE,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  LABOR. 

Organized  July  15, 1918.  Its  function  was  to  cover  the  news  of  the 
Department  of  Labor  and  of  labor  meetings  and  to  interpret  through 


122       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

governmental,  labor,  trade,  and  scientific  newspapers  and  magazines 
the  policies  and  program  of  workingmen  to  employers  and  the  public. 
Clara  Sears  Taylor,  director. 

EDUCATIONAL    EXTENSION,    DIVISION    OF;    BUREAU    OF    EDUCATION,    DE- 
PARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

Established  December  2,  1918,  by  presidential  authority.  It  en- 
deavored to  make  more  available  to  the  public,  especially  to  persons 
who  were  not  in  school  or  college  but  wished  to  continue  their  educa- 
tion, some  of  the  great  educational  resources  of  the  Government  and 
of  the  higher  institutions  of  learning  in  the  States.  It  aided  uni- 
versity extension  divisions  and  assisted  in  the  promotion  of  com- 
munity centers.  John  J.  Petti  John,  director. 

EDUCATIONAL  PROPAGANDA  DEPARTMENT,  WOMAN'S  COMMITTEE,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  department  of  the  Woman's  Committee  and  its  State  divisions 
had  as  its  aim  "  creating  an  intelligent  public  opinion  concerning  the 
Avar."  Printed  material  from  the  Committee  on  Public  Information 
and  other  sources  was  distributed;  material  was  prepared  for  the 
study  of  the  war  in  women's  clubs,  in  schools,  and  other  groups ;  and 
the  department  helped  to  arrange  numbers  of  patriotic  meetings — 
State,  county,  and  local.  Speakers'  bureaus  were  established  to  pro- 
vide speakers  for  such  meetings  and  for  special  drives.  A  particular 
effort  was  made  to  lead  foreign-born  women  to  learn  English,  and  to 
familiarize  them  with  American  customs  and  ideals,  and  convince 
them  of  the  value  of  naturalization.  Patriotic  meetings  in  rural  com- 
munities were  promoted  through  rural  school  teachers.  Mrs.  Carrie 
Chapman  Catt,  chairman;  Mrs.  Martha  Evans  Martin,  executive 
chairman. 

EFFICIENCY,  UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF. 

Originally  established  as  the  Division  of  Efficiency,  Civil  Service 
Commission,  by  act  of  Congress  of  March  4,  1913.  By  a  later  act 
approved  February  28,  1916,  it  was  made  a  separate  bureau 
directly  responsible  to  the  President.  The  duties  of  the  bureau  were 
to  establish  and  maintain  a  system  of  efficiency  ratings  ^  for  the 
executive  departments  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  investigate  the 
needs  of  the  several  executive  departments  and  independent  estab- 
lishments with  respect  to  personnel,  to  investigate  duplication  of 
statistical  and  other  work  and  methods  of  business  in  the  various 
branches  of  the  Government  services.  During  the  war  it  aided  the 
Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue  in  expanding  its  facilities  to  meet  war 
needs,  assisted  in  the  development  of  the  organization  of  the  War 
Risk  Insurance,  cooperated  in  the  preparation  of  a  system  of  account- 
ing for  the  War  Finance  Corporation,  and  in  conjunction  with  the 
Central  Bureau  of  Planning  and  Statistics  investigated  the  dupli- 
cation of  work  in  Government  establishments  and  recommended 
means  of  coordinating  and  centralizing  various  activities  for  the 
more  economical  prosecution  of  the  war.  Herbert  D.  Brown,  chief. 

EGG  CASE  AND  EGG-CASE  FILLERS,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  October,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  egg 
cases  and  egg-case  fillers.  W.  H.  Davis,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       123 
ELECTRIC  FURNACES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1918,  by  the  Steel  Division  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  G.  H.  Clamer,  chairman. 

ELECTRIC  AND  POWER  EQUIPMENT  SECTION,  FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DI- 
VISION, WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section  was  organized  November  14,  1917,  to  survey  the 
country  and  to  secure  reliable  lists  of  available  electrical  equipment. 
The  work  of  the  section  covered  the  tabulation  of  sources  of  supply, 
and  the  building  up  of  a  plan  of  standardization  to  conserve  both 
materials  and  productive  energy,  and  was  carried  on  through  the 
three  divisions  of  this  section,  the  Electrical,  Turbine,  and  Mechan- 
ical. The  section  was  discontinued  December  20,  1918.  Walter  Bob- 
bins, chief. 

ELECTRIC  RAILROAD  COMMUNICATION,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON; 
COMMITTEE  ON  NATIONAL  DEFENSE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ELECTRIC  RAIL- 
WAY ASSOCIATION. 

This  committee,  which  cooperated  with  the  Committee  on  Trans- 
portation and  Communication  of  the  Advisory  Commission,  Council 
of  National  Defense,  was  formed  at  the  instance  of  the  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  National  Defense  of  the  American  Electric  Rail- 
way Association.  It  consisted  of  eight  members,  a  chairman,  Gen. 
George  H.  Harries,  a  vice  chairman,  in  charge  of  general  matters,  and 
six  additional  members,  there  being  one  assigned  to  each  of  the  mili- 
tary departments.  The  principal  work  of  the  committee  consisted  in 
the  preparation  of  data  concerning  electric  railway  transportation 
and  the  preparation  of  a  series  of  maps  for  the  use  of  the  War  De- 
partment. At  a  conference  with  the  chief  of  the  Army  War  College 
held  on  February  21, 1918,  it  was  decided  that  the  War  College  should 
continue  the  work  and  the  committee  was  accordingly  dissolved. 

ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION  WAR  BOARD,  AMERICAN. 

The  board  was  organized  at  a  meeting  attended  by  members  of  the 
American  Electric  Railway  Association  representative  of  27  States 
in  November,  1917.  In  its  purpose  and  method  of  organization 
it  was  modeled  after  the  War  Board  of  the  Special  Committee 
on  National  Defense  of  the  American  Railway  Association.  Like 
that  body  it  included  five  members.  The  board  was  formed  with  the 
idea  of  assisting  the  steam  railways  of  the  country  in  every  possible 
way  in  the  handling  of  the  Nation's  traffic,  and  it  planned  to  cooperate 
with  the  Council  of  National  Defense  in  attaining  this  end.  There 
were  some  40,000  miles  of  electric  railways  in  the  country  and  the 
board  endeavored  to  coordinate  these  systems  and  to  develop  them  to 
the  point  where  they  might  supplement  the  work  being  done  by  the 
steam  railroads.  Soon  after  the  creation  of  the  board  a  subcommittee 
on  traffic  and  transportation,  with  members  in  each  State,  was  or- 
ganized, the  purpose  of  which  was  to  investigate  the  possibilities  of 
electric  lines  as  freight  carriers.  Special  attention  was  devoted  to 
the  following:  (1)  The  moving  of  light  merchandise  and  foodstuffs 
for  comparatively  short  distances  in  aiid  out  of  large  cities;  (2)  the 
aiding  in  the  movement  of  traffic  around  congested  terminals ;  (3)  the 
relieving  of  steam  roads  so  far  as  possible  of  short  line  passenger 


124       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

traffic.  Thomas  N.  McCarter,  chairman,  November  2, 1917,  to  October 
31,  1918 ;  Philip  H.  Gadsden,  October  31  to  December  31,  1918. 

ELECTRIC  WIRE  AND  CABLE  SECTION,  FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  April,  1918,  to  allocate  Government  requirements  for 
electric  wire  and  cables.  It  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918. 
LeRoy  Clark,  chief. 

ELECTRICAL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  STEAM  ENGINEERING,  NAVY  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  outbreak  of  the  war.  This  division  had 
charge  of  the  purchase  and  installation  of  electrical  material  and 
equipment  upon  all  types  of  naval  craft.  Commander  Guy  W.  S. 
Castle,  chief. 

ELECTRICAL  APPARATUS  AND  SUPPLIES  BRANCH,  MACHINERY  AND  EN- 
GINEERING MATERIALS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28, 1918,  to  have  charge  of  writing  purchase  nego- 
tiations, purchase  specifications,  and  selecting  of  materials  for  all 
classes  of  electrical  apparatus  and  supplies.  Maj.  Charles  Hodge 
and  Capt.  B.  H.  Arnold  successively  acted  as  chief. 

ELECTRICAL  APPARATUS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  27, 1917,  as  one  of  the  staff  committees  of  the 
General  War  Service  Committee  of  the  Electrical  Manufacturing 
Industry.  This  committee  was  divided  into  five  group  committees, 
each  member  being  chairman  of  a  group  committee.  The  committee 
had  charge  of  the  relations  of  manufacturers  of  electrical  apparatus 
with  various  Government  departments.  Clarence  L.  Collins,  2d, 
chairman. 

ELECTRICAL  MANUFACTURING  INDUSTRY  GENERAL  WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  November  27,  1917,  by  the  Electrical  Manufacturers' 
Club,  the  Electric  Power  Club,  and  the  Associated  Manufacturers  of 
Electrical  Supplies.  This  committee  represented  all  manufacturers 
of  electrical  goods  and  coordinated  the  work  of  two  staff  committees, 
one  representing  manufacturers  of  electrical  apparatus,  the  other 
electrical  supplies.  Under  each  staff  committee  group  committees 
were  organized.  C.  L.  Collins,  2d,  was  chairman  until  June  28,  1918, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  A.  W.  Beresf  ord. 

ELECTRICAL  RETAILERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  by  the  National  Association  of  Electrical  Contractors  and 
Dealers,  with  W.  E.  Robertson  as  chairman. 

ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  27,  1917,  as  one  of  the  staff  committees  of 
the  General  War  Service  Committee  of  the  Electrical  Manufactur- 
ing Industry.  This  committee  was  divided  into  21  group  com- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       125 

mittees,  each  member  being  chairman  of  a  group  committee.  All 
questions  referring  to  manufacturers  of  electrical  supplies  were  re- 
ferred to  this  committee,  which  cooperated  with  the  various  Govern- 
ment agencies.  R.  K.  Sheppard  was  chairman  until  June  28,  1918, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  A.  W.  Beresford. 

ELECTROCHEMICALS     SUBCOMMITTEE,     CHEMICALS     COOPERATIVE     COM- 
MITTEE, COUNCIL  'OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 


Appointed  in  Maj^,  1917,  with  John  J.  Riker,  chairman,  who  with 
the  secretary  resigned  as  a  result  of  the  food  control  act  of  August 
10,  1917.  The  subcommittee,  after  the  dissolution  of  the  Chemicals 
Committee  in  November,  1917,  became  the  Electrochemicals  Com- 
mittee of  the  Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.). 

ELECTROMEDICAL  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917,  as  a  subcommittee  of  the  Committee  of 
Manufacturers  of  Electrical  Apparatus.  H.  S.  Blake,  chairman. 

ELECTRODES    AND    ABRASIVES    SECTION,     CHEMICALS    DIVISION,    WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June,  1918,  as  a  special  section,  being  an  outgrowth  of  the 
Technical  Section  in  which  work  was  done  by  technical  advisers  of 
the  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Division.  The  commandeering  by  the 
War  Department  of  the  electric  power  at  Niagara  Falls  improved 
the  situation  inasmuch  as  power  was  allotted  to  the  manufacturers. 
The  production  of  electrodes  was  allocated  by  the  section  in  the 
spring  of  1918.  Investigation  proved  the  impossibility  of  dis- 
tinguishing sharply  essential  and  nonessential  uses  of  abrasives,  so 
production  was  increased  to  maximum  and  reduction  of  nonessential 
consumption  wras  left  to  later  restrictions  of  fuel  or  transportation. 
An  artificial  abrasive  suitable  for  polishing  optical  glass  was  one 
of  the  most  important  results  brought  about  by  the  section.  The 
section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Capt.  Henry  C.  DuBois, 
chief. 

ELEVATORS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  May,  1917,  by  the  Elevator  Manufacturers'  Association. 
The  committee  was  reorganized  February  7,  1918,  by  the  United 
States  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  at  that  time  decided  to  eliminate 
many  sizes  and  types  of  elevators  in  order  to  conserve  iron,  steel, 
copper,  and  other  metals.  C.  M.  Atkins,  chairman. 

ELGIN  BUTTER  BOARD. 

The  Elgin  Butter  Board  closed  for  the  duration  of  the  war  on 
November  1,  1917,  at  the  request  of  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration. This  request  was  made  on  'the  grounds  that  it  would  be 
more  advisable  for  butter  prices  to  depend  on  actual  market  condi- 
tions and  demands  than  on  the  board's  quotations. 

EMBARKATION  SERVICE,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  August  4,  1917.  It  was  the  function  of  this  section  to 
coordinate  all  shipments  of  munitions  and  supplies  of  every  kind  and 


126       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

of  all  troops  whose  ultimate  destination  was  Europe,  and  to  advise 
the  Chief  of  Staff  with  reference  thereto.  It  had  direct  supervision 
of  all  movements  of  supplies  from  points  of  origin  to  ports  of  em- 
barkation, supervised  operations  at  the  ports,  and  exercised  control 
over  Army  transports  engaged  in  the  trans- Atlantic  service  and  such 
commercial  shipping  as  was  used  for  carrying  troops  and  supplies. 
It  arranged  with  the  Navy  for  convoy  service.  Copies  of  all  requisi- 
tions or  information  concerning  reenforcements  of  troops  and  re- 
newals of  supplies  received  from  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
were  transmitted  to  the  chief  of  the  Embarkation  Service,  who  was 
responsible  for  seeing  that  they  were  forwarded  in  the  most  expedi- 
tious and  convenient  manner  possible.  On  March  11,  1919,  the  Em- 
barkation Service  and  the  Inland  Traffic  Service  were  consolidated,  the 
new  organization  being  known  as  the  Transportation  Service.  The 
chiefs  of  the  service  were  as  follows :  Brig.  Gen.  Francis  J.  Kernan, 
August  4  to  August  28,  1917 ;  Brig.  Gen.  Chauncey  B.  Baker,  August 
28  to  December  15,  1917 ;  and  Brig.  Gen.  Frank  T.  Hines,  December 
15,  1917,  to  March  11,  1919. 

EMERGENCY  CONSTRUCTION,  COMMITTEE  ON;    COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

Organized  April  28,  1917.  It  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Construction  Division,  developed  the  emergency  form  of  contract, 
surveyed  the  contracting  industry  and  the  design  of  cantonments, 
and  brought  about  the  centralization  of  nearly  all  the  Government 
building  activities  under  one  head.  It  cooperated  with  the  Bureau  of 
Industrial  Housing  and  Transportation  of  the  Department  of  Labor. 
It  transferred  its  functions  to  the  Emergency  Construction  Commit- 
tee, War  Industries  Board,  about  June  1,  1918.  G.  W.  Lundoff, 
chairman,  succeeded  by  Maj.  W.  A.  Starrett. 

EMERGENCY  CONSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  April  28,  1917,  having  functioned  previously  as  the 
Committee  on  Emergency  Construction  and  Engineering  of  the  Gen- 
eral Munitions  Board  and  before  that  as  the  Committee  on  Emer- 
gency Construction,  Council  of  National  Defense.  It  continued  to 
make  recommendations  as  to  policy  and  form  of  contracts,  but  its 
peculiar  functions  were  gradually  absorbed  by  the  Construction  Divi- 
sion of  the  Army  and  by  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  It 
was  discontinued  about  March  15,  1919.  Col.  W.  A.  Starrettr 
chairman. 

EMERGENCY  CONSTRUCTION   AND   CONTRACTS,   SUBCOMMITTEE   ON;    GEN- 
ERAL MUNITIONS  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

See  Emergency  Construction  Committee,  Council  of  National 
Defense. 

EMERGENCY  CONSTRUCTION  WAGE  COMMISSION. 

See  Cantonment  Adjustment  Commission. 

EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation* 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       127 

EMERGENCY  ISSUES  AND  DOMESTIC  EQUIPMENT  BRANCH,  DOMESTIC  DIS- 
TRIBUTION DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  supervise  matters  pertaining  to  emer- 
gency issues,  equipment  of  draft  troops,  Reserve  Officers'  Training 
Corps,  to  handle  requisitions  for  supplies  required  by  National 
Guard,  other  corps  or  departments  of  the  Army,  and  interbureau 
requisitions;  and  to  maintain  confidential  records  and  notices  of 
movements  of  troops.  Maj.  W.  C.  Croom,  chief. 

EMERGENCY    LABOR    PRODUCTION    BRANCH,    INDUSTRIAL    SERVICE    SEC- 
TION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  the  latter  part  of  1917.  It  made  special  studies  of  labor 
production  in  cartridge  plants  and  offered  assistance  and  suggestions 
for  speeding  productivity  of  labor  in  cases  of  emergency.  In  the 
reorganization  of  the  Industrial  Service  Section  in  August,  1918,  this 
branch  was  transferred  to  the  Small-Arms  Section  of  the  Ordnance 
Department.  Capt.  James  L.  Madden,  chief. 

EMERY    AND    CORUNDUM    IMPORTERS'    AND    MANUFACTURERS'    ASSOCIA- 
TION (INC.). 

Incorporated  July  17,  1917,  to  act  as  consignee  for  the  Bureau  of 
Imports,  War  Trade  Board,  of  all  importations  of  emery  and  naxos 
emery  ores.  F.  L.  Williams,  president. 

UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYEES'  COMPENSATION  COMMISSION. 

A  commission  of  three  members  created  by  act  of  Congress  of  Sep- 
tember 7,  1916.  The  act  assured  compensation  to  all  civil  employees 
of  the  Federal  Government  injured  while  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duties.  The  commission  administered  the  act  for  all  civil  employees 
of  the  Government  except  those  of  the  Panama  Canal  and  the  Alas- 
kan Engineering  Commission.  As  far  as  the  act  related  to  those 
employees  it  was  administered  by  the  heads  of  those  organizations. 
R.  M.  Little  was  chairman  of  the  commission  until  March,  1918, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mrs.  Frances  C.  Axtell. 

EMPLOYERS'  INDUSTRIAL  COMMISSION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  commission  made  up  of  six  employers  appointed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  Labor  in  January,  1919,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  labor 
conditions  and  governmental  labor  policies  in  Great  Britain  and  re- 
porting thereon  to  the  Department  of  Labor.  E.  T.  Gundlach,  of 
Chicago,  was  chairman. 

EMPLOYMENT  MANAGEMENT  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  October  25,  1918,  by  special  order  of  the  manager  of  the 
Industrial  Relations  Division.  Before  this  the  services  connected 
with  employment  management  had  constituted  part  of  the  function 
of  the  Industrial  Service  Section  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Divi- 
sion. The  branch  developed  standard  practices  in  connection  with 
employment  management  administration  and  methods  in  shipyards. 
It  assisted  shipyards  in  obtaining  properly  trained  employment 
managers  and  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  employment  man- 


128       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

agers  at  shipyards.  It  cooperated  with  the  War  Industries  Board, 
the  War  Department,  the  Department  of  Labor,  and  other  Govern- 
ment departments  in  giving  six-week  courses  in  various  universities 
for  the  training  of  employment  managers.  The  branch  also  issued 
a  series  of  handbooks  on  various  phases  of  employment  manage- 
ment. It  was  abolished  on  April  1,  1919.  D.  L.  Hoopingarner  was 
head  of  the  branch. 

EMPLOYMENT  MANAGEMENT  SECTION,  STORAGE  COMMITTEE   WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

A  development  of  the  Industrial  Education  Section  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department,  which,  beginning  in  February,  1918,  with  Capt. 
Boyd  Fisher,  chairman,  trained  employment  managers  for  war  con- 
tract plants  and  shipyards  in  six-week  intensive  courses  at  nine 
universities  located  in  industrial  cities. 

EMPLOYMENT,   MANAGEMENT,   AND  WORKING   CONDITIONS   BRANCH,   IN- 
DUSTRIAL SERVICE  SECTION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  December,  1917.  It  made  detailed  studies  of  working 
conditions,  labor  turnover,  wages,  hours,  tasks,  and  incentives  in  in- 
dustrial plants.  It  handled  problems  concerning  the  transporta- 
tion, deferred  classification  in  the  draft,  "  raiding  "  of  labor,  and  also 
matters  having  to  do  with  State  and  Federal  labor  laws.  It  co- 
operated with  agencies  outside  the  Ordnance  Department  in  estab- 
lishing courses  in  employment  management  in  order  to  increase  the 
supply  of  employment  managers  for  private  industries  in  war  work. 
The  plan  of  employment  management  courses  was  originated  in  this 
branch,  but  it  was  decided  that  the  courses  could  be  best  operated 
under  the  Storage  Committee,  War  Industries  Board,  and  Capt.  Boyd 
Fisher  was  detailed  from  the  branch  to  take  charge  of  the  courses. 
In  general  it  aimed  to  forestall  labor  troubles  and  difficulties.  Maj. 
F.  W.  Tully,  chief,  succeeded  by  Capt.  J.  F.  McTyer.  Upon  the  re- 
organization of  the  Industrial  Service  Section  in  August,  1918,  this 
branch  was  abolished  and  its  functions  were  taken  over  in  part  by  the 
newly  organized  Procurement  of  Labor,  Employment  and  Training 
Methods,  and  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor  Branches. 

UNITED  STATES  .EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

At  the  time  of  our  entrance  into  the  war  the  United  States  Employ- 
ment Service  was  p>art  of  the  Division  of  Information  in  the  Bureau 
of  Immigration  with  several  scores  of  local  offices  throughout  the 
country.  In  October,  1917,  that  part  of  its  work  concerned  with  the 
war  emergency  was  placed  directly  under  the  control  of  the  Office  of 
the  Secretary  of  Labor.  In  January.  1918,  all  of  its  work  was  placed 
directly  under  this  control  when  a  distinct  employment  service,  en- 
tirely separate  from  the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  was  created.  Un- 
der this  reorganization  there  were  seven  divisions  in  the  Employment 
Service,  as  follows :  Women's,  Information,  Investigation,  Statis- 
tical, Service  Offices,  Farm  Reserve,  and  Service  Reserves.  The 
last  division  was  given  supervision  over  the  United  States  Public 
Service  Reserve  and  the  United  States  Boys'  Working  Reserve.  In 
August,  1918,  a  readjustment  was  effected  whereby  administration 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  five  divisions  as  follows :  Control,  Field 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       129 

Organization,  Clearance,  Personnel,  and  Information.  Federal  di- 
rectors were  appointed  for  each  State.  On  August  1,  1918,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  decision  of  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board,  af- 
firmed and  proclaimed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the 
United  States  Employment  Service  became  the  medium  through 
which  practically  all  recruiting  of  unskilled  labor  for  war  industries, 
except  that  for  farms  and  railroads,  was  carried  on.  State  organiza- 
tion committees,  State  advisory  boards,  and  community  labor  boards 
were  organized  to  facilitate  this  work.  In  the  early  part  of  the  war 
the  service  assisted  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  in  recruiting 
skilled  workers  for  shipyards  and  aided  in  meeting  the  sudden  de- 
mand for  skilled  and  unskilled  workmen  in  cantonment  construc- 
tion. During  the  period  from  January  1,  1918,  to  the  signing  of  the 
armistice,  the  service  directed  over  3,000,000  workers  to  employment, 
and  of  these  nearly  2,400,000  were  placed.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
there  were  over  800  local  employment  offices  connected  with  the  serv- 
ice. After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  service  was  engaged  in 
the  important  work  of  finding  employment  for  discharged  soldiers, 
sailors,  and  civilian  war  workers.  John  B.  Densmore,  director  gen- 
eral. 


UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE,  STATE  DIEECTORS  OF. 


Alabama,  George  B.  Tarrant. 
Arizona,  Thomas  J.  Croaff. 
Arkansas,  R.  B.  Keating. 
California.  William  T.  Boyce. 
Colorado,  Ready  Kinehan. 
Connecticut,  Charles  E.  Julian,  Leo.  A. 

Korper. 

Pel » ware,  A.  G.  Beukhart. 
District  of  Columbia,  E.  M.  Kline. 
Florida,  Walter  A.  Dopson. 
Georgia,  H.  M.  Stanley. 
Idaho.  M.  J.  Kerr. 
Illinois,  Mark  L.  Crawford. 
Indiana,     William     DeMiller,     N.     B. 

Squibb,  Louis  C.  Huessman. 
Iowa,  A.  L.  Urick. 
Kansas,  J.  Will  Kelly. 
Kentucky.    W.    O.    Sprague,    W.    Pratt 

Dale. 

Louisiana,  Hans  A.  M.  Jacobsen. 
.Maine,  Charles  S.  Hickborn. 
Maryland,  John  K.  Shaw. 
Massachusetts,     William     A.     Gaston, 

Everett  W.  Lord. 
Michigan,    James    T.    Lynn,    John    A. 

Russell,  James  V.  Cunningham. 
Minnesota,  Hugo  Koch. 
Mississippi,  E.  D.  Self,  Capt.  H.  L.  J. 

Barnes,  H.  H.  Weir. 
Missouri,  W.  W.  Brown. 


Montana,  Scott  Leavitt. 

Nebraska,  George  J.  Kleffner. 

Nevada,  J.  E.  Hern. 

New  Hampshire,  E.  K.  Sawyer. 

New  Jersey,  Lewis  T.  Bryant. 

New  Mexico.  D.  A.  McPherson. 

New  York,  Henry  Bruere. 

North  Carolina,  George  J.  Ramsdy. 

North  Dakota,  Lindley  H.  Patten. 

Ohio,  Fred  C.  Croxton. 

Oklahoma,  C.  E.  Gonna lly. 

Oregon,  Wilfred  S.  Smith. 

Pennsylvania,  E.  C.  Felton. 

Rhode  Island,  Edwin  A.  Burlingame. 

South  Carolina,  H.  L.  Tilgleman,  John 

L.  Davis. 

South   Dakota,  Charles  McCaffree. 
Tennessee,  Joseph  T.  Ware. 
Texas,    Charles    F.    Gordon.     H.    W. 

Lewis. 

Utah,  P.  J.  Moran. 
Vermont,  Robert  W.  Simonds. 
Virgina,   James  B.   Dougherty,   Ralph 

Izard,  James  B.  Botts. 
Washington,  Lawrence  Wood. 
West  Virginia,  Lemuel  B.  Spaun. 
Wisconsin,  Edward  Pettet,  George  P. 

Hambrecht. 

Wyoming,  Ed.  P.  Taylor. 
Hawaii,  W.  R.  Farrington. 


EMPLOYMENT   FOR  DISCHARGED   SERVICE  MEN,   ASSISTANT   TO   THE   SEC- 
RETARY OF  WAR  IN  CHARGE  OF. 

In  order  to  represent  the  War  Department  in  the  special  work 
of  assisting  discharged  soldiers  in  finding  employment  and  being 
restored  to  civil  life,  the  Secretary  of  War,  on  March  3,  1919,  ap- 
pointed Col.  Arthur  Woods  as  assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

127232—19 9 


130       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

It  was  not  the  function  of  the  office  to  do  anything  in  the  way  of 
registering  men  for  positions  or  placing  them,  that  work  being  left 
to  agencies  already  operating,  such  as  the  Bureaus  for  Returning 
Soldiers  and  Sailors  and  the  United  States  Employment  Service, 
but  it  was  to  bring  about  greater  cooperation  among  existing  agencies. 
In  the  case  of  discharged  officers  an  exception  to  the  general  rule 
was  to  be  found  in  that  direct  effort  was  made  to  secure  individual 
placements.  The  office  gave  assistance  to  discharged  men  in  getting 
from  the  Government  such  sums  as  were  due  them  as  back  pay, 
allotments,  bonuses,  etc.,  and  in  securing  miscellaneous  information 
concerning  their  relations  with  the  War  Department.  Further- 
more the  effort  was  made  to  extend  through  the  country  by  means 
of  publicity  the  idea  of  the  advisability  of  employing  discharged 
soldiers. 

EMPLOYMENT  FOR  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS.  EMERGENCY  COMMITTEE  ON; 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  committee,  made  up  of  representatives  of  various  Govern- 
ment departments  and  of  nongovernmental  organizations,  such  as 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
of  the  United  States,  was  created  in  the  middle  of  March,  1919, 
for  the  purpose  of  meeting  the  emergency  caused  by  the  expected 
radical  curtailment  of  the  machinery  of  the  United  States  Employ- 
ment Service  resulting  from  the  failure  of  the  appropriation  bills 
for  this  service  in  Congress.  One  meeting  was  held  by  the  com- 
mittee, but  it  was  not  called  upon  to  function  actively  inasmuch 
as  funds  for  the  Employment  Service  were  obtained  through  various 
voluntary  subscriptions,  so  that  it  was  possible  to  maintain  the  service 
on  a  far  larger  scale  than  at  first  seemed  probable.  Col.  Arthur 
Woods,  chairman. 

EMPLOYMENT  FOR  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS,  EMERGENCY  COMMITTEE  ON; 
OFFICE,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Made  a  part  of  the  Director  of  Arsenals'  Office  on  September  15, 
1918.  It  was  the  function  of  this  branch  to  aid  in  procuring  the 
necessary  skilled  and  unskilled  male  and  female  civilian  employees 
for  Government  arsenals  and  so  to  improve  the  methods  in  handling 
these  employees  as  to  make  them  more  efficient  factors  in  ordnance 
production.  It  served  as  the  point  of  contact  between  the  labor- 
controlling  agencies  of  the  Government  and  the  arsenal  management 
and  employees.  Prior  to  September  15  this  work  had  been  done  by 
the  Industrial  'Service  Section  of  the  Ordnance  Department.  After 
it  was  placed  directly  under  the  Director  of  Arsenals,  close  relations 
were  still  maintained  with  the  Industrial  Service  Section.  Capt. 
S.  E.  Blunt  was  in  charge  of  this  work. 

EMPLOYMENT  AND  TRAINING  METHODS   BRANCH.   INDUSTRIAL   SERVICE 
SECTION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  August,  1918.  It  took  over  part  of  the  work  that  had 
been  performed  by  the  Employment  Management  and  Working 
Conditions  Branch  before  the  latter  was  abolished.  It  furnished  in- 
formation to  ordnance  contractors  regarding  the  most  successful 
methods  and  practices  in  the  conduct  of  employment  departments 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       131 

and  aided  contractors  in  securing  experienced  employment  managers. 
It  was  also  the  function  of  this  branch  to  promote  industrial  train- 
ing and  to  assist  in  the  establishment  of  vestibule  schools,  cooperat- 
ing with  the  Training  and  Dilution  Service  in  the  Department  of 
Labor  in  this  work.  The  armistice  was  signed,  however,  before  this 
part  of  its  work  was  fully  organized.  James  A.  Young,  chief. 

ENAMELED  WARE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  February  28.  1918.  The  committee  cooperated  with 
the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  on  the  question  of  restriction 
of  fuel  for  nonessentials.  Manufactured  goods  were  supplied  to  the 
Construction  Division  of  the  Army  and  to  the  United  States  Hous- 
ing Corporation.  George  D.  Mcllvaine.  chairman. 

ENEMY  PATENT  DIVISION,  FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 

Under  the  trading  with  the'  enemy  act,  approved  October  6,  1917, 
certain  authority  was  granted  to  the  President  with  respect  to 
patents,  especially  those  owned  or  controlled  by  enemjr  nationals. 
The  President  delegated  the  administration  of  this  powrer  to  the 
commission  under  an  Executive  order  dated  October  12,  1917.  In 
order  to  perform  this  duty,  the  commission  organized  the  Enemy 
Patent  Division.  The  principal  work  of  this  division  was  to  con- 
sider applications  for  the  license  of  the  use  of  enemy  patents  and  to 
grant  such  license  where  deemed  advisable,  in  accordance  with  the 
general  conditions  provided  by  the  law. 

ENEMY  TRADE,  BUREAU  OF,  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

It  administered  the  license  system  covering  transactions  which, 
though  technically  of  an  enemy  character  and  criminal  under  the 
trading  with  the  enemy  act,  might  nevertheless  be  for  the  public  in- 
terest. It  was  in  charge,  successively,  of  John  H.  Hammond,  Charles 
A.  Huston  (Mar.  1,  1918),,  Paul  Fuller,  jr.  (May  1,  1918),  C.  H. 
Hand,  jr.  (July  1,  1918),  E.  8.  McManus  (Oct.  1,  1918),  Richard 
Ely  (Dec.  1,  1918),  and  John  M.  Enright. 

ENEMY  TRADE  DIVISION,  FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 

Established  to  administer,  for  the  President,  the  provisions  of  the 
trading  with  the  enemy  act  relative  to  American-owned  patents  in 
enemy  countries,  and  enemy  or  ally  of  enemy  patents  in  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  the  determining  whether  new  American 
patents  should  be  kept  secret  through  the  war.  It  worked  in  coop- 
eration with  the  War  Trade  Board,  the  Alien  Property  Custodian, 
and  the  offices  of  Military  and  Naval  Intelligence. 

ENFORCEMENT  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  November,  1917,  to  enforce  the  rules  and  license  regu- 
lations which  were  published  from  time  to  time.  The  penalties 
usually  took  the  form  of  a  revocation  of  license  of  an  offender  for  a 
specified  period  or  in  many  instances,  in  lieu  of  license  revocations, 
voluntary  contributions  to  the  Red  Cross  were  allowed.  The  divi- 
sion worked  through  a  Cereal  Section,  a  Field  Supervision  Section, 
and  a  Report  Supervision  Section.  R.  W.  Boyden,  chief. 


132       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  191*7. 

ENGINEERS,  CORPS  OF. 

The  military  functions  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  included  re- 
connoitering  aiid  surveying  for  military  purposes,  including  the  lay- 
ing out  of  (amps,  the  preparations  of  military  maps  of  the  United 
States  and  its  possessions,  and  the  theater  of  operations,  the  forma- 
tion of  plans  and  estimates  for  military  defenses,  construction  and 
repair  of  fortifications  and  their  accessories,  the  installation  of 
electric-power  plants  and  electric-power  cable  connected  with  sea- 
coast  batteries;  planning  and  superintending  of  defensive  works  of 
troops  in  the  field;  examination  of  routes  of  communications  for 
supplies  and  for  military  movements;  construction  and  repair  of 
military  roads,  railroads,  and  bridges;  and  military  demolitions. 
Within  the  theater  of  operations  the  Corps  of  Engineers  has  charge 
of  the  location,  design,  and  construction  of  wharves,  piers,  landings, 
storehouses,  hospitals,  and  other  structures  of  general  interest,  and 
of  the  construction,  maintenance,  and  repair  of  roads,  ferries, 
bridges,  and  incidental  structures,  and  of  the  construction,  mainte- 
nance, and  operation  of  railroads  under  military  control,  including 
the  construction  and  operation  of  armored  trains.  In  April,  1917, 
the  purchasing  functions  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  were  carried  out 
through  the  General  Engineer  Depot  (at  first  known  as  the  Engi- 
neer Depot,  Washington  Barracks).  In  July.  1917,  the  office  of 
Director  General  of  Military  Railways  was  created  and  was  charged 
with  the  duty  of  negotiating  all  orders  and  contracts  for  railway 
materials  and  equipment,  although  the  formal  orders  and  contracts 
were  placed  through  the  General  Engineer  Depot.  On  October  22. 
1918,  the  General  Engineer  Depot  except  the  Financial  Division  was 
transferred  to  the  office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage. 
The  financial  work  was  transferred  to  the  Director  of  Finance.  At 
the  same  time  so  much  of  the  office  of  the  Director  General  of  Mili- 
tary Railways  as  was  engaged  in  the  work  of  storage  and  distribution 
of  railway  equipment  and  material  was  transferred  to  the  office  of 
the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage.  On  October  26,  1918,  it  was 
specified  that  the  Corps  of  Engineers  would  continue  to  purchase 
certain  articles,  including  all  railway  and  marine  equipment.  Maj. 
Gen.  W.  M.  Black,  chief  of  engineers. 

ENGINEER  DEPOT,  GENERAL. 

The  General  Engineer  Depot  in  April.  1917,  was  in  charge  of 
the  purchase  of  the  Engineer  material,  equipment,  and  supplies 
required  for  Engineer  operations  in  the  field,  the  Engineer  equip- 
ment and  supplies  issued  to  the  troops,  and  the  supplies  for  seacoast 
defenses.  It  was  also  in  charge  of  the  location  and  organization  of 
Engineer  depots  at  various  points  throughout  the  country,  which 
served  as  points  for  receiving,  classifying,  and  storing  all  of 
the  material  purchased,  issuing  it  to  troops  and  shipping  it  abroad 
and  accounting  for  it  from  the  time  it  was  purchased  until  it 
was  issued  to  troops  or  sent  abroad.  The  General  Engineer  Depot 
also  served  as  the  disbursing  office  for  the  Director  General  of  Mili- 
tary Railways,  all  formal  orders  and  contracts  being  placed  by  the 
General  Engineer  Depot  for  purchases  of  railway  materials  and 
equipment  and  of  post  equipment  that  had  been  negotiated  by  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.     133 

Director  General  of  Military  Railways.  In  accordance  with  Supply 
Circular  No.  99  issued  by  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division 
on  October  22,  1918,  most  of  the  purchasing  and  storing  functions  of 
the  General  Engineer  Depot  were  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the 
Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage,  while  the  finance  functions  were 
transferred  to  the  Director  of  Finance.  Brig.  Gen.  W.  H.  Rose  was 
in  charge  up  to  the  time  of  transfer  to  Purchase  and  Storage. 

ENGINEER  SUBDIVISION,  DOMESTIC  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR 
OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  distribution  of 
Engineer  equipment  and  equipment  of  organizations  with  Engineer 
equipment.  It  functioned  through  the  Engineer  Unit,  Equipment 
Section,  and  Fire  Control  Equipment  Section.  Lieut.  C.  L.  Koons, 
chief. 

ENGINEER  SUBDIVISION,  OVERSEAS  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR 
OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1.  1918,  but 'did  not  become  operative  until 
November  25,  1918.  It  supervised  the  filling  of  requisitions  for 
engineer  supplies  received  from  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces, 
and  was  responsible  for  the  shipment  of  these  supplies  from  the 
interior  to  the  port  of  embarkation.  G.  R.  Gough.  chief. 

ENGINEERING  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Created  May  24,  1917,  in  the  Cantonment  Division,  Quartermaster 
Corps,  to  have  charge  of  the  preparation  of  plans  for  cantonments, 
including  water  distribution,  internal  sewer  and  draining  lines, 
tracks,  roads,  etc.;  and  to  have  charge  of  the  preparation  of  esti- 
mates of  cost  for  the  same  and  the  preparation  of  bills  of  materials 
entering  into  all  construction.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
sections:  Architectural  Work,  Estimates,  Camp-Planning,  Water 
Supply,  Fire  Protection,  Electric  Equipment,  Illuminating,  Heating 
and  Plumbing,  Expediting,  Roads  and  Sanitation,  Schedules, 
Refrigeration,  Special  Studies,  Mechanical  Engineering,  Civil  Engi- 
neer and  Track  Work.  Col.  F.  M.  Gunby,  chief. 

ENGINEERING,  BUREAU  OF;    OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

This  bureau  considered  all  problems  relating  to  estimates  or  engi- 
neering data,  ascertained  costs  of  production,  refining,  and  market- 
ing of  petroleum  and  its  products,  and  the  yields  of  various  grades 
of  crude  oils  as  taken  from  the  several  fields.  It  cooperated  with  the 
Federal  Trade  Commission  in  regard  to  costs  of  refining  productions. 
It  was  first  organized  as  Bureau  of  Costs.  Thomas  Cox,  director. 

ENGINEERING  COUNCIL. 

The  Engineering  Council  was  formed  June  27, 1917,  by  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engi- 
neers, American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and  American 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers.  The  council  organized  for  war 
service  the  following:  An  American  Engineering  Service,  with 


134       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

George  J.  Foran  as  chairman,  which  furnished  technical  men  to  the 
Army  and  Xavy  and  to  the  various  departments  requiring  their 
services:  War  Committee  of  Technical  Societies,  with  D.  W.  Brun- 
ton  as  chairman,  which  worked  with  the  Naval  Consulting  Board 
and  the  Army  General  Staff;  Fuel  Conservation  Committee,  with 
Prof.  L.  P.  Breckenridge  as  chairman,  which  cooperated  with  the 
Bureau  of  Mines  and  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration;  Pat- 
ents Committee,  with  Charles  A.  Terry  as  chairman,  which  co- 
operated with  National  Research  Council:  Americanization  Com- 
mittee, with  Alex  C.  Humphreys  as  chairman,  which  worked  with 
the  National  Americanization  Committee  and  the  Bureau  of  Educa- 
tion; and,  late  in  1918,  Engineering  Societies  Employment  Bureau 
for  placing  technical  men  in  positions  and  a  Reconstruction  Com- 
mittee for  ether  problems  of  reconstruction.  Ira  N.  Hollis  was 
chairman  until  February  21,  1918.  when  he  was  succeeded  by  J. 
Parke  Channing. 

ENGINEERING  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANS- 
PORTATION, UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  LABOR. 

The  work  of  this  division  included  the  planning  and  negotiation 
for  the  extension  of  municipal  improvements  to  United  States  Hous- 
ing Corporation  projects.  It  appointed  a  member  of  the  division  to 
the  Committee  on  Sites,  and  appointed  an  engineer  from  the  ranks 
of  the  profession  to  take  charge  of  engineering  features  of  each 
project.  Public  utility  companies  were  expected  to  finance  extensions 
to  the  project,  but  when  they  were  unable  to  do  so,  the  corporation 
made  loans  both  to  municipal  and  private  companies  and  entered 
into  special  assessment  relations  with  municipalities.  The  local  proj- 
ect engineer  initiated  and  conducted  all  contract  relations  with  city 
and  utilit}7  companies,  staked  out  work  in  advance  of  the  contractor, 
and  later  cooperated  with  the  works  superintendent.  His  work  was 
checked  and  approved  by  the  division.  John  W.  Alvord,  chief  en- 
gineer. 

ENGINEERING  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  by  order  of  the  Chief  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
dated  August  30, 1918.  It  was  responsible  for  the  design  of  all  motor 
vehicles  and  equipment  under  the  control  of  the  Motor  Transport 
Corps  and  for  the  engineering  work  connected  therewith.  This 
work  included  the  providing  of  specifications  and  drawings,  inves- 
tigations concerning  value  and  adaptability  of  various  types  of  motor 
vehicles,  the  making  of  tests,  and  the  improvement  of  design  where 
defects  and  faults  were  discovered.  It  cooperated  with  the  Inven- 
tions Section  of  the  General  Staff  in  the  investigation  and  develop- 
ment of  new  ideas  and  inventions  pertaining  to  motor  transport.  Tho 
division  functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Engineering; 
Specification  and  Design  Drafting  Room;  Office  Administration; 
Experimental  and  Test;  Technical  Service;  and  Planning,  Informa- 
tion, and  Advisory  Staff.  John  Younger,  chief. 

ENGINEERING  DIVISION,  NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL. 

Formed  with  Henry  M.  Howe,  chairman,  with  the  following  sec- 
tions: Prime  Movers,  L.  S.  Marks,  chairman:  Mechanical  En- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       135 

gineering,  W.  J.  Lester,  chairman  (with  Fatigue  of  Metals  Com- 
mittee, H.  F.  Moore,  chairman)  ;  Metallurgy,  Bradley  Stoughton, 
chairman  (with  five  committees,  Helmets  and  Body  Armor,  Maj. 
Bashford  Dean,  chairman;  Ferro-Alloys,  J.  E.  Johnson,  jr.,  chair- 
man; Steel  Ingot.  Lieut.  Col.  W.  P.  Barba,  chairman;  Pyrometer, 
G.  K.  Burgess,  chairman;  Improvement  of  Metals  by  Treatment  at 
Blue  Heat,  Zay  Jeffries,  chairman) ;  Electrical  Engineering,  C.  A. 
Adams,  chairman  (with  Electric  Welding  Research  Committee,  H. 
M.  Hobartj  chairman). 

ENGINEERING  SECTION,  STEEL  SHIP  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  Technical  Department  of  the  Steel  Ship  Construction  Division 
became  the  Engineering  Section  of  that  division  on  June  26,  1918. 
Its  functions  included  the  following:  The  preparation  of  designs, 
plans,  and  specifications  for  ships;  examination  'of  contractors' 
plans;  examination  and  approval  for  delivery  of  the  final  contract; 
preparations  of  specifications  and  plans  for  articles  purchased  directly 
by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation ;  and  examination  of  all  techni- 
cal matters  referred  for  such  purposes  by  the  manager  of  the  division. 
The  section  functioned  for  both  the  Wood  and  Steel  Ship  Construc- 
tion Divisions,  with  the  aid  of  Machinery,  Hull,  Scientific,  Speci- 
fications, Requisition,  and  Otter  Gear  Branches.  H.  C.  Sadler,  naval 
architect  and  consulting  engineer,  was  head  of  the  section. 

ENGINEERING  AND  CONSTRUCTION  MATERIALS  BRANCH,  MACHINERY 
AND  ENGINEERING  MATERIALS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE, 
PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  writing  purchase 
specifications  and  purchase  negotiations  and  of  selecting  materials. 
The  classes  of  materials  purchased  were  railroad  material,  building 
material,  and  structural  steel  products.  Lieut.  Col.  J.  E.  Long,  chief. 

ENGINEERING  AND  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

One  of  the  seven  committees,  with  Dr.  Hollis  Godfrey,  chairman, 
formed  in  the  Advisory  Commission,  one  under  each  commissioner,  to 
assume  supervision  over  the  forming  of  organizations  to  carry  on  the 
executive  work  arising  from  new  problems  and  to  turn  over  organ- 
ized knowledge  and  committees  to  the  Government.  Many  short 
methods  for  use  in  the  engineering  fields  of  industry  were  developed, 
especially  the  policy  in  higher  educational  institutions,  to  be  a  basis 
for  the  Army  training  schools.  This  work  was  later  turned  over  to 
the  Committee  on  Education  and  Special  Training  of  the  War  De- 
partment and  its  recommendations  were  carried  out  in  the  Students 
Army  Training  Corps.  Short  courses  in  war  industrial  activities 
were  planned  and  model  courses  given,  and  liaison  between  leading 
colleges  and  universities  in  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  was 
established,  the  first  impulse  to  which  was  given  by  a  visit  in  July, 
1017,  of  five  leading  representatives  of  the  university  convocation  of 
Canada.  The  difficulty  in  keeping  students  in  schools  from  enlisting 
was  settled  in  part  by  a  letter  sent  to  the  chairman  by  the  Secretary 
of  War  under  rlate  of  November  23,  1917: 

The  successful  outcome  or  die  war  is  sso  uepeuueiil  upon  me  ujjpheauons  01 
science  that  the  United  States  can  ill  afford  at  this  time  to  risk  r.ny  diminution 


136       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

of  this  supply  of  technically  trained  men.  Such  diminution  we  must  in  part 
suffer  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  class  exemptions  in  the  execution  of  the  se- 
lective service  law  are  prejudicial  to  its  general  success ;  but  I  have  constantly 
in  mind  the  fact  that  the  Government  service  will  demand  more  and  more 
scientifically  trained  men,  and  so  I  hope  those  who  are  in  i  harge  of  scientific 
institutions  will  impress  upon  the  young  men  the  importance  and  desirability 
of  their  continuing  their  studies  except  to  the  extent  that  they  are  necessarily 
interrupted  by  a  mandatory  call  under  the  provisions  of  the  selective  con- 
scription law. 

The  committee  functioned  at  first  through  five  subcommittees,  Dr. 
Godfrey  being  chairman  of  them  all :  General  Engineering,  Produc- 
tion Engineering,  Universities  and  Colleges,  Secondary  and  Normal 
Schools,  and  Construction  Engineering.  These  were  later  changed 
to  a  University  Section,  with  two  committees  (Relation  of  Arts 
Colleges  to  the  Government,  Byron  S.  Hurlbut,  chairman.  Relation 
of  Engineering  Schools  to  the  Government,  F.  L.  Bishop,  chairman) . 
and  a  Secondary  School  Section.  The  committee  was  dissolved  in 
September,  1918. 

ENGINEERING    AND    MAINTENANCE,    DEPARTMENT     OF;     DIVISION     OF 
OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  September  1,  1918.  It  was  responsible  for  the  compiling 
of  information  reflecting  the  physical  condition  of  the  roadway  and 
structures  of  the  railroads  under  Federal  control.  It  also  handled 
matters  relating  to  the  standardization  of  practices  in  the  mainte- 
nance of  roadway  and  structures  and  studied  questions  concerning 
roposed  new  appliances  and  all  engineering  problems  which  were 
irectly  connected  with  maintenance  and  operation.  C.  A.  Morse, 
assistant  director  of  operation,  was  in  charge.  Assisting  him  was  a 
committee  consisting  of  the  engineering  assistants  of  the  seven 
regional  directors,  as  follows:  Eastern,  G.  J.  Ray;  Allegheny,  E. 
B.  Temple;  Pocahontas,  J.  E.  Crawford;  Southern,  H.  N.  Roden- 
baugh ;  Northwestern,  J.  L.  Haugh ;  Central  Western,  H.  R.  Safford ; 
and  Southwestern,  E.  A.  Hadley. 

ENGINEERING     AND     NAVIGATION     SCHOOLS,      RECRUITING      SERVICE, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

See  Navigation  and  Engineering  Schools,  Recruiting  Service, 
United  States  Shipping  Board. 

ENGINEERING  AND  RESEARCH  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Created  July  6,  1918.  Its  functions  were:  The  test,  development, 
and  submission  of  specifications  to  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  of  all 
types  of  equipment,  the  maintenance  of  specifications,  and  technical 
data  on  all  such  equipment;  the  maintenance  and  supply  of  tables 
of  organization  and  equipment;  the  review  of  all  inventions;  the 
supply  of  scientific  information;  the  plans  for  defense  projects  and 
the  plans  for  all  new  activities  by  the  Signal  Corps.  The  division 
functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Radio  Development 
Section,  charged  with  the  development  of  all  radio  apparatus  for 
the  Army,  under  the  direction  of  Lieut.  Col.  N.  H.  Slaughter;  the 
Electrical  Engineering  Section,  in  charge  of  all  signaling  matters 
not  radio,  under  the  direction  of  Maj.  L.  M.  Evans;  Specifications 
Section,  which  maintained  complete  files  of  all  Signal  Corps  speci- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       137 

fications  under  the  direction  of  Capt.  R.  E.  De  Loy;  Data  Branch, 
Capt.  H.  J.  Heckhart,  chief;  Patent  Section,  Carl  Richmond,  chief, 
in  charge  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  patent  litigation  claims,  etc.; 
and  the  Cable  Engineering  Section,  Capt.  A.  A.  Clokey,  chief,  dis- 
continued January  15,  1919 ;  Plans  and  Requirements  Section,  Capt. 
A.  B.  Albro,  chief.  The  division  maintained  various  laboratories 
under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  sections  to  which  they  pertained. 
Lieut.  Col.  J.  O.  Mauborgne,  chief. 

ENGINEERING    AND    STANDARDIZATION    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  January  24,  1919,  to  have  supervisory  authority  over  all 
research  work  and  standardization  of  articles  of  purchase,  direct  the 
accumulation,  arrangement,  and  maintenance  by  the  several  bureaus 
of  an  exhibit  of  War  Department  materiel  for  procurement  and 
educational  purposes;  to  exercise  supervision  over  the  publication 
of  drawings,  specifications,  and  catalogues  pertaining  to  materiel  and 
equipment  developed  and  standardized  by  the  Operations  Division 
of  the  General  Staff,  and  to  exercise  supervision  over  all  production 
and  inspection  methods  in  the  War  Department  supply  activities. 
It  functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Standardization,  Re- 
search, Production,  Inspection,  Catalogue  and  Publication,  Exhibit 
and  Executive.  When  organized,  this  branch  took  over  the  activi- 
ties of  the  Standardization  Section  of  the  Purchase  Branch;  the 
Army  Supply  Catalogue  Branch;  Production,  Inspection,  and  Re- 
search Branch  of  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division.  Lieut. 
Col.  W.  R,  Roberts,  chief,  succeeded  by  Col.  G.  Sevier. 

ENGINEERS'  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  January,  1918,  to  make  a  general  review  of  coal  costs 
and  to  prepare  for  submission  to  the  United  States  Fuel  Adminis- 
trator the  costs  of  producing  bituminous  coal.  The  committee 
adopted  a  price-fixing  method,  establishing  a  "bulk  line"  for  each 
producing  district,  A  margin  added  by  the  United  States  Fuel  Ad- 
ministrator to  this  bulk  line  formed  the  price  for  that  producing 
district.  Cyrus  Garnsey,  jr.,  R.  V.  Norris,  and  J.  H.  Allport, 
committee. 

ENGRAVING  AND  PRINTING,   BUREAU   OF;    TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  bureau  which  engraves  and  prints  the  paper  currency,  na- 
tional bank  notes,  Federal  reserve  notes,  postage  stamps,  internal 
revenues  and  customs  stamps,  bonds,  certificates  of  indebtedness,  and 
other  forms  of  financial  paper  of  the  Government.  The  war-time 
demands  resulted  in  a  total  production  greatly  in  excess  of  previous 
totals.  The  director  of  the  bureau  during  the  period  of  the  war 
was  J.  L.  Wilmeth. 

ENTOMOLOGY,  BUREAU  OF;    DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  war  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  was  practically  and 
entirely  in  the  line  of  continuing  and  intensifying  activities  already 
established  but  with  especial  intensification  of  those  activities  having 
the  most  immediate  bearing  upon  war  products  and  food  supply. 


138       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

One  of  these  war  activities  was  the  protection  of  grain  and  other 
materials  from  insect  pests  in  warehouses,  ports,  and  ships,  and  the 
treatment  and  fumigation  of  already  infested  products.  Another 
was  the  protection  of  lumber  and  stored  wooden  implements  from 
similar  pests.  Early  in  1917  the  bureau  started  a  country-wide  re- 
porting service  on  conditions  concerning  the  principal  insect  enemies 
of  staple  crops,  with  the  idea  of  bringing  about  as  far  as  possible  a 
census  of  insect  damage  and  prospects,  so  that  the  earliest  possible 
information  should  be  gained  as  to  any  alarming  increase  in  numbers 
of  any  given  pest,  and  that  this  information  be  received  at  a  common 
point  and  distributed  for  the  most  good.  Soon  after  this  service  was 
instituted,  funds  for  crop  stimulation  became  available  and  trained 
men  were  assigned  to  different  localities  to  take  care  of  the  demon- 
stration work  against  the  principal  pest  of  staple  crops  all  over  the 
country.  Especial  attention  was  given  to  the  grasshopper  which 
damaged  grain  and  forage  crops,  the  sweet  potato  weevil,  and  the 
insects  injurious  to  the  castor  bean  plant,  which  was  introduced  into 
the  country  to  supply  castor  oil  for  airplanes.  Other  war  activities 
of  the  bureau  were  the  stimulation  of  the  production  of  honey,  as  a 
supplemental  sweet,  economically  produced,  and  of  high  food  Value; 
experimentation  in  cooperation  with  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
for  the  possible  utilization  of  gases  used  in  warfare  as  fumigants  for 
the  control  of  insects  and  diseases;  cooperation  with  the  Subcom- 
mittee on  Medical  Entomology  of  the  National  Research  Council  in 
investigations  for  the  control  of  the  body  louse ;  investigation  of  the 
area  surrounding  cantonments  and  concentration  points  for  protec- 
tion to  the  troops  against  disease-carrying  mosquitoes  and  other 
insects;  and  cooperation  with  chemists  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
reperfecting  the  laundry  processes  in  order  to  guarantee  complete 
control  of  vermin  in  laundry.  L.  O.  Howard,  chief  of  bureau. 

ENVELOPES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  12,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
envelopes.  C.  E.  Scudder,  chairman,  succeeded  by  H.  W.  Stuart. 

EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  as  a  separate  organization  of  the  Ordnance  Department  on 
April  15, 1917,  when  the  Division  of  Small  Arms  and  Equipment  was 
reorganized.  The  Equipment  Division  was  charged  with  the  respon- 
sibility for  the  procurement  of  all  personal  and  horse  equipment.  In 
December.  1917,  its  organization,  in  addition  to  the  Central  Office  and 
Control  Section  in  charge  of  routine  administrative  matters,  com- 
prised the  Contract,  Traffic,  Record,  and  Inspection  Sections,  and  a 
group  of  eight  Procurement  Sections.  On  January  14,  1918,  upon 
the  reorganization  of  the  Ordnance  Department  most  of  the  duties  of 
the  Equipment  Division  were  taken  over  by  the  Equipment  Section 
of  the  newly  formed  Procurement  Division.  Col.  E.  B.  Babbitt, 
chief. 

EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

A  reorganization  of  the  units  charged  with  the  procurement  of 
Signal  Corps  property  took  place  on  August  29, 1917.  A  new  Equip- 
ment Division  was  established,  which  took  over  the  work  which  had 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       139 

been  performed  by  the  old  Equipment  and  Finance  and  Supply  Di- 
visions. An  office  memorandum  of  February  16,  1918,  defined  the 
duties  of  the  division  so  as  to  include  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
procurement  of  Signal  Corps  equipment,  its  production,  inspection, 
settlement  of  accounts,  storage,  and  issue.  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  branches,  which  were  in  existence  during  the 
periods  indicated:  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots,  August  29  to  No- 
vember 15,  1917 ;  Overseas'  Follow-Up,  August  29  to  November  15, 
1917;  Electrical  Engineering,  November  15,  1917,  to  January  11, 
1918:  Signal  Material  Section,  January  11  to  June  23,  1918;  and 
Ordnance  and  Instrument  Section,  November  15,  1917,  to  August  8, 
1918.  Upon  the  establishment  of  the  Signal  Material  Section,  the 
procurement  of  signal  material  with  the  exception  of  that  pertaining 
to  radio  and  photography  was  centered  therein.  A  Bureau  of  Air- 
craft Production  was  established  on  May  24,  1918,  which  took  over 
all  duties  connected  with  the  production  of  airplanes  and  airplane 
equipment,  which  had  hitherto  been  performed  by  the  Signal  Corps. 
The  procurement  function  of  the  Equipment  Division  was  taken  over 
by  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps, 
on  June  20,  1918.  Col.  E.  A.  Deeds  was  chief  of  the  division  until 
January  14,  1918 ;  succeeded  by  Col.  R.  L.  Montgomery,  and  on  Feb- 
ruary 20  by  W.  C.  Potter. 

EQUIPMENT    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DEPART- 
MENT. 

Organized  in  January,  1918.  The  section  supervised  all  negotia- 
tions involved  in  the  purchase  of  personal  equipment  for  infantry, 
and  personal  and  horse  equipment  for  cavalry  and  field  artillery,  in- 
cluding all  finished  equipment  in  which  leather  or  textile  was  the 
principal  material  used.  Its  functions  were  substantially  the  same 
as  those  of  the  Equipment  Division  of  the  Ordnance  Department, 
prior  to  the  reorganization  of  January,  1918.  On  February  26,  1918, 
the  section  was  divided  into  10  branches,  as  follows :  General  Admin- 
istration, Textile,  Leather,  Mess  Equipment  and  Metal  Equipment, 
Preserving  and  Cleaning  Fluids,  Leather  Equipment,  Textile  Equip- 
ment, Packing  Box,  Record,  and  Office  Organization.  Col.  J.  R. 
Simpson  was  section  head  from  January  15  to  February  2,  1918, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Maj.  H.  H.  Lehman. 

EQUIPMENT  AND   SUPPLIES,   DIVISION   OF;    POST   OFFICE   DEPARTMENT. 

Created  April  27,  1918,  to  supervise  and  regulate  the  production 
of  personal  and  horse  equipment.  These  included  textile  materials, 
textile  equipment,  cleaning  and  preserving  materials,  metal  products, 
machinery  equipment,  hardware  and  leather.  Maj.  W.  Sargent,  jr., 
chief,  succeeded  by  Capt.  A.  L.  Fabens  on  June  5,  1918. 

EQUIPMENT  AND  SUPPLIES,  DIVISION  OF;    POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  division  reporting  to  the  Fourth  Assistant  Post- 
master General.  During  the  war  it  distributed  a  total  of  57,500,000 
thrift  cards,  and  52,000,000  war  savings  certificates  to  postmasters, 
Federal  reserve  banks,  etc.  The  equipment  in  post  offices  estab- 
lished in  camps,  and  for  the  postal  agencies  in  the  American  Ex- 
peditionary Forces  was  furnished  by  this  division.  During  the  war 


140       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

1,436,376  additional  mail  sacks  were  furnished  to  take  care  of  the 
increased  demands  of  the  postal  service.  J.  King  Pickett,  superin- 
tendent, reporting  to  James  I.  Blakeslee,  Fourth  Assistant  Postmaster 
General. 

ESTIMATES  AND  APPORTIONMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Established  November  13,  1918.  The  division  functioned  through 
these  branches,  whose  respective  duties  indicate  the  character  of  the 
work  performed :  Executive  Branch,  which  kept  records  pertaining  to 
all  financial  estimates  and  apportionments,  including  the  editing  and 
consolidation  of  estimates  for  Congress;  Estimates  Branch,  which 
corrected  and  revised  the  estimates  furnished  to  the  Director  of 
Finance  by  the  Director  of  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic,  Quarter- 
master General,  Chief  of  Engineers,  Surgeon  General,  Chief  Signal 
Officer,  and  the  Director  of  Air  Service;  Apportionments  Branch, 
which  apportioned  appropriations,  allotted  them  to  the  various 
distributing  and  disbursing  officers,  and  furnished  information  to  the 
Funding  Division  with  reference  thereto.  George  E.  Frazer  and 
Lieut.  Col.  T.  L.  Smith,  chiefs. 

ESTIMATING  SECTION,  REQUIREMENTS  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUS- 
TRIAL HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  COR- 
PORATION, DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  division  made  estimates  in  advance  of  the  contractors  on 
building  materials  required  for  corporation  housing  projects,  and 
prepared  advance  lists  of  requirements  in  order  that  the  materials 
might  be  allocated,  purchased,  and  started  for  the  projects  on  which 
bids  were  being  received.  The  estimates  of  amounts  and  costs  of 
materials  were  used  to  check  up  contractors'  estimates.  During  the 
progress  of  construction,  unit  costs  were  tabulated  in  order  to  check 
"overrun"  on  the  estimated  cost.  W.  W.  Dibrell,  chief. 

ETHYL  ALCOHOL  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION.  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  May  1,  1918,  to  regulate  the  production,  distribution,  and 
use  of  ethyl  alcohol,  and  to  promote  the  use  of  alcohol  manufactured 
from  molasses.  It  was  responsible  for,  at  least  temporarily,  modifi- 
cations of  the  internal  revenue  laws  governing  the  period  of  fermen- 
tation, which  increased  manufacturing  capacity  about  20  per  cent. 
This  commodity  was  handled  at  first  in  the  Sulphur,  Alcohol,  and 
Pyrites  Section.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918. 
William  G.  Woolfolk,  chief. 

EUROPEAN  DIVISION,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

The  European  Division  was  the  title  given  for  convenience  to  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service,  American  Expeditionary  Forces,  which 
included  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces  Laboratory,  under  the 
direction  of  Lieut.  Col.  R.  F.  Bacon,  and  the  field  service,  with  its 
commissioned  and  enlisted  personnel.  Brig.  Gen.  A.  A.  Fries  was 
chief  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  American  Expeditionary 
Forces.  This  service  had  been  established  in  1917,  and  was  trans- 
ferred June  28,  1918,  to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      141 
EXAMINING  BOARD,   PERMANENT;    ORDNANCE    DEPARTMENT. 

Organized  March  23,  1918,  to  examine  all  candidates  for  commis- 
sion in  the  Ordnance  Department,  to  recommend  assignments  for 
overseas  service,  and  to  recommend  promotions  and  demotions.  The 
board  was  dissolved  November  21,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  W.  P.  Barbee, 
president. 

EXCESS    PROFITS    TAX    ADVISERS,    BOARD    OF;    BUREAU    OF    INTERNAL 
REVENUE,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

An  organization  created  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  No- 
vember, 1917,  to  assist  the  Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue  in  adminis- 
tering the  war  revenue  tax  law  of  October  3,  1917.  It  was  the  pur- 
pose in  creating  the  unit  to  secure  a  body  of  men  of  wide  profes- 
sional and  business  experience,  qualified  to  aid  the  bureau  in  the  in- 
terpretation of  the  complex  provisions  of  the  law  and  to  represent  an 
enlightened  public  point  of  view  as  to  the  methods  of  administration. 
There  were  nine  members,  as  follows:  T.  S.  Adams,  S.  R.  Bertron. 
S.  W.  Cramer,  Cordell  Hull,  T.  W.  McCullough,  E.  T.  Meredith,  W'. 
D.  Simmons,  J.  E.  Sterrett,  and  Henry  Walters. 

EXCESS    PROFITS    TAX    REVIEWERS,    BUREAU    OF    INTERNAL    REVENUE, 
TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

An  Internal  Revenue  Bureau  organization,  created  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  in  December,  1917.  to  review  the  returns  of 
excess  profits  taxpayers  whose  status  under  the  law  made  accurate 
assessment  peculiarly  difficult.  The  reviewers  comprised  former  ex- 
cess profits  tax  advisers,  expert  accountants,  and  experienced  em- 
ployees of  the  bureau.  The  reviewers  passed  upon  a  large  volume  of 
returns  and  conducted  formal  hearings  in  the  cases  of  a  number  of 
taxpayers. 

EXECUTIVE    BRANCH,    FIELD    OPERATIONS    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF    FI- 
NANCE. 

Established  in  March,  1919.  This  branch  exercised  executive 
supervision  over  all  the  other  branches  of  the  division  and  handled 
queries  from  the  field  relative  to  the  application  and  interpretation 
of  regulations  and  orders.  Maj.  O.  W.  Gralund,  chief. 

EXECUTIVE  BRANCH,  SETTLEMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  November  22,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  issuance  of 
finance  circulars  for  the  purpose  of  expediting  payments  of  con- 
tracts and  awards,  and  the  compilation  of  statistics  as  to  payments 
by  zone  disbursing  officers  on  all  contracts  and  awards.  Maj.  E.  A. 
Harrison,  chief, 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE,    SPECIAL    COMMITTEE    ON    NATIONAL    DEFENSE, 
AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

See  Railroads'  War  Board. 
EXECUTIVE  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  by  order  of  the  Chief  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
dated  August  30,  1918.  It  was  charged  with  the  general  administra- 


142       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

tive  work  of  the  corps,  including  office  management,  handling  of 
correspondence,  orders,  bulletins,  circulars,  etc.  It  was  also  respon- 
sible for  procurement,  personnel,  training,  and  the  assignment  and 
distribution  of  all  motor  vehicles.  It  functioned  through  the  follow- 
ing branches:  Administration,  Personnel,  Training,  Distribution  of 
Vehicles,  and  Requisitions  and  Orders  to  Purchase.  Col.  A.  O.  Sea- 
man, chief. 

EXECUTIVE    OFFICE,    WAR    DEPARTMENT    COMMISSION    ON    TRAINING 
CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Organized  December,  1917.  The  Executive  Office  undertook  to  co- 
ordinate the  activities  of  the  various  organizations  affiliated  with 
the  commission,  and  to  supervise  all  field  work  through  the  district 
directors.  The  affiliated  organizations  referred  to  were  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
Jewish  Welfare  Board,  National  Catholic  War  Council,  American 
Library  Association,  Salvation  Army,  arid  the  War  Camp  Com- 
munity Service.  Directors  of  field  work,  A.  M.  White  and  John  P. 
Myers;  executive  secretary,  W.  Prentice  Sanger. 

EXECUTIVE    AND    ADMINISTRATIVE    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    ORDNANCE, 
NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  The  duties  of  this  division 
included  all  executive  and  administrative  details  relating  to  the 
activities  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  the  formulation  of  policies,  ap- 
proval of  contracts,  designs,  drawings,  projects,  etc.,  and  general 
supervision  over  all  other  divisions. 

EXPEDITIONARY    CABLE    BRANCH,    METHODS    CONTROL    DIVISION,    QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918.  It  was  abolished  May  25.  1918,  and  its 
duties  were  transferred  to  the  Telegraph  and  Cable  Branch,  Adminis- 
trative Division. 

EXPERIMENT     STATIONS,     OFFICE     OF,     STATES     RELATIONS     SERVICE, 
UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  office  which  during  the  war  organized  cooperation 
between  the  stations  for  studying  special  war-time  problems.  The 
results  of  former  activities  of  the  experiment  stations  supplied  in- 
formation to  farmers  and  extension  workers  on  such  subjects  as 
analyzing  the  most  advantageous  use  of  soil  and  cultivation,  econo- 
mizing the  resources  of  water  and  soil,  making  the  best  use  of  avail- 
able fertilizing  material,  combating  injurious  influences,  such  as  dis- 
ease and  insect  pests,  pointing  out  practices  to  protect  agricultural 
products  against  loss  in  transit  and  storage,  and  developing  the  use 
of  substitutes  in  food  and  feed.  E.  W.  Allen,  chief. 

EXPLOSIVES  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June  1,  1918,  as  a  separate  division  from  the  Chemicals 
and  Explosives  Division  and  from  the  Explosives  Section,  War  In- 
dustries Board.  It  cleared  for  the  War  Industries  Board  explosives 
contracts  and  provided  for  supplies  of  raw  material  for  the  manu- 
facture of  explosives,  advised  the  War  Industries  Board  as  to  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       143 

explosives  situation  and  suggested  means  of  meeting  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  allied  requirements.  The  division  was  discontinued  December 
12,  1918.  M.  V.  Chase,  director. 


EXPLOSIVES  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Originally  the  Explosives  Branch  of  the  Purchase  Section,  Gun 
Division,  established  about  October  1,  1917,  but  transferred  to  the 
Procurement  Division  in  January,  1918.  This  section  supervised  all 
negotiations  connected  with  the  purchase  of  the  explosives  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  munitions  and  of  the  necessary  packing  containers, 
but  did  not  include  raw  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ex- 
plosives. Different  officers  were  detailed  as  negotiators  for  the  pur- 
chase of  the  different  explosives  and  other  materials  handled  by  the 
section.  This  work  was  carried  on  under  the  supervision  of  Capt. 
C.  B.  Peters  as  head. 

EXPLOSIVES  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  EQUIPMENT. 

Organized  April  27,  1918,  to  supervise  and  regulate  the  production 
of  explosives  and  loading  of  shells.  The  loading  activities  were  put 
in  a  separate  section  July  10,  1918,  but  were  consolidated  November 
6,  1918,  and  became  known  as  Explosives  and  Loading  Division. 
Maj.  E.  Moxham,  chief. 

EXPLOSIVES  AND  LOADING  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  November  6, 1918,  consolidating  the  Explosives  and  Load- 
ing Sections  of  the  Production  Division.  The  activities  of  these  two 
sections  were  continued  as  before.  Col.  W.  C.  Spruance,  chief. 

EXPLOSIVES    REGULATION    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    MINES,    DEPARTMENT 
OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

An  act  of  Congress,  approved  October  6,  1917,  provided  for  the 
regulation  of  the  manufacture,  distribution,  storage,  use,  or  posses- 
sion of  explosives  and  their  ingredients.  Section  18  of  the  act 
authorized  the  Bureau  of  Mines  to  make  rules  and  regulations  for 
carrying  the  act  into  effect,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior.  A  new  division  of  the  bureau  known  as  the  Ex- 
plosives Regulation  was  organized  November  1,  1917.  In  each  State 
and  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska  an  explosives  inspector  was  appointed 
by  the  President  with  the  approval  of  the  Senate.  Each  inspector 
was  under  the  supervision  of  the  Washington  office.  Under  each 
explosives  inspector  was  an  advisory  committee,  made  up,  when  prac- 
ticable, of  representatives  of  those  interests  most  affected.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  advisory  committee  were  designated  assistant  inspectors 
and  were  appointed  by  the  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  For 
licensing  users  of  explosives  and  ingredients  a  field  force  of  over 
15,000  men  was  selected  and  appointed  by  the  Director  of  the  Bureau 
of  Mines.  Less  than  1  per  cent  of  the  entire  force  under  the  explo- 
sives act  received  salaries.  An  amendment  to  the  act  of  October  6, 
approved  July  1,  1918,  authorized  the  Director  of  Mines  under  rules 
and  regulations  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  limit, 
during  the  period  of  the  war,  the  sale,  possession,  and  use  of 


144       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

platinum,  palladium,  and  iridium  and  compounds  thereof.  The  ad- 
ministration of  this  act  was  placed  in  the  explosives  regulations 
division.  Director  of  Explosives  Regulations,  F.  S.  Peabody,  suc- 
ceeded on  July  17,  1918,  by  Clarence  Hall. 

EXPORT    DIVISION,    FREIGHT    TRAFFIC    COMMITTEE,    NORTH    ATLANTIC 
PORTS. 

See  Freight  Traffic  Committee,  North  Atlantic  Ports. 

EXPORT    DIVISION,    GENERAL    OPERATING    COMMITTEE,    EASTERN    RAIL- 
ROADS. 

See  Freight  Traffic  Committee,  North  Atlantic  Ports. 

EXPORT    DIVISION,    GENERAL    OPERATING    COMMITTEE,    EASTERN    RAIL- 
ROADS POOL. 

Created  November  29,  1917,  by  General  Operating  Committee  in 
session  at  Pittsburgh.  The  function  of  this  body,  which  was  com- 
posed of  seven  members  under  the  chairmanship  of  George  D.  Ogden, 
was  to  regulate  the  shipment  of  commodities  to  the  Atlantic  ports  in 
order  to  prevent  accumulations  of  freight  with  the  resultant  terminal 
congestion.  It  at  once  assumed  control  over  the  railroad  export 
traffic  in  unmanufactured  tin,  iron,  and  steel  with  the  exception  of 
that  intended  for  the  use  of  the  United  States  Government.  On  and 
after  December  12,  1917,  the  Export  Division  exercised  authority  to 
issue  railroad  shipping  permits  embracing  commodities  for  export 
via  Boston,  New  York.  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Norfolk,  and  New- 
port News,  excepting  United  States  Government  freight.  The  division 
worked  in  cooperation  with  the  traffic  executive  representing  the 
allied  governments.  After  the  railroads  were  placed  under  Fedral 
control  the  work  of  the  division  was  continued  without  interruption 
by  the  Freight  Traffic  Committee,  North  Atlantic  Ports,  of  the  United 
States  Railroad  Administration. 

EXPORT    LICENSES,    DIVISION    OF,    BUREAU    OF    FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC 
COMMERCE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

This  division  was  created  in  June,  1917,  in  order  to  carry  out  the 
provisions  contained  in  the  espionage  act,  which  became  effective  on 
June  25,  1917,  especially  those  relating  to  the  issuing  of  export 
licenses.  Licenses  for  shipments  to  foreign  countries  were  issued  at 
the  district  offices  of  the  bureau  in  several  cities.  By  Executive  order 
the  division  was  transferred  from  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domes- 
tic Commerce  on  August  25,  1917,  and  the  Exports  Administrative 
Board  was  organized  to  take  over  its  duties.  This  board  was  in  turn 
succeeded  by  the  War  Trade  Board.  Besides  issuing  of  export 
licenses  the  division  was  engaged  in  the  collecting  of  economic  war 
intelligence  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  its  work. 

EXPORT  TRADE  DIVISION,  FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 

Under  the  Webb  Act,  approved  April  10,  1918,  associations  en- 
tered into  for  the  sole  purpose  of  engaging  in  export  trade  and  actu- 
ally engaged  solely  in  such  trade  were  exempted  from  certain  of  the 
prohibitions  of  the  Sherman  Act  of  1890,  and  the  Clayton  Act  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       145 

1914.  New  duties  were  imposed  on  the  commission  by  the  Webb  Act, 
and  the  Export  Trade  Division  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
forming them.  During  the  war  the  work  of  the  division  was  to  act 
as  a  recording  office  for  export  trade  associations  although  the  law 
also  endowed  the  commission  with  important  administrative  powers 
affecting  such  associations  if  their  organization  or  conduct  was  not  in 
conformity  with  the  law.  The  division  cooperated  with  the  Bureau 
of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  of  the  Department  of  Commerce 
in  studying  the  export  trade  under  war  conditions. 

EXPORTATION,   COORDINATING  COMMITTEE  ON. 

This  committee  was  organized  in  September,  1917.  at  the  instance 
of  the  Railroads'  War  Board,  which  recognized  the  necessity  for 
taking  immediate  steps  to  coordinate  railroad  and  oversea  trans- 
portation. With  this  end  in  view  there  met  with  the  Railroads'  Wai 
Board  representatives  of  the  traffic  committee  of  the  allied  govern- 
ments, the  Embarkation  Service  of  the  General  Staff,  United  States 
Army,  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  the  United  States  Food 
Administration,  the  American  National  Red  Cross,  and  the  Commis- 
sion on  Car  Service.  At  this  meeting  a  committee  was  formed  which 
included  in  its  original  membership  seven  persons  representing  the 
interests  mentioned  above.  It  was  the  aim  of  the  committee  to  bring 
about  a  degree  of  cooperation  between  the  railroads,  the  War  De- 
partment, the  Shipping  Board,  the  Food  Administration,  and  the 
war  commissions  of  the  British  and  other  allied  governments.  More 
specifically,  it  sought  to  expedite  the  handling  of  export  shipments 
by  preventing  congestion  at  the  seaboard,  and  to  prevent  export  traffic 
from  being  accumulated  and  delayed  in  railroad  terminals  and  along 
the  tracks  of  seaport  lines.  Charles  M.  Sheaffer,  chairman  of  the 
Commission  on  Car  Service,  became  chairman  of  the  Coordinating 
Committee. 

EXPORTS,  BUREAU  OF;  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

When  the  War  Trade  Board  by  Executive  order  of  October  12, 
1917,  took  over  all  the  duties  of  the  Exports  Administrative  Board 
(which  passed  out  of  existence)  the  issuance  of  licenses  passed  from 
the  former  Bureau  of  Export  Licenses  to  the  Bureau  of  Exports. 
Much  of  the  personnel  remained.  After  February  14,  1918,  all  ex- 
ports of  whatever  commodity  or  destination  were  within  its  jurisdic- 
tion. After  May  13,  1918,'  in  cases  of  exports  to  Great  Britain, 
France,  Belgium,  or  Italy,  no  license  was  granted  without  the  ante- 
cedent approval  of  the  mission  from  the  country  concerned.  Branch 
offices  and  special  agents  were  maintained  at  the  chief  ports  of  ex- 
port. In  charge  of  C.  A.  Richards,  H.  B.  Van  Sinderen  (March- 
September,  1918),  V.  H.  McCutcheon  (September,  1918),  and  C.  A. 
Richards  (October,  1918).  C.  A.  Richards  was  detached  from  the 
bureau  to  serve  as  chairman  of  the  Contraband  Committee  (March- 
September,  1918). 

EXPORTS  COUNCIL. 

Created  by  proclamation  of  June  22,  1917,  under  title  7  of  the 
espionage  act   (June  15,  1917),  including  the  Secretaries  of  State, 
Agriculture,  and  Commerce,  and  the  Food  Administrator.    The  com- 
127232—19 10 


146       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

mittee  was  to  formulate  for  the  consideration  and  approval  of  the 
President,  policies  whose  executive  administration  was  vested  in  the 
Secretary  of  Commerce.  The  Division  of  Export  Licenses  was  or- 
ganized in  the  Department  of  Commerce  for  this  purpose.  The  coun- 
cil was  advisory  to  a  committee  that  developed  into  the  Exports 
Administrative  Board,  and  later  into  the  Bureau  of  Exports,  War 
Trade  Board;  while  the  Exports  Council  was  itself  finally  replaced 
by  the  War  Trade  Council.  It  prepared  for  issue,  July  23,  1917,  an 
Exports  Control  List  containing  the  commodities  determined  to  be 
included  in  the  license  list  proclamation  of  July  9, 1917. 

EXPORTS  ADMINISTRATIVE  BOARD. 

Created  by  Executive  order  of  August  21,  1917,  to  be  the  executive 
of  the  Exports  Council  in  the  administration  of  all  its  policies,  and 
made  up  of  experts  appointed  severally  by  the  members  of  the  council. 
It  operated  through  the  Bureau  of  Export  Licenses  which  was  trans- 
ferred to  its  jurisdiction  by  the  proclamation  of  August  27, 1917.  No 
commodity  upon  the  prohibited  lists  could  be  exported  without  its 
license.  After  the  passage  of  the  trading  with  the  enemy  act  (October 
6,  1917),  the  Exports  Administrative  Board  was  merged  into  the 
War  Trade  Board,  and  its  special  duties  were  carried  on  by  the 
Bureau  of  Exports. 

EXPORTS  CONTROL  COMMITTEE. 

Created  jointly  by  the  Secretaries  of  War  and  Navy,  and  the  Direc- 
tor General  of  Railroads  on  June  11,  1918.  Representatives  of  the 
Arm}%  Navy,  Railroad  Administration,  Shipping  Control  Com- 
mittee, and  Allied  Traffic  Executives  sat  on  this  committee  to  esti- 
mate the  probable  requirements  of  freight  to  be  exported  and  to 
arrange  for  its  routing  through  available  ports.  It  maintained 
a  New  York  office  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Shipping  Control  Com- 
mittee and  acted  through  the  permit  system  organized  by  the  Freight 
Traffic  Committee,  North  Atlantic  Ports,  the  Southern  Export  Com- 
mittee, the  California  Export  Committee,  and  the  North  Pacific 
Export  Committee.  Its  report  (December  31,  1918)  is  in  the  Official 
Bulletin,  February  3,  1919.  On  January  31,  1919,  its  chairman, 
George  D.  Ogden,  recommended  that  the  committee  be  discontinued 
on  March  1. 

EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

Organized  June  23,  1917.  This  division  was  in  charge  of  all  mat- 
ters of  imports  and  exports  within  the  Food  Administration.  The 
Marine  Transportation  Division  took  over  the  work  of  this  division 
March  3, 1918.  John  B.  White,  chief  of  the  division,  represented  the 
United  States  Food  Administration  on  the  War  Trade  Board. 

EXPRESS  COMPANY,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY. 

The  American  Railway  Express  Co.  was  a  private  corporation 
formed  by  the  consolidation  of  the  four  principal  express  companies, 
namely,  the  Adams,  American,  Southern,  and  Wells  Fargo.  The 
corporation  was  formed  as  the  result  of  an  agreement  between  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       147 

Director  General  of  Railroads  and  the  four  companies  above  named 
reached  on  May  28,  1918,  and  becoming  effective  on  July  1.  A  con- 
tract was  drawn  up  and  agreed  to  by  the  Director  General  and  repre- 
sentatives of  the  express  companies,  under  the  terms  of  which  the 
American  Railway  Express  Co.  agreed  to  conduct  the  express  busi- 
ness upon  all  lines  under  Federal  control,  and  it  was  stipulated  that 
the  company  should  be  the  sole  agent  of  the  Government  in  the  con- 
duct of  such  business.  The  equipment  of  the  four  consolidated  com- 
panies was  to  be  used  in  common  and  provision  was  made  for  uni- 
form accounting  methods.  George  C.  Taylor  became  president  of 
the  company.  Questions  involving  rates,  labor,  etc.,  arose  which 
made  it  seem  desirable  to  place  the  express  business  of  the  country 
directly  under  Federal  control.  Accordingly,  the  President  on 
November  16,  1918,  issued  a  proclamation  taking  over  the  consoli- 
dated business  carried  on  by  the  American  Railway  Express  Co., 
and  its  operation  was  assigned  to  William  G.  McAdoo,  Director 
General  of  Railroads. 

EXPRESS    AND    MAIL    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    TRAFFIC,    UNITED    STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  July  10,  1918.  The  functions  of  this  committee  were  two- 
fold: (1)  To  represent  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration 
in  matters  relating  to  the  contract  between  the  Director  General  and 
the  American  Railway  Express  Co.;  (2)  to  represent  the  United 
States  Railroad  Administration  in  the  handling  of  questions  relating 
to  the  carrying  of  the  mails  as,  for  example,  the  adjustment  of  unset- 
tled controversies  between  individual  railroads  and  the  Post  Office 
Department.  F.  S.  Holbrook,  manager. 

EXPRESS  TRANSPORTATION,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;   SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Appointed  June,  1917.  The  Subcommittee  on  Express  Trans- 
portation included  four  members,  vice  presidents,  respectively,  of  the 
Adams,  American,  Southern,  and  Wells  Fargo  Express  Cos.  This 
organization  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  coordinating  the  work 
of  the  express  companies  with  the  efforts  of  the  railroads  in  meeting 
the  transportation  problems  confronting  the  Nation.  It  furnished 
the  medium  through  which  the  Railroads'  War  Board  was  enabled 
to  maintain  touch  with  and  to  regulate  express  transportation 
throughout  the  country.  The  subcommittee  ceased  to  function  as 
a  part  of  the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense  after  the 
President  assumed  control  of  the  railroads.  Chairman,  D.  S.  Elliott, 
vice  president,  American  Express  Co. 

EXTENSION  WORK  IN  THE  NORTH  AND  WEST,  OFFICE  OF;   STATES  RELA- 
TIONS SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Under  the  impetus  of  war  the  extension  work  of  the  States  Rela- 
tions Service  was  expanded  and  enlarged  to  meet  the  need  of  the 
agricultural  counties  of  the  country  for  an  organization  whereby 
the  Government  and  the  people  would  have  the  best  moans  of  bring- 
ing about  the  agricultural  production  and  food  conservation  re- 
quired by  war  conditions.  One  of  the  most  serious  problems  con- 
fronting the  extension  agents  in  the  Northern  States  during  the 


148       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

war  was  the  corn  situation  in  the  spring  of  1918,  caused  by  an  early 
frost.  The  county  agents  were  instructed  to  locate  seed  corn  of  high 
germination,  adaptable  to  the  locality  where  it  was  to  be  planted, 
and  to  see  to  its  proper  distribution  among  the  farmers.  They  also 
functioned  in  aiding  farmers  in  the  North  and  West  to  secure  the 
proper  supply  of  seed  wheat  to  meet  the  Government's  needs,  and 
instructed  those  who  had  never  grown  wheat,  in  cultivation  and 
harvesting.  Through  training  classes,  talks,  demonstrations,  and 
visits  to  homes  they  reached  over  3,000,000  women  and  interested 
them  in  various  phases  of  food  production,  utilization  and  preserva- 
tion, the  conservation  of  clothing  and  fuel,  and  various  phases  of 
health  and  child  care.  They  also  organized  about  1,250,000  boys  and 
girls  in  various  kinds  of  agricultural  work  under  their  supervision 
with  excellent  results  in  food  produced  and  preserved.  C.  B.  Smith, 
chief. 

EXTENSION  WORK  IN  THE  SOUTH,  OFFICE  OF;    STATES  RELATIONS  SERV- 
ICE, DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  extension  organization  in  the  South  was  expanded  during 
the  war  to  serve  as  a  medium  through  which  the  Government  and 
the  farmers  could  learn  each  others'  needs,  and  most  effectively  meet 
the  war  problems  in  food  production,  preservation,  and  conserva- 
tion. One  important  problem  confronting  the  workers  in  the  South 
was  that  of  sustaining  the  production  of  food  and  feed  in  the  years 
of  1917  and  1918,  in  the  face  of  high-priced  cotton.  As  a  result  of 
their  campaign,  the  acreage  of  cotton  was  actually  reduced,  and  the 
acreage  of  all  other  crops  increased.  They  also  conducted  cam- 
paigns for  an  increased  production  of  live  stock,  and  the  conserva- 
tion of  meat,  wheat,  fats,  and  sugar.  While  their  work  among  the 
men  on  the  farms  was  primarily  to  encourage  more  abundant  pro- 
duction, the  campaigns  carried  on  among  the  women  laid  stress  on 
the  conservation  of  those  articles  which  had  formerly  been  wasted. 
Six  hundred  and  forty-nine  community  demonstration  kitchens  were 
organized  under  their  supervision,  847  community  canneries,  and 
131  community  drying  centers.  The  boys'  club  work  was  handled 
by  the  county  agents,  and  the  girls'  work  was  included  in  the  work 
of  the  home  demonstration  agents  for  women  and  girls.  Bradford 
Knapp.  chief. 

EXTERNAL    RELATIONS    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE    AND    TRAFFIC 
DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918,  to  represent  the  War  Department 
in  all  that  pertained  to  the  supply  of  the  Army  in  its  relations  with 
all  other  agencies,  governmental  and  otherwise.  Subordinate  to  the 
External  Relations  Branch  were  the  Allied  Relations,  Requirements, 
Priorities.  Clearance,  Price  Fixing,  and  Commodity  Sections.  It 
functioned  successively  under  the  following:  Lieut.  Col.  C.  C.  Bolton, 
Mr.  Streeter,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  R.  Hayes,  Lieut.  Col.  L.  R.  Ball,  and 
Lieut,  Col.  I.  T.  Wyche. 

FACE  BRICK   WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  by  the  American  Face  Brick  Association  to  represent  the 
industry  with  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  Joseph  W.  Moulding,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       149 
FACILITIES  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  about  August  26,  1918,  primarily  to  handle  all  matters 
pertaining  to  war  facilities.  Its  function,  generally,  was  the  coordi- 
nation of  activities  of  all  Government  agencies  in  construction  work 
except  shipbuilding;  specifically,  it  advised  all  Government  agencies 
undertaking  building  construction  with  respect  to:  (1)  Location, 
with  special  reference  to  transportation,  power,  labor,  fuel,  etc.;  (2) 
specification  of  local  materials  as  far  as  possible;  (3)  adoption  of 
contract  forms  to  insure  uniformity.  It  compiled  and  revised  lists 
of  responsible  contractors  and  architects,  and  saw  that  all  vital  ques- 
tions were  considered  before  new  construction  was  started.  Nonwar 
facilities  were  handled  in  the  Priorities  Division.  Cooperating  with 
this  division  were  the  nonwar  facilities  member  and  representatives 
of  Army,  Navy,  Emergency  Fleet,  Railroad  Administration,  United 
States  Department  of  Labor,  United  States  Housing  Corporation, 
and  Building  Materials  Section,  War  Industries  Board.  This  divi- 
sion, after  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  acted  as  clearing  house  for 
all  information  relating  to  contract  adjustment,  maintaining  contact 
with  the  Department  of  Labor.  The  division  was  discontinued 
November  23,  1918.  Samuel  P.  Bush,  director. 

See  Priorities  Division  and  Resources  and  Conversion  Section, 
War  Industries  Board. 

FAMILY  SEWING  MACHINES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  23,  1918,  with  W.  W.  Chase  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  industry  with  the  War  Industries  Board. 

FARM  EQUIPMENT  CONTROL,  OFFICE  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

All  manufacturers  and  distributors  of  farm  equipment  were  placed 
under  Federal  license  by  proclamation  of  the  President  May  14, 
1918,  under  authority  of  the  fuel  control  act  of  August  10,  1917.  The 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  was  charged  with  the  administration  of  the 
regulations  under  this  proclamation,  and  the  Office  of  Farm  Equip- 
ment Control  was  established  to  take  care  of  the  work.  The  general 
functions  of  the  office  were  as  follows :  To  insure  to  farmers  an  ade- 
quate and  continuous  supply  of  farm  machinery  and  equipment  at 
reasonable  costs;  to  assist  manufacturers  in  securing  the  requisite 
quantity  of  raw  materials;  to  facilitate  the  shipment  of  this  ma- 
terial to  the  manufacturers  and  of  the  finished  product  to  distribu- 
tors and  the  farmers ;  to  correct  any  abuses  that  the  food  control  act 
gave  power  to  deal  with.  The  licensing  work  was  carried  on  in 
cooperation  with  the  License  Division  of  the  United  States  Food 
Administration.  In  its  work  of  insuring  to  farmers  farm  equipment 
at  reasonable  cost,  the  bureau  cooperated  with  the  Federal  Trade 
Commission.  The  office  also  maintained  cooperation  with  the  War 
Industries  Board  and  the  Farm  Implements  Committee  in  assisting 
manufacturers  to  secure  the  requisite  quantity  of  raw  materials. 
Junius  F.  Cook,  assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  was  in 
charge  of  the  office. 

FARM  AND  HAND  PUMPS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  23,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
these  products  with  the  exception  of  sprayers.    The  committee  coop- 


150       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

crated  with  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.    H.  H.  Maromber,  chairman. 

FARM  IMPLEMENTS  COMMITTEE. 

Created  in  the  spring  of  1917  as  War  Emergency  Committee  of  the 
National  Implement  and  Vehicle  Association.  The  name  was  changed 
later  at  the  request  of  the  Priorities  Division,  War  Industries  Board. 
The  committee  was  the  point  of  contact  of  the  industry  with  the  War 
Industries  Board,  in  regard  to  application  for  priority  and  supply  of 
materials;  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  encouraging  in- 
creased crop  production  and  in  supplying  the  necessary  farm  ma- 
chinery. C.  S.  Brantingham,  chairman. 

FARM  LABOR,  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  CHARGE  OF. 

The  farm  labor  needs  of  the  various  sections  of  the  country  and 
the  supply  and  distribution  of  regular  farm  labor  as  well  as  new 
sources  were  investigated  beginning  April,  1917,  under  the  im- 
mediate direction  of  Dr.  E.  V.  Wilcox,  of  the  Office  of  Farm  Man- 
agement in  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  On  February  11,  1918, 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  directed  Assistant  Secretary  Ousley  to 
assume  general  supervision  of  this  work,  and  under  date  of  April  15 
Prof.  G.  I.  Christie  was  appointed  assistant  to  the  Secretary  to  direct 
the  activities  of  the  department  in  connection  with  farm  labor  prob- 
lems, under  the  immediate  supervision  of  Assistant  Secretary  Ousley. 
On  October  15,  1918.  Prof.  Christie  was  appointed  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  Agriculture,  and  assumed  general  supervision  of  the  work, 
with  Dr.  Wilcox  in  immediate  charge.  A  farm  help  specialist  was 
placed  in  each  State,  with  headquarters  at  the  State  agricultural 
college  to  cooperate  with  the  college  and  experiment  station,  State 
council  of  defense,  commissioners  of  agriculture  and  labor,  county 
agents,  the  offices  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service,  and  com- 
munity farm  bureaus  and  committees.  These  specialists  were  in  close 
touch  with  the  needs  of  the  individual  farmers  in  their  respective 
States,  and  were  effective  in  securing  and  placing  permanent  skilled 
farm  labor  as  well  as  emergency  labor.  On  April  24,  1917,  the  De- 
partment of  Labor  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  entered  into 
»  cooperative  agreement  for  the  mobilization  of  labor,  whereby  the 
Department  of  Labor  was  to  endeavor  to  supply  unfilled  demands  for 
farm  laborers  according  to  the  needs  as  determined  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.  After  the  armistice  the  organization  built  up 
during  the  war  was  used  for  directing  discharged  soldiers  and 
sailors  back  to  the  farms. 

FARM  MANAGEMENT,  OFFICE  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  Office  of  Farm  Management,  already  in  existence  at  the  out- 
break of  war,  turned  practically  all  of  its  attention  to  the  solution  of 
war  emergency  problems.  Its  principal  functions  during  the  war 
were:  (1)  Investigation  to  contribute  information  of  value  to  agen- 
cies engaged  in  stimulating  food  production;  (2)  Special  effort  for 
directing  more  effective  utilization  of  farm  machinery;  (3)  Cooper- 
ation with  the  Labor  Department  and  State  agencies  in  supplying 
farm  labor;  (4)  The  preparation  of  material  for  the  Peace  Confer- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       151 

ence  on  the  agriculture  of  territories  involved  in  the  peace  negotia- 
tions. W.  J.  Spillman,  chief  of  the  office,  was  succeeded  by  H.  O. 
Taylor. 

FARM  POWER  AND  LIGHT  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  9,  1918,  by  the  manufacturers  of  electric 
power  and  light  equipment.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the 
Electrical  Power  and  Equipment  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  A.  H.  Grant,  chairman. 

FARMS  BRANCH,  SALVAGE  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Established  October  28,  1918,  to  take  charge  of  agricultural  ac- 
tivities on  lands  owned,  purchased,  or  leased  by  the  Army.  Capt. 
H.  G.  Parsons,  chief. 

FATS    AND     OILS     SECTION,     DIVISION     OF    COLLATERAL    COMMODITIES, 
UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Fats  and  Oils  Division  was  inaugurated  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Food  Administration.  It  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  all 
Government  departments,  and  to  the  War  Trade  Board,  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  and  the  War  Industries  Board  in  regard  to 
exports  and  imports,  and  assisted  allied  governments  in  their  re- 
quirements in  May,  1918,  securing  7.000  long  tons  of  dynamite 
glycerine,  the  United  States  thus  becoming  for  the  first  time  an 
exporting  nation  of  glycerine.  The  division  became  a  section  under 
the  Collateral  Commodities  Division  after  the  signing  of  the  armis- 
tice. The  section  controlled  all  animal  and  vegetable  fats  and  oils, 
copra,  soap,  and  candle  industries,  and  glycerine,  and  has  worked 
with  other  divisions  on  the  control  of  oleomargarine  and  lard  sub- 
stitute industries.  B.  E.  Reuter,  chief. 

FEDERAL   AGENCY    SECTION,    FIELD    DIVISION,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Organized  October  1,  1918.  It  had  charge  of  all  work  relating  to 
Government  departments  and  Federal  agencies  requiring  the  aid  of 
the  Field  Division  and  the  nation-wide  defense  organizations  that 
reached  out  into  every  community  in  the  country.  John  S.  Cravens, 
head  of  section. 

FEDERAL  FARM  LOAN  BOARD. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  July  17, 1916,  and  organized  August 
7,  1916,  to  supervise  the  elaborate  system  of  agricultural  credit  es- 
tablished by  the  act.  The  board  operates  through  the  Federal  Farm 
Loan  Bureau  of  the  Treasury,  over  which  it  has  general  supervision. 
It  consists  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  ex  officio  chairman,  and 
four  others  appointed  by  the  President  for  terms  of  eight  years. 
The  membership  of  the  board  during  the  war  period  was  as  follows : 
Secretary  W.  G.  McAdoo,  chairman  ex  officio;  G.  W.  Norris,  Farm 
Loan  Commissioner;  C.  E.  Lobdell;  Herbert  Quick;  and  W.  S.  A. 
Smith. 


152       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1911. 
FEDERAL  LAND  BANKS. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  July  17,  1916,  as  the  central  agencies 
in  the  Federal  farm-loan  system  established  by  the  act.  The  land 
banks  and  the  National  Farm  Loan  Associations  constitute  the  essen- 
tial machinery  of  the  system.  In  each  of  the  12  farm-loan  districts 
into  which  the  country  is  divided  there  is  a  land  bank.  Within  the 
district  groups  of  farmers  form  local  loan  associations.  The  banks 
issue  farm  loan  bonds  with  farm  mortgages  as  collateral  security, 
sell  them  to  the  public,  and  lend  the  proceeds  to  members  of  the  asso- 
ciations. The  banks  were  organized  in  March,  1917,  and  from  their 
first  operation  became  war  agencies  to  the  extent  to  which  they  in- 
creased the  volume  and  decreased  the  cost  of  agricultural  production. 
By  act  of  January  18,  1918,  the  Treasury  Department  was  author- 
ized to  purchase  the  bonds  of  the  land  banks.  On  November  30, 
1918,  the  banks  had  lent  $149,000,000  to  64,000  members  of  the  3,400 
loan  associations,  while  more  than  $7,000,000  additional  had  been  lent 
by  the  joint-stock  land  banks,  which  are  organizations  of  private 
capital  under  Government  supervision,  authorized  by  the  act  of  1916. 

FEDERAL  RESERVE  BANKS. 

Created  by  the  Federal  reserve  act  of  December  23,  1913.  The 
Federal  reserve  banks,  one  for  each  of  the  12  reserve  districts  into 
which  the  country  is  divided,  constitute  with  the  member  banks  and 
the  Federal  Eeserve  Board  the  new  national  banking  system  known 
as  the  Federal  reserve  system.  The  capital  of  the  banks  is  provided 
by  the  member  banks,  which  comprise  all  the  national  banks  and  a 
certain  number  of  State  banks  and  trust  companies.  The  essential 
functions  of  the  banks  are  to  hold  the  reserves  of  member  banks,  to 
receive  member  bank  deposits,  to  lend  credit  or  cash  to  member 
banks  by  discounting  their  commercial  paper,  to  issue  Federal  re- 
serve notes,  and  to  carry  on  a  limited  amount  of  open-market  security 
dealings.  Dealing  largely  with  the  member  banks  and  using  funds 
provided  by  them,  the  Federal  reserve  banks  are  in  reality  combina- 
tions of  the  reserve  strength  and  lending  power  of  the  associated 
member  banks.  As  war  agencies  the  Federal  reserve  banks  fur- 
nished the  machinery  for  the  whole  plan  of  Government  finance, 
serving  as  fiscal  agents  of  the  Government,  as  depositories  of  Gov- 
ernment funds,  and  as  instrumentalities  for  the  sale  of  Liberty  bonds 
and  war  savings  stamps,  the  control  of  credit  and  security  issues,  the 
provision  of  funds  for  war  industry,  the  creation  of  additional  credit 
and  currency,  and  the  safeguarding  of  the  Nation's  reserves.  An 
elaborate  organization  for  those  operations  was  created  by  each  of 
the  twelve  banks.  To  strengthen  the  system  and  increase  its  capacity 
to  exercise  its  new  functions  the  Federal  reserve  act  was  amended 
by  the  acts  of  June  21,  1917,  and  September  26,  1918.  The  chief 
features  of  the  amendments  were  provisions  requiring  the  deposit 
in  the  reserve  banks  of  all  member  bank  reserves,  provisions  to  en- 
courage State  banks  to  join  the  system,  provisions  enlarging  the 
note-issue  powers  of  the  banks,  and  provisions  improving  the 
methods  of  clearing  checks.  A  determined  effort  was  made  to  secure 
additional  membership  from  the  State  banks  and  trust  companies,  re- 
sulting in  a  large  increase  of  the  system's  resources.  The  banks, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      153 

with  their  governors  as  of  the  date  of  the  armistice,  are  as  follows : 
Boston,  C.  A.  Morss;  New  York,  Benjamin  Strong,  jr.;  Philadel- 
phia, E.  P.  Passmore;  Richmond,  G.  J.  Seay;  Atlanta,  J.  A. 
McChord;  Chicago,  J.  B.  McDougal;  Cleveland,  E.  R.  Fancher; 
Minneapolis,  Theodore  Wold;  St.  Louis,  Rolla  Wells;  Kansas  City, 
J.  Z.  Miller,  jr.;  Dallas,  R.  L.  Van  Zandt;*  San  Francisco,  J.  K. 
Lynch. 

FEDERAL  RESERVE  BOARD. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress,  December  23,  1913.  The  board  con- 
sists of  seven  members,  five  appointed  by  the  President  for  terms  of 
10  years,  and  two  ex-officio  members,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
and  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency.  It  is  the  supreme  governing 
body  of  the  Federal  reserve  system,  with  statutory  powers  of  control 
over  the  system's  organization,  administration,  and  operation.  Its 
primary  function  is  to  exercise  general  supervision  over  the  Federal 
reserve  banks  and  to  direct  the  policy  of  the  system  as  a  whole,  with 
special  reference  to  the  reserve,  discount,  and  note-issue  functions. 
As  a  war  agency  the  board  had  the  task  of  so  administering  the  sys- 
tem that  it  could  meet  the  heavy  demands  and  extraordinary  condi- 
tions of  war  finance.  It  has  in  general  acted  as  guardian  of  the  Na- 
tion's reserves,  credit,  and  currency.  As  special  war  functions  it  took 
over  control  of  security  issues,  foreign  exchange,  gold  and  silver,  and 
the  export  of  bullion,  coin,  and  paper  money,  and  security  issues 
(temporarily).  It  has  guided  the  policies  of  the  Federal  reserve 
banks  as  fiscal  agents  of  the  Government,  distributors  of  Liberty 
bonds,  and  creators  of  credit  and  currency.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  the  membership  of  the  board  was  as  follows:  Secretary  W.  G. 
McAdoo,  chairman;  Comptroller  J.  S.  Williams;  W.  P.  G.  Harding, 
governor ;  P.  M.  Warburg,  vice  governor ;  F.  A.  Delano ;  C.  S.  Ham- 
lin,  and  A.  C.  Miller.  The  retirement  of  Mr.  Delano  and  Mr.  War- 
burg left  two  vacancies,  one  of  which  has  been  filled  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Albert  Strauss. 

FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 

The  commission,  with  five  members,  was  created  by  act  of  Congress 
approved  September  26,  1914.  It  was  given  power  to  prevent  unfair 
methods  of  competition  on  the  part  of  persons,  partnerships,  or  cor- 
porations engaged  in  interstate  commerce.  Additional  powers  were 
conferred  by  the  Clayton  Act  of  October  15,  1914,  the  Webb  Act  of 
April  10,  1918,  and  by  Executive  order  of  October  12,  1917,  under 
the  trading  with  the  enemy  act,  approved  October  6,  1917.  The 
principal  war  activities  of  the  commission  consisted  in  part  in  the 
direct  participation  of  the  commissioners  as  individuals  in  various 
committees  which  were  composed  of  representatives  of  various 
branches  of  the  Government  service,  and  partly  in  the  work  done  by 
the  following  divisions  of  the  commission :  Economics,  Legal,  Enemy 
Patent,  and  Export  Trade.  There  were  vacancies  in  the  personnel  of 
the  commission  throughout  the  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
William  J.  Harris  was  chairman.  He  resigned  May  31,  1918,  and 
was  succeeded  as  chairman  by  William  B.  Colver. 


154       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
FEEDING  STUFFS,  COMMITTEE  ON. 

Appointed  in  December,  1917,  when  the  manufacturers  recom- 
mended to  the  United  States  Food  Administration  that  the  feed 
industry  be  placed  under  license.  A  general  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  bring  about  cooperation  of  the  industry  with  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  and  an  executive  committee  was  named 
to  enforce  the  rules  and  regulations  made.  George  A.  Chapman, 
chairman. 

FELT    SECTION,    TEXTILE    AND    RUBBER    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Created  May  28,  1018,  it  performed  its  functions  through  its 
Textile  Felt,  Papermakers'  Felt,  and  Hatters'  Felt  Departments. 
This  section  controlled  the  production  of  felt  mills,  allocated  wools 
and  raw  n»aterials  to  the  mills,  and  assisted  governmental  depart- 
ments in  all  matters  of  supply.  Felt  mills  were  released  November 
19,  1918,  from  necessity  to  apply  to  this  section  for  permits  to  pro- 
duco  and  sell  their  merchandise,  and  conservation  plans  governing 
manufacture  of  fur  and  wool-felt  hats  were  removed  December  2, 
1918.  The  section  was  disbanded  December  21,  1918.  S.  I.  Stroock, 
chief. 

FELT  FLOOR  BASE  COVERING  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Jute,  Hemp,  and  Cordage  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board,  September  17.  1918.  The  committee 
appeared  before  the  Priorities  Board  when  the  industry  was  cut  to 
40  per  cent  production.  Frank  B.  Foster,  chairman. 

FELT  HATS   WAR   SERVICE    COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  at  which  time  the  National  Association 
of  Fur  and  Wool  Felt  Hat  Manufacturers  was  formed.  The  com- 
mittee cooperated  with  the  Felt  Section  and  the  Conservation 
Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  J.  H.  Cummings.  chairman. 

FELT  SHOES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  24,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  with  the 
Felt  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  F.  E.  Young,  chairman. 

FENCING  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  7,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  field 
and  poultry  fencing.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Steel 
Division  and  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
W.  H.  Burnham,  chairman. 

FERRO-ALLOYS      SECTION,      CHEMICALS      DIVISION,      WAR     INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  in  March,  1918,  to  handle  tungsten,  molybdenum,  vana- 
dium, ferrosilicon,  zirconium,  cobalt,  titanium,  monezite  sand,  chro- 
mite,  manganese,  and  their  alloy  derivatives.  Sufficiency  of  all  com- 
modities was  maintained,  although  at  considerably  enhanced  prices, 
but  price  fixing  was  not  resorted  to.  Manganese  involved  large** 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       155 

tonnage  than  any  of  the  other  commodities,  and  as  the  steel  industry 
of  the  United  States  depended  upon  its  production  it  became  neces- 
sary to  produce  ore  to  counterbalance  imports.  The  production  rose 
from  2,600  tons  in  1914  to  310,000  tons  of  high-grade  and  650,000 
tons  of  low-grade  ore  in  1918.  This  was  accomplished  by  reducing 
the  grade  of  ferromanganese  to  make  American  ores  available,  and 
by  issuing  a  price  schedule  on  May  28,  1918,  which  gave  to  American 
producers  a  price  higher  than  any  average  price  ever  before  received. 
While  prices  were  not  fixed  by  the  section,  they  were  agreed  upon. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  31, 1918.  Hugh  W.  Sanford, 
chief. 

FERTILIZER  CONTROL,  OFFICE  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  fertilizer  industry  of  the  country  was  placed  under  license 
control  by  presidential  proclamation  February  25,  1918.  The  Office 
of  Fertilizer  Control  was  created  March  15,  1918,  to  take  care  of 
these  matters,  reporting  directly  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
This  office  placed  the  firms  manufacturing  fertilizer  under  license, 
investigated  the  fertilizer  requirements  of  the  country,  the  available 
supplies  of  fertilizer  ingredients,  the  potential  sources  of  fertilizer, 
and  the  methods  employed  both  in  the  production  of  raw  materials 
and  mixed  fertilizers.  The  production  of  ammonium  sulphate  was  in- 
creased 50  per  cent  and  a  substantial  beginning  made  in  the  produc- 
tion of  potash,  so  that  the  United  States  would  be  independent  of 
Germany  in  the  production  of  this  important  commodity.  One  of 
the  results  of  control  was  the  "30-ton  agreement,"  which  made  it  pos- 
sible for  farmers  and  others  buying  in  small  lots  to  get  fertilizer  at  the 
same  price  as  the  big  dealer.  The  available  supply  of  fertilizers  was 
allocated  to  the  different  crops  and  to  the  various  sections  of  the 
country.  The  office  cooperated  with  the  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates 
in  regard  to  the  use  of  fertilizers,  with  the  War  Trade  Board  in  re- 
gard to  exports  and  imports  of  fertilizer,  with  the  Railroad  Adminis- 
tration in  regard  to  the  movement  of  raw  material  and  the  finished 
product,  and  with  the  Priorities  Board  and  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administration  in  regard  to  the  provision  of  sufficient  fuel  for  the 
potash  plants.  Wallace  A.  Meon,  in  charge  from  March  15  to  Decem- 
ber 15,  1918,  succeeded  by  F.  W.  Brown. 

FERTILIZERS   COMMITTEE,   CHEMICAL  ALLIANCE    (INC.). 

Organized  as  a  sub-committee  of  the  Chemical  Committee  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  and  when  the  Chemical  Alliance  was 
incorporated  in  July,  1917,  it  continued  under  the  same  name  under 
the  alliance.  It  published  a  weekly  bulletin  and  made  surveys  of 
fertilizer  stocks  and  requirements.  Cooperation  was  maintained  with 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  United  States  Kailroad 
Administration  to  obviate  transportation  difficulties.  C.  G.  Wilson, 
chairman. 

FERTILIZERS    SUBCOMMITTEE,    CHEMICALS    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917.  The  committee  made  monthly  surveys 
of  the  fertilizer  industry  and  acted  as  an  allocation  body  for  brim- 
stone for  the  various  fertilizer  manufacturers.  It  became  the  Fer- 


156       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

tilizers  Committee  of  the  Chemical  Alliance  .(Inc.)  in  January,  1918. 
Horace  Bowker,  chairman. 

FIBER   BOARD   AND   CONTAINER   SECTION,   PULP  AND   PAPER   DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  to  standardize  the  industry,  to  substitute 
fiber  board  for  tin  where  possible,  and  to  promote  conservation  in 
all  lines,  such  as  elimination  of  coloring  matter  in  red  rosin  building 
paper,  elimination  of  many  weights  and  of  half  rolls  of  carpet  and 
packing  paper  and  blue  plaster  board.  The  section  was  discontinued 
December  31,  1918.  Harold  W.  Nichols,  chief.  , 

FIBER  BOARD  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  2,  1918,  at  the  request  of  the  Jute,  Hemp,  and 
Cordage  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  to  represent  the  east- 
,ern  manufacturers  of  fiber  board.  W.  J.  Alford,  chairman. 

FIBER  CAN  INDUSTRY,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE  OF  THE. 

Formed  September  3,  1918,  at  a  meeting  called  by  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  Information  as  to  this  industry  was  assembled  and 
tabulated,  but  was  not  used  because  of  the  armistice.  J.  H.  Kummerr 
chairman. 

FIBER  WALLBOARD  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  to  represent  the  industry.  J.  B.  Haggerty,  chairman. 

FIELD  DIVISION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  September  17,  1918,  by  incorporating  with  the  State 
Councils  Section  the  greater  part  of  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the 
council.  Its  creation  was  made  possible  by  the  consolidation  and 
coordination  of  effort,  not  only  of  the  48  State  councils  of  defense 
with  their  county  and  community  units,  but  also  of  the  parallel 
organization  of  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the  council.  On  the 
date  of  the  armistice  the  organization  of  the  Nation  had  been  so 
worked  that  the  Field  Division  headed  State  and  territorial  divi- 
sions in  all  political  subdivisions  of  the  Nation — 4,000  organized 
counties,  18,000  organized  Woman's  Committees,  164,432  town  and 
community  organizations.  The  Field  Division's  duty  was  to  carry 
through  to  the  people  the  work  desired  of  them  by  the  Government 
and  to  represent  the  great  voluntary  force  of  the  Nation  in  Wash- 
ington. It  worked  through  the  Federal  Agency,  Organization  and 
Information,  Americanization,  and  Child  Conservation  Sections,  and 
a  field  staff.  Franklin  K.  Lane,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  was  chair- 
man, and  the  control  of  the  division  was  vested  in  a  governing  com- 
mittee of  six  men  and  six  women. 

FIELD  SERVICES,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  maintained  a  field  service  in  con- 
nection with  many  of  its  bureaus.  These  services  were  in  many  cases 
largely  extended  by  the  food  survey  act  of  August  10,  1917.  Field 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       157 

Services  were  maintained  by  the  Farm  Management  and  Public 
Roads  and  Rural  Engineering  Offices;  the  Weather,  Animal  In- 
dustry, Plant  Industry,  Chemistry,  Soils,  Entomology,  Biological 
Survey,  Crop  Estimates,  and  Markets  Bureaus;  Insecticide  and 
Fungicide,  and  Federal  Horticultural  Boards;  and  Forest  and  States 
Relations  Services. 

m 

FIELD  INSPECTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division.  During  the  war  it  sought  to  encourage 
the  production  of  animal  products  and  to  reduce  losses  from  disease, 
parasites,  and  similar  causes.  Its  work  extended  not  only  to  food 
supplies  but  included  also  Army  horses  and  mules,  the  wool  supply, 
and  other  factors  bearing  on  the  proper  maintenance  of  the  Nation's 
armed  forces.  Forty-seven  employees  in  the  division  were  assigned 
to  full-time  service  in  the  War  Department  in  connection  with  the 
prevention  and  control  of  contagious  diseases  among  public  animals. 
An  intensive  campaign  to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  all 
premises  where  Army  horses  and  mules  were  handled  was  carried 
on.  Special  efforts  were  made  to  prevent  and  control  contagious 
diseases,  particularly  anthrax,  among  meat-producing  animals. 
A.  W.  Miller,  chief. 

FIELD  OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Established  in  March,  1919.  The  Field  Operations  Division  was 
made  responsible  for  personnel  and  methods  of  administration  of 
finance  offices  in  the  field.  It  also  made  investigations  concerning 
their  activities  and  made  recommendations  concerning  the  revision 
of  blank  forms  used  in  connection  with  disbursements  under  the 
control  of  the  Director  of  Finance.  The  division  maintained  files 
covering  reports  of  pay  of  enlisted  men  in  camps,  stations,  and 
general  hospitals,  and  of  the  personnel  in  the  various  finance  offices 
throughout  the  country.  It  functioned  through  the  Executive, 
Special  Service,  Investigations,  Methods  Control,  and  Demobiliza- 
tion Branches.  R.  L.  Carmichael,  chief. 

FIELD  ORGANIZATION  SECTION,  SUPPLY  DIVISION  UNITED  STATES  SHIP- 
PING BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Formed  under  the  Supply  Division  to  control  and  supervise  the 
work  of  the  district  supply  officers  who  were  stationed  at  important 
industrial  centers  for  the  purpose  of  following  production  in  the 
various  shops  and  expediting  the  delivery  of  material.  The  main 
branches  of  this  section  were  located  at  Boston,  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, Chicago,  St.  Louis,  San  Francisco,  Seattle,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Youngstown,  Ohio,  and  Atlanta.  Ga.  L.  Rowland,  hoad  of 
section. 

FIELD  SUPERVISION  SECTION,  ENFORCEMENT  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  17,  1918.  to  take  charge  of  the  field  force  which 
supervised  the.  enforcement  of  all  rules  and  license  regulations.  This 
section  maintained  close  cooperation  with  the  State  Enforcement 
Organizations.  H.  A.  Sturges,  chief. 


158       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
FILMS,  DIVISION  OF;  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Created  September,  1917,  this  division  was  organized  uto  make- 
and  distribute  moving  pictures  to  inform  the  American  people  about 
the  purposes  and  progress  of  the  Government's  war  activities." 
Actual  manufacture  wras  subsequently  turned  over  to  the  Photo- 
graphic Division,  Signal  Corps.  The  scenario  department  was  in 
charge  of  Dr.  George  P.  Baker.  The  films  were  distributed  abroad 
by  the  Foreign  Picture  Service.  In  July  it  absorbed  the  Division 
of  Pictures  and  became  known  as  the  Division  of  Films  and  Pic- 
tures. Discontinued  March  1,  1919.  Louis  E.  Mack,  succeeded  ir> 
April,  1919,  by  Charles  S.  Hart,  served  as  director. 

FINANCE  DEPARTMENT,  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

See  Finance  Division,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production. 

FINANCE,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Finance  and  Purchases,  Division  of;  United  States  Railroad 
A  dministratlon. 

FINANCE    BRANCH,    FINANCE    AND    ACCOUNTING    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

The  branch  was  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  It  was 
abolished  January  26,  1918,  and  its  duties  transferred  to  the  Finan- 
cial Section,  Finance  and  Accounts  Branch,  Administrative  Division. 

FINANCE,  DIRECTOR  OF;    WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  October  11,  1918.  The  Director  of  Finance  had  authority 
over  and  responsibility  for  the  activities,  personnel,  and  equipment 
of  the  several  finance  and  account  divisions  of  the  General  Staff 
and  of  the  supply  corps  of  the  Army,  and  was  responsible  for  the 
finances  of  the  several  corps,  departments,  and  other  separate  ac- 
tivities of  the  Army,  including  accounting  for  funds  and  property. 
He  had  authority  over  the  preparation  of  estimates,  disbursements, 
money  accounts,  property  accounts,  finance  reports,  and  pay  and 
mileage  of  the  Army.  The  office  functioned  through  the  following 
divisions:  Administrative,  Field  Operations,  Estimates  and  Appor- 
tionments, Funding,  Property  Accounts,  Money  Accounts  and  Set- 
tlements. Brig.  Gen.  H.  M.  Lord,  director  of  finance. 

FINANCE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION. 

Established  June  24,  1918,  succeeding  the  Finance  Department 
of  the  Equipment  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps,  which  had  been 
created  September  8,  1917.  This  division  had  charge  of  the  alloca- 
tion of  patents,  disbursements,  appropriations  within  the  Bureau 
of  Aircraft  Production,  and  sales  of  salvaged  materials.  The  Ac- 
counts Section  determined  the  facts  in  regard  to  cost-plus  contracts; 
the  Approvals  Section  approved  action  in  regard  to  the  scrapping 
of  machinery,  change  of  methods,  prices  for  raw  materials,  and 
changes  of  wages;  the  Appraisals  Section  was  concerned  with  value 
and  depreciation  of  plants.  The  division  functioned  through  the 
following  sections:  Appropriation,  Patents,  Disbursements,  Sales, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       159 

Accounts,  Approval  and  Appraisals.  Lieut.  Col.  M.  W.  Thomp- 
son was  in  charge  until  February  1,  1918,  when  he  was  relieved  by 
Lieut.  Col.  S.  E.  Wolff.  Lieut.  Col.  H.  S.  Brown  was  placed  in 
charge  May  18,  1918. 

FINANCE,  DIVISION  OF;  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization.  During  the  war  it  served  as  the 
medium  through  which  a  large  amount  of  revenue  derived  from  the 
sale  of  war  savings  and  thrift  stamps  as  well  as  internal  revenue 
stamps  was  turned  into  the  Federal  Treasury.  The  funds  derived 
therefrom  were  collected  through  regular  postal  channels  and  de- 
posited in  the  banks  and  subtreasuries  authorized  by  the  Treasury 
Department  to  receive  them.  A  large  amount  of  money  was  also 
derived  from  the  collection  of  increased  postage  as  a  war  revenue 
measure.  From  November,  1917,  to  April,  1919,  inclusive,  over 
$104,000,000  had  been  turned  into  the  Treasury  from  this  source. 
Superintendent  of  division,  W.  E.  Buffington,  reporting  to  Alexander 
M.  Dockery,  Third  Assistant  Postmaster  General. 

FINANCE,  DIVISION  OF;    UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Finance  and  Purchases,  Division  of;  United  States  Railroad 
A  dministration. 

FINANCE     DIVISION,     UNITED     STATES     SHIPPING    BOARD     EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Established  May  10,  1918,  with  jurisdiction  over  financial  adminis- 
tration, including  the  preparation  of  the  budget  of  financial  require- 
ments, supervision  and  control  of  fund  allotment,  insurance,  and 
credits.  Its  Insurance  Section  was  first  organized  as  a  department 
under  the  Auditing  Division  in  December,  1917,  for  the  purpose  of 
administering  all  insurance  affairs  of  the  corporation,  including  the 
operation  of  a  scheme  of  self-insurance  in  connection  with  ships 
under  construction.  Its  Credit  Section  established  in  September, 
1917,  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  establishing  the  financial  respon- 
sibility of  all  contractors  doing  business  with  the  corporation.  On 
April  15,  1919,  the  division  was  combined  with  the  Auditing  Divi- 
sion. D.  H.  Bender,  comptroller. 

FINANCE  SECTION,  GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU,   ORDNANCE  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Created  January  14,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to 
appropriations  and  allotments,  cost  accounting  work  in  connection 
with  cost-plus  contracts,  including  stores  accounting,  pay  rolls  for  the 
Ordnance  Department  and  auditing  of  contracts  and  accounts.  On 
April  19,  1918,  the  Finance  Section  was  abolished  and  the  Disburs- 
ing Section  and  Accounting  Section  were  created.  On  May  8,  1918, 
the  Disbursing  Section  was  again  called  Finance  Section.  The  sec- 
tion functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Administration, 
Contract  Information,  Operating,  Order  of  Work,  Bookkeeping,  Sta- 
tistical, Examining,  Pay  Roll  Disbursing,  District  Office,  Field  Dis- 
bursing, Rates  and  Traffic,  Adjustment  Pay  Roll  and  Statistics. 
Finance  organizations  were  established  in  the  district  offices  corre- 


160       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

spending  with  the  organization  of  the  ordnance  office  in  Washington. 
Lieut,  Col.  L.  W.  Blythe,  chief. 

FINANCE  AND  ACCOUNTING  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

This  division  was  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  It 
handled  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  central  accounting  adminis- 
trative auditing  of  all  divisions  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps.  Its 
functions  were  performed  through  the  following  branches :  Finance, 
Apportionment  Accounts,  Property  Accounts,  Subsistence  Keturns, 
Cost  Keeping,  Money  Accounts,  Office  Service,  Claims,  Financial 
Control,  Contract  Files.  The  Finance  and  Accounting  Division  was 
not  in  existence  from  January  12  to  April  16,  1918.  During  this 
period  its  duties  were  handled  by  the  Administrative  Division, 
Quartermaster  General.  It  was  reestablished  as  the  Finance  and 
Accounts  Division,  on  April  16,  1918,  and  on  October  21,  1918,  the 
division  was  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Finance,  Pur- 
chase, Storage  and  Traffic  Division.  The  head  of  the  division  was 
Col.  H.  M.  Lord,  who  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  James  Canby. 

FINANCE  AND  ACCOUNTS  BRANCH,  GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  January  12,  1918,  as  a. branch  of  the  Division  of  Admin- 
istration and  was  transferred  to  General  Administration  Bureau 
January  26,  1918.  It  functioned  through  sections  on  Estimates  and 
Apportionment,  Officers'  Money  Account,  Property  Accounts,  De- 
posit and  Allotments,  Subsistence  Returns,  Cost  Keeping,  Financial. 
Abolished  April  16,  1918,  as  a  branch  and  established  as  a  separate 
division. 

FINANCE    AND    PROPERTY    SECTION,    SMALL    ARMS    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  June,  1917,  to  maintain  records  pertaining  to  appro- 

Eriations,  estimates,  allotments,  and  production  costs,  and  to  account 
or  Government  property  at  manufacturing  plants.     Capt.  E.  A. 
Sheperd,  chief. 

FINANCE  AND  PURCHASES,  DIVISION  OF;    UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Organization  announced  February  9,  1918.  This  division,  under 
the  directorship  of  John  Skelton  Williams,  performed  the  function 
of  coordinating  and  supervising  purchases  by  the  railroads  of  ma- 
terials and  supplies,  and  undertook  to  assist  the  roads  by  formulating 
plans  for  meeting  their  financial  requirements,  including  the  tak- 
ing up  and  renewing  of  obligations  and  the  issuance  of  new  securities 
as  well  as  the  financing  of  betterments  and  additions.  An  enumera- 
tion of  the  organizations  subordinate  to  and  cooperating  with  the 
division  will  indicate  its  functions.  These  were:  Advisory  Com- 
mittee to  the  Director  of  Finance;  Central  Advisory  Purchasing 
Committee,  subordinate  to  which  were  the  Stores,  Procurement,  and 
Forest  Products  Sections,  and  a  fuel  distributor ;  the  Fire  Loss  and 
Protection  Section,  together  with  an  Advisory  Committee  on  Insur- 
ance and  Fire  Protection;  and  the  Marine  Insurance  Section.  The 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       161 

division  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  purchasing  committee  of  the 
various  regions  into  which  the  railroads  of  the  country  were  grouped. 
On  March  15,  1919,  a  reorganization  was  effected  and  a  Division  of 
Finance  and  a  Division  of  Purchases  were  created,  the  former  under 
Swagar  Shirley  as  director  and  the  latter  under  H.  B.  Spence. 

FINANCE  AND  SUPPLY  DIVISION,  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Established  September  20,  1917.  The  division  had  charge  of  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  purchase  of  supplies  and  equipment  and  their 
distribution  through  the  medical  supply  depots  at  the  various  camps 
and  stations,  as  well  as  of  financial  matters  pertaining  to  the  Office 
of  the  Surgeon  General.  Col.  H.  C.  Fisher  was  chief  of  the  supply 
division  previously  existing  until  August,  1917,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  C.  R.  Darnall. 

FINANCE  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Organized  as  a  separate  division  from  the  Finance  and  Property 
Division  May  31,  1917.  It  had  charge  of  all  questions  of  funds, 
maintained  records  of  all  appropriations  and  allotments  made  to 
arsenals  and  disbursing  officers,  examined  accounts  and  records  of 
disbursing  officers,  handled  legal  questions  in  regard  to  contracts, 
had  responsibility  for  checking  expenditures  made  by  contractors 
under  cost-plus  contracts,  audited  freight  vouchers,  and  prepared 
pay  rolls.  The  division  functioned  through  the  following  sections: 
General  Control,  Bookkeeping  and  Allotment,  Auditing,  Legal  Cost 
Accounting,  Disbursing,  Freight,  Personnel,  Pay  Roll,  and  Mail  and 
Record.  Lieut.  Col.  T.  L.  Ames,  chief. 

FINANCIAL  COMMISSION,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Formerly  the  Financial  Drafting  Committee  of  the  Council  of  Ten. 
It  had  two  members  from  each  of  the  five  great  powers  and  six  others. 
It  formed  five  subcommittees:  Treatment  of  Enemy  Obligations, 
Effect  of  Territorial  Readjustment  on  Public  Debt,  Inter-Allied 
Agreements  as  to  Consolidation  of  War  Debts  in  which  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  as  of  date  April  5, 1919,  declined  to  partici- 
pate, Financial  Section  of  the  League  of  Nations,  and  On  Payment 
of  Austro-Hungarian  Obligations.  Albert  Strauss  and  Thomas  W. 
Lamont,  American  members.  Right  Hon.  E.  S.  Montague,  Great 
Britain,  president. 

FINANCIAL     CONTROL     BRANCH,     FINANCE     AND     ACCOUNTS     DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  April  16, 1918,  as  a  branch  of  the  Administrative  Division 
and  transferred  to  the  Finance  and  Accounts  Division  May  23,  1918. 
The  latter  division  was  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the  Director  of 
Finance  on  October  21,  1918.  The  branch  prepared  estimates  for 
Congress  and  explained  their  significance  before  congressional  com- 
mittees. It  exercised  control  over  the  expenditure  of  congressional 
appropriations  for  war  purposes,  especially  in  restraint  of  overdraw- 
ing the  funds  for  a  definite  purpose.  Lieut.  Col.  J.  Q.  A.  Brett  was 
head  of  the  branch. 

127232—19 11 


162       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

FINANCIAL    REQUISITION    OFFICER    FOR    FRANCE,    TREASURY    DEPART- 
MENT. 

The  position  of  Financial  Requisition  Officer  was  created  after  the 
passage  of  the  act  of  September  24,  1917,  in  pursuance  of  a  plan  for 
pooling  funds  to  the  credit  of  disbursing  officers  in  Expeditionary 
Forces.  The  requisition  officer  was  given  credits  with  the  Treasurer 
of  the  United  States  and  working  balances  were  maintained  in  Paris. 
Against  these  balances  disbursing  officers  drew  checks.  The  Finan- 
cial Requisition  Officer  for  France  was  Capt.  R.  Ines. 

FINANCIAL  REQUISITION  OFFICER  FOR  GREAT  BRITAIN,  TREASURY  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

An  officer  with  the  same  function  in  connection  with  the  Expedi- 
tionary Forces  in  England  as  that  of  the  requisition  officer  for 
France.  The  Financial  Requisition  Officer  for  Great  Britain  was 
Capt.  William  Whitfield. 

FINE  CHEMICALS  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  AND  EXPLOSIVES  DIVISION,  WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  about  April,  1917,  to  handle  matters  connected,  with  mis- 
cellaneous and  analytical,  photographic,  and  pharmaceutical  chemi- 
cals. It  gathered  data  relating  to  importation  and  domestic  produc- 
tion of  materials,  ascertained  the  needs  of  governmental  branches, 
allied  governments,  and  civilian  population,  and  acted  as  clearing 
house  between  producer  and  consumer.  The  section  became  the  Mis- 
cellaneous Chemicals  Section,  April  23,  1918.  A.  G.  Rosengarten, 
chief. 

FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Reorganized  April  1,  1918,  to  aid  the  Government  in  supplying  its 
war  demands  in  finished  products  of  all  kinds  and  to  assist  in  stabil- 
izing industry.  Its  work  was  carried  on  at  first  through  its  Resources 
and  Conversion  and  Industrial  Inventory  Sections,  and  later  more 
particularly  through  the  Commodity  Sections.  The  final  composi- 
tion of  the  division  was :  Hide,  Leather,  and  Leather  Goods  Division, 
with  8  sections;  Textile  Division,  with  10  sections;  Facilities  Divi- 
sion, and  the  Finished  Products  Divisions,  with  15  sections,  as  fol- 
lows: Automotive  Products,  Brass,  Chain,  Crane,  Electrical  and 
Power  Equipment,  Electric  Wire  and  Cable,  Fire  Prevention,  Forg- 
ings,  Guns,  Small  Arms  and  Small  Arm  Ammunition,  Hardware 
and  Hand  Tool,  Machine  Tool,  Miscellaneous  Commodities,  Optical 
Glass  and  Instruments,  Special  Work,  Resources  and  Conversion,  and 
Tobacco.  The  division  was  discontinued  December  17,  1918.  George 
N.  Peek,  commissioner. 

FINISHED  STEEL  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Steel  Products  Section. 

FIR  PRODUCTION  BOARD. 

Established  on  February  1,  1918,  by  an  interdepartmental  con- 
ference of  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  the  Aircraft  Production 
Board,  and  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       163 

Corporation,  for  the  purpose  of  allocating  and  handling  their  orders 
for  Douglas  fir  lumber.  It  superseded  the  West  Coast  Lumber 
Emergency  Bureau,  which  was  created  June  4,  1917,  by  the  West 
Coast  Lumberman's  Association  under  the  name  of  Douglas  Fir 
Emergency  Bureau  for  the  purpose  of  placing  the  lumber  resources 
of  the  Pacific  Northwest  at  the  service  of  the  Government  during 
the  war.  The  functions  performed  by  the  board  included  (1)  the 
allocating  of  orders  to  mills  in  Washington  and  Oregon  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  their  ability  to  furnish  promptly  the  special 
grade  of  lumber  required;  (2)  the  supervision  of  inspection  of  this 
lumber;  (3)  the  supervision  and  inspection  of  all  documents  per- 
taining to  the  lumber;  and  (4)  the  expediting  of  shipments,  routing 
and  assembling  of  cars  in  solid  Government  trains  to  avoid  delay, 
and  the  furnishing  of  information  to  all  Government  departments 
concerning  their  orders,  matters  of  embargo,  and  priority.  By  De- 
cember 1,  1918,  the  board  had  handled  over  642,000,000  feet  of 
Douglas  fir  lumber  for  the  different  Government  departments  at  a 
cost  to  the  Government  of  14  cents  per  thousand  feet  board 
measure.  H.  B.  Van  Duzer  was  chairman  of  the  board  with  offices 
in  Portland,  Oregon,  Seattle,  Washington,  and  Washington,  D.  C. 

FIRE  AND  ACCIDENT  BRANCH,  SERVICE  SUBDIVISION,  DOMESTIC   OPER- 
ATIONS DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  for  the  purpose  of  installing  and  supervising  improved 
methods  of  fire  and  accident  prevention  in  all  depots,  camps,  and 
stations,  and  also  in  commercial  plants  engaged  in  Army  contracts. 
Prior  to  September  10,  1918,  this  branch  reported  to  Investigations 
Branch,  Methods  Control  Division ;  to  the  Operating  Division,  Sep- 
tember 10  to  November  14,  1918.  A.  S.  Witherbee,  chief. 

FIRE  APPARATUS  AND  PROTECTIVE  DEVICE,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE, 

Organized  September  12,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
motor  and  hand-drawn  fire  apparatus,  acid  and  soda  chemical  ex- 
tinguishers, tetra-chloride  extinguishers,  foam-type  extinguishers, 
and  fire  department  supplies.  The  committee  devised  a  scheme  of 
standardization  and  conservation,  which  was  not  put  into  effect 
because  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  A.  E.  Khodes,  chairman. 

FIRE  INSURANCE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Fire  Prevention  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  to  act  as  an  advisory  committee.  Henry  Evans,  chairman. 

FIRE  LOSS  AND  PROTECTION  SECTION,  DIVISION   OF  FINANCE  AND  PUR- 
CHASE, UNITED   STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Establishment  announced  September  3,  1918.  The  organization 
was  originally  called  the  Insurance  and  Fire  Protection  Section,  the 
name  being  changed  October  22,  1918.  It  dealt  with  the  adjustment 
of  fire  losses  and  endeavored  to  prevent  such  losses  through  inspec- 
tion and  insistence  upon  the  observance  of  fire  rules  and  regulations. 
The  section  had  its  own  force  of  general  inspectors  and  loss  investi- 
gators reporting  to  it  while  it  communicated  with  the  regional  di- 
rectors and  their  subordinates  through  the  Division  of  Operation 


164       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

with  reference  to  the  work  of  fire  protection  and  inspection.  Charles 
N.  Rambo  was  manager  of  the  section.  He  was  assisted  in  his  work 
by  the  Advisory  Committee  on  Insurance  and  Fire  Protection,  con- 
sisting of  five  members  under  the  chairmanship  of  Theodore  H. 
Price,  actuary  to  the  Railroad  Administration. 

FIRE  PREVENTION  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  April  5,  1918,  to  take  over  the  work  carried  on  for 
many  months  by  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  in  co- 
operation with  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  It  inspected  the 
plants  manufacuring  munitions  for  the  Government  and  issued 
recommendations  for  securing  adequate  fire  protection.  It  was  dis- 
continued December  31,  1918.  W.  H.  Merrill,  chief. 

FISCAL   DIVISION,  BUREAU   OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING   AND   TRANSPORTA- 
TION, UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Organized  to  control  the  financial  transactions  of  the  United  States 
Housing  Corporation  and  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  section 
6  of  the  housing  act  approved  May  16,  1918.  The  work  was  divided 
into  that  of  the  treasurer,  who  paid  all  audited  vouchers  and  pre- 
pared all  schedules  of  disbursement,  and  of  the  comptroller  and 
auditor,  who  were  responsible  for  auditing  and  accounting.  Treas- 
urer, George  G.  Box;  succeeded  on  March  8,  1919,  by  Carroll  H. 
Brewster. 

FISH    SECTION,    PERISHABLE    COMMODITIES    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES 
FOOD   ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  August,  1917,  to  handle  the  fish  problem  for  the 
United  States  Food  Administration.  The  section  cooperated  with 
various  committees  and  with  the  grocery  trade  in  an  endeavor  to 
use  fish  food  as  a  substitute  for  meat.  Kenneth  Fowler,  chief. 

FISHERIES,  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

The  ordinary  functions  of  the  bureau  include  the  conservation 
of  the  fisheries,  the  increase  of  their  productiveness,  the  improve- 
ment of  methods  of  utilizing  marine  and  fresh-water  products,  and 
the  increased  use  of  these  products.  As  this  work  was  directly  in 
line  with  the  economic  requirements  of  the  nations  during  the  war, 
no  reorganization  of  the  bureau  was  required  to  meet  the  emergency. 
All  its  energies  were  concentrated  on  such  of  its  activities  as  would 
increase  the  production  and  utilization  of  aquatic  products,  especially 
those  available  for  food,  the  consumption  of  which  would  release 
an  equivalent  amount  of  meat  and  animal  fats  for  the  use  of  the 
armies  in  the  field  and  of  the  civil  population  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  .Allies.  It  is  estimated  that  in  1918  the  production  of 
food  fish  was  nearly  double  the  average  annual  production  for  the 
period  immediately  preceding  the  war.  The  fish-cultural  work  of 
the  bureau  was  concentrated  on  the  propagation  of  commercial  food 
fishes,  so  as  to  compensate  for  the  increased  catch  of  these  species; 
and  in  special  cases  an  effort  was  made  to  secure  a  temporary  relax- 
ation of  conservation  laws  restricting  production.  The  bureau 
cooperated  with  the  United  States  Food  Administration  in  its  en- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       165 

deavor  to  increase  the  available  food  supply.    Hugh  M.  Smith,  com- 
missioner of  fisheries,  directed  the  activities  of  the  bureau. 

FLAT  DUCK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Knit  Goods  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board 
with  L.  F.  Woodruff  as  chairman. 

FLAVORING    EXTRACTS    MANUFACTURERS'    ASSOCIATION    WAR    SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  June,  1917,  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Flavoring  Extracts  Manufacturers'  Association.  The  committee 
worked  with  the  United  States  Food  Administration  and  recom- 
mendations were  made  in  regard  to  the  use  of  sugar  and  glycerine 
during  the  war.  The  number  of  sizes  of  bottles  was  cut  75  per  cent, 
and  the  styles  of  bottles  were  reduced  to  about  the  same  extent. 
Samuel  J.  Sherer,  chairman. 

FLAX  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

This  section  was  organized  about  February  15,  1918,  because  of 
the  shortage  of  supply  of  linen  thread.  This  commodity  was  first 
handled  by  the  Advisory  Committee  on  Linen  Thread  to  the  Ord- 
nance Department,  and  then  by  the  Committee  on  Supplies,  Council 
of  National  Defense.  From  February  25,  1918,  until  the  armistice 
was  signed  all  sales  and  shipments  of  linen  thread  were  licensed  and 
controlled  by  this  section.  The  section  was  discontinued  December 
21,  1918.  George  F.  Smith,  chief. 

FLETCHER  BOARD,  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Competitive  Board,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

FLINT  GLASS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  pressed 
and  blown  table  glassware  and  tumblers,  illuminating,  and  packers' 
glass,  chemical  glassware,  electric  bulbs,  lantern  globes,  and  lamp 
chimneys.  Arthur  J.  Bennett,  chairman. 

FLORISTS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  to  represent  the  florists  of  the  United  States  with  the 
United  States  Fuel  Administration  in  the  reduction  of  fuel  require- 
ments to  nonessentials.  William  F.  Gude,  chairman. 

FLOUR  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  February,  1918,  to  handle  the  special  matters  of  wheat 
conservation  for  the  Conservation  Division.  The  division  was  dis- 
banded in  July,  1918.  G.  A.  Zabriskie,  chief. 

FLOUR   MILLING   SECTION,   CEREAL  DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   FOOD   AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Organized  July  29,  1918,  to  supervise  the  wheat  milling  industry. 
The  work  had  been  done  by  the  Milling  Division,  which  was  reor- 


166       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ganized  and  became  known  as  the  Cereal  Division.     Fred  J.  Ling- 
ham,  chief. 

FLUORSPAR  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  17,  1918,  with  A.  D.  Leet  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  manufacturers  of  fluorspar. 

FOOD  ADMINISTRATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

The  United  States  Food  Administration  was  created  and  estab- 
lished by  the  President  August  10,  1917,  under  the  authority  of  the 
food  and  fuel  act,  Herbert  C.  Hoover  being  named  United  States 
Food  Administrator.  On  May  17.  1917,  President  Wilson  directed 
Mr.  Hoover  to  start  a  preliminary  organization  that  would  have  as 
its  principal  function  food  conservation.  This  organization  was 
created  in  anticipation  of  the  passage  of  the  food  and  fuel  act  which 
was  then  under  discussion  by  Congress.  This  work  was  carried  on 
by  a  group  of  volunteers,  and  good  progress  was  made  in  mobilizing 
the  housewives  of  the  country  and  in  educating  the  American  people 
to  the  necessities  of  the  food  situation.  The  problems  of  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  were  (1)  conservation;  (2)  control  of 
commodities;  (3)  coordination  of  purchases,  exports,  imports,  and 
transportation.  The  conservation  program  (1)  brought  home  to  th<* 
American  people  the  necessity  of  reducing  consumption  of  certain 
•commodities  in  order  to  insure  a  larger  supply  of  food  for  export. 
This  campaign  was  conducted  by  means  of  pledge  cards,  and 
11,000,000  homes  were  pledged  to  this  program  of  conservation.  A 
vast  amount  of  literature  in  the  form  of  pamphlets,  pictures,  and 
neAvs  releases  was  distributed  by  the  Public  Information  Division. 
Conservation  in  all  public  eating  houses  was  voluntary  until  October 
21,  1918,  when  an  order  was  issued  making  conservation  measures  in 
regard  to  wheat  bread,  meat,  fats,  and  sugar  compulsory.  Garbage 
utilization  wras  successfully  started  in  a  large  number  of  cities.  The 
whole  scheme  of  conservation  was  coordinated  by  its  Conservation 
Division.  The  control  of  commodities  (2)  was  directed  to  guide  the 
trade  in  fundamental  food  commodities  in  the  elimination  of  specu- 
lation, hoarding,  extortion,  and  wasteful  practices,  and  in  the  stabili- 
zation of  prices.  The  control  was  established  by  voluntary  agree 
ments  or  by  means  of  the  licensing  system.  The  licensing  system  was 
the  more  successful  and  was  extended  until  substantially  all  manu- 
facturers and  wholesale  distributors  of  staple  food  and  feed  products 
were  under  license.  On  December  31,  1918,  263,737  firms,  individuals, 
and  corporations  were  under  license.  The  aim  of  control  over  dis- 
tribution under  the  act  was  "  a  reasonable  profit,"  which  was  difficult 
to  attain,  but  through  the  system  built  up  was  effectually  accom- 
plished. Commodities  were  controlled  through  sections  or  commit- 
tees, with  the  exception  of  wheat  and  cereals,  which  were  handled  by 
the  United  States  Grain  Corporation,  and  sugar,  which  was  con- 
trolled by  the  Sugar  Equalization  Board.  Miscellaneous  commodi- 
ties closely  allied  to  food,  were  regulated  by  the  Collateral  Com- 
modities Division.  These  were  ammonia,  sisal  and  binder  twine,  jute 
bags,  ice,  arsenic,  and  tinplate.  The  Division  of  Coordination  of 
Purchase,  Food  Purchases  Board,  and  Allied  Provisions  Export 
Commission  (3)  had  for  their  activities  the  purchasing  of  foodstuffs 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       167 


for  allies,  Army,  Navy,  and  Eed  Cross.  Exports  and  imports  were 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  War  Trade  Board,  on  which  the  Food 
Administration  had  a  representative.  The  Administration  was  decen- 
tralized by  the  food  administrators  who,  with  their  local  committees, 
functioned  in  the  States.  A  State  merchant  representative,  home 
economics  director,  and  conservation  director  on  the  staff  of  the  State 
food  administrators  further  tied  up  the  State  to  the  National  organ- 
ization. The  United  States  Food  Administration's  activities  were* 
correlated  and  its  policies  adopted  by  the  Food  Administrator  in 
consultation  with  the  heads  of  the  commodity  sections.  The  prin- 
cipal divisions  were:  Conservation,  Sugar,  Distribution,  Perishable 
Commodities,  Transportation,  Public  Information,  License,  Legal, 
Enforcement,  Statistical,  and  Coordination  of  Purchase.  The  Food 
Purchase  Board,  United  States  Food  Adminstration  Grain  Corpora- 
tion, the  Sugar  Equalization  Board,  and  Coffee  Advisory  Committee 
had  charge  of  special  activities.  The  license  regulations  were  re- 
voked after  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  and  the  administration 
gradually  relinquished  its  activities,  but  did  not  actually  go  out  of 
existence  until  June  30,  1919. 

POOD   ADMINISTRATION,   COMMITTEE   ON;    UNITED    STATES    CHAMBER   OF 
COMMERCE. 

Appointed  May  24,  1917,  to  consider  the  importance  of  an  admin- 
istrative organization  for  food  problems.  The  committee  reported 
June  1,  1917,  and  recommended  immediate  legislation  for  an  efficient 
food  administration.  John  H.  Love,  chairman. 

FOOD    ADMINISTRATION    DEPARTMENT,    WOMAN'S    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL 
OP  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  department  of  the  Woman's  Committee  in  the  State  divisions 
carried  on  the  first  food-pledge  drive  in  June,  1917,  at  the  request 
of  the  Food  Administrator.  When  the  State  home  economics  direc- 
tor of  the  Food  Administration  was  appointed  in  July,  1917,  it  was 
decided,  wherever  practicable,  to  have  one  person  hold  that  position 
and  the  chairmanship  of  the  Food  Administration  Department.  The 
work  consisted  in  giving  publicity  of  all  kinds  to  the  Food  Admin- 
istration Regulations,  furnishing  demonstrations  in  canning,  drying, 
and  cooking  with  substitutes,  giving  food  exhibits,  and  promoting 
drives  for  the  use  of  food  products  piling  upon  the  market.  Miss 
Ida  M.  Tarbell  and  Mrs.  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  cochairmen. 


POOD   ADMINISTRATORS,    STATE. 

Alabama,  Richard  M.  Hobble. 
Arizona,  Timothy  A.  Riordan. 
Arkansas,  Hamp  Williams. 
California,  Ralph  B.  Merritt. 
Colorado,  Thomas  B.  Stearns. 
Connecticut,  Robert  Scoville. 
Delaware,  Edmund  Mitchell. 
District    of    Columbia,     Clarence 

Wilson. 

Florida,  Braxton  Beacham. 
Georgia,  Andrew  M.  Soule. 
Idaho,  R.  F.  Bicknell. 
Illinois,  Harry  A.  Wheeler. 


Indiana,  Harry  E.  Barnard. 

Iowa,  J.  F.  Deems. 

Kansas,  H.  J.  Waters,  W.  B.  Innes. 

Kentucky,  Fred  M.  Sackett. 

Louisiana,  John  B.  Parker. 

Maine,  Leon  S.  Merrill. 

Maryland,  E.  G.  Baetjer,  W.  H.  Malt- 

bie. 

Massachusetts,  H.  B.  Endicott. 
Michigan.  Geo.  A.  Prescott. 
Minnesota,  A.  D.  Wilson. 
Mississippi,  P.  M.  Harding. 
Missouri,  F.  B.  Mumford. 


168       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 


Montana,  Alfred  Atkinson. 
Nebraska,  Gurdon  M.  Wattles. 
Nevada,  H.  M.  Hoyt,  H.  A.  Semmon. 
New  Hampshire,  H.  N.  Spaulding. 
New  Jersey,  J.  P.  Fielder,  W.  S.  Tyler. 
New  Mexico,  R.  C.  Ely,  H.  G.  Bush. 
New  York,  Chas.  E.  Freman. 
New  York  City,  Arthur  Williams. 
North  Carolina,  Henry  A.  Page. 
North  Dakota,  Edwin  F.  Ladd. 
Ohio,  Fred  Croxton. 
Oklahoma,  S.  D.  Brooks,  C.  B.  Ames. 
Oregon,  W.  B.  Ayer. 
Pennsylvania,  Howard  Heinz. 
Rhode  Island,  Alfred  M.  Coats. 
South  Carolina,  D.  R.  Coker,  William 
Elliott. 

FOOD   COUNCIL. 

See  Inter- Allied  Food  Council. 


South  Dakota,  Charles  N.  Herreid. 

Tennessee,  H.  A.  Morgen. 

Texas,  E.  A.  Peden. 

Utah,  W.  W.  Armstrong. 

Vermont,     James     Hartners,     F.     H. 

Brooks. 

Virginia,  E.  B.  White,  H.  P.  Sproul. 
Washington,  Charles  Hebberd. 
West  Virginia,  Earle  Oglebay. 
Wisconsin,  Magnus  Swenson. 
Wyoming,  Theodore  C.  Diers. 
Cuba,  Armando  Andre. 
Porto  Rico,  Alberte  Lee. 
Hawaii,  J.  F.  Child. 
Alaska,    Royal    A.    Gunnison,    L.    L. 

Harding,  Philips  R.  Bradley. 


FOOD  INVESTIGATION  SECTION,  INSPECTION  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE  DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  February  23,  1918.  This  section  had  charge  of  the 
investigation  of  relative  values  of  foods,  the  study  of  substitution  in 
case  of  shortages,  the  maintenance  of  a  file  of  unreliable  products 
and  unreliable  dealers,  and  investigation  of  the  reliability  of  food 
and  of  their  producers.  Precautionary  steps  were  taken  to  prevent 
adulteration  of  foods  for  the  Army.  Capt.  L.  P.  Trendhardt,  chief. 

FOOD  AND  NUTRITION,  DIVISION  OF,  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Creation  authorized  October  16,  1917.  In  the  language  of  the 
order  establishing  it,  the  division  was  created  "  for  the  purpose  of 
safeguarding  the  nutritional  interests  of  the  Army  (1)  by  means  of 
competent  inspection  of  food  with  reference  especially  to  its  nutritive 
value,  (2)  by  seeking  to  improve  mess  conditions,  and  (3)  by  study- 
ing constantly  the  suitability  of  the  ration  as  a  workingman's  diet." 
Nutrition  officers  were  appointed  and  assigned  to  each  camp  having 
a  strength  of  over  10,000  men,  while  others  were  specially  detailed  to 
hospitals,  hospital  ships,  laboratories,  etc.  The  nutrition  officers 
exercised  careful  supervision  over  mess  conditions  throughout  the 
various  camps  and  worked  in  close  cooperation  with  all  the  various 
agencies  concerned  in  any  way  with  the  subsistence  of  the  troops, 
including  the  schools  for  bakers  and  cooks  and  the  conservation  and 
reclamation  officers.  The  handling  and  disposition  of  food  was  care- 
fully inspected  and  reports  were  made  to  camp  commanders,  camp 
quartermasters,  and  camp  surgeons,  and  other  officers  concerned, 
with  the  idea  of  improving  the  nutritional  welfare  of  the  troops  and 
preventing  waste  of  food.  From  the  date  of  creation  of  the  division 
to  the  close  of  hostilities,  the  work  was  carried  on  under  the  super- 
vision of  John  R.  Murlin. 

FOOD  PRODUCTION  AND  HOME  ECONOMICS  DEPARTMENT,  WOMAN'S  COM- 
MITTEE, COUNCIL   OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  department  and  the  corresponding  department  of  the  State 
Division  of  the  Woman's  Committee  cooperated  closely  with  the 
Agricultural  Extension  Service  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.       169 

and  with  the  Food  Administration  in  promoting  war  gardens  and 
the  raising  of  poultry,  rabbits,  and  bees.  The  question  of  relieving 
agricultural  labor  shortage  by  the  employment  of  women  was  taken 
up  in  20  States,  and  in  a  number  of  States  active  cooperation  with 
the  Woman's  Land  Army  of  America  was  maintained.  An  effort 
was  also  made  to  relieve  farm  helpers  of  some  of  the  household  labor 
by  recruiting  volunteer  helpers,  and  by  promoting  various  methods 
of  providing  meals  for  harvesting  gangs.  Classes  in  canning  and 
drying  of  foods  and  in  the  use  of  war  substitutes  were  conducted  and 
in  several  communities  local  farmers'  markets  and  food  exchanges 
were  established.  Miss  Helen  S.  Atwater,  chairman. 

FOOD  PURCHASE  BOARD. 

The  Secretary  of  War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  the  United 
States  Food  Administrator  approved  in  December,  1917,  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Food  Purchase  Board  to  consist  of  the  Quartermaster 
General  of  the  Army  or  his  representative,  the  Paymaster  General 
of  the  Navy  or  his  representative,  the  head  of  the  Division  of  Coor- 
dination of  Purchase  of  the  Food  Administration,  and  a  representa- 
tive of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the 
board  December  11,  1917,  Rear  Admiral  Samuel  McGowan  was 
elected  chairman.  Meetings  were  held  once  a  week  to  coordinate 
the  buying  of  certain  food  commodities  for  the  Army,  Navy,  and 
allied  governments.  The  Federal  Trade  Commission  was  to  deter- 
mine the  costs.  The  plan  was  to  coordinate  the  purchasing  so  as 
to  place  it  on  an  official  basis  and  to  disturb  as  little  as  possible 
market  conditions.  An  executive  committee  was  appointed  March 
19,  1918,  to  handle  all  matters  referred  to  the  board.  On  May  8, 
1918,  President  Wilson  authorized  the  organization  of  the  board, 
and  it  continued  with  the  same  functions  and  personnel,  which  con- 
sisted of:  Rear  Admiral  Samuel  McGowan,  Navy  (Dec.  11,  1917) ; 
Col.  W.  R.  Grove,  Army  (Dec.  11,  1917,  to  Apr.  30,  1918) ;  Lieut. 
Col.  J.  W.  Mclntosh,  Army  (Apr.  30,  1918,  to  Nov.  6,  1918)  ;  James 
R.  Baker,  Army  (Nov.  6,  1918) ;  U.  S.  Thorme,  Food  Administration 
(Dec.  11,  1917,' to  Feb.  5,  1918) ;  F.  S.  Snyder,  Food  Administration 
(Feb.  5,  1918)  ;  and  Frank  J.  Scott,  Federal  Trade  Commission 
(Dec.  11.  1917). 

FOOD  SPECIALTIES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  September,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States 
Food  Administration.  The  committee  issued  bulletins  to  the  trade 
in  regard  to  regulations  and  conservation  for  the  manufacturers 
of  special  package  goods  which  they  represented.  Subcommittees 
representing  each  type  of  grocery  products  were  appointed.  William 
L.  Sweet,  chairman. 

FORAGE  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Organized  January  26,  1918.  This  branch  was  under  the  Fuel 
and  Forage  Division  until  October  28,  1918,  when  it  was  transferred 
to  subsistence.  It  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of  all  forage  for 
animals  overseas  and  in  the  United  States  and  insular  possessions. 
George  S.  Bridge,  chief. 


170       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

FORECAST   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   WEATHER   BUREAU,    DEPARTMENT 
OF  AGRICULTURE. 

One  of  the  permanent  organizations  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  con- 
tinuing its  normal  activities  during  the  war.  It  rendered  practical 
service  by  cooperating  with  the  commanding  officers  of  cantonments, 
camps,  naval  stations,  etc.,  in  furnishing  c&ily  weather  forecasts 
and  warnings  of  unusual  and  injurious  weather  conditions  and  ad- 
vance information  of  upper-air  weather  conditions  likely  to  be  en- 
countered in  long-distance  airplane  and  dirigible  balloon  flights.  Its 
forecasts  were  also  of  service  in  connection  with  the  movement  of 
automobile  trucks  from  factories  to  seaports.  Henry  E.  Williams, 
chief. 

FOREIGN  AGENTS,  BUREAU  OF;  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Created  as  Bureau  of  Foreign  Agents  and  Reports  by  resolution 
of  War  Trade  Board  November  2,  1917,  and  organized  to  instruct 
and  direct  the  special  agents  of  the  Department  of  State  in  the  collec- 
tion of  information  for  the  War  Trade  Board.  Much  of  this  infor- 
mation went  into  the  making  of  the  enemy  trading  lists  and  other 
working  lists  of  the  War  Trade  Board.  On  December  31,  1918,  it 
included  14  persons  in  the  office  and  31  "  special  assistants  of  the 
Department  of  State"  on  duty  abroad,  with  151  clerks,  etc.  The 
filing  of  its  data  upon  economic  conditions  of  foreign  countries  was 
turned  over  on  April  18,  1918,  to  the  Bureau  of  Research,  War  Trade 
Board.  Charles  Denby  was  in  charge  until  March  18.  1918;  Gus- 
tavus  T.  Kirby,  to  September  5,  1918;  Chester  Lloyd  Jones,  after 
September  5. 

FOREIGN  SECTION.  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

See  Foreign  Educational  Work,  Division  of. 

FOREIGN  COMMERCIAL  COMMISSIONS. 

See  Commercial  Commissions,  Foreign. 

FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  COMMERCE.  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  COM- 
MERCE. 

During  the  war  the  bureau  gathered  information  concerning  in- 
dustrial and  trade  conditions  both  at  home  and  abroad.  It  was 
able  to  assist  in  the  procurement  of  raw  materials  and  other  sup- 
plies essential  to  the  conduct  of  the  war,  and  to  adjust  differences 
arising  between  business  houses  ancl  Government  war  agencies,  as 
well  as  difficulties  involving  restriction  on  trade  with  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  bureau  functioned  through  the  following  divisions :  Com- 
mercial Attaches,  Foreign  Investigations,  District  Offices,  Latin 
American,  Far  Eastern,  Foreign  Tariffs,  Research,  Trade  Informa- 
tion, Statistics,  and  Export  Licenses.  Commercial  attaches  were 
stationed  at  11  ports  in  important  foreign  capitals  where  they  gath- 
ered important  data  concerning  foreign  economic  activities.  This 
data  was  supplemented  by  information  received  by  trade  commis- 
sioners traveling  in  foreign  fields.  The  Division  of  Foreign  Inves- 
tigations secured  information  in  connection  with  the  trading-with- 
the-enemy  restrictions,  by  reporting  the  status  of  foreign  concerns, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       171 

and  in  making  investigations  concerning  sources  of  supply  of  min- 
erals and  other  materials  essential  to  war  industries.  The  Division 
of  District  Offices  assisted  the  War  Trade  Board  in  licensing  those 
commodities  which  had  been  placed  upon  the  controlled  list  by 
presidential  proclamation.  Data  concerning  trade  and  industry  in 
their  respective  fields  were  obtained  by  the  Latin-American  and 
Far-Eastern  Divisions  and  given  to  various  Government  agencies. 
The  Division  of  Foreign  Tariffs  was  the  principal  source  of  infor- 
mation regarding  foreign-trade  restrictions  and  it  also  made  a 
study  of  the  reconstruction  policies  of  foreign  countries.  It  was 
the  function  of  the  Eesearch  Division  to  gather  special  informa- 
tion concerning  foreign  commerce,  including  commercial  and  eco- 
nomic development,  production  estimates,  industries,  market,  etc. 
Many  names  of  American  producers,  importers,  exporters,  etc.,  re- 
quired for  war  purposes  were  furnished  by  the  Division  of  Trade 
Information.  Special  statistical  summaries  were  supplied  upon  re- 
quest to  various  governmental  agencies  by  the  Division  of  Sta- 
tistics. See  also  article  on  Division  of  Export  Licenses.  The  bureau 
also  made  special  investigations  concerning  German  trade  methods, 
including  attempts  to  register  American  trade-marks  in  Latin  Amer- 
ica. Burwell  S.  Cutler,  chief  of  bureau. 

FOREIGN  EDUCATIONAL  WORK,  DIVISION  OF;  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  IN- 
FORMATION. 

Created  March  11,  1918,  to  direct  propaganda  in  neutral  and 
allied  countries.  It  had  the  assistance  of  the  Foreign  Picture  Serv- 
ice, the  Foreign  Press  Bureau,  and  the  Foreign  Press- Cable  Service. 
On  July  1,  1918,  it  was  enlarged  under  Edgar  G.  Sisson  as  the 
Foreign  Section  and  maintained  thereafter  offices  in  Archangel, 
Berne,  Buenos  Aires,  Copenhagen,  Irkutsk,  Lima,  London,  Madrid, 
Mexico,  Omsk,  Panama,  Paris,  Pekin,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Rome,  San- 
tiago, Shanghai,  Stockholm,  and  Vladivostok.  Will  Irwin,  in  charge. 

FOREIGN  EXCHANGE,  DIVISION  OF;  FEDERAL  RESERVE  BOARD. 

A  subordinate  organization  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  organ- 
ized January  30,  1918,  to  be  its  agency  in  administering  its  powers  of 
control  over  all  foreign  exchange  transactions  and  all  transfers  of 
credits  and  securities  involving  persons  not  resident  in  the  United 
States.  By  the  espionage  act  of  June  15,  1917,  and  the  trading  with 
the  enemy  act  of  October  6, 1917,  large  powers  of  control  over  foreign 
exchange  and  money  exports  were  conferred  upon  the  President.  In 
exercise  of  these  powers  the  President  issued  proclamations  on 
August  27  and  September  7,  1917,  and  Executive  orders  on  Septem- 
ber 7,  1917,  October  17,  1917,  and  January  26,  1918,  the  effect  of 
which  was  to  give  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  plenary  powers  of 
control.  These  powers  were  delegated  by  the  Secretary  to  the  Reserve 
Board.  The  Division  of  Foreign  Exchange  was  organized  to  admin- 
ister these  powers  as  applied  to  foreign  exchange.  Headquarters 
were  in  Washington,  but  the  main  office  and  working  force  were  in 
New  York.  The  primary  function  of  the  division  was  to  keep  ap- 
prised of  all  foreign  exchange  operations  and  to  prevent  all  transac- 
tions directly  or  indirectly  of  benefit  to  the  enemy.  The  work  of  the 
division  was  divided  into  departments  of  administration,  research, 


172       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

and  statistics.  Control  was  effected  through  a  detailed  system  of 
licenses  for  all  dealers,  permits  for  all  dealings,  and  prohibition  of 
suspect  transactions.  Working  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Treas- 
ury Department,  the  Post  Office  Department,  and  the  War  Trade 
Board,  the  division  exercised  a  necessary  supervision  over  the  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  exchange  operations  and  reduced  to  a  mini- 
mum the  transactions  of  value  to  the  enemy.  From  its  organization 
the  director  of  the  division  was  F.  I.  Kent. 

FOREIGN  LANGUAGE  NEWSPAPERS,  DIVISION  OF;   COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC 
INFORMATION. 

Created  May,  1917,  and  directed  by  William  Churchill,  who  worked 
with  volunteer  readers  and  translators  to  follow  every  American 
newspaper  not  published  in  English.  It  cooperated  with  the  Depart- 
ment of  Justice  and  the  Post  Office.  It  also  read  and  digested  the 
foreign  press  of  Germany  and  neutral  countries.  It  was  absorbed 
in  the  Foreign  Section  April  10, 1918. 

FOREIGN  LOAN  BUREAU,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Treasury  Department  organization  charged  with  the  supervi- 
sion of  loans  to  foreign  Governments.  The  organization  was  part  of 
the  war  loan  organization  of  the  Treasury  Department  and  was,  dur- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  war  period,  under  the  direction  of  the 
assistant  secretary  in  charge  of  fiscal  bureaus.  In  September,  1918, 
Albert  Rathbone  was  appointed  assistant  secretary  in  charge  of  loans 
to  foreign  governments. 

FOREIGN  MAILS,  DIVISION  OF;  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization  of  the  Post  Office  Department,  but  it 
rendered  a  number  of  valuable  war  services,  chief  of  which  was  the 
providing  of  mail  facilities  for  troops  abroad.  In  accordance  with 
an  order  of  the  Postmaster  General,  dated  June  13,  1917,  a  United 
States  postal  agency  was  created,  to  be  organized  in  France  in  order 
to  provide  mail  facilities  for  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces. 
The  general  term  applied  to  the  activity  was  the  United  States  Army 
Postal  Service.  The  first  United  States  postal  station  in  France  was 
established  at  St.  Nazaire  on  July  11,  1917.  After  July  1,  1918,  the 
War  Department,  under  the  Director  of  Military  Postal  Express 
Service,  assumed  responsibility  for  the  delivery  of  all  mail  addressed 
to  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces ;  for  the  distribution  of  mail 
for  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces  originating  in  France;  for 
the  transportation  of  all  mail  for  the  American  Expeditionary 
Forces,  and  for  the  collection  of  all  mail  from  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary Forces.  This  change  was  made  because  of  the  feeling  on 
the  part  of  the  military  authorities  that  knowledge  of  troop  loca- 
tions and  movements  should  not  be  imparted  to  civilian  postal  em- 
ployees. On  June  16,  1917,  Marcus  H.  Bunn  was  appointed  postal 
agent  in  charge,  with  headquarters  at  Paris.  He  was  succeeded  on 
September  1,  1917,  by  John  Clark,  who  was  in  turn  followed  on  Sep- 
tember 1,  1918,  by  P.  J.  Schardt.  By  an  order  of  September 
12,  1918,  a  similar  service  was  established  in  Siberia,  known  as 
the  United  States  Mail  Agency  in  Russia,  to  serve  the  needs  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       173 

the  American  forces  in  Siberia.  Stephen  A.  Cisler  was  appointed 
postal  agent  in  charge.  The  division  cooperated  with  the  War  Trade 
Board  by  assisting  in  the  licensing  of  merchandise  sent  through  the 
foreign  mails.  The  division  also  assisted  the  Treasury  Department 
in  preventing  the  export  of  gold,  silver,  and  currency  except  by 
license.  The  handling  of  the  numerous  questions  arising  from  the 
general  confusion  in  the  foreign  mail  service  which  resulted  from  the 
war  also  entailed  considerable  work  upon  the  division.  Stewart  M. 
Weber  was  superintendent  of  the  division,  reporting  to  Otto  Praeger, 
Second  Assistant  Postmaster  General. 

FOREIGN   PICTURE  SERVICE,  DIVISION  OF;    COMMITTEE   ON   PUBLIC  IN- 
FORMATION. 

Created  by  Executive  order,  December  17,  1917.  The  division 
assembled  moving  picture  films  illustrating  "the  message  of 
America"  and  circulated  them  through  neutral  countries  and  in 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  huts  along  the  front.  It  circu- 
lated also  the  output  of  the  Division  of  Films.  Jules  E.  Brulatour, 
in  charge,  succeeded  by  Carl  Byor  after  the  reorganization  of  the 
foreign  service,  July  1,  1918. 

FOREIGN  PRESS  BUREAU,  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Under  the  direction  of  Ernest  Poole,  this  bureau  maintained  a 
daily  news  service  for  neutral  countries  for  pictures  and  stories.  It 
was  attached  to  the  foreign  section. 

FOREIGN  PRESS-CABLE   SERVICE,   COMMITTEE   ON   PUBLIC   INFORMATION. 

Under  direction  of  Walter  S.  Rogers  it  maintained  a  daily  cable 
and  wireless  service  for  news  stories  requiring  immediate  circula- 
tion. It  was  attached  to  the  foreign  section. 

FOREIGN  RELATIONS  SECTION. 

See  Allied  Relations  Section,  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Divi- 
sion. 

FOREIGN   RELIEF,   DEPARTMENT    OF;    AMERICAN   NATIONAL   RED   CROSS. 

This  department  directed  the  work  of  Red  Cross  commissions  sent 
to  foreign  lands  to  distribute  relief  to  the  needy  and  to  supervise  the 
supplies  sent  overseas.  A  commissioner  was  maintained  in  France, > 
Great  Britain,  Italy,  Russia,  Belgium,  Roumania,  Switzerland, 
Serbia,  and  Palestine.  A  Bureau  of  Medical  Service  for  Foreign 
Commissions  was  maintained.  A.  H.  Gregg,  director  general. 

FOREIGN  TRADE  ADVISER,   OFFICE   OF;    DEPARTMENT   OF  STATE. 

A  permanent  institution  of  the  Department  of  State,  being  under 
the  general  supervision  of  the  Counselor  of  the  State  Department 
and  the  Director  of  the  Consular  Service.  The  normal  functions  of 
the  office  are  the  supervision  of  the  commercial  work  of  the  diplo- 
matic and  consular  services  and  the  gathering  of  information  and  the 
formulation  of  advice  on  commercial  subjects  for  the  use  of  the 
Department  of  State,  as  well  as  of  other  departments  of  the  Govern- 


174       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

merit.  The  effect  of  the  war  upon  trade  and  commerce  was  such  as 
to  extend  the  activities  of  the  office  to  a  very  marked  degree.  Con- 
ferences were  constantly  held  with  representatives  of  the  War  Trade 
Board,  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  and  various  Government 
agencies  and  departments,  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  an  exchange 
of  views  and  a  coordination  of  policies  affecting  foreign  trade. 
Frequent  instructions  were  sent  to  consular  and  diplomatic  officers 
relating  to  such  subjects  as  enemy  trade,  embargoes  on  exports,  im- 
port prohibitions,  sources  of  supplies,  shipping  facilities,  etc.  In 
the  early  fall  of  1918  twelve  regional  economists  were  appointed  and 
attached  to  the  office  of  the  Foreign  Trade  Adviser  to  deal  with 
trade  problems  arising  during  and  after  the  war.  Marion  Letcher 
was  acting  foreign  trade  adviser  until  February  18,  1918,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Julius  G.  Lay. 

FOREIGN  WOOL  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Created  June  13,  1918,  with  Albert  M.  Patterson,  chief.  Its  work 
was  transferred  July  17,  1918,  to  the  Woolens  Section  under  H.  E. 
Peabody.  Its  functions  at  the  time  the  armistice  was  signed  were 
connected  with  Government  purchases  of  foreign  wools.  The  section 
was  discontinued  December  21,  1918. 

FOREST  PRODUCTS  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATIONS,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Directed  and  supervised  vessels  handling  mahogany  for  the  Army, 
timber  and  lumber  for  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and  forest 
products  for  the  general  timber  and  lumber  trade.  B.  O.  Bryant,  in 
charge. 

FOREST  PRODUCTS  LABORATORY,  FOREST  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

Operated  at  Madison,  Wis.,  in  cooperation  with  the  University  of 
Wisconsin.  In  cooperation  with  the  Government  it  worked  upon 
research  problems  in  kiln  drying,  wood  specifications,  water-proof 
coatings  and  glue,  plywood  and  veneer,  charcoal,  wood  pulp,  and 
shipping  containers.  In  the  last  mentioned  task  it  worked  with 
the  Packing  Services  on  box  and  crate  tests  and  specifications  and 
conducted  schools  for  officers  in  these  services.  Carlile  P.  Winslow, 
director. 

FOREST  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  CENTRAL  ADVISORY  PURCHASING  COMMIT- 
TEE, DIVISION  OF  FINANCE  AND  PURCHASES,  UNITED  STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Creation  announced  September  1,  1918.  This  section  cooperated 
in  the  procurement,  treatment,  and  distribution  of  all  raw  materials 
of  wood  through  the  supervising  of  specifications,  methods  of  inspec- 
tion, prices,  and  methods  of  preservation.  Close  touch  was  main- 
tained with  the  director  of  lumber  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
Branch  offices  were  established  at  New  Orleans  and  Seattle.  The 
section  reported  to  director,  Division  of  Purchases,  after  March  15, 
1919.  M.  E.  Towner,  manager. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       175 
FOREST  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

This  service  conducted  research  investigations  at  its  Forest  Prod- 
ucts Laboratory  and  conducted  in  the  field  searches  for  various  types 
of  timber  that  might  be  included  in  the  military  requirements  or 
needed  for  tanning  or  shipping  purposes.  Miscellaneous  work  was 
carried  on.  This  included  guarding  means  of  communication  by 
forest  rangers,  translation  work  done  in  connection  with  the  Army 
War  College,  wood  fuel  campaigns,  and  various  kinds  of  research 
work  with  special  reference  to  lumber,  pulp,  and  paper.  The  work 
of  the  Forest  Service  was  conducted  by  the  district  foresters  and  the 
assistant  foresters. 

It  was  represented  at  the  National  Research  Council;  and  with 
its  assistance  regiments  of  woodsmen  were  enlisted  for  service  in  the 
forests  in  the  United  States  and  the  allied  countries.  Lieut.  Col. 
Henry  S.  Graves  was  Forester  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

FORCINGS,   GUNS,  SMALL  ARMS,  AND  SMALL-ARM  AMMUNITION  SECTION, 
FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section  was  created  June  1,  1918,  to  carry  on  under  Govern- 
ment control  the  programs  of  design,  specifications,  and  procure- 
ment of  the  commodities  previously  handled  by  the  Committee  on 
Small  Arms  and  Ammunition,  Munitions  Standards  Board,  Council 
of  National  Defense.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  20. 
1918.  Samuel  P.  Bush,  chief. 

FOUNDRY  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  American  Foundrymen's  Association  on  Sep- 
tember 26,  1917,  to  assist  the  Government  in  securing  castings  of 
proper  quality  at  a  fair  price.  An  office  was  established  in  Wash- 
ington December  81,  1917.  In  June,  1918,  the  work  was  taken  over 
by  the  Resources  and  Conversion  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  H.  D.  Miles,  chairman. 

FOUNDRY  SUPPLIES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  May  9,  1918,  by  the  Foundry  Supply  Manufacturers' 
Association  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  foundry  supplies. 
Ralph  Ditty,  chairman.  • 

FOUR  MINUTE  MEN,  DIVISION  OF;  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Organized  privately  in  Chicago  by  Donald  M.  Ryerson,  and 
taken  over  by  the  Committee  on  Public  Information  June  16,  1917, 
under  direction  of  William  McCormick  Blair.  This  division  or- 
ganized the  Four  Minute  Men  who  spoke  in  moving  picture  theaters 
upon  themes  selected  and  prepared  by  the  division.  It  issued  bulle- 
tins and  suggestions.  In  February,  1918,  it  controlled  15,000  speak- 
ers; in  December  it  controlled  75,000,  and  had  a  complete  system 
of  State  organizations.  On  August  22,  1918,  it  absorbed  the  Speak- 
ing Division,  whose  director,  J.  J.  Petti  John,  became  associate  direc- 
tor of  the  Division  of  Four  Minute  Men.  William  H.  Ingersoll  be- 
came national  director  on  September  1,  1918. 


176       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
FOURDRINIER  WIRES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  17,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry,  with  Wil- 
liam Cabbie  as  chairman.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Brass 
Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

FREIGHT  ACCUMULATION  CONFERENCE,  EASTERN. 

Organized  at  New  York,  March  16,  1916.  The  conference  included 
the  executives  of  carriers  having  eastern  terminals,  and  the  meeting 
at  which  it  was  formed  was  called  upon  the  suggestion  of 
E.  E.  Clark,  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  adopting  suitable  measures  to  relieve  the  acute  traffic  con- 
ation prevailing  at  the  eastern  terminals.  Extensive  embargoes 
ad  been  laid  in  order  to  meet  the  situation,  and  it  was  the  under- 
lying idea  of  the  conference  to  render  it  possible  to  remove  these 
embargoes  as  rapidly  as  possible  by  (1)  having  freight  traffic  for- 
warded to  points  where  it  was  needed  and  where  shippers  were  pre- 
pared to  receive  and  unload  it  promptly;  and  (2)  laying  embargoes 
only  at  those  places  where  shipments  could  not  be  delivered  and  the 
cars  promptly  released.  The  conference  was  dissolved  on  May  31, 
1916,  after  the  congestion  had  been  relieved. 

FREIGHT    TRAFFIC    COMMITTEE,    DIVISION    OF    TRAFFIC,    UNITED    STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Formation  announced  by  Director  General,  July  22,  1918.  The 
Division  of  Traffic  and  the  Division  of  Public  Service  and  Account- 
ing of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration,,  acting  jointly, 
appointed  3  general  committees  and  25  district  committees  to  con- 
sider freight  traffic  matters  of  carriers  under  Federal  control.  The 
three  general  committees  were  the  Eastern,  Southern,  and  Western 
Freight  Traffic  Committees,  exercising  control  over  traffic  matters 
arising  in  official  eastern,  southern,  and  western  classification  ter- 
ritories and  over  the  various  district  committees.  Each  committee 
included  in  its  personnel  railroad  traffic  officers  and  representatives 
of  the  shipping  public.  The  selection  of  the  railroad  representatives 
was  approved)  by  the  director  of  the  Division  of  Traffic,  while  the 
representatives  of  the  shippers  were  appointed  by  the  director  of  the 
Division  of  Public  Service  and  Accounting.  The  general  purpose 
of  these  committees  was  to  secure  greater  efficiency,  as  well  as  expedi- 
tion in  the  handling  of  matters  relating  to  changes  in  rates,  rules, 
and  regulations  affecting  the  transportation  of  freight.  The  chair- 
men of  the  three  general  freight  traffic  committees  were  as  follows : 
Eastern,  B.  Campbell;  southern,  Randall  Clifton;  and  western, 
A.  C.  Johnson. 

FREIGHT   TRAFFIC   COMMITTEE,   NORTH  ATLANTIC   PORTS,   EASTERN   RE- 
GION, UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  December  1,  1917,  under  private  control,  being  known 
as  the  Export  Division,  General  Operating  Committee,  Eastern 
Railroads.  Early  in  December,  1917,  the  name  was  changed  to  the 
Export  Division,  Freight  Traffic  Committee,  North  Atlantic  Ports. 
On  January  8,  1918,  the  authority  of  the  committee  was  extended 
to  include  domestic  as  well  as  export  freight,  the  name  having  been 
changed  a  few  days  earlier  to  Freight  Traffic  Committee,  North  At- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       177 

lantic  Ports.  Upon  the  organization  of  the  Eastern  Region  of  the 
United  States  Railroad  Administration,  it  naturally  became  subject 
to  the  authority  of  the  Regional  Director.  Under  the  committee 
were  organized  an  Export  Division  and  a  Domestic  Division.  The 
Export  Division  performed  the  functions  which  had  formerly  per- 
tained to  the  original  committee,  namely,  the  control  of  export 
freight  traffic  passing  through  the  North  Atlantic  ports,  including 
the  issuing  of  shipping  permits  and  the  ordering  of  embargoes  when 
necessary.  Owing  to  the  large  volume  of  domestic  freight  regularly 
shipped  to  the  New  York  harbor  district  and  because  of  attempts 
to  evade  the  export  embargo  rules  by  consigning  freight  intended  for 
export  as  domestic  freight,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  original  committee 
was  extended  as  already  stated  to  include  domestic  traffic  to  the 
North  Atlantic  ports;  and  the  Domestic  Division  was  created  on 
January  15,  1918,  to  handle  this  additional  business.  On  May  6, 
1918,  there  were  created,  subordinate  to  the  Domestic  Division,  a 
Baltimore  and  a  Philadelphia  Domestic  Division,  which  assumed 
control  of  the  movement  of  carload  domestic  freight  intended  for 
shipment  to  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  respectively,  and  carried 
out  the  embargo  rules  in  force  at  those  places.  George  D.  Ogden 
was  the  original  chairman  of  the  committee,  being  later  succeeded  by 
R.  L.  Russell.  The  committee  performed  the  exceedingly  impor- 
tant function  of  coordinating  railroad  transportation  with  the  move- 
ments of  vessels  to  and  from  the  North  Atlantic  ports  from  Boston 
to  Norfolk,  and  it  was  owing  in  large  measure  to  its  activities  that 
roads  and  terminals  were  kept  open  for  the  transportation  of  troops 
and  supplies. 

FREIGHT   TRAFFIC   CONTROL,   COMMITTEE   ON;    CINCINNATI   COMMITTEE, 
DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Formation  announced  May  24, 1918.  The  Cincinnati  branch  of  the 
Committee  of  Freight  Traffic  Control  was  instructed  to  regulate 
freight  traffic  passing  through  the  gateways  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
Louisville,  Ky. ;  Cairo,  111.;  Evansville,  Ind. ;  Paducah,  Ky.,  and 
Portsmouth,  Ohio.  The  committee  made  a  careful  study  of  traffic 
at  these  points  with  the  idea  of  detecting  and  devising  reme- 
dies for  any  movements  which  were  out  of  line  or  improperly  routed 
and,  where  necessary,  instructions  were  issued  with  respect  to  the 
laying  of  embargoes  and  the  diversion  of  freight  to  other  lines.  The 
committee  cooperated  with  the  regional  directors  and  maintained 
close  contact  with  the  Division  of  Traffic  and  the  appropriate  sec- 
tions of  the  Division  of  Transportation  (later  Operation).  The 
chairman  was  F.  B.  Mitchell.  Soon  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice 
the  necessity  for  further  regulation  of  traffic  at  these  points  ceased 
and  the  committee  was  disbanded,  effective  December  1, 1918. 

FREIGHT  TRAFFIC  CONTROL,  COMMITTEE  ON;  WASHINGTON  COMMITTEE, 
DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Formation  announced  April  23,  1918.  It  was  the  purpose  of  the 
Washington  branch  of  the  Freight  Traffic  Committee  to  exercise  con- 
trol over  freight  traffic  passing  through  the  gateways  of  Potomac 
Yard,  Va.,  Hagerstown,  Md.,  and  Hampton  Roads.  With  the 
idea  of  preventing  congestion  the  committee  was  empowered  to 

127232—19 12 


178       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

order  embargoes  upon  traffic  passing  through  these  points  and,  when 
necessary,  to  divert  it  through  other  routes,  cooperating  with  the 
regional  directors  and  keeping  in  close  touch  with  the  Division  of 
Traffic  and  the  appropriate  sections  of  the  Division  of  Transporta- 
tion (later  Operation).  The  committee  was  also  instructed  to  give 
particular  attention  to  Government  freight  and  means  of  facilitating 
its  movement.  George  E.  Loyall  was  the  original  chairman  but  was 
succeeded  on  June  26,  1918,  by  E.  T.  Willcox.  Soon  after  the  sign- 
ing of  the  armistice  the  necessity  for  further  regulation  of  traffic  at 
these  points  ceased  and  the  committee  was  disbanded,  effective  Decem- 
ber 1,  1918. 

FRENCH  HIGH  COMMISSION. 

Created  by  decree  of  the  President  of  the  Eepublic,  April  15,  1917. 
Under  M.  Andre  Tardieu,  succeeded  by  M.  M.  Casenave,  as  general 
director,  it  had  direction  of  Franco-American  war  cooperation  both 
in  France  and  the  United  States,  having  full  powers  over  all  the  mili- 
tary and  civil  missions  to  the  United  States.  It  functioned  through 
eleven  directorates,  the  nonmilitary  ones  being:  Finance,  M.  J. 
Simon,  director;  Manufacturers  and  Purchases,  M.  J.  F.  Lacombe, 
director;  Supplies,  M.  E.  Level,  director;  Economic  Studies  and  In- 
formation, M.  L.  Aubert,  director;  Transportation,  M.  L.  Nicol, 
director. 

FRESH    FRUITS    AND    VEGETABLES    SECTION,    PERISHABLE    COMMODITIES 
DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  August,  1917,  to  handle  all  problems  concerned  with 
the  distribution  of  these  commodities.  E.  W.  Hearty,  chief. 

FUEL  ADMINISTRATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

The  food  and  fuel  act  was  passed  August  10,  1917,  and  on  August 
23,  1917,  pursuant  to  section  2  of  that  act,  President  Wilson  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Harry  A.  Garfield,  president  of  Williams  College,  as 
United  States  Fuel  Administrator.  The  organization  was  started 
August  24  under  the  direction  of  H.  D.  Nims.  The  Fuel  Administra- 
tion staff  consisted  of  a  group  of  advisers  who  were  appointed  in 
September  and  October,  1917.  The  group  which  advised  in  regard 
to  policies  and  the  ways  and  means  of  making  them  effective  was  as 
follows:  John  P.  White,  labor  adviser;  Eembrandt  Peale,  bitumi- 
nous; James  B.  Neale,  anthracite;  S.  A.  Taylor,  technical;  G.  N. 
Snider,  transportation ;  and  B.  W.  Warren,  Tegal.  The  Fuel  Admin- 
istration was  organized  into  Administrative,  Distribution,  and  Oil 
Divisions.  The  Administrative  Division  was  organized  under  G.  W. 
Nasmyth  in  September,  1917,  and  was  at  the  beginning  purely  admin- 
istrative. It  was  reorganized  in  May,  1918,  when  Cyrus  L.  Garn- 
sey,  jr.,  became  assistant  fuel  administrator.  The  Distribution  Divi- 
sion was  known  in  its  first  organization  under  L.  A.  Snead  as  the 
Apportionment  and  Distribution  Division  and  was  reorganized  under 
J.  D.  A.  Morrow  on  January  24,  1918.  The  Oil  Division  was  organ- 
ized January  10,  1918,  under  M.  L.  Eequa.  The  administration  was 
decentralized  by  the  State  administrators,  who,  with  their  various 
local  committees,  functioned  in  the  States.  The  work  of  price  fixing 
was  begun  in  the  Fuel  Administration  on  a  basis  established  by 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       179 


President  Wilson  on  August  21  and  August  23,  1917,  when  he  issued 
a  list  of  prices  for  bituminous  and  anthracite  coal  based  on  data  col- 
lected by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission.  These  prices  were  modified 
and  changed  as  occasion  demanded  and  as  sufficient  cost  accounting 
could  be  done  to  determine  the  necessity.  Numerous  conservation 
campaigns  were  carried  on  by  the  Conservation  Bureau.  The  ques- 
tion of  causes  of  shortage  of  coal  was  investigated  in  December,  1917, 
and  January,  1918,  by  the  Senate  Subcommittee  on  Manufactures. 
The  Fuel  Administration  and  its  activities  were  investigated  at  this 
time,  in  particular  the  "  industrial  closing  order,"  which  was  promul- 
gated January  16,  1918,  at  the  time  the  subcommittee  was  in  session. 
This  order  was  issued  to  relieve  the  congestion  on  the  railroads  and 
at  the  ports  which  had  developed  during  the  fall  and  winter  of  1917 
and  been  augmented  by  the  blizzards  and  heavy  snow.  The  zone 
plan  of  distribution,  inaugurated  April  1,  1918,  served  to  relieve  the 
railroads  by  the  elimination  of  cross  hauling.  Production  which 
had  fallen  to  a  very  low  point  in  August,  1917,  because  of  the  un- 
certainties of  the  trade,  was  increased  through  1917  and  in  July,  1918, 
reached  a  very  high  point  for  coal  production.  The  work  of  the 
Bureau  of  Production  brought  about  the  increase.  An  extensive 
program  for  1918-19  was  mapped  out  and  every  effort  was  made 
to  see  that  the  country  would  not  suffer  for  lack  of  coal,  that  all 
essential  wrar  industries  should  have  a  sufficient  supply,  and  that 
ships  would  have  an  adequate  supply  of  bunker  coal.  The  plan  was 
worked  out  in  detail,  but  the  mild  winter  of  1918~19  and  the  sign- 
ing of  the  armistice  did  not  give  an  opportunity  for  testing  out  all 
the  arrangements  made.  The  Fuel  Administration  was  the  subject 
of  much  abuse,  and  complaint  was  made  that  it  failed  in  1917  because 
it  was  composed  not  of  coal  men  who  knew  the  business,  but  rather  of 
theorists.  The  coal '  famine  and  consequent  suffering  of  1917-18 
was  not  caused  by  the  weakness  of  the  Fuel  Administration  but  by 
the  late  passage  of  the  act,  thus  delaying  the  organization  and  proper 
functioning.  The  damage  had  been  done  and  it  was  impossible  to 
save  the  country  from  distress  because  of  the  unusual  demands  of  the 
country  for  coal.  The  restrictions  on  the  industry  were  gradually 
lifted  in  February  and  March  of  1919  and  the  Fuel  Administration 
ceased  to  function  April  1,  1919. 


FUEL  ADMINISTRATORS,  STATE. 

Alabama,  S.  P.  Kennedy. 

Arizona.  Will  L.  Clark,  Charles  M. 
Shannon. 

Arkansas,  H.  C.  Couch. 

California,  Albert  E.  Schwabacher. 

Colorado,   William   J.   Galligan. 

Connecticut.   Thomas  W.   Russell. 

Delaware,  Charles  H.  Ten  Weeges. 

District  of  Columbia,  John  L.  Weaver, 
Frank  G.  Jones. 

Florida,  Arthur  T.  Williams. 

Georgia,  L.  G.  Hardman. 

Idaho,  Frank  R.  Gooding,  C.  C.  An- 
derson. 

Illinois,  John  E.  Williams,  Raymond 
E.  Durham. 


Indiana.   Evans  Woolen. 
Iowa,  Charles  Webster. 
Kansas,  Emerson  Carey. 
Kentucky,  Wiley  B.  Bryan. 
Louisiana,  John  G.  O'Kelley. 
Maine,  J.  C.  Hamlen. 
Maryland,  Ferdinand  A.  Meyer. 
Massachusetts,  James  J.  Storrow. 
Michigan,  William  K.  Prudden. 
Minnesota,  John  F.  McGee. 
Mississippi,  C.  L.  Townes,  Walter  A. 

Scott. 

Missouri,  Wallace  Crossley. 
Montana,  W.  J.  Swindlehurst,  Martin 

H.  Gerry,  jr. 
Nebraska,  John  L.  Kennedy. 


180       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 


Nevada,  E.  H.  Walker. 

New  Hampshire,  Charles  M.  Floyd, 
Hovey  E.  Sloyton. 

New  Jersey,  Richard  C.  Jenkinson. 

New  Mexico,  W.  C.  McDonald,  John 
W.  Poe. 

New  York,  A.  H.  Wiggin,  Delos  W. 
Cooke. 

North  Carolina,  A.  W.  McAlister,  R.  C. 
Norfleet. 

North  Dakota,  I.  P.  Baker. 

Ohio,  Harry  A.  Conn,  Homer  H. 
Johnson,  Joseph  H.  Frantz. 

Oklahoma,  P.  A.  Norris. 

Oregon,  Fred  J.  Holmes. 

Pennsylvania,  William  Potter;  Pitts- 
burgh district,  D.  W.  Kuhn. 


Rhode  Island,  George  H.  Holmes,  Mal- 
colm G.  Chace. 

South  Carolina,  B.  B.  Gossett,  B.  E. 
Geer. 

•South  Dakota,  W.  G.  Bickelhaupt. 

Tennessee,  W.  E.  Meyer. 

Texas,  Wiley  Blair. 

Utah,  W.   W.   Armstrong. 

Vermont,  H.  J.  M.  Jones. 

Virginia,  Harry  F.  Byrd,  R.  H.  Angell. 

Washington,  David  Whitcomb,  Wur- 
lock  W.  Miller. 

West  Virginia,  J.  Walton  Barnes. 

Wisconsin,  W.  N.  Fitzgerald. 

Wyoming,  Augustine  Kendall. 

Cuba,  Albert  G.  Smith. 

Porto  Rico,  Albert  O.  Lee. 


TUEL  BRANCH,  RAW  MATERIALS  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Created  January  18,  1918.  This  branch  had  charge  of  the  pro- 
curement of  all  coal,  coke,  and  wood  required  by  the  Army,  and 
assisted  manufacturers  of  supplies  for  the  Army  to  secure  necessary 
fuel.  This  branch  was  originally  under  the  Fuel  and  Forage  Divi- 
sion and  was  transferred  to  the  Raw  Materials  Division  October  28, 
1918.  P.  C.  Madina,  chief  to  March  30,  1918;  Maj.  E.  H.  Knode  to 
May  1,  1918;  Capt.  D.  P.  Smelser  to  July  26,  1918;  Maj.  George 
Paull  to  November  11,  1918. 

TUEL  DISTRIBUTOR,  CENTRAL  ADVISORY  PURCHASING  COMMITTEE,  DIVI- 
SION OF  FINANCE  AND  PURCHASES,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

A  Fuel  Section  of  the  Central  Advisory  Purchasing  Committee 
was  established  to  form  a  permanent  point  of  contact  between  the 
United  States  Railroad  Administration  and  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administration.  In  most  cases  the  railroads'  contracts  for  fuel  ex- 
pired during  the  month  of  April,  1918,  and  after  that  date  it  proved 
to  be  impossible  for  them  to  secure  priority  in  the  obtaining  of  the 
coal  used  for  locomotives.  It  was  necessary  to  devise  a  system  which 
would  assure  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration  an  ade- 
quate fuel  supply.  The  new  adjustment,  which  required  several 
months  to  perfect,  was  worked  out  by  the  Fuel  Section,  under  the 
supervision  of  B.  P.  Phillips,  as  fuel  distributor. 

FUEL  SECTION,  CENTRAL  ADVISORY  PURCHASING  COMMITTEE,  DIVISION 
OF  FINANCE  AND  PURCHASES,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

See  Fuel  Distributor. 


FUEL  CONSERVATION  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  May  1,  1918.  This  section  had  general  supervision  of  rail- 
road fuel  conservation,  including  methods  of  preparation,  handling, 
and  use.  Attention  was  given  not  only  to  the  economical  use  of  fuel 
consumed  by  locomotives  and  at  railroad  power  and  heating  plants, 
pumping  stations,  etc.,  but  also  to  the  improvement  of  the  quality  of 
coal  supplied  for  railroad  purposes.  Supervisors  were  appointed  for 
the  various  regional  districts  to  have  charge  of  fuel  conservation 
on  the  roads  coming  under  their  jurisdiction.  Under  the  direction 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       181 

of  the  section,  literature  was  distributed  among  railroad  employeesr 
urging  the  necessity  for  conserving  the  fuel  supply  and  indicating 
the  method  by  which  this  might  be  accomplished.  Manager,  Eugene 
McAuliffe. 

FUEL  AND  FORAGE  BRANCH,  SUPPLIES  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GEN- 
ERAL. 

Established  December  14,  1917.  On  January  18,  1918,  the  branch 
was  abolished,  and  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Fuel  and  Forage 
Division. 

FUEL  AND  FORAGE  DIVISION,  OFFICE  OF  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  under  General  Orders  No.  8,  January  19,  1918,  "  to 
procure  and  distribute  all  fuel  required  by  the  various  corps  and 
departments  of  the  War  Department,"  it  being  desirable  because  of 
fuel  shortage  to  reorganize  the  methods  of  procurement  existing 
prior  to  this  date.  By  later  orders  of  March  4  and  May  27,  1918, 
the  duties  of  procurements,  purchase,  and  distribution  were  ex- 
tended to  include  the  supply  for  the  entire  Army.  Its  policy  was 
to  procure  army  fuel,  oil,  and  forage  with  the  least  interruption  to 
established  methods  and  practice  in  these  industries.  Prices  were 
fixed  where  necessary  by  the  Fuel  Administration.  When  the  office 
of  the  Director  of  Purchase  was  organized  October  19,  1918,  the 
functions  of  the  Fuel  and  Forage  Division  were  transferred  for 
the  most  part  to  the  Raw  Materials  and  Paints  Division  of  the  new 
office,  the  Forage  Branch  going  into  the  Subsistence  Division.  The 
division  functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Fuel,  Forage^ 
Oil,  Traffic,  Planning,  Follow-up.  Daniel  B.  Wentz,  chief  until 
April  23,  1918;  succeeded  by  George  E.  Warren  (commissioned 
colonel  Aug.  21). 

FUEL  AND  PERSONNEL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  STEAM  ENGINEERING,  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  This  division  cooperated 
with  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  in  the  selection  of  officers  for  engi- 
neering duty.  It  also  prescribed  standards  for  the  inspection  of 
fuel,  and  inspected  coal  mines  in  order  to  determine  whether  the 
output  should  be  accepted  for  use  by  the  Navy.  Comdr.  N.  H. 
Wright  was  chief  from  the  outbreak  of  war  until  August  21,  1918, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  H.  A.  Stewart. 

FUEL  AND  POWER  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPART- 
MENT. 

Created  June  5,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  provision  of  adequate 
fuel  and  power  for  all  plants  and  factories  working  on  contracts  for 
the  Ordnance  Department.  Maj.  G.  J.  Siedler,  chief. 

FUEL  REQUIREMENTS,  NAVY  CONTRACTORS'  SECTION,  LOGISTICS  AND 
FUEL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPART- 
MENT. 

A  permanent  section  which  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of 
naval  fuel  supplies  for  the  various  contractors  engaged  in  Navy 
contracts.  Lieut.  S.  B.  Flynn,  chief,  succeeded  by  Lieut.  E.  O.  Silver. 


182       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

FUEL  STOCKS  AND  VESSEL  ASSIGNMENTS  SECTION,  LOGISTICS  AND  FUEL 
DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  section  in  charge  of  assignments  for  loading  and 
ports  of  discharge  for  fuel  cargoes.  These  assignments  were  based 
on  the  requirements  of  vessels  bunkering  at  the  various  ports.  Lieut. 
A.  B.  Canham,  Ensign  J.  M.  Sitler,  and  Chief  Yeoman  J.  M.  O'Con- 
nor, successively  acted  as  chief. 

FUNDING  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Established  in  accordance  with  provisions  of  circular  dated  Octo- 
ber 11,  1918,  to  supervise  the  distribution  of  funds  and  allotments  to 
disbursing  officers.  It  functioned  through  an  Executive  Branch,  an 
Apportionment  and  Allotment  Accounts  Branch,  and  a  Funds  Dis- 
tribution Branch.  Chief,  George  E.  Frazer,  succeeded  by  Col.  F. 
W.  Coleman. 

FURNACE  MANUFACTURERS,  WARM  AIR;  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

The  committee  was  chosen  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  National 
Warm  Air  Heating  and  Ventilating  Association,  June  12,  1918.  A 
conservation  program  was  adopted  which  limited  manufacturers  to 
three  styles  and  five  sizes  of  furnaces.  The  committee  worked  with 
the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  through 
the  Priorities  Division  to  secure  supplies  of  raw  materials.  Edward 
Norris,  chairman. 

FURNACES  AND  LARGE  HEATERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  November,  1918,  with  W.  E.  Murphy  as  chairman  to 
represent  the  manufacturers  of  furnaces  for  public  buildings. 

FURNITURE,  FIXTURES,  AND  ALLIED   WOOD  INDUSTRIES  WAR   SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  Federation  of  Furniture  Manufacturers  of  the 
United  States  December  29,  1917.  This  committee  was  brought  into 
existence  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  the  Government  in  placing  the 
contracts  for  needed  munitions  to  be  manufactured  from  wood.  Con- 
tracts were  placed  to  the  amount  of  about  $10,000,000.  P.  B. 
Schravesende  was  chairman  until  June,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  F.  E.  Sherman. 

FUZE  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  under  the  Procurement  Division  on  January  14,  1918, 
and  responsible  for  negotiations  involved  in  the  purchase  of  fuzes, 
primers,  and  cartridge  cases  of  all  kinds.  Its  duties  included  the 
loading  of  time  fuzes  and  primers.  On  February  13,  1918,  the  section 
was  taken  over  by  the  Projectile  Section,  including  the  entire  com- 
missioned and  civilian  personnel.  Maj.  J.  G.  Cowling  became  head 
of  the  section  on  January  15,  1918. 

GAUGE    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    WEIGHTS    AND    MEASURES,    BUREAU    OF 
STANDARDS,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

The  urgent  deficiency  act  of  June  15,  1917,  provided  a  gauge 
Standardization  appropriation  of  $150,000  for  the  inspection  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       183 

gauges  and  standards  required  by  manufacturers  in  the  United 
States.  The  testing  was  to  be  done  through  the  cooperation  of  the 
Bureau  of  Standards,  the  War  Department,  the  Navy  Department, 
and  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  work  was  started  at  the 
Bureau  of  Standards,  July  8,  1917,  the  Gauge  Section  being  estab- 
lished in  a  special  building  with  the  necessary  equipment  and  per- 
sonnel for  testing  gauges.  About  60,000  gauges  were  tested  by  the 
section  up  to  January  1,  1919.  Branch  laboratories  were  established 
in  New  York,  Cleveland,  and  Bridgeport.  A  gauge  shop  was  organ- 
ized to  make  the  apparatus  used  in  testing  and  a  course  of  instruc- 
tion for  ordnance  gauge  checkers  was  repeated  three  times.  The 
section  was  continued  after  the  war. 

GARBAGE    UTILIZATION    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    COLLATERAL    COMMODI- 
TIES, UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Garbage  Utilization  Division  was  organized  November  1, 
1917.  The  division  undertook  determination  of  the  sources  of  waste, 
education  of  the  public  to  needs  and  possibilities  of  utilization,  estab- 
lishment of  more  efficient  methods  in  plants,  and  the  development  of 
garbage  utilization  plants  in  cities.  Over  40  cities  changed  their 
methods  of  garbage  disposal  through  the  efforts  of  this  division  and 
this  effected  a  considerable  saving.  The  division  was  made  part  of 
the  Division  of  Collateral  Commodities  October  14,  1918,  and  was 
then  known  as  the  Garbage  Utilization  Section.  It  closed  January 
15,  1917,  an  effort  being  made  to  continue  its  activities  under  the 
Department  of  Agriculture.  Irwin  S.  Osborn  was  head,  succeeded 
by  F.  C.  Bamman  on  January  24,  1918. 


GARDENING     BRANCH,     CONSERVATION     AND     RECLAMATION     DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER    GENERAL. 

Responsible  to  Subsistence  Division  prior  to  April  22,  1918.  This 
branch  had  charge  of  agricultural  activities  on  lands  owned  or  leased 
by  the  Army.  It  was  abolished  on  June  14,  1918,  when  its  duties 
were  taken  over  by  the  Salvage  and  Gardening  Branch.  H.  G.  Par- 
sons, chief. 

GARMENT  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  by  the  National  Association  of  Garment  Manufacturers 
and  the  Union  Made  Garment  Manufacturers  of  America,  to  repre- 
sent the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  garments,  shirts,  mackinaw, 
fur  and  sheep-lined  clothing,  leather  coats,  and  jerkins.  Galbraith 
Miller,  chairman. 

GAS,  BUREAU  OF,  NATURAL;  OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

This  bureau  was  concerned  with  production,  transportation  and 
distribution  of  natural  gas  in  an  effort  to  conserve  other  fuels.  It 
stopped  wasteful  practices  in  certain  producing  fields,  and  among 
domestic  consumers,  by  means  of  educational  campaigns,  and  was 
instrumental  in  having  restrictions  placed  on  the  use  of  natural 
gas  in  localities  where  the  demand  was  heavy  and  the  supply  limited. 
Thomas  B.  Gregory,  director. 


184       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
GAS  DEFENSE  DIVISION,  RUBBER  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  January  29,  1918,  by  the  Central  War  Service  Com- 
mittee of  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce,  superseding  the 
Manufacturers'  Gas  Mask  Committee  which  had  been  in  operation 
since  November,  1917.  The  committee  combined  its  functions,  co- 
operating with,  the  Gas  Defense  Production  Division  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Warfare  Service  and  the  manufacturers  in  the  production  of 
masks  and  parts  and  in  the  development  of  the  new  "A.  T."  type 
mask.  It  ceased  to  function  at  the  signing  of  the  armistice  and 
officially  went  out  of  existence  January  16,  1919.  W.  C.  Geer, 
chairman. 

GAS  DEFENSE  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

Organized  June  28,  1918,  by  the  transfer  of  the  Gas  Defense  Sec- 
tion of  the  Medical  Department  to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service. 
This  division  had  charge  of  the  production  of  gas  masks  for  men 
and  animals,  and  at  the  end  of  the  war  had  produced  5,000,000 
masks,  3,000,000  extra  canisters,  500,000  horse  masks,  and  large 
quantities  of  mustard  gas  suits  and  other  equipment.  Col.  Bradley 
Dewey,  chief. 

GAS  DEFENSE  SERVICE,  MEDICAL  CORPS. 

Organized  in  September,  1917,  by  the  Army  Medical  Department 
to  supply  gas  masks  and  other  appliances  to  protect  troops  against 
asphyxiating  and  poisonous  gases.  On  June  25,  1918,  this  section 
was  transferred  to  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service.  A  Manufacturers' 
Gas  Mask  Committee  cooperated  with  the  Gas  Defense  Service. 
Maj.  Bradley  Dewey,  chief. 

GAS    AND    ELECTRIC    SERVICE,    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE    ON    COUNCIL; 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917,  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and 
composed  of  representatives  of  American  Gas  Institute  and  National 
Electric  Light  Association.  The  furnishing  of  light,  heat,  and 
power  to  cantonments  and  war  industries  was  considered  by  the  com- 
mittee and  recommendations  made.  When  the  advisory  committees 
of  the  council  were  abandoned  in  December,  1917,  the  committee  was 
reorganized  as  a  war  service  committee  of  the  United  States  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  with  the  same  personnel  and  functions.  John  W.  Lieb, 
chairman. 

GAS  AND  ELECTRIC  SERVICE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Eeorganized  by  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce  from 
the  Cooperative  Committee  on  Gas  and  Electric  Service  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  National  Defense.  The  committee  continued  its  advisory  func- 
tions and  worked  with  the  Ordnance  Department  in  the  production 
of  toluol.  In  large  munition  manufacturing  centers  increased  power 
was  arranged  for  and  electrical  machinery  was  secured  for  Govern- 
ment uses.  John  W.  Lieb,  chairman. 

GAS  MASK  COMMITTEE,  MANUFACTURERS'. 

Organized  in  November,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  Gas  Defense 
Service,  to  interpret  the  specifications  of  that  service,  to  recommend 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.       185 

changes  in  design  of  gas  masks,  and  to  take  care  of  inspection  of 
masks  at  places  of  manufacture.  This  committee  was  merged  into 
the  Gas  Defense  Division  of  the  Rubber  Industry  War  Service  Com- 
mittee. W.  C.  Geer,  chairman. 

GAS    OFFENSE    PRODUCTION    DIVISION,    CHEMICAL    WARFARE    SERVICE. 

The  Ordnance  Department  undertook  the  gas  offense  problem  in 
1917,  and  in  June  of  that  year  Gen.  Crozier  approved  the  erection  of 
a  plant  for  the  filling  of  gas  shells.  A  tract  of  land  known  as  the 
Gunpowder  Reservation  was  set  aside  by  presidential  proclamation 
October  16,  1917.  Work  was  started  November  1  under  the  Trench 
Warfare  Section  of  the  Ordnance  Department;  and  two  chemical 
plants,  authorized  December  1,  1917,  were  completed  and  in  opera- 
tion by  June,  1918.  The  name  of  the  reservation  was  changed  May 
2,  1918,  to  Edgewood  Arsenal;  and  on  June  28,  1918,  when  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service  was  organized,  the  arsenal  came  under 
this  service  and  became  the  Gas  Offense  Production  Division.  The 
division  produced  gas  either  at  the  arsenal  or  in  outside  plants,  filled 
the  shells  or  containers,  and  inspected  and  prepared  them  for  ship- 
ment overseas.  Lieut.  Col.  W.  H.  Walker  was  made,  commanding 
officer  March  6,  1918,  and  the  reservation  came  directly  under  the 
Chief  of  Ordnance. 

GAS  PLANTS,  BUREAU  OF;  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  June  25, 1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  supervision  and  regu- 
lation of  the  artificial  gas  industry  in  so  far  as  it  affected  the  con- 
sumption of  fuel.  Educational  campaigns  were  carried  on  to  con- 
serve the  use  of  artificial  gas  and  to  show  how  fuel  was  saved  as  con- 
servation of  gas  was  practiced.  James  T.  Lynn,  director. 

GAS  RANGES,  HOT  WATER  HEATERS,  AND  GAS  APPLIANCES  WAR  SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December,  1917,  by  the  National  Gas  Appliance  Manu- 
facturers' Exchange  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  gas  ranges, 
hot  water  heaters,  and  other  gas  appliances.  The  committee  coop- 
erated with  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board 
in  reducing  styles  and  sizes  and  with  the  Priorities  Committee  in 
the  matter  of  coal,  coke,  iron,  and  steel  requirements.  The  commit- 
tee was  enlarged  September  17,  1918,  to  include  all  heating  appli- 
ances. William  M.  Crane,  chairman. 

GASOLINE  AND  KEROSENE  VAPOR  LAMPS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  25,  1918,  with  W.  L.  Coleman  as  chairman, 
to  represent  the  industry  before  the  Priorities  Committee  of  the  War 
Industries  Board. 

GEARS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  10,  1918,  with  F.  W.  Sinram  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  industry  before  the  War  Industries  Board. 

GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  on  the  reorganization  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  Janu- 
ary 14,  1918,  to  supervise  and  coordinate  all  matters  and  work  con- 


186       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

nected  with  that  department.  The  bureau  had  charge  of  the  follow- 
ing :  Arsenal  administration,  exclusive  of  manufacturing  and  storage 
and  matters  relating  thereto;  distribution,  classification,  recording 
and  filing  of  correspondence;  all  matters  concerning  civilian,  en- 
listed, and  commissioned  personnel;  appropriation,  allotments,  and 
disbursements;  and  property  accountability  and  legal  matters  for 
the  various  procurement  divisions  of  the  Ordnance  Department. 
The  bureau  was  also  in  charge  of  all  publications  and  official  state- 
ments and  maintained  the  Ordnance  Department  Reference  Library. 
On  May  15,  1918,  the  name  of  the  bureau  was  changed  to  the  Admin- 
istration Division.  The  bureau  functioned  through  the  following 
sections:  Arsenal  Administration,  Accounting,  Mail  and  Record, 
Civilian  Personnel.  Commissioned  Personnel,  Enlisted  Personnel, 
Finance,  Property,  Legal  and  Advisory,  Stores  and  Scrap  Section, 
Instruction,  Military  Information,  Communications,  and  Industrial 
Education.  Brig.  Gen.  W.  S.  Pierce,  chief;  succeeded  October  14, 
1918,  by  Col.  W.  W.  Gibson. 

GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  January  26,  1918,  to  succeed  the  Division  of  Administra- 
tion. It  was  abolished  April  16, 1918,  and  the  duties  were  transferred 
to  the  Administrative  Division.  It  functioned  through  the  Control, 
Telegraphic  and  Cable,  Cemeterial,  Mail  and  Records,  Personnel, 
and  Stenographic  Sections. 

GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  October  28,  1918,  to  succeed  the  Administrative  Divi- 
sion of  the  Quartermaster  General.  It  functioned  through  the  fol- 
lowing branches:  Industrial  Relations,  Administrative  Service, 
Strength  and  Fundamental  Allowance,  Administrative  Control. 
Lieut.  Col.  B.  L.  Jacobsen,  chief. 

GENERAL  ADMINISTRATION  SECTION,  SUPPLY  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

The  General  Administration  Section  assisted  the  chief  of  the 
Supply  Division  in  planning,  supervising,  and  directing  the  work 
of  the  organization  as  a  whole,  while  it  served  as  the  connecting  link 
pn  all  special  matters  between  the  division  and  the  outside  military 
and  civil  branches  of  the  Government.  It  also  performed  certain 
miscellaneous  routine  functions  which  came  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  no  other  section.  The  intended  organization  of  the  section  was 
changed  from  time  to  time.  At  various  times  it  functioned  through 
the  following  branches:  Allotment,  Communication,  Development, 
Field  Depot,  Procurement  Order,  Military  Personnel,  Policy  Deter- 
mining, Inquiry  and  Complaint,  Sales,  Miscellaneous  (late  Miscel- 
laneous Functions),  Financial  Control,  Development,  Installation 
and  Maintenance  of  Methods,  Building  and  Reception  of  Visitors, 
Information,  Requirements  Determination,  Office  Management,  and 
Military  Information.  The  Field  Depot  Branch  had  general  super- 
vision over  the  36  field  depots  in  the  Ordnance  Department,  the 
function  of  which  was  to  supply  ordnance  intended  for  the  Army  can- 
tonments. Chief,  General  Administration  Section,  Col.  Charles  B. 
Wheeler,  succeeded  in  time  by  Maj.  O.  C.  Horney,  Lieut.  Col.  A.  E. 
Barter  and  Maj.  G.  C.  Munoz. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       187 
GENERAL  CONTROL  SECTION,   GUN  DIVISION,   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  September  7,  1917,  under  the  supervision  of  Col.  Jay 
E.  Hoffer,  who  was  also  chief  of  the  Gun  Division.  It  was  the  func- 
tion of  the  section  to  coordinate,  direct,  and  generally  supervise  the 
work  of  all  sections,  and  to  be  responsible  for  determining  and  for 
disseminating  among  the  heads  of  the  various  sections  of  the  Gun 
Division  all  matters  of  policy  and  general  plans  and  methods  of  pro- 
cedure. It  approved  all  projects  and  estimates,  as  well  as  all  work 
orders,  purchase  orders,  allotments,  contracts,  etc.  It  functioned 
through  Administration,  Finance,  and  Coordination  Branches.  The 
Administration  Branch  had  supervision  of  matters  pertaining  to  the 
general  management  and  control  of  the  section  and  of  the  division 
itself.  The  Coordination  Branch  supervised  the  preparation  of  all 
charts  and  reports  covering  the  progress  of  the  work  of  the  various 
sections.  It  submitted  periodical  reports  to  the  Chief  of  the  Divi- 
sion, showing  daily  progress  in  each  section.  On  January  17,  1918, 
upon  the  reorganization  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  the  General 
Control  Section  was  transferred  to  the  Engineering  Bureau,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Military  Information  Unit,  which  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  General  Administration,  and  the  Coordination  Branch, 
which  was  transferred  to  the  Control  Bureau. 

GENERAL    CONTROL    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Established  in  January,  1918.  Until  March  4,  1918,  the  section 
consisted  of  the  head  of  the  Procurement  Division,  his  staff,  the 
executive  officer,  and  the  general  administrative  branches  in  charge 
of  the  internal  business  of  the  division.  After  March  4  the  above- 
mentioned  officers  were  no  longer  considered  as  belonging  to  the 
section,  which  was  at  the  same  time  divided  into  the  following 
branches :  Administrative,  Mail  and  Records,  Ordnance  Supplies, 
Personnel,  Statistical,  Work  Order,  and  Cost  Data.  A  reorganiza- 
tion took  place  on  August  1,  1918,  under  which  the  Work  Order 
and  Cost  Data  Branches  were  discontinued.  In  addition  to  the 
branches  formed  on  March  1,  there  were  the  Property  and  Service 
and  the  American  Ordnance  Base  Depot  Branches.  The  functions 
of  the  General  Control  Section  were  to  review  all  requisitions  in 
regard  to  purchase  of  ordnance  materiel  or  articles,  and  to  issue 
orders  and  instructions  to  the  sections  in  connection  therewith; 
to  act  as  liaison  office  between  the  Division  of  Procurement  and  other 
divisions  of  the  Ordnance  Department ;  to  handle  all  mail,  including 
telegrams  and  cablegrams,  and  to  have  charge  of  the  general  and 
record  files;  to  exercise  supervision  over  the  commissioned,  enlisted, 
and  civilian  personnel  of  the  division,  to  handle  all  data  compiled 
by  the  division;  and  to  supervise  all  office  facilities  and  general 
welfare  of  the  employees.  Capt.  Wade  H.  Williams,  head. 

GENERAL  INSPECTION  BRANCH,  SUPPLY  CONTROL  DIVISION,  QUARTER- 
MASTER  GENERAL. 

See  Inspection  and  Production  Branch,  Supply  Control  Division, 
Quartermaster  General. 

GENERAL  MUNITIONS  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Began  work  April  9,  1917,  to  "  assume  the  prompt  equipping  and 
arming,  with  the  least  possible  disadjustment  of  normal  industrial 


188       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

conditions,  of  whatsoever  forces  may  be  called  into  the  service  of 
the  country."  It  coordinated  Army  and  Navy  purchases,  and  as- 
sisted the  Eaw  Materials  Committee  of  the  Advisory  Commission 
in  acquisition  of  raw  materials,  established  precedence  of  orders 
between  the  Departments  of  War  and  of  Navy,  and  between  the  mili- 
tary and  industrial  needs  of  the  country.  It  was  given  power  by 
the  Council  of  National  Defense  to  determine  priority  of  delivery  of 
materials.  The  board  worked  through  the  following  thirteen  sub- 
committees: Army  Vehicles,  William  Butterworth,  chairman; 
Armored  Cars,  Col.  J.  H.  Rice,  chairman;  Emergency  Construction 
and  Contracts,  William  A.  Starrett,  chairman ;  Optical  Glass,  R.  A. 
Millikan,  chairman;  Storage  Facilities,  M.  L.  Cook,  chairman;  Ma- 
chine Gun,  B.  W.  M.  Hanson,  chairman;  Priority,  J.  B.  Aleshire, 
chairman;  Gauge,  Dies,  etc.,  F.  C.  Pratt,  chairman;  Army  and 
Navy  Artillery,  S.  M.  Vanclain,  chairman;  Fuses  and  Detonators, 
E.  A.  Deeds,  chairman ;  Small  Arms  and  Ammunition,  J.  E.  Otter- 
son,  chairman;  Optical  Instruments,  F.  A.  Scott,  chairman;  Army 
and  Navy  Projectiles,  W.  H.  Van  Dervoort,  chairman.  The  Muni- 
tions Standards  Board  was  merged  into  the  General  Munitions 
Board  almost  immediately  after  its  organization.  This  board  was 
superseded  by  the  War  Industries  Board  July  28,  1917.  Frank  A. 
Scott,  chairman. 

GENERAL  RELATIONS  DIVISION,  NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL. 

Organized  with  A.  A.  Noyes,  chairman,  to  correlate  all  research 
activities  and  handle  research  matters  not  placed  under  specific 
divisions.  Through  its  advisory  committee,  Theodore  N.  Vail,  chair- 
man, it  organized  and  worked  through  three  sections :  Foreign  Rela- 
tions, G.  E.  Hale,  chairman;  Industrial  Research,  John  Johnston, 
chairman;  Relations  with  Educational  Institutions  and  State  Com- 
mittees, J.  C.  Merriam,  chairman;  and  three  committees:  Patent 
Office,  L.  H.  Baekeland,  acting  chairman;  Reconstruction  Problems, 
Vernon  Kellogg,  chairman;  Problems  of  Special  Education  and 
Training,  J.  C.  Merriam,  chairman. 

GENERAL    SERVICE   DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING   BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  in  February,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  coordinating  and 
centralizing  labor  administration  in  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corpora- 
tion. It  brought  under  one  head  various  services  which  before  had 
been  scattered,  namely,  the  Departments  of  Health  and  'Sanitation, 
Shipyard  Volunteers,  Industrial  Service,  National  Service,  and 
Housing  and  Transit  Facilities.  Complete  centralization  of  control 
was  not  accomplished,  however,  inasmuch  as  the  Division  of  Labor, 
the  Industrial  Training  Department,  and  the  Safety  Engineering 
Branch  were  not  included  in  the  division.  In  May,  1918,  upon  the 
formation  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Division,  the  General  Service 
Division  was  abolished.  J.  Rogers  Flannery  was  manager  of  the 
division. 

GENERAL  STAFF  CORPS,  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  February  14,  1903,  which  act  abol- 
ished the  separate  office  of  the  commanding  general  of  the  Army; 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       189 

provided  for  a  Military  Chief  of  Staff  to  the  President,  who,  acting 
under  the  directions  of  the  President,  or  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
representing  him,  should  have  supervision  not  only  of  the  troops  of 
the  line  but  of  the  special  staff  and  supply  departments  which  had 
heretofore  reported  directly  to  the  Secretary  of  War ;  and  created  for 
the  assistance  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  a  corps  of  44  officers  who  were  re- 
lieved from  all  other  duties.  On  April  6,  1917,  the  date  of  the 
declaration  of  war,  the  General  Staff  Corps  was  organized  under  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  which  limited  the  strength  of  the 
General  Staff  to  55  officers,  not  more  than  one-half  of  the  officers  de- 
tailed being  available  for  assignment  on  any  duty  in  or  near  the 
District  of  Columbia.  The  act  of  May  12,  1917,  increased  the 
strength  of  the  General  Staff  to  91  members  and  removed  for  the 
period  of  the  emergency  the  restrictive  clause  relative  to  the  number 
authorized  to  be  stationed  in  Washington.  The  act  of  May  18,  1917, 
authorized  the  President  to  provide  the  necessary  officers,  line  and 
staff,  for  the  forces  to  be  raised  under  that  act.  By  this  authority 
the  strength  of  the  General  Staff  has  been  increased  as  was  found 
necessary.  The  function  of  the  General  Staff  is  to  assist  the  Chief 
of  Staff  in  performing  his  duty  as  the  immediate  adviser  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  and  to  aid  the  Chief  of  Staff  in  his  coordinating 
and  supervising  capacity.  It  has  performed  this  function  mainly  by : 
(1)  Preparing  plans  and  general  policies  and  gathering  information 
for  speedily  and  efficiently  carrying  out  the  Army  program;  (2) 
preparing,  after  approval  by  the  Chief  of  Staff  of  these  plans,  and 
issuing  the  necessary  orders  to  make  them  effective.  These  duties 
have  required  many  studies  to  be  made  for  the  mobilization,  organi- 
zation, equipment,  instruction,  training,  and  movement  of  pur  armies, 
as  well  as  the  investigation  and  study  of  such  special  subjects  as  are 
referred  to  it.  These  special  subjects  have  required  knowledge  of 
problems  of  construction,  transportation,  shipping,  labor,  manufac- 
ture, and  finance.  The  organization  of  the  General  Staff  at  the  out- 
break of  the  war  was  unsuited  to  the  duties  and  responsiblities  con- 
fronting it.  Successive  revisions  of  the  orders  under  which  the 
General  Staff  was  acting  were  made  as  events  demanded,  until  ex- 
perience crystallized  the  organization  of  the  General  Staff  into  that 
set  forth  in  General  Orders,  No.  80,  War  Department,  dated  August 
26, 1918.  This  order  divided  the  work  of  the  General  Staff  into  four 
primary  divisions:  (1)  Operations;  (2)  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traf- 
fic; (3)  Military  Intelligence;  (4)  War  Plans.  Each  of  these  divi- 
sions is  under  a  director  who  is  an  assistant  chief  of  staff  and  a  gen- 
eral officer.  There  is,  in  addition,  an  office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff, 
which  is  directly  under  the  supervision  of  the  executive  assistant  to 
the  Chief  of  Staff.  This  executive  assistant  is  a  general  officer  em- 
powered to  act  for  the  Chief  of  Staff  in  his  temporary  absence.  Dur- 
ing the  war  the  Chiefs  of  Staff  have  been  as  follows:  Maj.  Gen. 
Hugh  L.  Scott,  April  7  to  September  22,  1917;  Gen.  Tasker  H.  Bliss, 
September  23,  1917,  to  May  19,  1918;  Maj.  Gen.  John  Biddle,  as  act- 
ing chief,  at  periods  during  the  absence  of  Gen.  Bliss  in  France,  from 
October  29,  1917,  to  December  16,  1917,  and  from  January  9,. 1918,  to 
March  3,  1918;  Gen:  Peyton  C.  March,  from  March  4,  1918,  to  May 
19.  1918,  as  acting  chief  and  Chief  of  Staff,  May  20,  1918,  to  date. 


190       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

GENERAL  SUPPLIES  BRANCH,  DOMESTIC  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIREC- 
TOR OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  control  the  conservation  and  distribu- 
tion of  all  articles  classified  as  general  supplies.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  sections:  Heavy  Hardware  and  Metals,  Small 
Tools  and  Chests,  Kitchen  and  Camp  Equipment,  Office  Supplies 
and  Sundries,  Statistical.  Capt.  J.  F.  Foster,  Capt.  Chas.  E.  Kraus, 
John  A.  Olt,  Capt.  A.  M.  Sieb,  successively  acted  as  chief. 

GENERAL  SUPPLIES  DIVISION,   DIRECTOR   OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND 
STORAGE. 

Organized  October  28,  1918,  to  succeed  the  Hardware  and  Metals 
Division,  Quartermaster  General,  upon  the  organization  of  the  office 
of  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage,  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  branches:  Priorities  and  Clearances.  Con- 
tract and  Purchase,  Production  and  Inspection,  Statistics,  Office 
Service,  Hardware,  Cordage,  Small  Tools  and  Chests,  Heavy  Hard- 
ware, Kitchen  and  Camp  Equipment,  Office  Equipment,  Office  Equip- 
ment and  Sundries.  William  A.  Graham,  chief. 

GEOLOGIC    BRANCH,    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY,    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE    IN- 
TERIOR. 

Through  its  four  divisions — Geology.  Sidney  Paige  in  charge; 
Chemical  and  Physical  Research,  G.  F.  Becker  in  charge;  Mineral 
Resources,  Edson  S.  Bastin  in  charge;  and  Alaskan  Mineral  Re- 
sources, G.  C.  Martin,  acting,  in  charge — and  their  17  sections  the 
branch  worked  on  the  discovery,  estimation,  and  development  of 
domestic  deposits  of  minerals,  and  to  a  less  extent  on  those  of  foreign 
countries.  It  extended  domestic  investigations  of  nitrate  deposits 
to  Guatemala  and  potash  deposits  to  Lower  California,  mapped  de- 
posits of  oil  shale  in  the  study  of  how  to  increase  the  future  production 
of  petroleum,  and  conducted  examinations  of  camp  and  station  sites 
for  the  Army  and  Navy  with  reference  to  drainage,  water  supplies, 
building,  and  road  materials.  In  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of 
Mines  it  investigated  domestic  resources  of  smokeless  coal,  zircon, 
helium,  and  sulphur,  manganese  and  chromite  in  West  Indies,  and 
potash  deposits  of  Europe,  under  the  direction  of  David  White, 
fchief  geologist.  The  Mineral  Resources  Division  was  the  main 

/source  of  information  for  the  governmental  war  boards  and  other 
agencies  that  required  data  on  the  mineral  production  of  the  United 

'  States.  It  published  weekly  statements  of  several  mineral  commodi- 
ties, compiled  weekly  telegraphic  reports  of  smelter  production, 
collected  and  made  available  monthly  statistics  of  many  of  the  war 
minerals,  issued  Bulletin  666,  Our  Mineral  Supplies,  and  the  annual 
volumes  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  covering 
about  75  different  mineral  substances,  and  carried  on  extensive 
cooperation  with  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  in  collec- 
tion of  weekly  and  even  daily  statistics  regarding  coal.  H.  D. 
McCaskey  and  E.  S.  Bastin,  successively  in  charge. 

GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY,  UNITED  STATES,  DEPARTMENT   OF  THE   INTERIOR. 

A  scientific  research  agency  of  the  Government,  practically  all  the 
activities  of  which  were  diverted  to  special  work  and  investigations 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       191 

for  the  military  agencies  of  the  Government.  Its  functions  were  car- 
ried on  through  its  three  field  branches,  Geologic,  Topographic,  and 
Water  Resources,  and  its  three  office  branches,  Land  Classification, 
Publication,  and  Administrative.  The  special  investigations  were 
broadly  classified  as  relating  either  to  war  materials  or  to  military 
surveys.  The  survey  was  represented  in  the  National  Research 
Council  and  the  National  Advisory  Committee  for  Aeronautics. 
George  Otis  Smith,  director ;  Philip  *S.  Smith,  administrative  geolo- 
gist. 

GEOLOGY   AND    GEOGRAPHY   DIVISION,    NATIONAL   RESEARCH   COUNCIL. 

Under  John  C.  Merriam,  chairman,  worked  through  the  following 
six  committees :  Geology  and  Paleontology,  J.  M.  Clarke,  chairman ; 
Geography,  W.  M.  Davis,  chairman ;  Study  of  Possible  Contribution 
of  Geology  and  Geography  to  Military  Training,  C.  P.  Berkey,  chair- 
man ;  Emergency  Courses  in  Geology  and  Geography  in  Educational 
Institutions,  H.  E.  Gregory,  chairman ;  Special  Lectures  on  Geologic 
and  Geographic  Subjects  at  Military  Camps;  and  Quartz  Resources, 
G.  P.  Merrill,  chairman. 

GEORGIA-FLORIDA  YELLOW  PINE  EMERGENCY  BUREAU. 

Established  in  June,  1917,  by  the  Georgia-Florida  Yellow  Pine 
War  Service  Committee  for  the  purpose  of  allocating  Government 
orders  for  yellow  pine  produced  in  the  States  of  Georgia  and  Florida, 
and  of  expediting  the  manufacture  and  shipment  of  these  orders. 
The  bureau  functioned  in  cooperation  with  the  Lumber  Cooperative 
Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  Roland  Perry, 
manager. 

GEORGIA-FLORIDA  YELLOW  PINE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  in  June,  1917,  to  represent  the  Georgia-Florida  yellow- 
pine  lumber  industry  in  its  relation  to  the  Government.  It  estab- 
lished the  Georgia-Florida  Yellow  Pine  Emergency  Bureau,  which 
allocated  all  Government  orders  for  yellow  pine  produced  in  the 
States  of  Georgia  and  Florida.  M.  L.  Fleishel,  chairman. 

GLASS  BOTTLES  AND  JARS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  October,  1918,  with  Charles  Boldt  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  manufacturers  of  glass  bottles  and  jar  caps  using 
Owen's  automatic  machines. 

GLASS  BOTTLES  AND  JARS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1918,  with  George  M.  Yost  as  chairman,  to 
represent  that  part  of  the  industry  that  used  the  semiautomatic  and 
hand-blown  method. 

GLASS,  ROUGH  ROLLED  AND  WIRE,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE  ON. 

Organized  October,  1918.  The  industry  agreed  to  conservation 
regulations  as  to  thickness  of  glass  upon  the  organization  of  the  com- 
mittee. Walter  Cox,  chairman. 


192       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

GLOVES     AND     LEATHER     CLOTHING     SECTION,     HIDES,     LEATHER,     AND 
LEATHER  GOODS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  administer  the  conservation  program 
of  the  glove  industry  as  announced  by  the  Conservation  Division,  and 
still  in  process  of  organization  when  the  armistice  was  signed. 
It  held  many  conferences  with  representatives  of  the  industries,  be- 
gan to  clear  contracts  for  the  allied  purchasing  committees,  and  was 
preparing  to  clear,  in  conjunction  with  the  various  clothing  sections 
of  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Signal  Corps,  contracts  relating  to  gloves 
and  leather  clothing.  The  section  was  discontinued  November  20, 
1918.  Harry  J.  Louis,  chief. 

GLOVES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  4,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
light  and  heavy  leather  gloves  and  mittens,  and  silk,  wool,  cotton, 
and  fabric  gloves.  James  S.  Ireland,  chairman. 

GOLD  EXPORTS  COMMITTEE,  FEDERAL  RESERVE  BOARD. 

A  subordinate  committee  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  organized 
in  September,  1917.  By  the  presidential  proclamation  and  Execu- 
tive order  of  September  7,  1917,  there  was  transferred  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  acting  through  the  Federal  Reserve  Board, 
the  control  of  exports  of  bullion,  coin,  and  currency  conferred  by  the 
espionage  act  of  June,  1917.  The  board  appointed  a  committee  of 
three  of  its  members  to  exercise  this  control.  This  committee,  act- 
ing for  the  board,  established  a  system  of  licenses  for  all  exports  and 
issued  regulations  governing  such  exports.  The  general  policy  was 
to  permit  only  such  exports  of  gold  as  were  clearly  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  legitimate  foreign  commerce,  while  travelers'  allow- 
ances were  narrowly  limited.  Silver  and  currency  exports  were  less 
restricted.  Under  the  much  stronger  powers  granted  by  the  trading 
with  the  enemy  act  of  October  6,  1917,  the  President  issued  Executive 
orders  on  October  12,  1917,  and  January  26,  1918,  extending  and 
strengthening  the  administrative  powers  of  the  committee.  With 
the  increasing  importance  of  gold  conservation  and  the  increasing 
tendency  to  restrict  exports  of  gold  from  other  countries,  the  restric- 
tions of  the  committee  were  made  more  severe  and  limitations  were 
extended  to  earmarking  of  gold  for  foreign  account,  travelers'  allow- 
ances were  decreased,  and  permits  were  issued  only  where  export  was 
necessary  to  the  preservation  of  neutral  trade.  The  committee's  ac- 
tivity was  not  confined  to  ruling  upon  the  desirability  of  exports,  as 
it  attempted  to  suggest  and  improvise  trade  and  foreign  exchange 
devices  that  would  obviate  the  necessity  for  coin  and  bullion  exports. 
The  personnel  of  the  committee  at  the  time  of  organization  was  as 
follows:  W.  P.  G.  Harding,  A.  C.  Miller,  and  P.  M.  Warburg.  The 
retirement  of  Mr.  Warburg  from  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  and  the 
appointment  of  Albert  Strauss  made  the  latter  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee. 

GOLD    AND    SILVER    SECTION,    CHEMICALS    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Created  September  9,  1918.  The  section  urged  reduction  in  size 
of  gold  pens  and  wedding  rings,  and  was  getting  a  program  of  con- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       193 

servation  in  shape  at  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice.    Robert 
B.  Steel,  chief,  succeeded  on  October  15,  1918,  by  C.  H.  Conner. 

GOLD  SITUATION  COMMITTEE,  INTERIOR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  committee  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  July, 
1918,  to  consider  the  conditions  surrounding  the  declining  production 
of  gold.  The  committee  published  a  report  favorable  to  certain  meas- 
ures for  stimulating  production  but  adverse  to  a  subsidy  on  produc- 
tion. The  membership  of  the  committee  was  as  follows:  Hennen 
Jennings  (chairman),  Charles  Janin,  H.  D.  McCloskey,  J.  H.  Mac- 
kenzie, and  F.  L.  Ransome. 

GOVERNMENT  RESEARCH,  INSTITUTE  FOR. 

Established  March  10,  1916.  It  is  an  association  of  citizens  for 
cooperating  with  public  officials  in  the  scientific  study  of  government 
with  a  view  to  promoting  efficiency  and  economy  in  its  operations  and 
advancing  the  science  of  administration.  Its  specific  war  service  was 
along  the  line  of  national  budget  systems  and  finance.  W.  F.  Wil- 
loughby,  director. 

GRAIN  CORPORATION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Delaware  to  direct  con- 
trol of  wheat  and  other  grains  for  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration with  $50,000,000  capital  stock,  Government  owned,  under 
Executive  order  of  August  14,  1917.  The  stock  was  increased  to 
$150,000,000  on  June  21,  1918.  The  first  purpose  of  the  corporation, 
which  began  business  September  4,  1917,  was  to  stabilize  prices  and 
conserve  ample  stocks  while  facilitating  flour  exports  to  allies.  It 
aided  in  the  establishment  of  uniform  grading,  in  maintaining  the 
guaranteed  price  of  wheat,  and  in  purchasing  cereals  for  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  allies.  By  agreement  with  the  War  Trade  Board  it 
licensed  flour  for  export  to  the  Cuban  Council  of  National  Defense. 
In  its  second  harvest  year,  beginning  July  1,  1918,  it  extended  its  con- 
trol, and  together  with  the  Cereal  Division,  Food  Administration, 
completely  controlled  wheat  and  other  grains.  Julius  H.  Barnes, 
president  and  director. 

GRAIN  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Cereal  Division,  United  States  Food  Administration  Grain 
Corporation. 

GRAIN    THRESHING    DIVISION.    UNITED    STATES    FOOD    ADMINISTRATION 
GRAIN  CORPORATION. 

Organized  by  Capt.  Kenneth  D.  Hequembourg,  April  1,  1918.  The 
wheat  growing  counties  in  33  States  were  organized  with  county 
threshing  committees,  and  threshing  machine  experts  were  employed 
in  the  States  to  work  under  the  State  food  administrators.  Federal 
food  administrators  of  21  wheat-growing  States  reported  that  the 
activities  of  the  Grain  Threshing  Division  had  resulted  in  the  saving 
of  22,000.000  bushels  of  wheat  by  assisting  farmers  to  secure  machine^ 
and  expert  labor,  by  conserving  wheat  during  harvest,  and  by  elimi- 
nating waste  and  leaks.  The  work  of  this  division  was  taken  over  by 
127232—19 13 


194       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  Division  of  Rural  Engineering  of  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  February,  1919. 

GREAT  LAKES  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

A  committee  appointed  to  advise  the  Shipping  Board  on  the  mat- 
ter of  just  compensation  to  be  paid,  for  vessels  from  the  Great  Lakes 
to  which  title  had  been  taken.  It  held  extended  hearings  at  which 
owners  had  the  opportunity  to  present  their  claims  in  detail ;  and  on 
January  24,  1918,  it  submitted  a  report  covering  32  vessels.  This 
report  was  reviewed  by  experts  and  both  reports  were  examined  by 
the  board  before  it  determined  on  the  final  amounts  of  compensation 
to  be  paid  in  full  settlement  of  any  and  all  claims  arising  out  of  the 
requisition  order.  The  committee  functioned  prior  to  the  creation 
of  the  Ocean  Advisory  Committee  on  Just  Compensation.  Fitz- 
Henry  Smith,  chairman. 

GREAT  LAKES  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION   OF   OPERATIONS,   UNITED   STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Supervised  the  management  and  operation  of  vessels  constructed 
on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  transfer  of  these  vessels  to  the  seaboard. 
Capt.  M.  S.  Thompson,  in  charge. 

GRINDING  WHEELS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  Association  of  Grinding  Wheel  Manufacturers, 
December  11,  1917.  The  committee  maintained  close  connection  with 
the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  War  Trade  Board.  Carl  F.  Dietz, 
chairman. 

GROCERS'  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL  RETAIL. 

An  old  established  association  which  cooperated  during  the  war 
with  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  A  committee  was 
appointed  December  5,  1917,  which  coordinated  the  work  of  the 
Retail  Grocers'  Association  with  that  of  the  United  States  Food 
Administration.  The  conservation  program  was  indorsed,  and  the 
retail  fair-price  list  was  put  into  effect  as  a  means  of  controlling 
retail  prices.  Jacob  H.  Schaefer,  president. 

GROCERS'  WAR  COUNCIL,  WHOLESALE. 

Organized  by  the  National  Wholesale  Grocers'  Association  of  the 
United  States.  The  council  cooperated  with  the  United  States  Food 
Administration  in  its  conservation  program  by  enlisting  the  support 
of  wholesale  grocers,  helped  to  stabilize  the  food  markets,  and  worked 
for  the  distribution  of  food  products  to  the  consumer  at  the  lowest 
prices  possible.  Samuel  B.  Steele,  chairman. 

GUN  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

One  of  the  original  five  divisions  of  the  Ordnance  Department  in 
existence  prior  to  the  war.  By  order  of  May  23,  1917,  it  became  one 
of  the  10  divisions  of  that  department.  Its  functions  included  the 
design,  procurement,  superintendence  of  production,  and  inspection 
of  artillery  ammunition,  artillery  and  cannon,  powder  and  explo- 
sives, and  trench  warfare  material.  On  September  7,  1917,  the  divi- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       195 

sion  was  reorganized.  In  addition  to  a  General  Control  Section,  there 
were  the  Cannon,  Design,  Purchase,  Inspection,  and  Production  Sec- 
tions. The  Cannon  Section,  after  having  practically  completed  the 
work  of  negotiating  its  contracts,  was  abolished.  In  January,  191b, 
the  Ordnance  Department  was  reorganized,  and  by  order  of  January 
17  the  division  was  dissolved.  The  Design  Section  was  transferred 
to  the  Engineering  Bureau,  the  Production  Section  to  the  Production 
Division,  the  Inspection  Section  to  the  Inspection  Division,  and  the 
Purchase  Section  to  the  Procurement  Division.  The  General  Control 
Section  was  transferred  to  the  Engineering  Bureau;  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Military  Information  Unit,  which  was  transferred  to  the 
General  Administration,  and  the  Coordination  Branch,  which  was. 
transferred  to  the  Control  Bureau.  Col.  Jay  E.  Hoffer,  chief. 

GYPSUM  AND  GYPSUM  PRODUCTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  with  O.  M.  Knode  as  chairman. 

HAND  STAMPS  AND  MARKING  DEVICES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  June  20,  1918,  by  the  International  Stamp  Manufac- 
turers' Association  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  hand  stamps 
and  marking  devices.  The  committee  worked  through  subcommit- 
tees on  steel  stamps,  rubber  stamps,  stencils,  metal  tags,  and  manu- 
facturers of  supplies.  K.  F.  Hershey,  chairman. 

HARDWARE,    CORDAGE,  AND   MISCELLANEOUS   BRANCH,    GENERAL   SUP- 
PLIES DIVISION,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

See  Metals  and  Heavy  Hardware  Branch,  Hardware  and  Metals 
Division,  Quartermaster  General. 

HARDWARE    AND    HAND    TOOL    SECTION,    FINISHED    PRODUCTS    DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  about  October  1,  1917,  as  the  Small-Tools  Section  in 
charge  of  George  E.  Chatillon,  William  A.  Graham  becoming  tem- 
porary chief  April  20,  1918.  The  name  of  the  section  was  changed 
first  to  Hardware  and  Small  Tools,  revised  later  to  its  final  name 
Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section.  Murray  Sargent,  assistant  to 
Mr.  Graham,  became  chief  of  section  July  1,  1918.  The  first  work 
of  the  section  was  directed  at  overcoming  the  shortage  in  textile  pins, 
surgical  and  latch  needles,  and  certain  types  of  wood-handled  tools. 
The  early  confusion  in  Army  purchasing  departments  was  coordi- 
nated by  the  Clearance  Committee,  and  the  appointment  of  a  repre- 
sentative from  each  interested  Government  department  as  a  mem- 
ber of  this  section  and  the  cooperation  of  the  industries  with  the 
section  brought  satisfactory  results.  Work,  for  a  time,  centered 
especially  on  fire  extinguishers,  horseshoes,  hydrants,  valves,  and 
builders',  saddlery,  and  ship  hardware.  The  section  was  discon- 
tinued December  14,  1918. 

See  Clearance  Committee,  Hardware  and  Metal  Division,  Quar- 
termaster Corps. 

HARDWARE  JOBBERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  30,  1918,  to  represent  all  hardware  jobbers  in 
the  United  States,  supplanting  several  committees  then  operating. 


196       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Conservation  Division  and  the 
Hardware  and  Hand  Tools  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
Harry  A.  Block,  chairman. 

HARDWARE  JOBBERS'   (SOUTHERN)    WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  January,  1918,  by  the  Southern  Hardware  Jobbers' 
Association.  It  worked  with  the  Director  of  Steel  and  the  Priorities 
Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Charles  H.  Ireland,  chair- 
man. 

HARDWARE    MANUFACTURERS'    ORGANIZATION   FOR   WAR    SERVICE    (IN- 
CLUDING MILL   SUPPLIES). 

A  federation  of  organizations,  each  branch  of  the  industry  being 
organized  according  to  its  own  desires,  and  represented  by  a  central 
executive  committee.  It  was  formed  January  IT,  1918,  and  opened  a 
Washington  office  on  April  9  in  order  to  bring  the  resources  and 
specialized  knowledge  of  the  trade  into  contact  with  Government 
agencies.  The  firms  engaged  in  the  industry  were  grouped  in  sec- 
tions (wire  and  heavy  hardware,  builders'  hardware  and  small  cast- 
ings, sheet  metal  work,  tools  for  wood  working,  tools  for  metal  work- 
ing, agricultural  tools,  cutlery,  general  supplies,  mill  and  foundry 
supplies,  wooden  products,  etc.).  Each  of  these  sections  was  further 
divided  into  numerous  commodity  divisions.  Murray  Sargent,  ex- 
ecutive manager,  became  chief  of  the  Hardware  and  Tool  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board,  July  1,  1918.  In  September  it  was 
certified  as  a  regular  war  service  committee  in  the  usual  manner ;  and 
on  December  9,  1918,  it  voted  to  turn  over  its  records  and  assets  to 
the  American  Hardware  Manufacturers'  Association.  Charles  W. 
Asbury,  president.  Fayette  E.  Plumb,  chairman  of  executive  com- 
mittee. 

HARDWARE   AND   METALS   BRANCH,    SUPPLY   AND    EQUIPMENT   DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  April  16,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  procurement  of 
hardware  and  kindred  items.  This  branch  was  abolished  May  18, 
1918,  and  its  duties  were  transferred  to  the  Hardware  and  Metals 
Division. 

HARDWARE  AND  METALS  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  May  18,  1918.  This  division  had  charge  of  the  procure- 
ment of  hardware,  office  equipment,  personal  accessories,  and  kin- 
dred items.  The  division  was  abolished  October  28,  1918,  and  its 
duties  were  transferred  to  the  General  Supplies  Division.  The 
division  functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Metals  and 
Heavy  Hardware,  Small  Tools  and  Chests,  Kitchen  and  Camp 
Equipment,  Office  Equipment  and  Sundries,  Contracts  and  Pur- 
chases, Production  and  Inspection,  Administration.  Statistics.  Wil- 
liam A.  Graham,  chief. 


HARDWOOD  EMERGENCY  BUREAU,  NORTHERN. 

Formed  in  November,  1917,  by  a  union  of  the  Michigan  Hardwood 
Manufacturers'  Emergency  Bureau  and  the  Northern  Hemlock  and 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       197 

Hardwood  Manufacturers  Emergency  Bureau,  which  had  operated 
independently  since  June  14, 1917.  It  handled  Government  emergency 
orders  for  lumber  in  cooperation  with  the  Lumber  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board,  making  shipments  for  Government  activities 
in  Illinois,  Michigan,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland. 
At  the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice  it  had  completed  arrange- 
ments at  the  request  of  the  Aircraft  Production  Board  and  the  Lum- 
ber Section  to  produce  the  necessary  birch  and  basswood  logs  to  meet 
the  1919  program  for  veneer  for  aircraft  purposes;  but  with  the 
cessation  of  hostilities,  the  activities  of  the  bureau  ceased.  It  was 
formally  disbanded  February  1, 1919.  Charles  A.  Bigelow,  president. 

HARDWOOD  EMERGENCY  BUREAU,  SOUTHERN. 

Organized  in  June,  1917,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Lumber  Cooper- 
ative Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  by  the  Hard- 
wood Manufacturers'  Association.  Its  office  was  established  at  Cin- 
cinnati. The  functions  were  to  tabulate  stocks  to  expedite  ship- 
ments, and  to  distribute  Government  orders.  Orders  for  foreign 
Governments  were  also  placed  through  this  bureau.  It  was  run  on 
a  cooperative  basis,  the  expenses  being  prorated  among  those  mills 
receiving  orders.  F.  E.  Godd,  secretary. 

HARNESS    SECTION,    LEATHER    AND    RUBBER    BRANCH,    CLOTHING    AND 
EQUIPAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  October  8,  1918.  It  was  responsible  for  procurement, 
production,  and  inspection  of  harness  and  leather  equipment,  speci- 
fications, and  designs  for  saddlery  hardware.  A.  F.  Cochran,  chief. 

HARNESS,  BAG,  AND  STRAP  LEATHER  SECTION. 

See  Upper  and  Harness,  Bag  and  Strap  Leather -Section,  War  In- 
dustries Board. 

HARNESS    AND    PERSONAL    EQUIPMENT    SECTION,    HIDES,    LEATHER,    AND 
LEATHER  GOODS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June  12,  1918.  This  section  obtained  and  furnished  to 
manufacturers  too  distant  to  make  trips  to  Washington  information 
regarding  their  industry.  Conservation  plans  were  also  made,  which, 
through  a  circular  issued  by  the  Conservation  Division  October  5, 
1918,  eliminated  75  per  cent  of  styles  and  types.  No  steps  toward 
price  fixing  or  restrictions  as  to  sales  in  this  industry  were  found 
necessary.  Charles  A.  Rogers,  chief. 

HARNESS  AND  SADDLERY  ADJUSTMENT  COMMISSION,  NATIONAL. 

Created  by  an  agreement  between  the  L^nited  States  of  America 
and  45  harness  and  saddlery  manufacturers  and  the  United  Leather 
Workers'  International  Union  on  September  26,  1917.  It  was  the 
function  of  the  commission  to  adjust  all  differences  between  con- 
tractors and  employees  engaged  in  the  production  of  harness  and 
saddlery  for  the  Government.  The  agreement  was  to  be  in  force  for 
the  duration  of  the  war.  It  provided  that  there  should  be  no  inter- 
ruption of  work  under  Government  contract.  The  commission  fixed 
standard  wages  for  skilled  workers  and  hours  of  labor.  It  consisted 


198       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  191*7. 

originally  of  five  members.  Three  of  these  were  appointed  by  the 
Secretary  of  War,  one  of  whom  was  chairman  of  the  commission. 
Of  the  other  two  War  Department  representatives,  one  was  ap- 
pointed to  act  on  matters  affecting  the  Quartermaster  Department 
and  the  other  on  matters  affecting  the  Ordnance  Department.  In 
addition  there  was  one  representative  of  the  contractors  and  one  of 
the  union.  When  the  purchase  of  all  harness  and  leather  goods  was 
centralized  in  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division,  the  War 
Department  representation  on  this  commission  was  reduced  to  one, 
the  chairman.  Stanley  King  was  the  first  chairman.  In  July,  1918, 
he  was  succeeded  by  Maj.  Samuel  J.  Rosensohn.  The  commission 
was  dissolved  in  January,  1919. 

HAT    REPAIR    BRANCH,    CONSERVATION    AND    RECLAMATION    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  April  16,  1918,  and  responsible  to  Reclamation  Divi- 
sion prior  to  April  22,  1918.  It  was  abolished  October  28,  1918, 
when  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Clothing  Renovation  Branch, 
Salvage  Division.  E.  Lero}'  Cummings,  chief. 

HAT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE,  WHOLESALE. 

Appointed  July  10,  1917,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  whole- 
sale hats,  fur  felt  hats,  and  straw  hats.  The  committee  was  sub- 
divided into  the  Felt  Hat  and  Straw  Hat  Committees  in  August, 
1918.  R.  G.  Langenberg,  chairman. 

HATTERS'  FUR  CUTTERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  2,  1918,  with  Aaron  Naumburg  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  Hatters'  Fur  Cutters  before  the  War  Trade  Board  and 
the  War  Industries  Board. 

HEAD   SURGERY,   SECTION    OF;    DIVISION    OF    SURGERY,    SURGEON    GEN- 
ERAL'S OFFICE. 

Established  by  verbal  order  of  the  Surgeon  General,  July,  1917. 
Its  principal  duties  were  as  follows:  The  classification  of  commis- 
sioned personnel;  the  standardization  of  equipment  and  material; 
the  revision  of  physical  standards  for  entrance  into  the  Army  as 
regards  eye,  ear,  nose,  and  throat;  the  organization  of  instruction 
in  camps  and  special  schools;  and  the  recommendation  of  specialists 
for  hospitals  in  the  United  States  and  for  service  abroad.  From 
the  date  of  its  creation  to  June  8,  1918,  the  section  was  under  the 
control  of  Maj.  (later  Brig.  Gen.)  F.  C.  Lyster,  and  from  June  8, 
1918,  to  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  under  the  supervision  of  Lieut. 
Col.  (later  Col.)  Walter  R.  Parker.  There  were  subsections  of 
Ophthalmology,  Otolaryngology,  and  Neuro-Surgery,  and  a  Maxillo- 
Facial  Subsection. 

HEALTH  AND  MEDICAL  RELIEF,  COMMITTEE  ON;  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointed  September  25,  1918.  This  committee  was  directed  to 
conduct  a  survey  of  health  conditions  among  the  employees  of  rail- 
roads under  Federal  control  and  to  submit  recommendations  concern- 
ing methods  of  improvement.  D.  Z.  Dunott.  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       199 

HEALTH  AND  RECREATION  DEPARTMENT,  WOMAN'S  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

The  purpose  of  this  department,  originally  called  Department  for 
the  Safeguarding  of  Moral  and  Spiritual  Forces,  was  to  cooperate 
with  the  various  social  welfare  organizations  in  providing  condi- 
tions for  the  protection  of  the  health  and  facilities  for  recreation  in 
camps  and  camp  vicinities.  It  helped  to  provide  canteens,  entertain- 
ments, libraries,  and  recreation  centers,  and  to  secure  hospitality 
for  soldiers  in  homes  in  the  neighborhoods  of  camps.  As  a  part  of 
its  protective  work  for  girls  it  gave  classes  in  social  hygiene,  had 
police  women  appointed  to  inspect  dance  halls,  secured  the  estab- 
lishment of  special  clinics  and  proper  detention  homes,  and  cooper- 
ated with  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  in  providing 
forms  of  patriotic  work  and  recreation.  Mrs.  Philip  N.  Moore, 
chairman. 

HEALTH  AND  SANITATION,   DEPARTMENT   OF;    UNITED   STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD   EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Organized  in  December,  1917.  Upon  the  formation  of  the  General 
Service  Division  in  February,  1918,  it  became  the  Department  of 
Welfare  and  Sanitation  of  that  division,  and  upon  the  organization 
of  the  Industrial  Relations  Division  in  May,  1918,  it  became  the 
Health  and  Sanitation  Section.  Its  functions  were  to  improve  sani- 
tary conditions  in  and  about  old 'shipyards  and  establish  standard 
conditions  in  new  ones.  It  supervised  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
physical  welfare  of  the  shipworker,  made  provision  for  dispensaries, 
hospital  facilities,  medical  inspection,  and  quarantine;  investigated 
and  corrected  problems  of  water  supply,  sewage  disposal,  toilet  facili- 
ties, and  sanitary  conditions  in  restaurants  and  living  quarters ;  and 
waged  campaigns  for  the  extermination  of  flies  and  mosquitoes,  and 
the  education  of  the  shipworker  in  matters  of  hygiene.  Lieut.  Col. 
Philip  Schuyler  Doane  was  head  of  the  service  up  to  November,  1918, 
after  which  it  was  taken  over  by  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  under  the  terms  of  an  Executive  order  of  the  President, 
issued  July  1, 1918. 

HEALTH   AND    SANITATION   SECTION,   INDUSTRIAL   RELATIONS    DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Health  and  Sanitation  Department,  United  States  Shipping 
Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

HEMLOCK  AND  HARDWOOD  MANUFACTURERS'  EMERGENCY  BUREAU. 

See  Northern  Hemlock  and  Hardwood  Manufacturers9  Emergency 
Bureau. 

HIDE  AND  LEATHER  CONTROL  BOARD,  SUPPLY  AND  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  February  7,  1918,  under  the  reorganization  of  the 
Quartermaster  Department,  with  C.  F.  C.  Stout,  chief.  This  board 
shortly  became  the  Hide  and  Leather  Control  Branch  of  the  Supply 
and  Equipment  Division  (later  the  Clothing  and  Equipage  Division) . 
In  the  latter  part  of  March  the  chief  of  the  Hide  and  Leather  Con- 
trol Branch  was  appointed  by  the  chairman  of  the  War  Industries 


200       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Board  as  chief  of  the  Hide,  Leather,  and  Tanning  Materials  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board.  However,  about  May  15,  1918,  the 
work  relating  to  tanning  materials  together  with  its  personnel  was 
transferred  to  the  Chemical  Division.  On  October  1,  1918,  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  Hide  and  Leather  Control  Branch  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps,  with  the  exception  of  an  attached  body  of  field  men,  was 
transferred  to  the  War  Industries  Board ;  and  the  Hide,  Leather,  and 
Tanning  Materials  Division  became  the  Hide,  Leather,  and  Leather 
Goods  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  For  the  functions  of 
the  board  and  the  sections  established  by  it  see  Hide,  Leather,  and 
Leather  Goods  Division,  War  Industries  Board. 

HIDE  AND  LEATHER  CONTROL  BRANCH,   SUPPLY  AND   EQUIPMENT  DIVI- 
SION,  QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

A  reorganization  of  the  Hide  and  Leather  Control  Board,  under 
the  same  chairman,  C.  F.  C.  Stout,  with  jurisdiction  over  the  pro- 
duction of  leather  of  all  kinds  and  tanning  materials,  functioning 
through  the  following  sections:  Sole  and  Belting  Leather,  Upper 
Leather,  Harness,  Bag  and  Strap  Leather,  Sheepskins  and  Glove, 
Administrative,  Tanning  Materials,  Hides  and  Skins.  After  the 
transfer  of  the  chief  from  this  branch  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
in  March,  1918,  to  the  Hide,  Leather,  and  Tanning  Materials  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board,  because  of  a  question  which  arose 
over  the  transfer  of  the  jurisdiction  over  tanning  materials,  the  work 
relating  to  tanning  materials  and  the  personnel  connected  therewith 
were  transferred  May  15,  1918,  to  the  Chemical  Division,  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  The  formation,  beginning  in  May,  1918,  of  finished 
(leather)  production  sections  by  the  War  Industries  Board  brought 
about  the  transfer  of  the  personnel  of  the  branch,  with  the  exception 
of  certain  field  men,  from  the  Quartermaster  Corps  to  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  on  October  1, 1918.  The  Hide,  Leather,  and  Tanning 
Materials  Section  of  that  board  thereupon  became  its  Hide,  Leather, 
and  Leather  Goods  Division. 

HIDE,    LEATHER,    AND    LEATHER    GOODS    DIVISION,    FINISHED    PRODUCTS 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  as  a  reorganization  of  the  combined  Hide 
and  Leather  Control  Branch  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the 
Hide,  Leather,  and  Tanning  Material  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  It  organized  eight  finished  products  sections :  Sole  and  Belt- 
ing Leather;  Upper  Leather;  Harness,  Bag,  and  Strap  Leather; 
Sheepskins  and  Glove  Leather ;  Boots  and  Shoes ;  Harness,  Saddlery, 
and  Personal  Equipment;  Gloves  and  Leather  Clothing;  Belting; 
Hides  and  Skins.  The  division  provided  for  Government,  civilian, 
and  allied  requirements,  and  placed  the  leather  industry  on  a  war 
footing  by  protecting  it  against  collective  buying  of  other  nations, 
by  stabilizing  prices,  by  eliminating  nonessentials,  and  by  allocating 
materials.  The  division  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  C.  F. 
C.  Stout,  chief. 

HIDE,  LEATHER,  AND  TANNING  MATERIAL  DIVISION. 

See  Hide,  Leather,  and  Leather  Goods  Division,  War  Industries 
Board. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      201 

HIDE,  LEATHER,  TANNING  MATERIAL,  AND  LEATHER  PRODUCTS  SECTION, 
FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  March  26,  1918,  to  handle  all  matters  in  connection  with 
the  hide  and  leather  industry,  taking  over  the  work  done  in  the 
Quartermaster  Corps  since  February,  1918.  It  built  up  a  program  of 
control  and  allocation  of  suitable  hides,  of  manufacture  of  suitable 
leather,  of  elimination  of  nonessentials  and  of  practice  of  economies 
in  conjunction  with  the  industries  themselves  and  the  Conservation 
Division,  War  Industries  Board.  On  October  1,  1918,  this  section 
and  its  subsections  (Sole  Leather,  Upper  Leather,  Harness,  Bag  and 
Strap  Leather,  Sheepskin  and  Glove  Leather,  Hides  and  Skins,  Har- 
ness Saddlery  and  Leather  Equipment,  Boots  and  Shoes)  were  ab- 
sorbed into  the  reorganized  Hides,  Leather,  and  Leather  Goods  Divi- 
sion, War  Industries  Board.  C.  F.  C.  Stout,  chief. 

HIDE  AND  SKIN  SECTION,  HIDES,   LEATHER,  AND  LEA1HER  GOODS  DIVI- 
SION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES   BOARD. 

This  section  began  work  May  2,  19i8,  its  members  also  serving  on 
the  Hide  and  Leather  Control  Branch  of  the  Supply  and  Equipment 
Division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  until  that  was  abolished  Octo- 
ber 1,  1918.  It  was  organized  to  prevent  a  runaway  market  threat- 
ened because  of  embargo  on  imports  and  increased  Government  de- 
mands. It  published  a  schedule  of  maximum  prices  May  1,  1918 
(republished  in  corrected  form  June  7),  which  had  been  recom- 
mended to  and  adopted  by  the  Price  Fixing  Committee;  it  estab- 
lished allocation  to  meet  restrictions  on  sale  and  importations  of  for- 
eign hides  made  by  the  War  Trade  Board ;  it  made  a  regulation  Au- 
gust 1,  1918,  designed  to  conserve  domestic  hides  and  skins  by  im- 
proving the  take-off  and  subsequent  care  of  hides.  The  work  of  the 
section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918,  with  a  recommendation 
that  its  activities  be  continued  by  the  Bureau  of  Markets  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  Owen  C.  Howe,  chief. 

HIGHWAYS   COUNCIL,   UNITED   STATES;    DEPARTMENT    OF   AGRICULTURE. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  United  States  Highways  Council  was  held 
June  8,  1918.  It  included  one  representative  each  from  the  War  De- 
partment, the  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  United  States  Railroad 
Administration,  the  War  Industries  Board,  and  the  United  States 
Fuel  Administration.  The  purpose  of  the  council  was  to  coordinate 
the  functions  of  all  Government  agencies  in  so  far  as  they  related  to 
streets  and  highways.  It  constituted  a  single  agency  in  the  nature  of 
a  clearing  house  where  all  such  projects  calling  for  Government  ac- 
tion might  be  considered.  It  was  the  policy  of  the  council  to  work 
through  the  various  State  highways  departments.  One  important 
phase  of  the  council's  work  was  to  emphasize  the  necessity  for  con- 
serving money,  transportation  equipment,  labor,  and  materials  by 
restricting  street  and  highway  work  to  the  most  essential  needs. 
L.  W.  Page,  chairman. 

HIGHWAYS  TRANSPORT  COMMITTEE,   COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

The  Highways  Transport  Committee  was  organized  and  held  its 
first  meeting  November  15,  1917.  Its  purpose  was  to  strengthen  the 
national  transportation  system  by  encouraging  traffic  upon  the  coun- 


202       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

try's  highways,  particularly  to  afford  relief  to  the  railroads.  A 
decentralized  plan  of  organization  was  drawn  up  to  carry  out  the 
policies  of  the  committee.  There  were  State  highways  transport  com- 
mittees, responsible  to  each  of  which  were  five  district  committees. 
Subordinate  to  the  district  committees  were  county  committees,  which 
in  turn  worked  through  community  committees.  Necessarily  this 
organization  frequently  varied  in  its  details.  It  was  also  found 
desirable  to  appoint  regional  chairmen  to  supervise  the  work  in  cer- 
tain groups  of  States,  called  regions.  They  assisted  in  maintaining 
contact  between  the  State  highways  transport  committees  and  Wash- 
ington headquarters.  The  organization  formulated  and  carried  out 
a  number  of  important  policies.  It  assisted  the  War  Department  in 
the  routing  of  its  motor-truck  convoy  service,  which  had  for  its 
object  the  quick  delivery  of  Army  trucks,  the  saving  of  railroad 
transportation,  and  the  training  of  Army  truck  drivers.  It  encour- 
aged the  removal  of  snow  from  the  main  highways.  It  sought  to 
relieve  railroad  terminal  congestion  by  causing  the  delivery  of  goods 
directly  to  consignees  immediately  upon  arrival,  and  it  encouraged 
the  carrying  of  return  loads  by  motor  vehicles.  It  developed  rural 
motor  express  routes  from  agricultural  areas  to  consuming  centers 
or  shipping  points,  thus  facilitating  the  delivery  of  food  products 
and  saving  farm  labor  which  would  otherwise  have  been  required 
in  carrying  them  to  market.  The  original  committee  consisted  of 
Boy  D.  Chapin  (chairman),  Logan  W.  Page,  and  George  H.  Price. 
Mr.  Price  was  later  succeeded  by  H.  G.  Shirley.  Mr.  Chapin  was 
succeeded  by  J.  S.  Cravens  in  January,  1919.  On  April  9,  1919,  a 
reorganization  was  effected,  after  which  the  personnel  of  the  com- 
mittee was  as  follows:  J.  S.  Cravens,  Council  of  National  Defense, 
chairman;  J.  I.  Blakslee,  Fourth  Assistant  Postmaster  General;  J. 
M.  Goodell;  J.  H.  Collins;  E.  S.  MacElwee;  C.  W.  Keid,  executive 
secretary;  and  G.  B.  Clarkson,  director  of  the  council,  ex  officio. 
There  was  also  an  advisory  board,  consisting  of  W.  P.  Eno,  A.  H. 
Blanchard,  C.  A.  Musselman,  Eaymond  Buck,  and  J.  T.  Stockton. 

HIGHWAYS  WAR  SEEVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  November,  1918,  by  the  Highway  Industries  Asso- 
ciation representing  that  association,  the  American  Association  of 
State  Highway  Officials,  and  the  American  Automobile  Association. 
S.  M.  Williams,  chairman. 

HISTORICAL  BRANCH,  WAR  PLANS  DIVISION,  GENERAL   STAFF. 

Organized  in  March,  1918,  to  compile  historical  data  relating  to 
American  participation  in  the  War  of  1917.  Its  work  was  per- 
formed by  an  administration  section  and  by  other  sections  upon  Gen- 
eral Military  History,  Military  Mobilization,  Economic  Mobiliza- 
tion, Diplomatic  Relations,  Operations,  and  Pictorial.  Col.  C.  W. 
Weeks,  chief. 

HISTORICAL  SERVICE,  NATIONAL  BOARD  FOR. 

Created  April  28, 1918,  at  a  conference  of  historians  held  in  Wash- 
ington. It  remained  in  continuous  session  throughout  the  war,  un- 
der the  successive  chairmanship  of  James  J.  Shotwell,  Evarts  B. 
Greene,  and  Dana  C.  Munro.  It  provided  material  and  expert 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      203 

critical  service  for  various  agencies,  including  in  particular  the 
Committee  on  Public  Information  and  the  War  Issues  Course  of  the 
Students'  Army  Training  Corps. 

HOG  CHOLERA  CONTROL,  OFFICE  OF;  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  organized  February  IT,  1917.  The  work  of 
this  office  in  suppressing  hog  cholera  became  of  great  importance 
during  the  war  because  of  the  vital  necessity  of  food  conservation. 
The  office  increased  its  force  of  veterinarians  from  85,  the  normal 
number,  to  about  160.  The  work  was  extended  to  fourteen  States 
that  had  not  been  touched  prior  to  the  war,  and  activities  were  ex- 
tended to  cover  the  entire  area  of  States  that  had  previously  been 
covered  only  in  part.  The  results  of  these  additional  efforts  were 
shown  in  a  rate  of  swine  mortality  from  hog  cholera  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1918,  of  38  per  1.000,  the  lowest  on  record.  O.  B. 
Hess,  in  charge. 

HOLLOW  BUILDING  TILE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

The  Hollow  Building  Tile  War  Service  Committee  was  organized 
by  the  building  material  section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The 
committee  maintained  an  office  in  Washington;  allocated  orders  for 
tile  for  various  branches  of  the  Government,  and  maintained  an 
engineering  department  to  counsel  and  advise  with  the  construction 
divisions  of  various  Government  departments.  The  committee  re- 
duced the  number  of  sizes  of  tile  which  were  used  in  conformity  with 
the  government-adopted  standards  of  manufacture.  H.  M.  Keasbey, 
chairman. 

HOME  CONSERVATION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  April,  1918.  Experiments  were  made  for  the  develop- 
ment and  providing  of  conservation  recipes  and  the  results  made 
known  in  newspapers  and  periodicals  and  by  pamphlets  distributed 
through  libraries,  women's  organizations,  and  State  merchants'  asso- 
ciations. The  work  was  decentralized  .by  the  appointment  in  each 
State  of  a  home  economics  director.  Miss  Sarah  Splint,  Miss  Martha 
Van  Rennsselaer,  chiefs. 

HOME    ECONOMICS,    OFFICE    OF;     STATES    RELATIONS    SERVICE,    DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  office,  the  war-time  functions  of  which  included 
studies  of  war  foods  and  diets  and  the  preparation  of  numerous  pam- 
phlets for  vise  in  connection  with  the  extension  work,  and  for  general 
distribution  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  United  States 
Food  Administration.  In  cooperation  with  other  bureaus  the  office 
made  special  studies  of  the  use  of  dried  fruits  and  vegetables,  of  the 
use  of  cottage  cheese,  and  other  matters  relating  to  food  values  and 
uses  of  milk,  in  order  that  proper  use  might  be  made  of  these  avail- 
able foods  to  take  the  place  of  wheat  and  fats  desired  for  exportation 
to  European  countries.  In  connection  with  the  United  States  Food 
Administration,  the  Bureau  of  Education  and  Department  of  In- 
terior it  issued  a  series  of  leaflets  for  popular  use  in  educating  the 
public  to  the  necessity  for  changing  its  diet  to  release  wheat  and  fats, 


204       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

and  in  addition  gave  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  thrift  in  the  use  of 
clothing,  household  supplies,  and  equipment.  It  also  prepared  a 
series  of  outlines  for  courses  of  instruction  in  food  conservation  de- 
signed for  women  college  students  interested  in  food  conservation  who 
were  to  go  back  into  their  own  communities  as  volunteer  workers. 
C.  F.  Langworthy,  chief. 

HOME  AND  FOREIGN  RELIEF  DEPARTMENT,  WOMAN'S  COMMITTEE,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Established  to  cooperate  with  the  American  National  Red  Cross 
and  other  relief  organizations,  and  in  the  States  the  intensive  or- 
ganization of  the  State  divisions  was  frequently  used  to  raise  funds 
or  recruit  workers  for  relief  agencies.  Miss  Maude  Wetmore.  chair- 
man. 

HOMESEEKERS'  BUREAU,  AGRICULTURAL  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  TRAFFIC, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Homeseekers'  Bureau  was  established  in  January,  1919,  for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  information  to  returning  soldiers  and  to 
war  workers  regarding  land  available  in  various  parts  of  the  country 
for  farming,  stock  raising  and  dairying.  Literature  describing  op- 
portunities of  this  sort  was  made  available  for  distribution  at  rail- 
road ticket  offices,  demobilization  camps,  etc.  Railroad  agricultural 
agents,  as  members  of  the  Homeseekers'  Bureau,  were  organized 
into  State  groups  and  were  given  the  task  of  gathering  the  necessary 
data.  The  States  within  whose  boundaries  most  of  the  available 
land  was  located  were  divided  into  two  groups,  one  of  which  was 
supervised  by  the  North  and  West  Committee  of  Railroad  Agricul- 
tural Agents,  and  the  other  by  the  .South  Committee  of  Railroad 
Agricultural  Agents.  The  Railroad  Administration  also  cooperated 
with  the  State  agricultural  colleges  and  the  State  boards  of  agricul- 
ture. J.  L.  Edwards,  manager  of  the  Agricultural  Section  of  the 
Division  of  Traffic,  had  general  charge  of  the  work,  while  J.  T. 
Janell  was  supervisor  of  the  bureau  itself. 

HOMES  REGISTRATION  AND  INFORMATION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUS- 
TRIAL HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  COR- 
PORATION, DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

The  United  States  Housing  Corporation  began  its  work  of  reliev- 
ing housing  congestion  through  this  division.  When  the  housing 
needs  of  a  community  executing  war  contracts  had  been  indorsed  by 
a  Government  department  the  corporation  established  a  Homes 
Registration  Service  through  one  of  its  field  agents  in  cooperation 
with  local  and  civic  and  welfare  organizations.  A  survey  of  the  city 
was  made  to  determine  the  number  of  vacant  rooms  and  houses  avail- 
able, a  "  Take-a-Roomer "  campaign  was  waged,  and  a  registry  of 
vacancies  was  maintained  for  public  use.  A  Committee  on  Rent 
Profiteering  was  appointed  to  hear  cases  brought  before  it  and  to 
publish  the  facts  if  the  landlord  refused  to  make  adjustment.  The 
Washington  division  settled  disputes  arising  between  landlord  and 
tenant  in  connection  with  the  Saulsbury  resolution.  When  the 
armistice  was  signed,  66  room  registries  had  been  established,  and  a 
total  of  31,389  placements  had  been  made.  The  division  worked 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      205 

through  the  Information,  Education,  and  Eeference  Library  Sec- 
tions, and  the  Committee  on  [Requisitioned  Houses.  Dr.  James  Ford, 
manager. 

HOOKS  AND  EYES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  7,  1918,  with  George  A.  Driggs  as  chairman, 
to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  hooks  and  eyes. 

HOSIERY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  to  represent  the  hosiery,  underwear,  and  sweater  divi- 
sions of  the  knitting  industry,  in  accordance  with  a  recommendation 
of  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  organized  January 
15, 1918.  It  operated  through  subcommittees  on  Government  Service, 
Distribution,  Transportation  and  Foreign  Trade,  and  Priority.  In 
August  the  committee  was  reorganized  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
After  the  armistice  it  undertook  to  assist  the  Surplus  Property  Di- 
vision of  the  War  Department  in  disposing  of  surplus  hosiery.  F.  L. 
Chipinan,  chairman. 

HOSPITAL  DIVISION,  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Established  June,  1917.  This  division  was  responsible  to  the  Sur- 
geon General  for  the  establishment  and  operation  of  (1)  all  general 
hospitals  in  the  United  States  for  the  treatment  of  all  general  hos- 
pital cases,  returned  oversea  casualties,  and  other  classes  of  patients 
requiring  treatment  therein;  (2)  all  base  hospitals  at  the  larger 
camps  and  cantonments  in  the  United  States;  (3)  all  debarkation 
and  embarkation  hospitals  at  United  States  ports;  and  (4)  depart- 
ment hospitals.  Prior  to  March  25,  1919,  the  Hospital  Division 
functioned  through  the  Administrative  Branch  and  the  Planning 
and  Construction  Branch.  After  March  25,  1919,  it  functioned 
through  the  Procurement,  Administration,  Census,  and  Inspections 
sections.  The  division  was  directed  successively  by  the  following 
chiefs:  May  21.  1917,  to  February  11,  1918,  Col.  J.  D.  Glenman; 
February  12,  1918,  to  October  15,  1918,  Brig.  Gen.  K.  E.  Noble; 
October  15,  1918,  to  March  25,  1919,  Col.  Winford  H.  Smith,  and 
from  March  25,  1919,  Lieut.  Col.  Floyd  Kramer. 


HOSPITAL  FURNITURE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  19,  1918,  with  S.  G.  Scanlon  as  chairman,  to 
represent  the  manufacturers  of  metal  hospital  furniture.  The  com- 
mittee cooperated  with  the  Medical  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  A.  M.  Clark  was  later  elected  chairman. 

HOSPITALS    COMMITTEE,    GENERAL    MEDICAL    BOARD,    COUNCIL    OF    NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

This  committee  classified  the  hospitals  of  the  United  States,  its 
card  catalogue  data  including  also  nursing  and  social  service;  it 
worked  out  a  plan  for  hospitalization  of  returned  soldiers,  made 
studies  of  uniformity  in  names  of  diseases,  injuries,  and  operations. 
Dr.  Winford  Smith,  chairman,  succeeded  by  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Flint. 


206       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
HOSPITALS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  17,  1917,  by  the  American  Hospital  Associa- 
tion to  advise  the  Government  as  to  the  use  of  general  hospitals  for 
military  purposes.  It  collaborated  with  the  Committee  on  Hospitals 
working  under  the  General  Medical  Board  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense.  Dr.  S.  S.  Goldwater,  chairman. 

HOTEL,  RESTAURANT,  DINING  CAR,  AND  STEAMSHIP  SECTION,  CONSERVA- 
TION DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  August,  1917.  The  country  was  divided  into  eight 
districts,  each  with  a  prominent  hotel  man  in  charge;  and  in  each 
State  a  chairman  was  appointed  to  organize  the  work  among  hotels 
and  restaurants  and  to  cooperate  with  the  State  food  administrator. 
Pledge  cards  were  used  as  a  basis  of  compliance  with  the  wishes  of 
the  division  and  control  was  voluntary  in  all  cases  except  over  flour 
and  sugar.  A  steamship  section  was, formed  October  30,  1917.  Co- 
operation of  dining-car  services  was  secured  through  the  Association 
of  Dining  Car  Superintendents.  John  McE.  Bowman  in  charge. 

HOUSING  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION,  ORDNANCE  DEPART- 
MENT. 

Created  in  December,  1917.  It  supervised  the  scope  and  design  of 
housing  projects  for  industrial  workers  at  private  and  Government- 
owned  plants  where  ordnance  material  was  manufactured.  Where 
the  funds  for  housing  projects  were  provided  by  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment, this  branch  outlined  the  general  scheme  of  development, 
prepared  sketch  plans  for  buildings  and  street  layouts,  estimated 
costs,  and* approved  the  developed  projects.  After  the  formation  in 
July,  1918,  of  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation,  which  there- 
after carried  put  all  new  Government  housing  projects  except  those 
for  the  Shipping  Board,  it  was  the  function  of  this  branch  to  analyze 
and  present  the  needs  for  housing  at  ordnance  establishments  and 
to  make  requests  that  these  needs  be  supplied  by  the  Housing 
Corporation.  P.  R.  Macneille,  chief. 

HOUSING,  COMMITTEE  ON;   COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

A  committee  of  five,  appointed  by  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense in  October,  1917,  to  report  on  the  situation  regarding  housing 
of  industrial  workers.  A  two-weeks'  hearing  was  held  in  October, 
and  showed  the  extent  to  which  war  contracts  were  being  held  up 
because  of  lack  of  housing  for  available  labor.  The  committee  rec- 
ommended to  the  council  that  a  Government  agency  be  enacted  and 
funds  appropriated  to  provide  such  housing,  and  a  special  report 
on  the  financing  of  such  an  enterprise  was  made.  On  January  10, 
1918,  the  administration  of  housing  matters  was  taken  over  by  the 
Department  of  Labor,  and  on  February  12,  the  chairman  became 
director  of  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Housing  and  Transportation. 
Otto  M.  Eidlitz,  chairman. 

HOUSING    COMMITTEE,    WOMEN    IN    INDUSTRY    DEPARTMENT,    WOMAN'S 
COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

A  committee  of  representative  women  employees  in  Government 
offices  called  together  by  the  chairman  of  the  Women  in  Industry 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      207 

Department.  It  advised  with  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Living  Conditions  of  the  Department  of  Labor  concerning  housing 
problems  in  Washington.  Suggestions  were  drawn  up  by  the  com- 
mittee to  express  the  needs  and  wishes  of  women  workers  in  regard 
to  housing. 

HOUSING  CORPORATION,  UNITED  STATES;  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUS- 
ING AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Incorporated  under  the  laws  of  New  York  July  10,  1918,  with -a 
capital  stock  of  $100,000,000  held  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor.  The 
incorporation  made  it  possible  for  the  bureau  to  carry  on  its  work 
more  independently  than  otherwise,  and  to  pay  taxes  to  States  and 
municipalities  which  cooperated  with  the  bureau  in  the  new  develop- 
ments by  providing  public  utilities.  The  organization  and  personnel 
of  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation  and  the  Bureau  of  Indus- 
trial Housing  and  Transportation  were  identical.  The  board  of 
directors  was  as  follows:  Otto  M.  Eidlitz,  president;  Joseph  D.  Le- 
land,  3d  vice  president;  Burt  L.  Fenner,  secretary;  George  G.  Box, 
treasurer ;  John  W.  Alvord,  Charles  B.  Rowland,  Frederick  L.  Olm- 
stead,  William  E.  Shannon,  and  William  J.  Spencer.  After  Feb- 
ruary 26, 1919,  the  officers  were:  L.  K.  Sherman,  president;  Irving  E. 
Macomber,  vice  president;  C.  H.  Brewster,  treasurer;  and  Stuart 
Chevalier,  secretary. 

HOUSING  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION  OF  GENERAL  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  in  December,  1917,  as  part  of  the  Shipyard  Plants  Divi- 
sion, to  undertake  the  solution  of  the  housing  problem  in  shipyards. 
Investigation  showed  that  the  lack  of  housing  facilities  for  shipyard 
workers  and  the  resulting  enormous  labor  turn-over  were  seriously 
hampering  the  program  of  ship  construction.  The  department 
caused  the  shipyard  housing  bill  to  be  introduced  in  Congress.  The 
bill,  which  was  passed  March  2,  1918,  made  an  appropriation  of 
$50,000,000  for  shipyard  housing,  the  amount  being  later  increased 
to  $75,000,000,  with  an  additional  $20,000,000  for  transportation.  On 
February  23,  1918,  the  department  was  transferred  to  the  Division 
of  General  Service.  On  May  7,  1918,  the  department  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  Passenger  Transportation  Service  Section  to  form  the 
Division  of  Passenger  Transportation  and  Housing.  J.  Rogers 
Flannery,  director. 

HOUSING  DEPARTMENT,  PASSENGER  TRANSPORTATION  AND  HOUSING 
DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  COR- 
PORATION. 

Created  May  7,  1918,  upon  the  organization  of  the  Passenger 
Transportation  and  Housing  Division.  When  congested  housing 
conditions  in  a  shipyard  district  were  reported  to  the  section,  in- 
vestigation was  made  of  the  yard,  its  contracts  with  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation,  its  standing,  and  the  number  of  its  employees. 
After  existing  housing  had  been  made  available  by  making  a  house- 
to-house  canvass  and  by  extending  transportation  facilities  to  less 
congested  districts,  construction  was  undertaken.  Sites,  in  all  cases 
but  Hog  Island  and  St.  Helena,  were  acquired  without  expense  to 


208       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  in  any  of  the  following  methods : 
(1)  For  the  account  and  with  the  funds  of  the  shipbuilder;  (2)  from 
a  fund  contributed  by  citizens  to  a  corporation  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose; (3)  through  a  corporation  formed  by  some  public  body,  such 
as  a  board  of  trade.  In  each  case  a  corporation  or  realty  company 
subsidiary  to  the  shipbuilding  company  was  formed  to  take  title  to 
the  land.  The  realty  company  gave  bond  for  all  advances  made, 
secured  by  blanket  mortgage,  with  provisions  for  release  in  case  of 
sales  to  shipyard  workers.  Loans  were  then  made  by  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  to  the  realty  company  through  the  shipbuilding 
company.  Control  of  sales  and  rental  was  in  the  hands  of  the  cor- 
poration for  the  period  of  the  war.  Public  utilities,  including  street 
improvements,  gas,  electricity,  and  water,  were  made  by  local  com- 
plies whether  privately  or  municipally  owned,  loans  being  made  on 
a  5  per  cent  basis,  payable  no  later  than  five  years  after  the  war. 
The  construction  of  the  projects  was  handled  by  the  Production 
Bureau  of  the  Housing  Department,  the  architect,  engineer,  and 
town  planner  being  especially  employed  on  a  cost-plus-fixed- fee  basis, 
and  the  supervisor,  project  engineer,  and  superintendent  being  salaried 
employees  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  Materials  were  pur- 
chased through  the  Construction  Division  of  the  Army,  and  laborers 
were  paid  by  the  corporation  at  a  scale  fixed  by  the  Labor  Adjust- 
ment Board.  Management  of  the  finished  houses  was  under  the 
control  of  the  Property  Bureau  which  had  supervision  of  the  man- 
agers of  each  realty  company.  J.  Willison  Smith  was  director. 

HOUSING,  SECTION  ON;    SUBCOMMITTEE  ON  WELFARE  WORK,  COMMITTEE 
ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  June  28,  1917,  by  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Labor.  It  carried  on  the  first  general  investigation  of  housing  con- 
ditions in  munitions-making  and  shipbuilding  centers  throughout  the 
country.  Philip  Hiss,  chairman  of  the  section,  conducted  the  inves- 
tigation at  his  own  expense.  The  work  was  continued  after  October, 
1917,  by  the  Committee  on  Housing,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

HOUSING  AND  HEALTH  DIVISION,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  to  consider  the  matter  of  housing  and  health  of  Govern- 
ment employees  and  Army  and  Navy  officers  stationed  in  Washing- 
ton. The  division  gave  legal  advice  on  rights  of  tenants  under  the 
Saulsbury  resolution  enacted  to  check  raising  of  rents  and  eviction 
during  the  war,  and  under  the  soldiers  and  sailors  civil  relief  act  in  so 
far  as  it  pertained  to  housing  and  to  landlord  and  tenant  proceedings. 
Capt.  Julius  I.  Peyser,  chief  of  the  division,  represented  tenants  in 
such  cases  tried  in  the  municipal  courts.  The  health'  and  recreation 
of  employees  was  looked  after  by  two  subsidiary  organizations,  the 
War  Department  Red  Cross  Auxiliary,  and  the  Government  Recre- 
ation League.  The  division  was  disbanded  March,  1919. 

HYGIENE  DIVISION,  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  division  whose  function  is  to  investigate  conditions 
affecting  the  health  and  welfare  of  children  and  to  report  on  these 
investigations.  Dr.  Anna  E.  Rude,  director. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       209 

HYGIENE    AND     SANITATION     COMMITTEE,     GENERAL     MEDICAL    BOARD, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  Surgeon  General  Kupert  Blue,  chairman.  It  recom- 
mended camp  and  cantonment  zone  military  control  to  guard  against 
venereal  infection,  and  indorsed  the  action  of  War  and  Navy  Depart- 
ments in  prohibiting  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  within  such  zones. 
It  organized  and  worked  through  the  following  subcommittees: 
Venereal  Diseases  (later  a  separate  committee,  Civilian  Cooperation 
in  Combating  Venereal  Diseases),  Dr.  William  F.  Snow,  chairman; 
Alcoholic  Control,  Dr.  Irving  Fisher,  chairman;  Drug  Addictions, 
Admiral  C.  F.  Stokes,  chairman;  Public  Health  Nursing,  Mary 
Beard,  chairman;  Statistics  (later  separate  committee),  Dr.  W.  R. 
Batt,  chairman ;  Tuberculosis,  Dr.  Herman  M.  Biggs,  chairman. 

IMMIGRANT  EDUCATION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

It  had  a  program  for  the  education  and  assimilation  of  the  foreign 
born,  holding  various  conferences  on  Americanization  during  1918. 
It  worked  in  conjunction  with  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  In 
September,  1918,  the  work  was  rearranged,  in  charge  of  a  new 
Americanization  division.  H.  H.  Wheaton,  in  charge. 

IMMIGRATION,  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  bureau  whose  duties  are  connected  primarily  with 
the  enforcement  of  the  immigration  and  Chinese-exclusion  laws. 
During  the  war  certain  special  activities  were  also  performed  by  it. 
The  custody  of  the  alien  enemies  taken  from  the  German  merchant 
ships  in  our  harbors  at  the  declaration  of  war  was  at  first  placed  in 
the  hands  of  this  bureau.  An  internment  camp  for  the  care  of  these 
aliens  was  established  at  Hot  Springs,  N.  C.  The  bureau  relin- 
guished  its  control  over  alien  enemies  on  July  1, 1918,  when  they  were 
turned  over  to  the  War  Department.  It  had  control  over  the  tem- 
porary admission  of  otherwise  inadmissible  aliens  from  Canada, 
Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  or  other  places,  for  contract  work  on 
farms,  railroads,  mines,  etc.  It  cooperated  with  the  Department  of 
State  in  the  promulgation  and  enforcement  of  passport  regulations, 
with  the  Departments  of  War,  Navy,  and  Justice  in  war  investiga- 
tion work  concerning  aliens  of  all  classes,  and  rendered  assistance 
in  the  enforcement  of  the  espionage,  trading  with  the  enemy,  and 
sabotage  laws.  Commissioner  General  of  Immigration,  Anthony 
Caminetti,  Washington,  D.  C. 

IMMIGRATION    COMMITTEE,    CHAMBER    OF    COMMERCE    OF    THE    UNITED 
STATES. 

Appointed  by  the  president  of  the  chamber  in  December,  1915. 
It  conducted  surveys  of  immigration  conditions  in  various  industrial 
centers,  made  studies  of  probable  immigration  conditions  after  the 
war,  stimulated  interest  in  improved  housing,  and  fostered  the 
organization  of  Americanization  and  immigration  committees  in  local 
chambers,  of  commerce.  It  was  the  function  of  these  local  com- 
mittees to  serve  as  central  clearing  houses  within  their  districts  for 
the  work  being  done  in  connection  with  immigrants  by  various  agencies 

127232—19 14 


210       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

in  these  districts.  The  national  committee  furnished  the  local  com- 
mittees with  suggestions  and  plans.  After  the  declaration  of  war 
the  Americanization  work  of  the  committee  became  of  greatly  en- 
hanced importance.  Frank  Trumbull  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee. 

IMPLEMENT  AND  VEHICLE  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL. 

Met  in  Chicago  in  March,  1918,  as  a  result  of  a  request  based  upon 
a  conference  between  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  war  service 
committee  of  the  implement  industry,  and  formed  four  divisional 
committees:  Steel  Plows  and  Tillage  Implements;  Chilled  Plows; 
Grain  Drills ;  Seeders ;  Farm  Elevators,  etc.  These  committees  recom- 
mended nearly  2,000  styles  and  types  for  elimination.  The  associa- 
tion cooperated  with  the  Priority  Board  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

IMPORTERS    OF    HIDES    AND    SKINS,    NATIONAL    ASSOCIATION    OF;     WAR 
TRADE  COMMITTEE. 

The  committee  was  organized  in  January,  1918,  to  represent  the 
association  with  the  Government  in  a  confidential  way  and  to  fur- 
nish the  members  of  the  association  with  rulings  affecting  the  im- 
portation and  exportation  of  hides  and  skins.  F.  H.  Briggs,  chair- 
man. 

IMPORTS,  BUREAU  OF;   WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

The  bureau  administered  the  license  system  for  imports  under 
proclamation  of  November  28,  1917,  and  February  14,  1918,  pursuant 
to  the  trading  with  the  enemy  act,  working  through  various  trade 
associations  which  had  hitherto  cooperated  with  foreign  governments 
as  consignees  of  commodities  permitted  to  be  shipped  to  the  United 
States,  and  which  continued  to  allot  imports  within  the  trade.  The 
principal  associations  were :  Rubber  Association  of  America,  Ameri- 
can Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  Textile  Alliance,  U.  S.  Shellac  Importers' 
Association,  Tanners'  Council,  American  Diamond  Committee, 
Plumbago- Graphite  Association,  Asbestos  Trades  Bureau,  Chemical 
Alliance,  Emery  and  Corundum  Importers  and  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation, Ivory  Nut  Importers'  Association,  and  Silk  Association  of 
America.  The  bureau  was  in  charge  of  P.  C.  Anderson  and  F.  B. 
Peterson. 

INDIAN  AFFAIRS,  OFFICE  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

A  permanent  office  having  charge  of  the  Indian  tribes  of  the 
United  States  (exclusive  of  Alaska),  their  education,  lands,  moneys, 
schools,  purchase  of  supplies,  and  general  welfare.  During  the  war, 
at  the  request  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General,  this  bureau  undertook 
the  registration  of  the  Indians  under  the  provisions  of  the  selective 
service  act  at  those  places  where  its  officials  could  better  handle  the 
work.  The  bureau  conducted  a  campaign  for  increased  food  produc- 
tion on  Indian  reservations  and  through  Indian  labor.  In  Arizona 
crops  of  the  new  long  staple  cotton  used  in  the  manufacture  of  aero- 
planes were  raised  on  large  areas  of  Indian  land.  Large  areas  of 
spruce  timber  on  Indian  reservations  were  also  made  available  for 
use  in  the  construction  of  aeroplanes.  Cato  Sells,  commissioner. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       211 
INDUSTRIAL  ADVISERS,  DISTRICT  BOARDS,  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

Upon  the  amendment  of  the  selective  service  act  on  August  31, 
1918,  it  became  necessary  to  arrange  for  special  assistance  to  the  dis- 
trict boards  for  obtaining  data  upon  occupational  claims  for  defer- 
ment. Each  district  board  was  directed  to  appoint  three  persons,  to* 
be  known  as  industrial  advisers;  one  to  be  nominated  by  the  De- 
partment of  Labor,  one  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  one 
by  the  district  board  itself.  It  was  the  duty  of  these  advisers  to  con- 
fer with  the  managers  and  heads  of  various  industries  and  those 
familiar  with  the  needs  in  other  occupations,  including  agriculture; 
to  instruct  such  persons  as  to  their  right  to  file  claims  for  deferred 
classification  for  registrants  in  their  employ ;  and  to  furnish  to  the 
district  boards  all  information  which  might  be  useful  in  the  work  of 
classification.  By  November  11,  1918,  126  out  of  the  155  district 
boards  had  announced  the  appointment  of  their  respective  quotas  of 
industrial  advisers. 

INDUSTRIAL  BOARD,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

A  postwar  board  in  the  Department  of  Commerce  organized  in 
February,  1919,  with  the  President's  approval.  Its  object  was  the 
stabilizing  of  prices  to  encourage  n  resumption  of  buying  and  s:o  to 
relieve  the  stagnant  condition  of  industry.  The  plan  involved  co- 
operation in  buying  by  all  Government  agencies  and  was  based  upon 
conferences  with  representatives  of  important  industries  to  learn 
the  lowest  level  of  prices  possible  without  disturbance  of  existing 
wage  levels.  Failing  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  all  Government 
buying  agencies,  the  board  was  disbanded  in  May,  1919.  George  N. 
Peek,  chairman. 

INDUSTRIAL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE,   NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Ill  existence  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war.  The  work  of  the  In- 
dustrial Division  included  the  following:  the  inspection  of  all 
material  coming  under  the  control  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance;  the 
standardization  of  policies  and  methods  of  procedure  relating  to 
inventions,  patents,  etc. ;  the  administration  of  matters  relating  to 
the  selective  service  regulations ;  the  administration  and  standardiza- 
tion of  policies  and  methods  of  procedure  in  all  matters  relating  to 
labor:  conditions  of  industrial  employment;  investigation,  arbitra- 
tion, and  settlement  of  labor  disputes.  The  division  worked  in  con- 
junction with  other  bureaus  and  Government  departments.  It  func- 
tioned through  the  Inspection,  Patent,  Selective  Service,  and  Labor 
Sections.  The  general  Inspector  of  Ordnance  served  as  chief  of  the 
division. 

INDUSTRIAL  DIVISION,  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT   OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  division  whose  function  is  to  report  upon  the  em- 
ployment of  children,  their  industrial  opportunities  and  training, 
the  employment  of  mothers,  and  other  conditions  of  industry  which 
affect  the  well-being  of  children.  Miss  Emma  Duke,  director. 

INDUSTRIAL  CONDITIONS  SECTION,  PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS  DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  November  30,  1918,  and  soon  transferred  to  the  Wai- 
Trade  Board.  See  Commodities  Statistics  Section,  War  Industries 
Board. 


212       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
INDUSTRIAL  COOPERATION  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

The  Industrial  Cooperation  Service  was  organized  January  1. 
1919,  with  the  President's  approval,  as  a  section  of  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  Commerce  to  continue,  so  far  as  practicable,  the  work  of 
the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  It  sought 
to  assist  the  industries  of  the  country  in  standardizing  industrial 
products,  in  reducing  the  cost  of  production  and  distribution  by  the 
introduction  of  better  business  methods,  and  in  the  development  of 
new  uses  and  markets  for  by-products.  It  endeavored  to  cooperate 
with  industries  in  obtaining  needed  information  from  the  various 
governmental  agencies.  Because  of  failure  of  appropriation  for  its 
support,  the  service  lapsed  on  June  30,  1919.  John  Cutter,  chief. 

INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  SECTION,  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT. 

By  Office  Order  326,  dated  September  7,  1918,  the  Advertising 
Branch  of  the  Information  Section  was  created  a  separate  section  of 
the  Administration  Division  to  be  known  as  the  Industrial  Education 
Section.  The  object  of  the  section  was  to  develop  a  patriotic  enthu- 
siasm among  the  workers  in  all  ordnance  plants  and  thus  to  bring 
about  increased  productivity.  The  idea  was  to  impress  upon  the 
working  man  and  the  employer  the  fact  that  their  labor  had  a  direct 
bearing  upon  the  outcome  of  the  war.  The  campaign  was  carried  on 
by  means  of  posters  and  stuffers  for  pay  envelopes,  addresses  at  war 
workers'  meetings,  advertising,  and  motion  pictures.  The  organiza- 
tion in  Washington  consisted  of  the  chief  of  the  section,  Capt.  C.  R. 
Dickinson,  and  one  expert  in  each  of  the  following  lines:  Motion 
pictures,  war  workers'  meetings,  posters,  and  booklet  work.  There 
were  district  representatives  in  11  cities  that  were  centers  of  ordnance 
industry.  Each  representative  was  in  charge  of  the  campaign  in  his 
district  making  use  of  matter  that  was  distributed  to  him  by  the 
central  office. 

INDUSTRIAL  FURLOUGH  SECTION,  ADJUTANT  GENERAL'S   OFFICE. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March  16, 
1918,  the  Chief  of  Staff  on  May  13,  1918,  authorized  furloughs  of 
indefinite  duration  to  enlisted  men  for  the  purpose  of  engaging  in 
industries  essential  to  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  In  May,  1918,  the 
Industrial  Furlough  Section  was  organized  to  grant  these  furloughs 
under  certain  conditions  laid  down  by  the  Chief  of  Staff.  On  No- 
vember 11,  1918,  approximately  10,000  industrial  furloughs  had  been 
granted,  and  about  63,000  men  had  been  released,  by  indefinite  fur- 
lough without  pay  or  allowances,  for  carrying  on  production  for 
various  branches  of  the  War  Department.  The  section  was  discon- 
tinued December  31, 1918,  and  the  records  transferred  to  the  Enlisted 
Division,  Adjutant  General's  Office.  Darragh  de  Lancey  was  chief 
of  the  section. 

INDUSTRIAL  GASES  AND   GAS  PRODUCTS  SECTION,   CHEMICALS   DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  to  supersede  the  Coal-Gas  Products  Section,  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  It  handled  20  commodities,  but  confined  its  activities 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       213 

principally  to  toluol,  which  it  commandeered  and  allocated,  to  acety- 
lene (calcium  carbide)  and  saccharine,  the  export  of  which  it  con- 
trolled. It  stimulated  and  increased  the  production  of  all  the  com- 
modities in  its  charge.  The  capacity  of  new  oxygen  plants,  in  course 
of  construction  or  enlargement  and  due  to  start  producing  between 
October  1  and  December  31, 1918,  was  48,000,000  cubic  feet  per  month. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  John  M.  More- 
head,  chief. 

INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT 
OF  LABOR. 

Organized  in  February,  1918,  to  take  charge  of  the  problem  of 
housing  workers  engaged  in  war  industries.  Pending  the  passage  of 
the  bill  appropriating  $60,000,000  for  the  purpose,  introduced  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1918,  the  expenses  were  borne  by  the  President's  emergency 
fund.  The  bill  was  approved  May  16,  1918.  The  appropriation  was 
increased  to  $100,000,000  by  an  amendment  approved  July  8, 
$10,000,000  of  the  amount  being  designated  for  housing  war  workers 
in  Washington.  By  act  of  June  4,  1918,  the  President  was  author- 
ized to  form  a  corporation  to  carry  on  the  work ;  this  power,  together 
with  that  conferred  by  the  act  of  May  16,  he  conferred  upon  the 
Secretary  of  Labor  by  Executive  order  of  June  18,  1918.  In  order 
that  the  construction  work  might  be  carried  on  with  more  freedom 
than  is  usual  with  Government  agencies,  the  United  States  Housing 
Corporation  was  organized  under  the  laws  of  New  York  on  July  9, 
1918.  With  funds  available,  the  bureau  took  up  the  work  of  reliev- 
ing housing  congestion  in  districts  whose  needs  were  indorsed  by  the 
War  or  Navy  Departments,  first  by  the  following  means :  (1)  Exist- 
ing housing  and  room  facilities  were  determined  by  a  survey  of  the 
city,  and  a  public  registry  of  such  vacancies  maintained;  (2)  nearby 
communities  capable  of  housing  workers  were  linked  to  the  congested 
district  by  means  of  improved  or  extended  transportation;  (3) 
private  companies  were  aided  in  building  houses  for  workers  by 
securing  priority  orders  for  building  materials;  (4)  through  the 
Division  of  Survey  and  Statistics,  the  Government  was  aided  in 
placing  contracts  where  housing  congestion  did  not  exist.  When  these 
measures  were  found  insufficient,  the  corporation  undertook  and 
financed  the  project,  often  a  whole  community  in  size  and  scope.  The 
completed  buildings  were  rented  but  were  not  to  be  sold  until  labor 
conditions  and  prices  became  more  stabilized.  The  types  of  build- 
ings included  houses,  apartments,  dormitories,  hotels,  cafeteriasr 
shops.  Public  utility  companies,  both  private  and  municipally 
owned,  were  expected  to  finance  the  extension  of  such  facilities  to  the 
project,  being  paid  by  the  increased  number  of  subscribers  thus 
gained ;  but  when  the  companies  were  financially  unable  to  do  so,  the 
corporation  lent  the  funds,  or  entered  into  special  assessment 
relations  in  the  case  of  the  municipality.  The  bureau  worked  through 
the  following  divisions:  Homes  Registration  and  Information, 
Transportation,  Surveys  and  Statistics,  Real  Estate,  Architectural, 
Town  Planning,  Engineering,  Requirements,  Construction,  Oper- 
ating, Industrial  Relations,  Legal,  Fiscal.  The  officers  were  as  fol- 
lows: Otto  M.  Eidlitz,  succeeded  on  February  26,  1919,  by  L.  K. 
Sherman;  Joseph  D.  Leland,  third  assistant  director,  succeeded  on 


214       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

Februar}^  26,  1919,  by  Irving  E.  Macomber;  Burt  L.  Fenner,  general 
manager;  Harlean  James,  executive  secretary. 

INDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE   AND   MEDICINE,   DIVISION   OF;    WORKING   CONDI- 
TIONS SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

The  division  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Public 
Health  Service  in  the  Treasury  Department.  As  a  result  of  an  agree- 
ment reached  between  the  two  services  personnel  was  detailed  from 
the  Public  Health  Service  to  the  Working  Conditions  Service.  The 
function  of  the  division  was  to  organize  medical  preventive  methods 
and  to  formulate  sanitary  and  health  codes  for  industries.  It  was 
its  endeavor  to  reduce  occupational  diseases  and  to  discover  health 
hazards  in  order  to  reduce  labor  turnover.  Dr.  A.  J.  Lanza,  of  the 
Public  Health  Service,  was  detailed  to  act  as  chief  of  the  division. 

INDUSTRIAL  INVENTORY  SECTION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

The  material  collected  by  the  Committee  on  Industrial  Prepared- 
ness of  the  Naval  Consulting  Board  was  transferred  to  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  on  December  12,  1916.  This  material  consisted 
of  18,654  industrial  inventories.  The  purpose  was  to  provide  infor- 
mation to  the  War  and  Navy  Departments  on  producing  plants. 
Additions  were  made  and  the  files  used  by  various  purchasing  divi- 
sions of  the  War  and  Navy  Departments.  John  B.  Anthony,  chief. 

INDUSTRIAL  MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY,  COMMITTEE  ON;    GENERAL  MEDI- 
CAL BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  January  28,  1918,  to  consider  medical  care  and  sanitation 
of  industrial  workers.  The  Committee  on  Railway  Surgeons  was 
made  a  subcommittee  of  this  body.  Dr.  Joseph  Schereschewsky, 
chairman. 

INDUSTRIAL  PLANTS,  DIVISION  OF;  INFORMATION  AND  EDUCATION  SERV- 
ICE, DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Organized  in  August,  1918.  Its  function  was  to  establish  per- 
sonal contact  between  the  persons  employed  in  war  industry,  their 
employers,  and  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Labor.  For 
this  purpose  it  organized  Government  committees  among  the  em- 
ployees in  over  2,000  plants.  Frank  T.  Hawley,  director. 

INDUSTRIAL  PREPAREDNESS  COMMITTEE,  NAVAL  CONSULTING  BOARD. 

A  committee  appointed  by  the  Naval  Consulting  Board  which  had 
been  organized  in  October,  1915.  The  committee  undertook  a  survey 
of  existing  facilities  for  munitions  manufactures  during  1916,  and 
gathered  data  from  over  18,000  industrial  plants.  On  December  12, 
1916,  this  material  was  transferred  to  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  where  it  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  files  of  the  Industrial 
Inventory  Section.  Head  of  committee,  Howard  E.  Coffin. 

INDUSTRIAL    RELATIONS    BRANCH,     PERSONAL    AND    PLANNING    STAFF, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  conducting  in- 
vestigations and  devising  plans  concerning  all  matters  relating  to 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       215 

labor  and  personnel.     The  branch  was  abolished  upon  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  April  16,  1918. 

INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS   BRANCH,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Organized  in  the  Supply  and  Equipment  Division  of  the  office  of 
the  Quartermaster  General  in  January,  1918,  to  handle  problems  of 
industrial  unrest  in  the  clothing  trade  and  in  the  industries  having 
especially  to  do  with  wool,  cotton,  and  leather.  On  May  18,  1918, 
the  Supply  and  Equipment  Division  became  the  Clothing  and 
Equipage  Division,  the  functions  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Branch 
remaining  the  same.  On  October  28,  1918,  the  branch  became  part 
of  the  General  Administrative  Division  in  the  office  of  the  Director 
of  Purchase  and  Storage.  The  primary  function  of  the  branch  was 
to  prevent  labor  controversies  offering  interference  with  the  produc- 
tion of  vital  war  necessities.  The  branch  attempted  to  establish 
justice  and  fair  play  in  relations  between  employers  and  employees 
working  on  war  contracts.  The  branch  conducted  investigations  of 
labor  problems,  brought  about  conciliation  proceedings,  and  estab- 
lished formal  arbitration  hearings.  The  Administration  of  Labor 
Standards  for  Army  Clothing  was  attached  to  the  Industrial  Rela- 
tions Branch.  Dr.  Ernest  M.  Hopkins  was  originally  in  charge  of 
the  branch  and  was  succeeded  about  June  1,  1918,  by  John  R. 
McLane. 

INDUSTRIAL    RELATIONS,    COMMITTEE    ON;     CHAMBER    OF   COMMERCE    OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Organized  about  the  end  of  October,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the 
war  labor  administration  in  securing  the  maximum  utilization  of 
our  labor  resources  during  the  war.  It  was  its  function  to  keep  the 
membership  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  informed  in  regard  to 
the  actions  of  the  various  governmental  agencies  affecting  industrial 
relations,  to  represent  to  these  agencies  the  interests  of  the  member- 
ship of  the  chamber,  and  to  serve  as  an  educational  agency,  keeping 
the  membership  informed  of  the  latest  developments  in  industrial 
relations  and  of  the  best  experience  and  practice  in  handling  prob- 
lems arising  in  connection  therewith.  Henry  P.  Kendall  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee. 

INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DEPARTMENT,   BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT   PRODUC- 
TION. 

An  Industrial  Relations  Department  under  C.  P.  Neill  was  created 
in  the  Equipment  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps  on  March  14,  1918. 
Upon  the  taking  over  of  the  Equipment  Division  by  the  Bureau  of 
Aircraft  Production  in  May,  1918,  the  Industrial  Relations  Depart- 
ment was  transferred  to  the  new  bureau.  The  department  was 
charged  with  the  adjustment  of  industrial  disputes,  the  organization 
of  production  campaigns  through  speakers,  moving  pictures,  pam- 
phlets, etc.,  the  securing  of  an  adequate  labor  supply  and  its  proper 
distribution,  the  consideration  of  requests  for  deferred  classification 
in  the  draft  and  for  industrial  furloughs,  the  standardization  of 
wages,  hours,  and  conditions  of  labor,  and  the  provision  of  housing 
and  transportation  for  workers.  On  June  28,  1918,  Maj.  B.  H. 
Gitchell  was  appointed  chief  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Depart- 
ment. 


216       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING 
AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  LABOR. 

This  division  dealt  with  all  questions  of  labor,  wages,  and  em- 
ployment affecting  United  States  Housing  Corporation  projects. 
The  demand  for  labor  was  so  great  in  August,  1918,  when  the  cor- 
poration began  its  work,  that  it  was  necessary  for  the  division  to 
establish  field  agents  in  New  York  and  Boston,  and  to  employ  travel- 
ing field  agents  to  recruit  labor.  A  corps  of  welfare  workers  was 
organized  to  maintain  such  food,  housing,  and  other  conditions  on 
the  project  that  workmen  would  be  willing  to  remain,  and  to  smooth 
out  difficulties  that  arose  between  employees  and  superintendent  or 
contractor.  Wages  were  paid  in  accordance  with  the  local  scale> 
which  was  largely  affected  by  Government  departments  bidding 
against  each  other  for  labor,  and,  except  in  an  emergency,  a  10-hour 
day  for  six  days  a  week  was  maintained.  Dr.  Frank  J.  Warne, 
manager. 

INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS,  DIVISION  OF;  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMA- 
TION. 

Formed  February,  1918,  to  serve  as  a  point  of  contact  between 
the  committee  and  the  Department  of  Labor.  It  was  first  known  as 
the  Division  of  Industries.  It  issued  a  series  of  bulletins  constitut- 
ing a  "Special  service  for  employers."  It  was  soon  absorbed  by  the 
Department  of  Labor.  Roger  W.  Babson,  director. 

INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  on  May  17,  1918,  to  provide  a  body  for  the  unification  of 
all  industrial  relations  work  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 
Its  principal  functions  were  as  follows:  (1)  The  supervision  of 
working  conditions  among  shipbuilding  laborers,  including  safety 
and  sanitation;  (2)  recruiting  and  training  of  labor  for  the  ship- 
yards; (3)  supervision  of  the  work  of  employment  management  in 
the  shipyards;  (4)  conciliation  in  labor  disputes  and  administra- 
tion of  the  settlements  effected  by  the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjust- 
ment Board.  As  it  finally  developed,  the  central  organization  of  the 
Industrial  Relations  Division  was  made  up  of  five  branches  and  four 
sections,  as  follows:  the  Control,  Investigation,  Information  and 
Promotion,  Labor  Adjustment,  and  Employment  Management 
Branches;  and  the  Education  and  Training,  Labor  Supply,  Health 
and  Sanitation,  and  Safety  Engineering  Sections.  A  decentralized 
field  organization  was  worked  out.  There  was  a  district  representa- 
tive of  the  division  in  each  of  the  eleven  shipbuilding  districts  of  the 
country,  with  a  staff  made  up  of  representatives  of  each  of  the  four 
sections  of  the  division.  Under  the  district  representatives  were  yard 
representatives  who  reported  conditions  that  needed  attention  from 
the  district  representatives,  the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment 
Board,  or  the  central  office  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Division. 
Cooperation  with  the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment  Board  was 
promoted  by  the  fact  that  the  district  representatives  of  the  division 
also  served  as  examiners  for  the  board,  and  the  manager  of  the 
division,  L.  C.  Marshall,  was  also  a  member  of  the  board.  The  Indus- 
trial Relations  Division  was  abolished  on  May  1,  1919.  Its  work 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      217 

was  continued  by  a  staff  assistant  to  the  director  general  of  the  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation.  L.  C.  Marshall  was  manager  of  the 
division. 

INDUSTRIAL    RELATIONS,    SPECIAL    ASSISTANT    TO    THE    SECRETARY    OF 
WAR  IN  CHARGE  OF. 

Shortly  after  the  outbreak  of  war  the  Secretary  of  War  appointed 
Felix  Frankfurter  his  special  assistant  to  deal  with  problems  of  in- 
dustrial relations  affecting  the  War  Department.  In  June,  1917, 
Mr.  Frankfurter  was  succeeded  by  Walter  Lippmann,  and  thereafter 
the  successive  incumbents  of  the  office  with  the  dates  of  their  ap- 
pointments, were  as  follows:  Stanley  King,  September,  1917;  E.  M. 
Hopkins,  July,  1918;  Stanley  King,  September,  1918.  During  the 
first  months  of  the  war  the  War  Department's  relations  with  the 
labor  problem  were  focused  largely  in  this  office.  Such  controver- 
sies as  arose  in  the  plants  of  contractors  with  the  War  Department 
interfering  with  war  production  were  referred  by  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  to  the  Department  of  Labor  for  adjustment 
through  its  conciliation  service.  The  organization  of  the  Canton- 
ment Adjustment  Commission  in  June,  1917,  and  of  the  Board  of 
Control  of  Labor  Standards  for  Army  Clothing  in  August  were  ex- 
ceptions to  the  complete  application  of  this  theory.  Toward  the  end 
of  1917,  however,  the  increasing  responsibilities  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment in  connection  with  the  procurement  of  necessary  munitions  and 
supplies,  made  it  desirable  for  that  department  to  assume  more 
active  functions  in  dealing  with  labor  problems.  Because  of  the  War 
Department's  more  obvious  connection  with  the  winning  of  the  war, 
it  was  in  a  more  advantageous  position  than  the  Department  of 
Labor  for  securing  the  cooperation  of  employers  and  employees  in 
the  settlement  of  industrial  relations.  Accordingly,  beginning  in  the 
latter  part  of  1917,  administrative  agencies  were  set  up  in  ordnance, 
quartermaster,  construction,  and  aircraft  to  handle  industrial  rela- 
tions. The  office  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  through  the  special  as- 
sistant, became  the  coordinating  agency  for  all  of  the  labor  activities 
of  the  War  Department.  All  questions  of  policy  and  all  extensions 
of  activity  of  the  various  bureaus  in  the  labor  fields  were  passed 
upon  by  the  office  of  the  Secretary  in  conference  with  the  chiefs  of 
the  various  industrial  service  sections.  The  office  also  became  the 
connecting  link  between  the  labor  activities  of  the  War  Department 
and  outside  departments  and  organizations. 

INDUSTRIAL     RESEARCH    BRANCH,     PERSONAL    AND     PLANNING     STAFF, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  instituting  in- 
quiries and  making  recommendations  with  respect  to  subjects  and 
methods  of  research  in  the  several  divisions.  Abolished  upon  the 
reorganization  of  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  April  16, 
1918. 

INDUSTRIAL  RESEARCH,  BUREAU  OF;  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC 
DIVISION. 

This  bureau  maintained  a  study  of  improved  methods  of  marking, 
baling,  packing,  crating,  and  boxing  Army  supplies,  munitions, 
mobile  artillery,  etc.  It  exercised  staff  supervision  over  the  packing 


218       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

service  branches  in  the  offices  of  Purchase,  Storage,  etc.,  and  issued 
circulars  on  baling,  boxing,  and  marking  specifications.  Its  effort  was 
to  conserve  cargo  space  and  reduce  the  stowage  factor  of  Army 
supplies.  On  January  24,  1919,  it  was  transferred  to  the  Engineering 
and  Standardization  Branch.  Dr.  A.  A.  Hamerschlag,  chief. 

INDUSTRIAL  SAFETY,  SECTION  ON;    SUBCOMMITTEE  ON  WELFARE  WORK, 
COMMITTEE  ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

L.  R.  Palmer,  president  of  the  National  Safety  Council,  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  was  appointed  chairman  of  this  section  by  Samuel 
Gompers,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor,  shortly  after  the 
organization  of  that  committee  in  April,  1917.  No  other  members 
were  appointed.  Its  function  was  to  give  advice  in  regard  to  the 
maintenance  of  proper  safety  standards  in  establishments  handling 
Government  work.  It  had  a  code  of  minimum  safety  requirements 
prepared  by  leading  experts  and  recommended  its  adoption  in  all 
Government  contracts.  The  necessity  for  further  work  on  the  part  of 
this  section  was  rendered  unnecessary  about  the  middle  of  1918  when 
the  Working  Conditions  Service  of  the  Department  of  Labor  was 
organized  as  part  of  the  war  labor  administration.  Headquarters, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

INDUSTRIAL    SERVICE    DEPARTMENT,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Established  September  11,  1917,  as  a  part  of  the  Division  of  Con- 
struction, for  the  purpose  of  organizing  methods  of  getting,  keeping, 
and  fitting  men  for  work  in  the  shipyards.  Its  work,  therefore,  con- 
sisted of  recruiting  operations  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States 
Employment  Service,  of  organizing  the  establishment  of  employment 
management  departments  in  shipyards,  and  of  promoting  industrial 
training  for  shipyard  workers.  In  November.  1917,  this  department 
was  given  charge  of  the  administrative  regulations  governing  the 
"Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List"  for  exempting  shipyard  work- 
ers from  military  service.  In  May,  1918.  the  Shipyard  Volunteers 
Department,  organized  for  the  purpose  of  recruiting  workers  for 
shipyards,  was  placed  under  the  Industrial  Service  Department.  In 
February,  1918,  the  Industrial  Service  Department  had  been  made  a 
part  of  the  newly  organized  Division  of  General  Services:  and  in 
May,  1918,  upon  the  formation  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Division, 
the  department  was  made  the  Industrial  Service  Section  of  that 
division.  Meyer  Bloomfield  was  head  of  the  department.  Not  long 
after  its  incorporation  in  the  Industrial  Relations  Division,  C.  W. 
Doten  became  head  of  the  Industrial  Service  Section.  A  general 
order,  dated  October  25, 1918,  of  Vice  President  Coonley  of  the  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation  announced  the  abolishment  of  the  section. 

See  Labor  Supply  Section,  Industrial  Relations  Division. 

INDUSTRIAL    SERVICE    SECTION,    ADMINISTRATIVE    DIVISION,    CONSTRUC- 
TION DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Started  early  in  January,  1918,  as  the  Labor  Coordination  Section 
under  the  supervision  of  Maj.  (later  Col.)  J.  H.  Alexander.  At  that 
time  the  section  was  part  of  the  Building  Branch  of  the  Cantonment 
Division.  It  had  charge  of  the  approval  of  labor  rates  and  super- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       219 

vision  over  labor  matters  on  all  construction  projects.     In  March, 

1918,  Col.  Alexander  became  head  of  the  Administrative  Branch  of 
the  Construction  Division,  and  the  Industrial  Service  Section  was 
formed  as  part  of  that  branch  with  Maj.  H.  F.  Mayer  as  section 
chief.     The  functions  of  the  section  were  as  follows :  The  establish- 
ment and  approval  of  all  schedules  of  labor  rates  and  their  prepara- 
tion for  the  approval  of  the  War  Department  representative  of  the 
War  Labor  Policies  Board ;  supervision  of  all  labor  matters  pertain- 
ing to  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  on  all  construction  projects; 
dealings  writh  labor  delegations;  adjustment  of  wages  in  connection 
with  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board  and  the  Emergency  Construction 
Wage   Commission    (formerly   the   Cantonment  Adjustment  ^Com- 
mission) ;  recording  and  compilation  of  all  labor  rates,  conditions, 
and  agreements.     The  Industrial  Service  Section  had  to  deal  with 
as  many  as  400,000  workers  at  one  time  who  were  engaged  in  Army 
construction  work  throughout  the  country.     Up  to  February   19, 

1919,  the  service  had  handled  approximately  6,000  labor  complaints 
and  requests  for  wage  adjustments.     During  the  last  four  months 
of  this  period  it  issued  450  approved  schedules  of  wages.     In  June, 
1918,  Maj.  H.  B.  Stafford  succeeded  Maj.  Mayer  as  chief  of  the  section. 
In  September,  1918,  Maj.  C.  F.  Gailor  became  chief. 

INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE,  SECTION  ON;   COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  by  the  council  as  a  result  of  its  decision  on  November  2, 
1917,  to  authorize  the  director  to  determine  the  present  and  future 
demand  for  labor  in  war  industries,  the  relative  priorities  of  the 
labor  demand,  the  necessity  for  the  dilution  of  labor,  and  to  arrange 
for  supplying  the  demand  through  the  Department  of  Labor  or  some 
other  agency.  During  November  and  December  the  section  carried 
on  investigations  along  these  lines,  supplemented  by  a  series  of  con- 
ferences with  representatives  of  Government  departments  interested 
in  labor  problems.  The  joint  recommendation  of  this  section  and 
these  representatives  was  submitted  to  the  council  late  in  December 
and  was  transmitted  to  the  President,  who  authorized  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  program  outlined  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor  in  his 
letter  to  the  secretary  of  January  4, 1918.  The  functions  of  the  section 
thus  having  been  performed  it  was  dissolved,  and  its  head,  Dr.  L.  C. 
Marshall,  became  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Council  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  Labor,  established  to  aid  in  setting  up  the  requisite  machinery 
for  carrying  out  the  authorized  program. 

INDUSTRIAL      SERVICE      SECTION,      INDUSTRIAL      RELATIONS      DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Industrial  Service  Department,  United  States  Shipping  Board 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT, 

Created  in  the  early  part  of  December,  1917,  with  Herman 
Schneider  as  chief.  It  was  given  general  supervision  for  the  Ord- 
nance Department  over  matters  affecting  labor  engaged  in  the 
production  of  ordnance  supplies,  equipment,  and  material.  Seven 
operating  branches  were  organized  as  follows :  Mediation ;  Employ- 


220       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ment,  Management,  and  Working  Conditions;  Housing;  Women  in 
Industry;  Community  Organization;  Safety  and  Sanitation;  Emer- 
gency Labor  Production.  AKout  August  1,  1918,  there  was  a  reor- 
ganization of  the  section,  under  which  there  were  the  following 
eight  operating  branches:  Information  Service,  Procurement  of 
Labor,  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor,  Employment  and  Training 
Methods,  Women  in  Industry,  Community  Work,  Housing  and 
Transportation,  Safety  and  Sanitation.  For  carrying  out  the  work 
of  the  section  there  were  established  eleven  district  offices,  through 
which  the  functions  of  the  various  operating  branches  were  per- 
formed. About  the  middle  of  June,  1918,  Dean  Schneider  was  suc- 
ceeded as  chief  by  Maj.  William  C.  Rogers,  and  about  August  1  the 
latter  was  succeeded  by  Maj.  B.  H.  Gitchell,  who  served  simultane- 
ously as  chief  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Department  of  the  Bureau 
of  Aircraft  Production. 

INDUSTRIAL    SURVEYS,    JOINT    COMMITTEE    ON;    DIVISION    OF    PLANNING 
AND  STATISTICS,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  at  a  conference  at  the  Central  Bureau  of  Planning  and 
Statistics  on  October  5,  1918.  It  was  composed  of  one  representative 
each  from  the  Resources  and  Conversion  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  Housing  Corporation,  War  Labor  Policies  Board,  and 
the  Central  Bureau  of  Planning  and  Statistics.  It  was  proposed  to 
make  an  industrial  survey  covering  all  industrial  communities  of  the 
country.  It  was  intended  that  a  cooperative  survey  as  planned  should 
eliminate  the  duplication  involved  in  independent  surveys  that  were 
being  started  by  different  organizations.  Surveys  were  being  con- 
ducted by  the  commission  in  several  communities  when  the  signing 
of  the  armistice  lead  to  a  discontinuance  of  the  work. 

INDUSTRIAL  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT,  UNITED  STATES   SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Industrial  training  for  shipyard  workers  was  inaugurated  by  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  in  September,  1917,  as  part  of  the 
functions  of  the  Industrial  Service  Department.  A  few  months 
later  a  separate  Industrial  Training  Department  was  created.  Upon 
the  formation  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Division  in  May,  1918> 
the  Industrial  Training  Department  became  the  Education  and! 
Training  Section  of  that  division.  Its  functions  as  finally  developed 
included  the  training  of  staff  instructors  to  carry  on  instruction  at 
training  centers,  where,  in  turn,  instructors  were  trained  to  take 
charge  of  instruction  at  the  shipyards.  Provision  was  also  made  for 
courses  outside  of  working  hours  that  would  furnish  the  shipyard 
workers  with  auxiliary  knowledge  in  such  matters  as  blue-print 
reading  and  ship  construction.  District  field  representatives  endeav- 
ored to  establish  working  relations  with  shipyard  managements  and 
keep  the  central  office  advised  as  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  work  of 
the  section  and  the  needs  of  the  various  districts.  Wages  of  the 
workmen  during  their  six  weeks'  course  at  the  training  centers  were 
paid  by  the  shipbuilding  plants,  which  were  reimbursed  by  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  to  the  extent  of  $5  per  day  per  man 
under  training  at  the  center.  At  the  shipyards  workmen  were 
trained  "  on  the  job,"  and  a  bonus  of  $1  per  day  for  each  man  in 
training  was  paid  by  the  Fleet  Corporation.  Half  of  this  went  to  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      221 

workman  and  half  to  the  management  of  the  shipyard.  The  Educa- 
tion and  Training  Section  was  abolished  on  April  1,  1919.  Louis 
E.  Reber  was  director  of  the  section. 

INDUSTRIAL     TRAINING,     SECTION     ON;      SUBCOMMITTEE     ON     WELFARE 
WORK,  COMMITTEE  ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organization  started  shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Labor,  in  April,  1917.  Its  membership  grew  to  about  150, 
composed  of  one-third  representatives  of  labor,  one-third  represen- 
tatives of  employers,  and  one-third  practical  educators.  All  mem- 
bers were  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers,  chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Labor.  Nine  State  committees  similarly  constituted  were  or- 
ganized in  sections  of  the  country  most  actively  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  war  products.  The  national  and  State  committees 
encouraged  the  training  of  workers  in  war  industries  in  the  public 
and  privately  endowed  vocational  schools;  they  assisted  and  gave 
advice  in  the  organization  of  vestibule  and  training  schools  in 
numerous  industrial  establishments;  and  they  disseminated  infor- 
mation concerning  what  was  being  done  in  England  and  this  country 
in  the  way  of  industrial  training.  The  work  of  this  section  consti- 
tuted one  of  the  most  important  services  of  the  Committee  on  Labor. 
Upon  the  organization  of  the  Training  and  Dilution  Service  in  the 
Department  of  Labor  in  July,  1918,  the  necessity  for  further  ac- 
tivities on  the  part  of  the  Section  on  Industrial  Training  ceased. 
H.  E.  Miles,  chairman  of  the  Section,  became  chief  of  training  in  the 
Training  and  Dilution  Service. 

INDUSTRIAL  TRUCKS  AND  TRACTORS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  5,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
industrial  electric  trucks  before  the  Priorities  Committee  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  The  committee  also  cooperated  with  the 
Conservation  Division  and  Automotive  Products  Division.  Lion 
Gardiner,  chairman. 

INFORMATION  BUREAU,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Established  in  March,  1918,  to  furnish  the  public  with  informa- 
tion regarding  the  work  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  and 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  The  main  office  was  in  Wash- 
ington with  a  branch  office  in  Philadelphia  that  furnished  informa- 
tion concerning  the  work  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  The 
Washington  office  acted  as  a  clearing  house  for  all  information  relat- 
ing to  both  the  corporation  and  the  board,  and  carried  on  a  cam- 
paign of  education  and  information,  supplying  data  to  chambers 
of  commerce,  boards  of  trade,  and  other  commercial  organizations, 
besides  preparing  articles  for  technical  publications  and  trade  jour- 
nals, and  furnishing  the  press  with  special  articles,  and  general  in- 
formation in  response  to  nation-wide  inquiries  on  the  construction 
program  and  the  activities  of  the  board.  W.  S.  Meriwether,  manager. 

INFORMATION    DIVISION,    INFORMATION    AND    EDUCATION    SERVICE,    DE- 
PARTMENT OF  LABOR. 

Created  July  11,  1918.  Its  function  was  to  stimulate  factory  pro- 
duction, to  reduce  labor  turnover,  and  to  improve  good  will  between 


222       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

employers  and  employees.    For  these  purposes  it  made  use  of  motion 
pictures  and  of  a  staff  of  speakers.    George  W.  Coleman,  director. 

INFORMATION,  DIVISION  OF;  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Organized  September  15,  1917,  to  issue  and  distribute  the.  rulings 
and  publications  of  the  board  and  make  available  for  use  the  infor- 
mation accessible  to  the  board.  It  published  various  semiconfiden- 
tial  papers  and  news  digests  for  the  use  of  the  personnel  of  the  board, 
and  issued  the  War  Trade  Board  Journal,  the  Rules  and  Regulations, 
and  other  publications  of  public  interest.  Tt  maintained  a  library,  a 
clipping  bureau,  and  a  general  information  service.  Louis  E.  Van 
Norman,  chief ;  succeeded  by  Paul  Moore. 

INFORMATION  SECTION,  GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU,  ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT. 

Created  February  5,  1918,  to  gather  and  disseminate  information 
to  the  public  and  the  service  in  regard  to  the  activities  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department  and  to  influence  productive  effort  in  plants  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  ordnance  materiel.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  branches:  Reference  Library,  Intelligence, 
Daily  Record,  Advertising,  Inquiry,  Publication,  Technical  Press, 
Administration,  Courier,  Troop  Record,  and  Distribution.  Maj. 
W.  W.  Atterbury,  chief. 

INFORMATION  AND  EDUCATION  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Provided  for  in  the  labor  administration  act  of  July  1,  1918.  fol- 
lowing the  recommendation  of  the  Advisory  Council  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  Labor.  Organization  was  begun  immediately,  Roger  W. 
Babson  having  already  been  appointed  chief  in  anticipation  of  its 
organization.  The  function  of  the  service  was  to  disseminate  in- 
formation to  business  men  and  to  workers  concerning  the  service 
rendered  by  the  various  branches  of  the  Department  of  Labor,  and 
to  create  through  the  press,  public  speakers,  motion  pictures,  and 
posters  a  spirit  of  cooperation,  good  will,  and  mutual  understanding 
between  capital  and  labor.  The  work  of  the  whole  Department  of 
Labor,  especially  its  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  was  largely  educa- 
tional and  informative,  but  the  Information  and  Education  Service 
was  designed  to  handle  work  of  this  sort  especially  needed  during 
the  war  emergency.  During  the  w;ar  it  was  daily  sending  out  ma- 
terial to  over  5,000  newspapers  and  distributing  1,000,000  posters 
a  month  to  factories,  stores,  and  railway  stations.  It  organized 
a  force  of  19  staff  speakers  and  several  hundred  volunteer  speakers 
in  carrying  on  its  campaigns  of  education.  It  was  also  instrumental 
in  forming  Government  committees,  composed  of  employers,  em- 
ployees, and  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Labor  in  over 
2,000  plants  in  order  to  promote  personal  contact  between  workers 
and  their  employers.  During  the  war  it  operated  through  the  fol- 
lowing divisions:  Economics,  Educational.  Information,  Industrial 
Plants,  and  Posters.  After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  Division 
of  Public  Works  and  Construction  Development  was  organized  to 
assist  in  restoring  industry  from  a  war  to  a  peace  basis. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       223 

INFORMATION  AND  PROMOTION  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DIVI- 
SION, UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORA- 
TION. 

Created  October  25,  1918,  by  special  order  of  the  manager  of  the 
Industrial  Eelations  Division.  It  secured,  developed,  and  dissemi- 
nated information  for  all  publicity  and  publication  matters  on  the 
work  of  the  division.  Montague  Ferry  was  in  charge  of  the  branch. 

INFORMATION  SERVICE  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION,  ORD- 
NANCE DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  August,  1918,  and  its  work  organized  and  directed  by 
Payson  Irwin.  In  October  W.  O.  McLean  was  put  in  charge.  It 
digested  and  reported  all  decisions  of  boards  dealing  with  labor 
policies  and  kept  the  district  offices  of  the  Industrial  Service  Section 
promptly  advised  of  all  policies  formulated  that  affected  labor.  It 
issued  daily  and  weekly  reports  of  the  activities  of  the  Industrial 
Service  Section. 

INFORMATION  AND  STATISTICS  BRANCH,  METHODS  CONTROL  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

See  Statistics  Branch,  Administrative  Division,  Quartermaster 
General. 

INLAND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  THE  NAVY. 

Created  February  10,  1918,  in  order  to  secure  the  transportation 
necessary  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  Navy  program.  The 
director  was  appointed  by  the  Director  General  of  Railroads  as  his 
representative  in  Navy  and  Marine  Corps  transportation  matters. 
The  office  absorbed  the  Rush  Delivery  Section  of  the  Purchase  Divi- 
sion. It  functioned  through  sections  as  follows:  Car  Service,  Trac- 
ing, Routing,  Field  Traffic,  Statistics,  Terminal  Facilities,  Passenger 
Transportation  and  Labor,  and  Marine.  It  was  discontinued  March, 
1919.  H.  P.  Anewalt,  manager. 

INLAND  TRAFFIC,  MANAGER  OF,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Transportation  Division,  United  States  Food  Administration. 

INLAND  TRAFFIC  MANAGER,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Bureau  of  Traffic  and  Transportation,  United  States  Fuel  Ad- 
ministration. 

INLAND  TRAFFIC  MANAGER,  OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

See  Bureau  of  Traffic  and  Transportation,  Oil  Division,  United 
States  Fuel  Administration. 

INLAND  TRAFFIC,  MANAGERS  OF;  REPRESENTING  UNITED  STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Soon  after  the  organization  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Admin- 
istration, the  necessity  for  close  liaison  between  the  railroads  and  the 
various  Government  war  agencies  was  recognized.  Representatives 


224       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917. 

of  the  Division  of  Traffic  of  the  Railroad  Administration  were  ac- 
cordingly designated  to  cooperate  with  these  agencies,  under  the  title 
of  managers  of  inland  traffic.  The  various  departments,  together  with 
the  representatives  assigned  to  them,  were  as  follows :  to  War  Depart- 
ment, H.  M.  Adams ;  Navy  Department,  H.  P.  Anewalt ;  United  States 
Food  Administration,  C.  E.  Spens;  United  States  Fuel  Administra- 
tion, F.  M.  Whitaker ;  Oil  Division,  United  States  Fuel  Administra- 
tion, John  A.  Middleton,  succeeded  October  1, 1918,  by  O.  M.  Coneley ; 
War  Industries  Board,  T.  C.  Powell;  and  United  States  Shipping 
Board,  J.  F.  Holden,  succeeded  on  July  1,  1918,  by  D.  L.  Gray,  who 
was  in  turn  succeeded  on  November  12,  1918,  by  J.  W.  Blabon.  At 
the  end  of  February,  1919,  the  activities  of  the  managers  of  inland 
traffic  for  the  Navy  Department,  the  Oil  Division  of  the  United  States 
Fuel  Administration,  and  the  War  Industries  Board  were  discontinued. 
The  office  of  manager  of  inland  traffic  for  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board  was  discontinued  on  January  30,  1919.  It  was  the  duty  of 
these  representatives  of  the  United  States  Eailroad  Administration 
to  assist  in  the  movement  of  the  essential  raw  materials  required  by 
the  various  agencies,  to  handle  questions  involving  car  supply  and 
transportation  priorities,  and  to  assist  in  many  other  matters  involv- 
ing the  movement  of  war  freight  traffic.  An  effort  was  also  made  to 
conserve  transportation  facilities  by  avoiding  unnecessary  use  of  roll- 
ing stock  and  tracks,  and  by  routing  shipments  via  the  most  efficient 
routes,  thus  helping  to  relieve  congestion.  The  necessary  orders  reg- 
ulating the  movement  of  traffic  were  issued  by  the  United  States  Rail- 
road Administration.  The  duties  of  the  managers  naturally  became 
very  much  less  urgent  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 

INLAND     TRAFFIC     SECTION,     PRIORITIES     DIVISION,     WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  in  May,  1918.  It  pointed  out  to  shippers  and  consignees 
the  proper  source  for  assistance  and  relief;  in  issuing  permits  it 
watched  maximum  capacit}7  loading;  it  helped  to  adjust  between 
shippers  and  railroad  companies  questions  of  rates,  installation  of 
side  tracks,  loading  platforms,  etc. ;  and  in  general  acted  as  a  point 
of  contact  between  the  shipping  public  and  the  United  States  Rail- 
road Administration.  Thomas  C.  Powell,  chief. 

INLAND  TRAFFIC  SERVICE,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Inland  Transportation  Division  was  established  in  the  office 
of  the  Director  of  Storage  .and  Traffic  on  January  10,  1918.  The 
division  had  charge  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  inland  transpor- 
tation and  routing  of  all  troops  and  supplies,  by  whatever  means  they 
were  carried.  On  August  1,  1918,  a  reorganization  of  the  Inland 
Transportation  Division  was  effected  in  accordance  with  instruc- 
tions from  the  Secretary  of  War  dated  June  8, 1918,  and  the  name  was 
changed  to  Inland  Traffic  Service.  Under  the  director  were  26  branch 
and  district  offices,  while  he  was  assisted  by  representatives  at  the 
various  warehouses,  ports,  camps,  cantonments,  etc.  The  various 
supply  bureaus  of  the  War  Department  discontinued  their  trans- 
portation functions,  in  so  far  as  they  had  to  do  with  the  ordering  of 
cars,  routing  of  troops,  supplies,  etc. ;  and  their  duties  were  taken 
over  by  the  Inland  Traffic  Service.  The  chiefs  of  these  bureaus  as 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       225 

well  as  the  commanding  officers  of  ports,  depots,  camps,  canton- 
ments, etc.,  were  directed  to  designate  persons  to  assist  in  handling 
such  matters,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Inland  Traffic  Service. 
Branch  offices  were  established  at  the  following  places:  Boston.  New 
York,  Chicago.  St.  Louis,  Atlanta,  Pittsburgh,  and  New  Orleans. 
Each  office  was  in  charge  of  a  civilian  who  was  to  have  charge  of 
transportation  matters  in  his  territory.  Nineteen  district  offices  were 
also  established  at  important  centers,  each  in  charge  of  a  civilian 
traffic  expert.  The  Inland  Traffic  Service  took  over  all  matters  per- 
taining to  the  routing  and  transportation  of  all  troops  and  also  of 
all  property  of  the  War  Department.  It  had  charge  of  the  obtain- 
ing of  cars  or  other  necessary  means  of  transportation,  handled  all 
matters  pertaining  to  expedition  or  preference  in  movement,  and 
adopted  measures  looking  to  the  prompt  disposition  of  shipments  on 
arrival  at  destination.  It  had  control  over  all  railroad  freight  and 
passenger  equipment,  other  than  locomotive,  belonging  to  the  Gov- 
ernment. On  March  11,  the  Inland  Traffic  Service  was  merged  with 
the  Embarkation  Service,  the  new  organization  being  known  as  the 
Transportation  Service.  H.  M.  Adams  was  director  of  transporta- 
tion, succeeded  on  March  1. 1919,  by  Col.  C.  W.  TVinterburn. 

INLAND     TRANSPORTATION     DIVISION,     DIRECTOR     OF     PURCHASE     AND 
STORAGE. 

See  Inland  Traffic  Service*  War  Department. 

INLAND    WATER    TRANSPORTATION,    COMMITTEE    ON;     COUNCIL    OF    NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

Created  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  June  15,  1917.  The 
committee  consisted  of  eight  members,  including  the  chairman,  and 
one  additional  member  ex  officio,  Daniel  Willard,  chairman  of  the 
advisory  committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  chief 
function  of  the  committee  was  to  study  the  feasibility  of  utilizing  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  United  States,  both  lakes  and  rivers,  for  the 
relief  of  freight  congestion  on  the  railroads.  In  furtherance  of  this 
end,  the  committee  undertook  and  conducted  the  investigation  of  the 
following  questions:  (1)  water  carriers  available  for  immediate 
service,  including  distribution,  type,  physical  condition,  etc.;  (2) 
obstacles  interfering  with  full  use  of  existing  carriers;  (3)  steps 
necessary  to  be  taken  to  create  a  fleet  of  water  carriers  of  a  commer- 
cially useful  type.  The  committee  was  dissolved  on  February  16, 
1918,  and  its  records  were  turned  over  to  the  Committee  on  Inland 
Waterways  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration.  Chair- 
man, Gen.  W.  M.  Black,  Chief  of  Engineers.  United  States  Army. 

INLAND   WATERWAYS.    COMMITTEE    ON;    UNITED   STATES   RAILROAD   AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Appointed  February  16,  1918.  It  was  the  duty  of  this  committee 
to  investigate  and  report  as  promptly  as  possible  a  plan  with  refer- 
ence to  the  increased  use  of  inland  waterways  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
lieving the  railroads  of  a  part  of  the  traffic  burden  imposed  upon 
them  by  Avar  conditions.  Only  those  waterways  which  could  be  of 
use  in  the  attempt  to  meet  the  transportation  emergency  were  to  be 

127232—19 15 


226       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

included  in  the  plan  drawn  up.  Maj.  Gen.  William  M.  Black,  Chief 
of  Engineers,  was  appointed  chairman.  The  committee  was  discon- 
tinued on  September  5,  1918,  turning  over  its  records  and  unfinished 
work  to  the  director  of  the  Division  of  Inland  Waterways. 

INLAND  WATERWAYS,  DIVISION  OF;    UNITED   STATES  RAILROAD   ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

Created  September  5,  1918,  with  offices  in  Washington,  D.  C.  It 
took  over  the  records  and  unfinished  work  of  the  Committee  of  In- 
land Waterways,  appointed  February  16,  1918,  which  was  discon- 
tinued. Its  chief  function  was  the  supervision  of  the  operation  and 
construction  of  vessels  for  the  United  States  Railroad  Administra- 
tion under  .the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  the  New  York-New  Jersey 
Canal  Section  (New  York  Barge  Canal,  Hudson  River  and  Dela- 
ware and  Raritan  Canal),  and  the  Mississippi-Warrior  River  Sec- 
tion (Lower  Mississippi  River,  St.  Louis-New  Orleans;  Warrior 
River,  Cordova  via  Gulf  to  New  Orleans).  G.  A.  Tomlinsori,  director. 

INQUIRY,  BUREAU  OF;    INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

In  order  to  avoid  the  embargoes  laid  against  the  transportation 
to  Atlantic  ports  of  certain  commodities  for  private  purposes,  ship- 
pers of  lumber  in  certain  cases  caused  carloads  of  lumber  to  be  billed 
to  seaboard  terminals,  improperly  naming  as  consignees  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  the  Quartermaster  Department,  and  indi- 
vidual officers  of  the  United  States  Army.  In  most  cases  this  lumber 
was  disposed  of  at  the  point  of  delivery  for  private  uses.  Through 
the  efforts  of  the  Bureau  of  Inquir}^,  nine  indictments  were  obtained 
against  the  dealers  employing  these  methods.  J.  J.  Hickey,  chief. 

INSECTICIDE  AND  FUNGICIDE  BOARD,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  organization  which,  in  collaboration  with  the  Bu- 
reaus of  Chemistry  and  of  Entomology,  assisted  in  a  number  of  war 
tasks. .  Investigations  wore  made  with  a  view  to  the  discovery  of  ef  - 
fective  methods  of  destroying  body  lice.  The  board  also  cooperated 
with  the  Wood  Chemical  Section  of  the  Raw  Materials  Division, 
Council  of  National  Defense,  in  arranging  for  the  release  of  acetic 
acid,  which  was  needed  in  the  airplane  program,  by  the  substitution 
of  vinegar  for  acetic  acid  in  the  manufacture  of  paris  green.  J.  K. 
Haywood,  chairman. 

INSPECTION   BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPMENT    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

See  Production  and  Inspection  Branch. 

INSPECTION     BRANCH,     CONSERVATION     AND     RECLAMATION     DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER    GENERAL. 

Established  May  6, 1918.  The  Inspection  Branch  inspected  all  con- 
servation and  reclamation  activities  at  the  several  camps,  canton- 
ments, and  posts,  and  submitted  reports  thereon,  with  a  view  to  sug- 
gesting improvements  with  regard  to  methods  of  work.  The  branch 
was  abolished  October  28,  1918,  and  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the 
Salvage  Division.  Maj.  I.  S.  Osborn  in  charge. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       %2'27 
INSPECTION  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

See  Inspection  Section,  Engineering  and  Standardization  Branch, 
Purchase,  /Storage  and  Traffic  Division. 

INSPECTION    BRANCH,     SUBSISTENCE     DIVISION,     QUARTERMASTER     GEN- 
ERAL. 

Created  November  11,  1917,  to  take  charge  of  all  inspection  prob- 
lems. The  branch  was  to  provide  assurance  that  the  food  delivered 
was  of  the  quality  and  grade  purchased,  that  full  weight  was  deliv- 
ered, that  the  containers  and  shipping  cases  conformed  to  specified 
requirements.  The  branch  functioned  through  the  following  sec- 
tions: Supervisory  Field  Inspection,  Food  Investigation,  Meat  and 
Meat  Food  Products.  Publications,  Packing  Service.  C.  C.  Austin, 
chief. 

INSPECTION   DEPARTMENT,   BRITISH   WAR   MISSION,   WAR    SUPPLIES    DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Formed  in  November,  1914;  head  office  transferred  from  Bethle- 
hem, Pa.,  to  New  York  in  May,  1916.  In  June,  1917,  the  department 
took  the  title  of  British  Ministry  of  Munitions  of  War  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  the  full  title  as  above  in  June,  1918.  It  estab- 
lished six  munitions  district  offices  and  seven  suboffices,  and  also 
Gauge,  Mechanical  Transport,  and  Aeronautical  Departments.  It 
inspected  munitions  of  war  for  the  British  Government.  Brig.  Gen. 
L.  K.  Kenvon,  C,  B.,  R,  A.,  director. 


INSPECTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  STEAM  ENGINEERING,  NAVY  DEPART- 
MENT. 

This  division  was  one  of  the  permanent  subdivisions  of  the  Bureau 
of  Steam  Engineering,  established  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war.  It 
supervised  the  inspection  of  engineering  material,  also  material  for 
various  bureaus,  and  prepared  and  received  specifications.  A  large 
amount  of  work  was  done  through  inspectors  located  at  various 
manufacturing  centers.  Commander  M.  A.  Anderson,  chief. 

INSPECTION  SECTION,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

The  United  States  Fuel  Administration  in  March,  1918,  announced 
the  organization  of  an  inspection  system  to  enforce  the  mining  and 
shipping  of  clean  coal.  Charles  M.  Means,  a  mining  engineer,  was 
appointed  as  manager  of  the  Inspection  Section  in  April,  1918.  The 
work  was  concerned  with  the  inspection  of  coal  at  the  mines,  to  see  that 
it  came  up  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Fuel  Administration  in 
compliance  with  the  clean-coal  order.  An  'inspector  was  appointed 
for  each  district  representative  and  later  others  were  named,  25 
additional  inspectors  being  appointed  in  July,  1918.  Field  managers 
took  charge  of  the  work  of  the  inspectors,  and  State  inspectors  helped 
to  make  the  work  effective.  Mines  which  were  shipping  dirty  coal 
were  first  censured,  coal  was  then  thrown  back  to  be  cleaned,  and 
when  the  offense  was  repeated  the  mines  were  closed  until  the  man- 
agement satisfied  the  Fuel  Administration  that  they  could  and 


228       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

would  produce  coal  up  to  standards.  In  October,  1918,  there  were 
80  administration  inspectors,  124  railroad  inspectors,  and  106  State 
inspectors  who  were  carrying  on  the  work. 

INSPECTION    SECTION,    ENGINEERING    AND    STANDARDIZATION    BRANCH, 
PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  September  5,  1918,  to  standardize  and  improve  the  in- 
spection service  of  the  corps,  divisions,  and  bureaus  of  the  War  De- 
partment. This  section  was  known  as  the  Inspection  Branch  until 
January  24,  1919.  J.  L.  Mince,  A.  A.  White,  and  Maj.  G.  M. 
Chandler  successively  acted  as  chief. 

INSPECTION  SECTION,  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  section,  as  it  existed  in  December,  1917,  was  charged  with 
the  inspection  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  of  all  materials  pur- 
chased by  the  Equipment  Division,  prior  to  acceptance  and  payment 
therefor.  This  work  was  for  the  purpose  of  guaranteeing  that  all 
raw  materials  and  finished  articles  came  up  to  Government  speci- 
fications. Inspectors  were  placed  in  practically  every  one  of  the 
more  than  400  plants  where  work  was  being  done  on  contracts  for 
the  Equipment  Division.  It  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of  the 
Equipment  Division  after  January  14, 1918.  Maj.  Maish.  chief. 

INSPECTION  SECTION,  GUN  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  September  7,  1917.  Under  this  section  was  centralized 
the  entire  inspection  service  for  the  Gun  Division  with  the  exception 
of  the  Cannon  Section.  It  was  responsible  for  all  matters  relating  to 
the  inspection,  test,  and  acceptance  of  all  material  and  supplies  for 
the  Gun  Division  and  for  keeping  the  proper  records  relating  there- 
to. Its  organization  included  an  Administration  Branch,  and  a 
Technical  Branch.  The  Technical  Branch  was  subdivided  into  the 
Explosive,  Metallurgical,  Mechanical,  and  Gage  Units.  It  was  the 
duty  of  the  Inspection  Section  to  make  recommendations  and  sug- 
gestions concerning  changes  in  specification  and  drawings  when 
considered  necessary  and  when  changes  were  made  to  inform  manu- 
facturers. It  was  also  accountable  for  the  master  inspection  gages 
as  ordnance  property  and  provided  for  their  proper  distribution  and 
maintenance.  It  was  transferred  to  the  Inspection  Division  of  the 
Ordnance  Department  on  January  2,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  B.  W.  Dunn, 
chief. 

INSULAR    STATIONS,    DIVISION    OF;    OFFICE    OF    EXPERIMENT    STATIONS, 
STATES  RELATIONS  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  organization  which  undertook  to  stimulate  and  in- 
crease the  production  of  food  in  Alaska,  Hawaii,  Porto  Rico,  and 
Guam  to  meet  the  situation  created  by  the  reduction  of  tonnage  for 
food  shipments  to  these  parts  by  the  use  of  coastwise  vessels  for 
transport  service  to  Europe.  Before  the  war  the  value  of  the  food 
products  imported  into  these  regions  reached  annually  $30,000,000. 
Under  the  stimulus  of  war  and  the  guidance  of  the  insular  stations 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       229 

Porto  Rico,  ordinarily  importing  annually  $800,000  worth  of  beans, 
produced  a  sufficient  quantity  to  export  a  large  surplus,  while  Hawaii 
decreased  her  importation  of  flour  by  51  per  cent  through  the 
use  of  banana  pulp  made  from  the  supply  of  bananas  intended  for 
exportation,  but  for  which  there  were  no  vessels.  W.  H.  Evans,  chief. 

INSURANCE   COMMITTEE,   ADVISORY;    DIVISION   OF  OPERATIONS,   UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  September  28,  1917,  to  advise  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board  on  questions  of  marine,  war  risk,  and  protection  and  indem- 
nity insurance,  and  to  superintend  the  operations  of  a  fund  to  be 
created  by  the  Shipping  Board  for  this  purpose.  It  insured  vessels 
under  the  control  of  the  board  against  maritime  and  war  risk  and 
fixed  premium  rates  in  agreement  with  the  commercial  market,  and 
the  Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance.  On  October  9,  1918,  it  became 
the  Division  of  Insurance  by  a  resolution  of  the  Shipping  Board. 
H.  Chubb,  chairman. 

INSURANCE,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

This  organization,  formerly  the  Advisory  Insurance  Committee  of 
the  Division  of  Operations,  United  States  Shipping  Board,  was 
authorized  by  the  board  on  October  9,  1918,  because  of  the  need  of  a 
division  authorized  to  make  salvage  and  wrecking  contracts  and 
large  enough  to  handle  the  growing  insurance  work.  The  finances  of 
the  division  were  handled  by  the  comptroller  of  the  Division  of 
Operations.  Its  duties  were  (1)  the  fixing  of  premium  rates;  (2) 
the  advising  as  to  all  operating  contracts  and  charters  as  far  as  the 
question  of  insurance  was  concerned ;  the  advising  also  as  to  liability 
for  damage  to  cargo  or  insurance  of  crew:  (3)  the  management  of  the 
insurance  fund  which  protected  the  risks  assumed  by  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board  and  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  as 
owners  or  charterers;  (4)  the  management  of  the  charterer's  risks 
fund  which  protected  the  liability  risks  to  which  the  Shipping  Board 
and  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  were  exposed  as  charterers  of 
ships  of  foreign  flags;  (5)  the  entering  of  vessels  in  the  American 
Steamship  Owners'  Mutual  Protection  and  Indemnity  Association. 
It  also  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  the  Division 'of  Operation. 
On  February  11, 1919,  the  fund  of  $10,000,000  allotted  to  cover  insur- 
ance losses  was  withdrawn  as  unnecessary  for  the  future  financing 
of  the  division.  H.  Chubb,  director;  B.  K.  Ogden,  acting  director. 

INSPECTION    AND     PRODUCTION    BRANCH.     SUPPLY     CONTROL     DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Established  July  22,  1918.  On  August  30,  1918,  the  name  was 
changed  to  General  Inspection  Branch.  This  division  coordinated 
and  supervised  the  inspection,  production,  and  follow-up  system 
of  the  several  divisions  of  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General. 
The  General  Inspection  Branch  was  abolished  on  October  28,  1918, 
and  its  duties  were  transferred  to  the  office  of  the  Director  of  Pur- 
chase and  Storage.  A.  M.'  White,  director. 


230       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

INSPECTION  AND  PRODUCTION  SECTION,  STEEL  SHIP  CONSTRUCTION  DIVI- 
SION, UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORA- 
TION. 

Established  August  13,  1917.  as  a  department  of  the  Division  of 
Construction,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  to  have  supervision 
over  steel  ship  production.  Upon  the  creation  of  the  Steel  Ship 
Construction  Division,  the  department  became  a  section  of  that 
division.  Its  functions  included  the  following:  determination  of 
the  advisability  of  awarding  contracts;  maintenance  of  progress 
records  of  ship  construction;  supervision  of  all  district  officers' 
activities;  standardization  of  practices  in  ship  construction;  super- 
vision of  trial  trips;  acceptance,  registry,  and  reconveyance  of  steel 
ships ;  determination  of  steel  requirements  of  the  various  shipyards ; 
and  allocation  of  steel  plates  and  shapes  for  maximum  productive 
results  from  material  available.  These  functions  were  performed 
under  the  direction  of  the  section  by  the  Progress  Engineering, 
Financial,  Commandeering,  Performance,  Standard  Practice,  Mari- 
time, and  Statistical  Branches.  In  February,  1919,  the  section 
ceased  to  exist.  P.  J.  McAuliffe,  head. 

INSPECTION  AND  TEST  SECTION.  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  March  29,  1918,  under  the  managership  of  C.  B.  Young, 
mechanical  engineer  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy.  This 
section  had  charge  of  the  test  and  inspection  of  materials  and  work 
in  connection  with  the  construction  of  standard  locomotives  and 
cars. 

INSTRUCTION,  BOARD  OF;   PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

In  a  letter  from  the  office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  of  July 
4,  1918,  each  local  board  was  advised  to  select  and  organize  a  board 
of  instruction.  It  was  the  purpose  of  this  board  to  give  to  men 
called  into  the  military  service  certain  information  and  instruction 
prior  to  the  arrival  in  camp  which  would  prepare  them  in  a  measure 
for  the  new  conditions  under  which  they  would  shortly  be  living 
and  render  them  better  fitted  for  receiving  military  instruction.  In 
the  course  of  the  instruction  it  was  sought  to  inform  the  selected 
men  of  the  provisions  which  the  Government  had  made  for  their 
welfare,  and  that  of  their  families  in  case  of  death  or  disability,  to 
explain  the  system  of  allotments  and  allowances  to  soldiers'  depen- 
dents, and  to  instruct  them  concerning  war  aims,  camp  life,  and  the 
necessity  for  clean,  wholesome  living.  The  methods  of  different 
boards  varied.  In  some  cases  preliminary  military  drill  was  under- 
taken in  order  to  familiarize  the  men  with  first  principles.  The  idea 
of  the  Board  of  Instruction  originated  with  a  group  of  Cleveland 
men,  and  was  the  outcome  of  their  experience  in  Handling  a  large 
number  of  drafted  men  from  that  region.  The  number  of  such 
boards  actually  appointed  reached  2,952. 

INSTRUMENT  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  WEATHER  BUREAU,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

One  of  the  permanent  organizations  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  con- 
tinuing its  normal  functions  during  the  war.  It  furnished  the  Army 
and  Navy  with  the  instruments  and  apparatus  used  in  equipping  me- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       231 

teorological  stations  at  camps  and  naval  bases,  and  undertook  the 
manufacture  of  instruments  required  for  certain  technical  purposes, 
which  could  be  obtained  from  no  other  source.  Benjamin  C.  Kadel, 
chief. 

INTER-ALLIED. 

See  also  Allied;  Peace  Conference;  Supreine  Council  of  Supply 
and  Relief;  Supreme  Economic  Council;  Supreme  War  Council. 

INTER-ALLIED  AVIATION  COMMITTEE. 

A  committee  organized  by  the  Peace  Conference  March  12,  1919, 
with  Hear  Admiral  H.  S.  Knapp  and  Maj.  Gen.  Mason  N.  Patrick 
as  American  representatives,  to  consider  "  aerial  conditions  in  the 
preliminaries  of  peace"  and  "  international  aerial  navigation  in  time 
of  peace."  It  functioned  through  three  subcommittees:  Military; 
Technical,  Lieut.  Col.  A.  D.  Butterfield  (United  States),  president; 
Legal,  Commercial,  and  Financial. 

INTER-ALLIED  BLOCKADE  COMMITTEE. 

See  Blockade  Section*  Peace  Conference. 

INTER-ALLIED    COMMISSION    ON    SPECIFICATIONS    OF    PETROLEUM    PROD- 
UCTS. 

Created  June  25,  1918,  by  the  Inter- Allied  Petroleum  Conference. 
Its  duties  were  the  determination  of  sources  of  petroleum  supply  and 
the  recommendation  of  specifications  as  to  quality,  apparatus,  and 
tests.  A.  C.  Woodman  and  W.  A.  William  were  the  American  mem- 
bers. W.  Fraser,  chairman. 

INTER-ALLIED  CONGRESS  OF  SOCIAL  HYGIENE  IN  THE  RECONSTRUCTION 
OF  THE  DISTRICTS  DEVASTATED  BY  THE  WAR. 

A  congress  held  in  Paris  April  22-27,  1919,  of  official  delegates, 
titular  members,  and  adherent  members,  with  13  sections.  M.  le 
Doctetir  Sicard  do  Planzoles,  director  general. 

INTER-ALLIED  CONFERENCE. 

Held  iii  Paris  November  29  to  December  3,  1917,  for  the  purpose 
of  considering  the  best  means  for  prosecuting  the  war.  The  Inter- 
Allied  Finance  Council  was  at  this  date  in  process  of  organization ; 
and  the  similar  councils  on  Food  and  Munitions  and  Maritime  Trans- 
port were  determined  upon  in  the  conference.  The  Supreme  War 
Council  met  ai  Versailles  December  1,  1917,  and  was  attended  at  its 
first  session  by  the  delegates  to  the  conference.  American  delegation 
headed  by  Col.  E.  M.  House. 

INTER-ALLIED  FOOD  COUNCIL. 

Created  by  the  food  controllers  of  the  allied  powers,  after  the 
Inter-Allied  Conference  of  November  30, 1917,  and  composed  of  their 
representatives.  It  maintained  offices  in  London.  Its  work  was  to 
allocate  stocks  of  food  and  to  prepare  transport  programs  for  the 


232       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

consideration  of  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council  which  began 
to  operate  in  March,  1918.  Its  policies  were  surveyed  by  occasional 
conferences  of  the  food  controllers,  at  one  of  which,  in  August,  1918, 
the  food  program  for  1919  was  formulated,  and  the  relations  of  the 
Food  Council  to  the  Inter- Allied  Supreme  War,  War  Purchase  and 
Finance,  Maritime  Transport,  and  Munitions  Councils  were  adjusted. 
Following  the  armistice  the  allied  powers  organized  the  Supreme 
Council  of  Supply  and  Relief  to  administer  subsistence  problems  in 
devastated  regions  of  Europe. 

INTER-ALLIED  MEATS  AND  FATS  EXECUTIVE. 

Taken  over  as  a  subagency  of  the  Inter- Allied  Food  Council  in 
September,  1918,  and  acted  in  America  through  the  Allied  Provisions 
Export  Commission. 

INTER-ALLIED  MUNITIONS  COUNCIL,  PARIS. 

Created  by  the  Inter- Allied  Conference  of  November,  1917.  but  not- 
organized  until  the  summer  of  1918.  Its  function  was  to  make 
programs  for  finished  products  used  by  the  allied  armies,  and  for 
the  raw  materials  required  for  their  manufacture.  The  Nitrates  Com- 
mittee, sitting  at  London,  was  a  subcommittee.  The  American  mem- 
bers were  Edward  E.  Stettinius,  for  the  War  Department,  and  L.  L. 
Summers,  for  the  War  Industries  Boai'd. 

INTER-ALLIED  NITRATE  COMMITTEE. 
See  Nitrate  of  Soda  Executive. 

INTER-ALLIED  PETROLEUM  CONFERENCE. 

Created  by  decision  of  the  Inter- Allied  Conference  November  30, 
1917,  to  exchange  among  the  four  great  powers  information  upon 
petroleum  requirements,  supplies,  shipping  tonnage,  and  specifica 
tions.  It  erected  a  statistical  bureau  to  provide  basis  for  actions  by 
the  conference,  which  met  in  London  or  Paris.  After  numerous  in- 
formal meetings  it  held  its  first  formal  session  in  Paris  May  6,  1918. 
It  created  an  Inter- Allied  Commission  on  Specifications  of  Petroleum 
Products. 

INTER-ALLIED  PIG  TIN  POOL. 

After  a  six  weeks'  conference  in  London  during  August  and  Sep 
tember,  1918,  representatives  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Italy  created  an  international  monopoly  of  the  world's 
supply  of  tin.  An  Inter- Allied  Tin  Executive  administered  the  pool 
and  controlled  the  buying  price  in  each  producing  market.  The 
United  States  was  allowed  two-thirds  of  the  world's  production, 
which  was  distributed  by  the  War  Industries  Board  through  the 
United  States  Steel  Products  Co.  This  company  only  was  granted 
import  licenses.  The  agreement  was  abrogated  January  1,  1919. 

INTER-ALLIED  SANITARY  COMMISSION. 

Organized  at  Paris  in  1917,  to  give  consideration  to  sanitary  mat- 
ters of  international   concern,   especially  maritime   quarantine   and 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAB  OF  1917.       233 

sanitation.    Cols.  F.  X.  Strong,  H.  A.  Shaw,  G.  V.  Emerson,  United 

States  representatives:   Asst.  Surg.  Gen.  Hugh  S.  Cummings,  Ameri- 
can delegate. 

INTER-ALLIED  WHEAT  EXECUTIVE. 

Established  in  1915  to  control  purchase  of  wheat,  and  composed  of 
representatives  of  France,  England,  and  Italy.  It  surveyed  the  wheat 
situation  of  the  entire  world,  bought  wheat  and  distributed  it  to  the 
allies.  The  actual  purchase  transaction  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
Wheat  Export  Company  (Inc.). 

INTER-ALLY  COUNCIL  ON  WAR  PURCHASES  AND  FINANCE. 

One  of  the  interallied  councils  initiated  by  the  United  States  and 
established  to  secure  uniformity  of  action  by  the  associated  and 
allied  nations.  The  council  was  organized  in  December,  1917,  to 
coordinate  purchases  by  the  allies1  to  serve  as  a  clearing  house  for 
information  as  to  allied  needs  for  funds,  and  to  develop  unified 
policy  relating  to  loans  to  the  various  associated  and  allied  na- 
tions by  the  United  States  and  other  countries.  The  council,  sit- 
ting in  London  and  in  Paris,  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Su- 
preme War  Council  and  with  the  other  interallied  councils.  Its 
work  resulted  in  a  better  organization  of  the  system  of  allied  pur- 
chases in  the  United  States  and  a  better  coordination  of  the  financial 
operations  of  the  Allies.  Oscar  T.  Crosby,  Assistant  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  and  United  States  Commissioner  of  Finance  in  Europe, 
was  the  representative  of  the  United  States  Treasury  on  the  council 
and  was  its  president. 

INTERBUREAU    BRANCH.    GENERAL    CONTROL    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT 
DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Under  the  system  of  consolidated  purchases  established  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  in  June,  1918,  the  Interbureau  Unit  was  organized  in 
the  Administration  Branch  of  the  General  Control  Section.  On 
November  6,  1918,  it  was  organized  as  a  separate  branch  under  Capt. 
W.  H.  Lahey.  The  branch  received  requisitions  for  purchase  from 
the  Project  Section  of  the  Estimates  and  Requirements  Division,  the 
negotiating  sections  of  the  Procurement  Division,  proving  grounds 
and  arsenals,  and  the  other  divisions  of  the  Ordnance  Department, 
and  placed  these  requests  with  the  other  purchasing  bureaus  of  the 
War  Department  where  the  purchase  of  the  desired  material  had 
been  allocated.  It  also  received  requisitions  for  procurement  from 
the  outside  procuring  bureaus  of  the  War  Department  for  the  pur- 
chase of  materials  which  had  been  consolidated  in  the  Ordnance 
Department  and  placed  these  requests  with  the  proper  negotiators 
for  purchase. 

INTERDEPARTMENTAL    ADVISORY    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Established  March  29,  1917,  to  keep  the  several  branches  of  the 
Government  engaged  in  work  for  the  national  defense  in  close  touch 
with  each  other,  to  suggest  means  of  cooperation,  and  to  avoid  du- 
plication of  effort.  It  was  composed  of  representatives  of  10  ex- 


234       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ecutive  departments,  a  representative  of  the  National  Research 
Council,  and  the  chief  of  the  Section  on  Cooperation  with  the  States. 
The  Director  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  acted  as  chairman. 

UNITED  STATES  INTERDEPARTMENTAL  SOCIAL  HYGIENE  BOARD. 

The-Chamberlain-Kahn  bill,  which  was  passed  by  Congress  July  9, 
1918,  created  the  Interdepartmental  Social  Hygiene  Board.  The 
board  is  made  up  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  Secretary  of 
War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  a  representative  of  the  Medical 
Corps  of  the  Army,  a  representative  of  the  Medical  Corps  of  the 
Navy,  and  a  representative  of  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service.  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  is  chairman  of  the  board.  The 
board  has  an  appropriation  of  a  little  more  than  $4,000,000  to  ad- 
minister. Two  million  dollars,  one  million  for  1919-20,  and  the 
same  amount  for  1920-21,  were  distributed  through  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Public  Health  Service  to  the  State  boards  of  health 
of  the  United  States  for  the  treatment  and  prevention  of  venereal 
disease.  One  million  dollars  was  spent  for  the  care  of  persons  with 
venereal  disease  whose  detention,  isolation,  quarantine,  and  commit- 
ment might  safeguard  soldiers,  sailors,  and  civilians;  $200,000  were 
available  in  1919-1920  for  the  study  of  better  methods  of  prevention 
and  treatment  of  venereal  disease,  this  money  being  placed  in  insti- 
tutions of  learning  that  gave  promise  of  successful  scientific  research 
along  these  lines.  Finally  there  were  $300,000  available  for  1919- 
20,  and  $300,000  available  for  1920-21,  to  such  colleges,  univer- 
sities, training  schools  for  teachers,  and  other  like  institutions  as 
give  promise  in  the  judgment  of  the  interdepartmental  board  of 
finding  or  developing  better  and  more  effective  methods  of  instruc- 
tion in  hygiene.  Dr.  T.  A.  Storey,  chairman. 

INTERIOR,  DEPARTMENT   OF  THE. 

An  executive  department  created  in  1849.  Some  of  the  more 
important  war  activities  of  the  department  were  as  follows:  Inves- 
tigations concerning  war  minerals  and  the  stimulation  of  their  pro- 
duction in  the  United  States;  statistical  information  relating  to 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  world;  re- 
searches incident  to  the  development  of  materials  and  methods 
necessary  for  both  offensive  and  defensive  gas  and  flame  fighting 
and  for  signaling;  experiments  in  the  development  of  fuels  and 
lubricants  for  aviation  purposes;  construction  and  operation  of 
experimental  plants  for  production  in  quantity  of  certain  gases 
needed  by  the  Army  and  Navy;  control  of  the  manufacture,  trans- 
portation, and  issue  of  all  explosives  in  the  United  States;  making 
of  maps  for  military  purposes;  direction  of  readjustment  of  courses 
of  study  in  schools  to  meet  war  demands;  stimulation  of  home  gar- 
dening and  of  community  organization  as  well  as  Americanization 
work  among  the  foreign-born  population;  providing  access  for  of- 
ficers of  the  Army  and  Navy  to  the  records  of  the  Patent  Office 
and  bringing  to  their  attention  inventions  likely  to  prove  of  mili- 
tary value ;  prevention  of  publication  of  patents  useful  to  the  enemy ; 
assistance  to  the  Provost  Marshal  General  in  the  registration  of 
Indians  under  the  selective  service  act;  campaigns  to  increase  the 
production  of  food  on  Indian  lands  and  on  lands  to  which  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       235 

Reclamation  Service  furnished  water.  After  the  signing  of  the 
armistice  the  department  was  active  in  the  promotion  of  plans 
for  the  development  of  public  lands  and  the  settlement  of  dis- 
charged soldiers  and  sailors  thereon.  The  war  work  of  the  de- 
partment was  performed  through  the  following  bureaus:  Bureau 
of  Mines,  Geological  Survey,  Patent  Office,  Bureau  of  Education, 
Reclamation  Service,  Indian  Office,  and  Land  Office.  A  more  detailed 
description  of  the  work  of  the  department  will  be  found  in  the  arti- 
cles covering  the  above  bureaus  and  their  subdivisions.  Franklin  K. 
Lane  was  Secretary  of  the  Interior  throughout  the  war. 

INTERNAL  REVENUE,  BUREAU  OF;  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  July  1,  1861.  The  Bureau  of  Inter- 
nal Revenue  is  that  branch  of  the  Treasury  Department  which  has 
general  control,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, of  the  internal-revenue  taxes  of  the  Federal  Government.  It 
is  charged  primarily  with  the  assessment  and  collection  of  internal- 
revenue  taxes.  This  involves  secondarily  the  interpretation  of  taxa- 
tion measures  enacted  by  Congress,  the  preparation  of  regulations 
and  instructions  for  the  guidance  of  taxpayers,  and  the  enforcement 
of  internal-revenue  laws.  The  scope  01  the  bureau's  activities, 
already  enlarged  by  the  advent  of  a  system  of  Federal  taxes  on 
incomes  and  estates,  was  still  further  increased  by  the  war-revenue 
measures  of  1917  and  1919.  From  an  organization  dealing  with  a 
small  number  of  specified  classes  of  persons  and  firms  it  was  trans- 
formed into  an  agency  affecting  the  activities  of  almost  all  the  indi- 
viduals and  corporations  in  the  country.  To  meet  these  demands  for 
war-time  activity  the  administrative  machinery  was  reorganized, 
the  personnel  greatly  increased,  and  the  methods  of  operation  im- 
proved. Professional  and  technical  assistance  of  high  character  was 
procured  to  assist  in  the  difficult  task  of  interpreting  and  administer- 
ing the  complex  war  revenue  acts.  The  personnel  in  Washington 
was  increased  from  less  than  600  to  more  than  3,000,  while  the  field 
forces  expanded  from  4,500  to  more  than  10,000,  making  the  total 
personnel  in  1919  approximately  14,000.  Collections  of  $500,000,000 
in  the  fiscal  year  1916  increased  to  $800,000.000  'in  1917  'and  to 
$3,700,000,000  in  1918.  The  bureau  is  now  engaged  in  the  collection 
of  the  still  larger  imposts  of  the  revenue  act  of  1919.  The  work  of 
the  bureau  is  directed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  W.  H.  Osborn  was  commissioner.  He 
resigned  in  September,  1917,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  present  incum- 
bent, D.  C.  Roper. 

INTERNATIONAL     CONTROL     OF     PORTS,     WATERWAYS,     AND     RAILWAYS 
COMMISSION,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Created  at  the  second  plenary  session  of  the  Peace  Conference, 
January  25,  1919.  It  included  two  representatives  of  each  of  the 
five  great  powers  and  nine  others.  It  established  two  subcommittees, 
one  on  Transportation,  Henry  White  (United  States) ,  president,  and 
one  on  General  Control.  The  American  members  were  Henry  White 
and  Maj.  James  Brown  Scott,  who  succeeded  David  H.  Miller.  M. 
S.  Crespi  (Italy),  president. 


236       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

INTERNATIONAL  HIGH  COMMISSION,  UNITED  STATES  SECTION,  TREASURY 
DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  1915  and  given  legislative  sanction  by  act  of  Congress 
of  February  7,  1916.  It  has  worked  through  its  permanent  group 
committees  and  has  during  the  war  continued  its  function  of  giving 
uniformity  to  the  commercial  law  and  fiscal  regulations  of  the 
American  Kepublics.  William  G.  McAdoo,  chairman,  succeeded  by 
Carter  Glass. 

INTERNATIONAL  LABOR  LEGISLATION  COMMISSION,  PEACE  CONFERENCE 

First  meeting  held  February  1,  1919.  It  was  composed  of  two 
representatives  apiece  from  the  five  great  powers  and  five  rep- 
resentatives to  be  elected  by  the  other  powers  to  inquire  into  the 
conditions  of  employment  from  the  international  aspect,  to  consider 
international  means  to  secure  common  action  on  matters  affecting 
employment,  and  to  recommend  the  form  of  a  permanent  agency  to 
continue  such  inquiry.  E.  N.  Hurley,  Samuel  Gompers,  American 
members.  Samuel  Gompers,  president  of  commission. 

INTERNATIONAL  SCIENTIFIC   COMMISSION. 

Created  by  the  Inter- Allied  Conference  in  November,  1917,  to  con- 
sider from  the  point  of  view  of  natural  science  the  food  problems 
of  the  allies.  Two  representatives  from  Great  Britain,  United 
States,  France,  and  Italy,  and  one  from  Belgium  made  up  the  com- 
mission. Two  meetings  were  held  at  which  the  commission  discussed 
technical  matters  in  regard  to  the  food  supply  of  the  allies.  United 
States  representatives  were  Profs.  Chittenden  and  Lusk. 

INTERREGIONAL    TRAFFIC    COMMITTEE,    DIVISION    OF    TRAFFIC,    UNITED 
STATES  RAILROAD   ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  February  9,  1918.  The  committee  was  appointed  for  the 
purpose  of  making  a  study  of  the  large  traffic  movements  with  the 
idea  of  directing  traffic  from  the  more  congested  gateways  and 
ports.  Particular  attention  was  given  to  questions  affecting  move- 
ments of  traffic  between  the  regions  into  which  the  country  was 
divided  for  operating  purposes  under  the  United  States  Railroad 
Administration.  The  whole  situation  was  considered  from  the  point 
of  view  of  a  national  railroad  system  with  unity  of  operation.  The 
committee  submitted  advisory  reports  to  the  Director  General  and  to 
the  Director  of  the  Division  of  Traffic  concerning  changes  which 
might  be  made  in  the  routing  of  traffic.  The  committee  was  di Con- 
tinued in  June,  1918.  B.  L.  Winchell,  chairman. 

INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

During  the  war  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  performed, 
in  addition  to  its  regular  duties,  numerous  special  functions  called 
forth  by  the  exigencies  of  the  transportation  situation.  Of  special 
importance  were  its  efforts  to  assist  in  clearing  up  the  traffic  con- 
gestion which  prevailed  in  1916  and  1917  and  early  in  1918.  In 
March  of  1916,  it  called  a  meeting  of  railroad  officials  to  devise  means 
to  relieve  the  acute  congestion  prevailing  at  the  eastern  terminals, 
which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  Eastern  Freight  Accurnu- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.       237 

lation  Conference.     In  its  annual  report  for  1916.  the  commission 
recommended  that  Congress  authorize  it  to  deal  with  all  matters 
pertaining  to  car  service.    Owing  to  the  serious  situation  prevailing 
in  the  fall  of  1916,  a   car  supply  investigation  was  instituted   on 
November  4,  1916,  and  later  a  report  was  entered  prescribing  ren son- 
able  car  service  rules,  covering  certain  types  of  equipment.   On  May  29, 
1917,  the  Esch  Car  Service  Act  was  approved,  which  had  been  passed 
pursuant  to  the  recommendations  of  the  commission.     To  carry  out 
the  provisions  of  the  act,  the  commission  organized  the  Bureau  of 
Car  Service,  also  known  as  the  Division  of  Car  Service.    In  practice, 
the  bureau  worked  through  the  Commission  on  Car  Servic?  of  the 
American  Railway  Association.    After  the  railroads  had  been  placed 
under  Federal  control  the  commission  cooperated  in  similar  fashion 
with  the  Car  Service  Section  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Admin- 
istration.    In  a  special  report  to  Congress  dated  December  1,  i917. 
attention  was  called  to  the  absolute  necessity  for  unified  operation 
of  the  railroads,  either  under  a  system  of  private  control  or  under 
Federal  control.     After  the  railroads  had  been  taken  over  by  thtj 
President,  it  became  the  duty  of  the  commission,  under  the  Federal 
control  act,  to  ascertain  and  certify  to  the  President  the  average 
annual  railway  operating  income;  to  appoint  boards  of  referees  to 
consider  contested  compensation  claims ;  to  receive  and  file  the  tariffs 
made  by  the  President;  and  to  determine,  upon  complaint,  the  reason- 
ableness of  the  rates  established  by  the  President.     Through  its  Bureai  i 
of  Statistics,  the  commission  secured  for  the  Director  General  of 
Railroads  data  bearing  upon  the  average  annual  operating  income  of 
the  roads  taken  over.     The  inspectors  of  the  Bureau  of  Safety  also 
investigated  freight  congestion  at  the  principal  terminals  and  sub- 
mitted reports  which  were  summarized  and  transmitted  to  the  Direc- 
tor General.    The  Bureau  of  Inquiry  investigated  cases  arising  under 
the  priority  act  of  August  10,  1917,^  while  the  Bureau  of  Locomotive 
Inspection  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  an  effort  to  relieve  the 
traffic  blockade.     The  commission  also  organized  a  Compensation 
Board,  to  assist  in  matters  pertaining  to  the  contracts  between  the 
United  States  Railroad  Administration  and  the  carriers.    Henry  C. 
Hall  was  chairman  of  the  commission  from  January   1.   1917.  to 
January  1,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Winthrop  M.  Daniels. 
C.  B.  Aitcheson  succeeded  Mr.  Daniels  on  January  1.  1919. 

INTERSTATE  COTTONSEED  PRODUCTS  COUNCIL. 

Created  in  July,  1917,  as  an  advisory  committee  to  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  and  the  Interstate  Cottonseed  Crushers' 
Association.  The  council  took  up  the  matter  of  supplying  relief  to 
the  cattle  regions  of  Texas  where  conditions  had  produced  a  feed 
shortage.  R.  D.  Montgomery,  chairman. 

INVENTIONS,  BOARD  OF,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 
See  Naral  Consulting  Board. 

INVENTION  SECTION,  WAR  PLANS  DIVISION,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Formed  in  the  War  Plans  Division,  April,  1918.  to  pass  upon  the 
practical  value  of  inventions  submitted  to  the  War  Department.  It 


238       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

was  assisted  by  an  advisory  board  upon  which  numerous  scientific 
societies  or  branches  of  the  Government  were  represented.  Col.  C.  H. 
Hilton,  chief. 

INVENTIONS,  RESEARCH  AND  TRIALS  DIVISION,  BUREAU   OF   ORDNANCE, 
NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

In  existence  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  This  division  had  charge 
of  inventions  and  suggestions  for  the  improvement  or  betterment  of 
any  naval  ordnance  material.  It  initiated  research  along  original 
lines  pertaining  to  ordnance  and  gunnery  and  exercised  control  over 
the  special  board  of  naval  ordnance,  whose  function  it  was  to  con- 
sider formally  all  inventions  and  proposed  improvements.  It  also 
formulated  plans  for  experimental  and  trial  works  and  under  its 
supervision  the  official  tests,  trials,  and  experiments  were  carried  on. 

INVESTIGATION    BRANCH,     INDUSTRIAL     RELATIONS     DIVISION,     UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  October  25,  1918,  by  special  order  of  the  manager  of  the 
Industrial  Relations  Division  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  general 
and  special  investigations  necessary  for  the  conduct  of  the  work  of 
the  division.  A.  B.  Wolfe  was  in  charge  of  the  branch. 

INVESTIGATION,      BUREAU      OF;      ADMINISTRATION      DIVISION,      UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  function  of  this  office  was  certain  work  relating  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal  and  coke  that  had  been 
carried  on  by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  partly  previous  to  and 
partly  subsequent  to  the  forming  of  the  Fuel  Administration  and 
transferred  to  the  Fuel  Administration  under  the  Executive  order  of 
July  3,  1918.  The  primary  work  was  the  securing  of  reports  of 
shipments  from  distributors  of  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal  and 
coke  and  from  anthracite  operators,  and  the  determination  of  the 
prices  and  margins  charged  by  distributors  and  operators  in  viola- 
tion of  the  f.  o.  b.  mine  prices  and  margins  fixed  by  the  President 
and  the  United  States  Fuel  Administrator.  R.  H.  Vorfeld  was  in 
charge  until  September  24,  1918,  when  G.  F.  Macgregor  was  ap- 
pointed director.  He  was  later  succeeded  by  Charles  F.  Fuller. 

INVESTIGATION  AND  INSPECTION  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Provided  for  in  the  war  labor  administration  act  of  July  1,  1S18T 
which  appropriated  the  sum  of  $300,000  for  this  service.  It  pro- 
vided a  central  force  of  inspectors,  investigators,  and  examiners  for 
other  divisions  of  the  Department  of  Labor  and  experts  in  the  Secre- 
tary's  Office  working  on  special  problems.  To  some  extent  the  func- 
tions of  this  service  overlapped  those  of  the  long-established  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics.  A  cooperative  working  agreement  between  the 
two  services  was  arranged,  however,  which  in  general  provided  that 
the  Investigation  and  Inspection  Service  should  undertake  investiga- 
tions of  a  briefer  character  needed  to  secure  information  for  more 
immediate  use.  Ethelbert  Stewart,  director. 

INVESTIGATIONS    BRANCH,    FIELD    OPERATIONS    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF 

FINANCE. 

Established  in  March,  1919.  This  branch  conducted  investigations 
and  reported  concerning  the  administration  of  the  various  field 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       239 

finance  offices,  their  systems  and  methods  of  business,  and  recom- 
mended changes  where  necessary.  It  received  reports  from  depait- 
ments,  camps,  and  general  hospitals  relative  to  the  pay  status  of 
enlisted  men  and  any  delays  in  their  payment.  Maj.  E.  M.  Foster, 
chief. 

IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTITUTE  (INC.),  AMERICAN. 

The  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  which  was  incorporated 
in  1908,  appointed  the  Cooperative  Committee  on  Steel  and  Steel 
Products  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  When  the  committees 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  were  disbanded,  in  November, 
1917,  the  institute  appointed  the  same  committee  and  subcommittees 
to  act  as  war  service  committees,  to  advise  Government  departments 
and  the  steel  director  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  and  to  distribute 
orders  to  manufacturers.  The  institute  was  directed  by  the  Bureau 
of  Imports,  War  Trade  Board,  in  December,  1917,  to  act  as  consignee 
of  all  steel  and  allied  products  imported  into  the  United  States  dur- 
ing the  war  and  to  distribute  these  products  to  manufacturers. 
Elbert  H.  Gary  was  president  during  the  war  and  acted  as  chairman 
of  the  Central  Committee. 

IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTITUTE   (INC.),  AMERICAN,  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  in  September, 
1917.  continuing  the  personnel,  functions,  and  subcommittee  organi- 
zation of  the  Steel  and  Steel  Products  Committee  of  the  Council  of 
National  Defense.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  steel  director 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  continued  to  maintain  production, 
distribute  orders  to  manufacturers,  and  provide  for  the  allocation 
of  steel  to  manufacturers  having  Government  contracts.  The  Cen- 
tral Committee  functioned  through  the  following  subcommittees: 
Steel  Distribution,  J.  A.  Farrell,  chairman;  Alloys,  J.  A.  Farrell, 
chairman;  Sheet  Steel,  W.  S.  Horner,  chairman;  Pig  Tin,  John 
Hughes,  chairman;  Scrap  Iron  and  Steel,  W.  U.  Phillips,  chairman; 
Pig  Iron  Ore  and  Lake  Transportation,  H.  G.  Dalton,  chairman; 
Tin  Plate,  J.  I.  Andrews,  chairman;  Malleable  Castings,  F.  J.  Lana- 
han,  chairman ;  Wire  Rope,  Karl  G.  Roebling,  chairman ;  Wire  Prod- 
ucts, F.  Baackes,  chairman;  Cold  Rolled  and  Drawn  Steel,  F.  N. 
Beegle,  chairman ;  Tubular  Products,  James  A.  Campbell,  chairman. 
E.  H.  Gary  was  chairman  of  the  Central  Committee. 

IRON,    STEEL,    AND    HEAVY    HARDWARE    JOBBERS'    WAR    SERVICE    COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  October  25, 1917.  The  committee  distributed  the  rulings 
of  the  steel  director  to  the  trade  and  cooperated  with  the  War 
Industries  Board  and  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute.  Samuel 
L.  Orr,  chairman. 

IRON  AND  STEEL  SCRAP,  BUREAU  OF. 

Owing  to  the  very  large  accumulation  of  cars  loaded  with  iron  and 
steel  scrap  which  were  on  hand  in  all  sections  of  the  country  on 
November,  1917,  the  Railroads  War  Board,  which  directed  the  opera- 
tion of  the  railroads,  appointed  C.  A.  Barnes,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Iron  and  Steel  Scrap,  with  full  authority  over  all  railroads,  to  handle 


240       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  T.HE  WAR  OF  1917. 

these  commodities.  The  expenses  of  maintaining  this  bureau  were 
voluntarily  assumed  by  the  American  Board  of  Scrap  Iron  Dealers. 
When  the  railroads  were  taken  over  by  the  Government,  the  Bureau 
of  Iron  and  Steel  Scrap  was  asked  to  continue  by  the  Director  Gen- 
eral of  Railroads,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  had  the  situation  in 
hand  and  had  been  able  to  keep  the  tracks  clear. 

IRON    AND    STEEL    SCRAP    SECTION,    STEEL    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  in  October,  1918.  to  cooperate  with  the  Scrap  Iron  and 
Steel  Subcommittee  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  which 
had  been  carrying  on  this  work  for  over  a  year.  The  section  allocated 
iron  and  steel  scrap,  prevented  price  violations  by  both  buyers  and 
sellers,  brought  in  b}'  aid  of  Navy  and  other  departments  large  ton- 
nage of  scrap  from  Panama,  Mexico,  and  Central  America,  and  at 
the  signing  of  the  armistice  was  just  putting  into  operation  a  compre- 
hensive plan  covering  the  entire  country  with  a  view  to  reclaiming 
all  possible  material.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  81, 
1918.  W.  Yernon  Phillips,  chief. 

IVORY  NUT  IMPORTERS'  ASSOCIATION   (INC.). 

Formed  in  May,  1918,  to  act  as  consignee  for  the  Bureau  of  Im- 
ports, War  Trade  Board,  of  all  importations  of  ivory  nuts  and  to 
allocate  and  distribute  these  importations  in  the  United  States. 
T.  Dellifield,  president. 

JAPANESE  FINANCIAL  COMMISSION. 

Under  Baron  Tanetaro  Megata,  chief,  the  commission  came  to  the 
United  States  November  2,  1917,  to  promote  business  relations  with 
the  United  States,  to  investigate  financial  and  economical  conditions, 
and  to  interest  America  in  China. 

JAPANESE  RAILWAY  COMMISSION. 

The  commission  arrived  in  the  United  States  December  11,  1917, 
and  inspected  present  transportation  conditions  in  America  in  refer- 
ence to  bulk  commodities,  and  inspected  the  larger  industrial  plants, 
railway  equipment  and  vards.  factories,  and  terminals.  Dr.  Yasu- 
jiro  Shima,  head. 

JEWELERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  January  6.  1918.  The  committee  worked  with  the  Treas- 
ury Department,  War  Industries  Hoard,  and  War  Trade  Board  in 
connection  with  the  conservation  of  gold,  silver,  and  platinum  and 
the  export  and  import  of  these  commodities.  The  jewelers  also  took 
up  the  manufacture  of  surgical  instruments  and  other  articles.  O.  G. 
Fessenden.  chairman,  succeeded  by  Robert  B.  Steele,  June,  1918. 

JEWISH  WELFARE  BOARD. 

Created  April  9, 1917,  and  recognized  by  the  Commission  on  Train- 
ing Camp  Activities  in  September,  1917.  The  Jewish  Welfare 
Board  maintained  buildings  in  the  camps  under  the  direction  of 
trained  secretaries,  provided  rest  rooms  and  reading  rooms,  recrea- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       241 

tion,  in  the  form  of  concerts,  lectures,  theatricals  and  movies,  and 
educational  facilities,  and  arranged  for  the  spiritual  needs  of  all 
men  in  uniform  with  emphasis  upon  the  needs  of  the  men  of  the 
Jewish  faith.  Supplies  were  distributed  free.  Special  activities  were 
conducted  at  the  ports  of  embarkation  and  debarkation  and  on  the 
transports.  In  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces  the  same  work 
was  carried  on.  Branch  organizations  were  operated  in  165  cities 
adjacent  to  camps.  In  the  work  $1,200,000  has  been  spent  by  the 
Jewish  Welfare  Board,  12  Hebrew  organizations  being  affiliated. 
Dr.  Cyrus  Adler  was  chairman  of  the  executive  committee  until  July 
16,  1917.  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Harry  Cutler. 

JOINT  ARMY  AND  NAVY  BOARD  ON  GUN  FORGING  SPECIFICATIONS,  ORD- 
NANCE DEPARTMENT,  UNITED  STATES  ARMY,  AND  BUREAU  OF  ORD- 
NANCE, UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 

This  board,  consisting  of  four  members  each  from  the  Army  and 
Navy,  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  preparing  for  issue,  specifications 
covering  the  manufacture  of  gun  forgings  and  similar  parts.  These 
specifications  were  to  govern  jointly  the  manufacture  of  this  material, 
whether  ordered  by  the  Army  or  the  Navy,  after  having  been  ap- 
proved by  their  respective  chiefs  of  ordnance.  The  members  for  the 
Army  were  Col.  J.  E.  Hoffer,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  P.  Barba,  Lieut.  Col. 
R.  H.  Somers,  and  Maj.  A.  E.  White ;  for  the  Navy,  Commander  A.  C. 
Dieffenbach,  Lieut.  Commander  N.  W.  Pickering,  Lieut.  W.  I.  How- 
land,  and  Lieut.  A.  G.  Zimmerman. 

JOINT  COMMITTEE  OF  WOOL  MANUFACTURERS. 

See  Wool  Manufacturers'  Committee. 

JUST  COMPENSATION,  ADVISORY  BOARD  OF;  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD. 

See  Ocean  Advisory  Committee  on  Just  Compensation,  United 
States  Shipping  Board. 

JUTE,  HEMP,  AND  CORDAGE  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  on  May  16. 1918,  to  handle  both  raw  materials  and  finished 
products.  It  made  surveys  of  conditions  in  the  industries,  compiled 
statistics  regarding  raw  materials,  and  advised  the  industries  as  the 
situation  demanded  it.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31, 
1918.  E.  C.  Heidrich,  jr.,  chief. 

JUTE  SPINNERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  7,  1918,  with  Malcolm  J.  Stone  as  chairman,  at 
the  request  of  the  Jute,  Hemp,  and  Cordage  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board. 

KITCHEN  AND  CAMP  EQUIPMENT  BRANCH,  HARDWARE  AND  METALS  DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  June  14,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  procurement  of  all 
camp  and  kitchen  equipment  for  the  Hardware  and  Metals  Division. 
This  branch  was  transferred  to  the  General  Supplies  Division,  Octo- 
ber 28,  1918.    W.  J.  Peck,  chairman. 
127232—19 16   ' 


242       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGKXCTKS  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
KNIGHTS  OF  COLUMBUS. 

A  fraternal  benefit  society  of  Catholics  instituted  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  in  1882.  During  the  war  the  National  Catholic  War  Council 
assigned  to  the  order  the  function  of  caring  for  recreational  work 
for  soldiers  and  sailors.  At  our  entrance  into  the  European  War 
the  supreme  officers  of  the  order  tendered  its  services  to  the  Govern- 
ment, and  they  were  accepted.  Approximately  $1,000,000  was  raised 
immediately  among  the  membership  as  a  nucleus  of  the  order's  war 
funds,  and  relief  work  was  launched  in  the  home  cantonments.  Ex- 
tension of  the  work  necessitated  an  extension  of  the  appeal  for  funds, 
and  within  about  nine  months  over  $10,000,000  had  been  collected  for 
war  work.  This  sum  was  later  increased  to  $14,000,000.  In  the 
United  War  Drive  of  November,  1918,  the  quota  of  the  Knights  of 
Columbus  was  $25,000,000.  The  order  erected  and  maintained  350 
buildings  in  home  camps,  and  operated  250  clubs  abroad  in  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  Belgium,  Holland,  and  the  British  Isles.  The  per- 
sonnel employed  by  the  Knights  in  this  country  numbered  over  1,000, 
and  about  an  equal  number  served  overseas.  Over  1,800  subordinate 
councils,  each  having  either  buildings  or  clubrooms,  were  employed 
as  camp  community  centers  during  the  war  and  the  period  of  demo- 
bilization. The  Knights  also  provided  service  on  transports,  having 
had  70  secretaries  employed  in  this  work.  Athletic  and  other  recrea- 
tional equipment  was  provided  for  400  warships.  Articles  such  as 
chocolate,  chewing  gum,  bouillon,  tobacco,  etc.,  to  the  value  of  about 
$6,000,000,  were  distributed  to  men  in  the  service.  Upon  the  signing 
of  the  armistice  the  Knights  of  Columbus  launched  the  reemploy- 
ment  and  reconstruction  work  which  had  been  planned  in  the  early 
summer  of  1918.  Over  37,250  members  of  the  order  and  over  1,700 
councils  were  organized  as  employment  canvassers  and  units.  The 
Knights  of  Columbus  is  governed  by  a  Supreme  Board  of  Directors, 
of  which  James  A.  Flaherty  was  Supreme  Knight  during  the  war. 
The  war  work  of  the  order  was  managed  by  the  Committee  on  War 
Activities  under  the  authority  of  the  Board  of  Directors.  William 
J.  Mulligan  was  chairman  of  the  committee. 

KNIT    GOODS    BRANCH,    CLOTHING    AND    EQUIPAGE    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER CORPS. 

Organized,  by  Lincoln  Cromwell,  who  was  appointed  chief  Janu- 
ary 8,  1918.  It  took  over  work  formerly  performed  by  the  Kriir 
Goods  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense.  Its  function  was  to 
supervise  the  procurement  of  knit  goods.  Frank  F.  Foote  became 
chief  September  13,  1918.  The  branch  rewrote  the  underwear 
specifications.  It  was  combined  October  28,  1918,  with  the  Woolens 
Branch  to  form  the  Woolen  and  Knit  Goods  Branch.  Purchase  and 
Storage. 

KNIT   GOODS  COOPERATIVE   COMMITTEE,   SUPPLIES   COMMITTEE,   COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

• 

Created  May  1,  1917,  nominally  to  advise  the  Quartermaster  Gen- 
eral where  to  buy,  but  in  practice  doing  actual  buying  until  January, 
1918.  It  assisted  both  the  Navy  Department  and  the  Marine  Corps 
in  their  purchases.  Prior  to  February,  1918,  it  bought  177.098,784 
articles,  mostly  underwear  and  stockings,  and  negotiated  the  pur- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       243 

chase  of  11,318,700  articles.  The  committee  was  dissolved  December 
1,  1917.  three  members  of  the  committee  being  elected  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Supplies  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  work 
of  the  Committee  on  Supplies  was  transferred  to  the  Quartermaster 
January  12,  1918.  Tt  was  known  also  as  the  Knit  Goods  Section  of 
the  Advisory  Commission.  Lincoln  Cromwell,  chairman. 

KNIT    GOODS    SECTION,    SUPPLIES    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

See  Knit  Goods  Cooperative  Committee. 

KNIT  GOODS  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Organized  June  10,  1918.  It  allocated  all  Government  purchases 
to  prevent  undue  competition,  paid  attention  to  clearances,  and  com- 
piled a  tabulation  of  the  knitted  underwear  and  hosiery  industries. 
The  section  handled  few  priorities,  and  did  not  enter  upon  price- 
fixing.  It  advised  a  tapering-off  of  contracts  after  the  signing  of 
the  armistice,  and  was  discontinued  December  16,  1918.  Lincoln 
Cromwell,  chief. 

KNITTING  MACHINES  WAR   SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  24,  1917,  with  F.  C.  Howard  as  chairman, 
to  represent  the  industry  before  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

LABOR,  BUREAU  OF;    UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  as  a  bureau  in  July,  1918.  with  John  P.  White  and 
Rembrandt  Peale  as  joint  heads.  This  bureau  had  power  to  dispose 
of  all  matters  concerning  labor  in  the  coal  mining  industry,  includ- 
ing the  actual  settlement  of  disputes  in  the  field.  An  arrangement 
was  made  July  23,  1918,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Secretary  of  Labor 
and  of  the  United  Mine  Workers,  whereby  all  labor  questions  were 
to  be  handled  by  the  Fuel  Administration,  and  the  agreement  in- 
cluded the  provision  that  any  dispute  failing  of  settlement  between 
the  parties  interested  must  be  submitted  to  the  Fuel  Administration 
without  stoppage  of  work.  John  P.  White  had  been  appointed  labor 
adviser  to  the  Fuel  Administrator  on  September  14,  1917,  resigning 
as  president  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  to  take  up  this  important 
work.  He  had  been  the  point  of  contact  between  organized  and  un- 
organized mining  labor  and  the  Fuel  Administration,  making  many 
important  settlements.  He  resigned  from  the  Bureau  of  Labor 
November  19,  1918.  Rembrandt  Peale  had  been  appointed  anthra- 
cite adviser  to  the  Fuel  Administrator  September  11,  1917,  havin^ 
worked  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  White  previous  to  the  creation  o 
the  bureau.  Warren  Pippin  was  appointed  November  17,  1918,  as 
joint  director  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  John  P.  White's  resigna- 
tion. The  Labor  Bureau  reported  directly  to  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administrator.  This  bureau  continued  to  function  until  the  procla- 
mation of  peace. 

LABOR,  COMMITTEE  ON;    COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  at  a  meeting  held  in  Washington  on  April  2,  1917,  com- 
posed of  representatives  of  labor,  employers,  the  general  public,  and 


244       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

welfare  experts.  The  meeting  was  called  by  Samuel  Gompers,  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  who  had  been  appointed 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  as  the  member  in  charge  of 
labor  matters  on  the  Advisory  Commission  of  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense.  All  members  of  the  committee  were  appointed  by 
Mr.  Gompers.  Its  functions  were  to  advise  in  regard  to  the  welfare 
of  workers  in  the  Nation's  industries  and  in  regard  to  the  means  of 
adjustment  of  employment  problems  without  interruption  of  in- 
dustry. A  few  days  after  its  organization  this  committee  promul- 
gated through  the  Council  of  National  Defense  a  declaration  setting 
forth  the  principles  that  should  govern  the  relations  between  em- 
ployers and  employees  during  the  war.  In  brief,  this  declaration 
called  for  the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  in  these  relations,  it 
being  urged  that  no  changes  be  made  in  existing  labor  standards 
except  with  the  approval  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  Th« 
committee  was  responsible  for  the  initiation  and  original  drafting  of 
the  war  risk  insurance  bill,  providing  various  compensations  for 
soldiers,  sailors,  and  their  dependents.  The  activities  of  the  com- 
mittee were  also  valuable  in  connection  with  the  promotion  of  in- 
dustrial training  and  in  the  inauguration  of  an  industrial  housing 
Erogram.  In  general,  its  work  consisted  in  their  investigation  of 
ibor  conditions,  the  collection  of  information  relative  to  the  han- 
dling of  labor  problems,  the  dissemination  of  this  information 
through  printed  pamphlets,  addresses  of  representatives  of  the  com- 
mittees, or  personal  advice,  and  the  encouragement  of  the  formation 
of  organizations  to  facilitate  the  settlement  of  the  various  labor  dif- 
ficulties arising  from  the  war.  Its  activities  were  carried  on 
through  the  following  subcommittees :  Welfare  Work,  Mediation  and 
Conciliation,  Wages  and  Hours,  Women  in  Industry.  Cost  of  Living. 
Information  and  Statistics,  Press,  and  Publicit}7.  Mr.  Gompers  has 
been  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor  throughout,  with  head- 
quarters at  Washington.  After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  most 
of  the  activities  of  the  committee  ceased,  but  the  organization  was 
not  dissolved,  so  that  its  machinery  might  be  available  in  case  it 
were  needed  during  the  reconstruction  period. 

LABOR,  DEPARTMENT  OF. 

Organized  in  1913  for  the  purpose  of  fostering,  promoting,  and 
developing  the  welfare  of  the  wage  earners  of  the  United  States,  of 
improving  their  working  conditions,  and  of  advancing  their  oppor- 
tunities for  profitable  employment.  At.  the  time  of  the  entrance  of 
the  United  States  into  the  war  there  were  four  bureaus  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  department:  The  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  the 
Bureau  of  Immigration,  the  Bureau  of  Naturalization,  and  the 
Children's  Bureau.  In  addition  there  was  a  conciliation  service  con- 
ducted directly  from  the  office  of  the  Secretary.  On  January  3, 
1918,  the  Employment  Service,  which  had  previously  been  a  part  of 
the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  was  also  placed  directly  under  the  office 
of  the  Secretary.  The  President  assigned  the  administration  of  a 
comprehensive  coordinated  program  of  labor  control  recommended 
by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor.  To 
assist  him  in  further  formulating  the  program,  the  Secretary  ap- 
pointed an  Advisory  Council  headed  by  John  Lind,  which  in  the 
latter  part  of  January  presented  a  plan  for  the  war-time  organiza- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       245 

tion  of  the  department.  In  accordance  therewith  a  War  Labor  Con- 
ference Board  was  first  appointed  to  formulate  principles  to  guide 
the  war  labor  administration.  The  board  reported  on  March  29,  set- 
ting forth  these  principles  and  recommending  the  creation  of  a 
National  War  Labor  Board  to  adjust  labor  disputes  in  the  fields  of 
production  necessary  to  the  effective  conduct  of  the  war.  The  Sec- 
retary immediately  appointed  the  members  of  the  War  Labor  Con- 
ference Board,  as  the  members  on  the  National  War  Labor  Board, 
and  this  action  was  formally  approved  by  presidential  proclamation 
of  April  8, 1918.  This  board  was  an  integral  part  of  the  Department 
of  Labor,  but  acted  as  a  judicial  body  whose  decisions  were  entirely 
uncontrolled.  The  Secretary  then  proceeded  with  the  creation  of 
various  additional  services  within  the  department,  mostly  in  accord- 
ance with  the  recommendations  of  the  Advisory  Council.  By  July 
15,  1918,  this  work  was  complete.  At  that  time,  in  addition  to  the 
four  original  bureaus,  the  following  services  were  in  existence :  Em- 
ployment, Information  and  Education,  Labor  Adjustment  Training 
and  Dilution,  Working  Conditions,  Investigation  and  Inspection, 
Women  in  Industry,  Civilian  Insignia.  Besides  these  services  the 
Division  of  Negro  Economics,  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Housing  and 
Transportation,  and  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board  had  been  created. 
Secretary  of  Labor,  William  B.  Wilson. 

See  Industrial  Service,  Section  on,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

LABOR,  DEPARTMENT  OF;  ADVISORY  COUNCIL. 

Appointed  by  William  B.  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Labor,  to  aid  him 
in  formulating  the  national  labor  program  during  the  war  and  in 
organizing  an  adequate  administration  of  that  program.  The 
council  consisted  of  seven  members:  Two  representing  employers; 
two  representing  employees;  one  representing  women:  a  chairman, 
John  Lind,  former  governor  of  Minnesota,  representing  the  public; 
and  an  economist,  L.  C.  Marshall,  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  The 
first  meeting  of  the  council  took  place  on  January  1(5,  1918.  After  a 
week  or  more  of  conferences  the  council  outlined  a  scheme  of  reor- 
ganization of  the  Department  of  Labor  which  wa«  approved  by 
Secretary  Wilson.  The  general  plan  involved  an  extension  and 
revision  of  the  existing  organizations  within  the  department  so  as  to 
make  them  suitable  for  war-emergency  purposes,  and  the  creation  of 
additional  services  and  a  means  by  which  they  could  be  brought  into 
proper  administrative  relations  with  bureaus  in  other  departments. 
With  the  exception  of  some  minor  changes,  the  recommendations  of 
the  Advisory  Council  were  carried  out. 

See  Labor,  Department  of. 

LABOR  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  2,  1917.  This  division  was  in  charge  of  all 
labor  problems,  and  its  chief  represented  the  United  States  Food 
Administration  on  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board.  J.  W.  Sullivan, 
chief,  succeeded  by  M.  B.  Hammond,  June  15,  1918. 

LABOR,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  in  Circular  No.  1,  issued  by  the  Director  General  of  Rail- 
roads 011  February  9,  1918,  wherein  W.  S.  Carter,  president  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen  and  Enginemen,  was  appointed 


246       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

director  of  the  Division  of  Labor.  It  was  the  purpose  of  this  divi- 
sion to  create  a  better  feeling  between  employees  and  officials  of  the 
railroads  than  had  existed  previous  to  Government  control,  and  to 
provide  means  wrhereby  controversies  arising  between  railroad  offi- 
cials and  employees  would  be  promptly  and  equitably  adjusted.  To 
carry  out  these  purposes  three  Railway  Boards  of  Adjustment  were 
created.  These  boards  were  to  adjust  controversies  between  railroad 
managers  and  organized  employees  in  regard  to  the  interpretation 
and  application  of  wage  schedules  and  agreements.  An  assistant 
director  of  the  Division  of  Labor  was  appointed  to  take  care  of  simi- 
lar disputes  between  the  managers  and  the  other  employees  of  the 
railroads.  On  August  28,  1918,  the  Women's  Service  Section  was 
created,  with  Miss  Pauline  Goldmark  as  manager,  to  give  considera- 
tion to  conditions  of  employment  of  women  on  railroads  under 
Federal  control. 

LABOR,    DIVISION    OF;     UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD    EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  in  December,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  the  supply  and  dis- 
tribution of  labor  for  the  shipyards  and  of  all  matters  pertaining  to 
the  disputes  of  labor.  In  the  handling  of  industrial  disputes  this 
division  took  care  of  cases  in  their  incipient  stages.  The  Shipbuild- 
ing Labor  Adjustment  Board,  on  the  other  hand,  which  had  been 
established  for  the  settlement  of  industrial  disputes  in  the  shipyards, 
took  cognizance  at  first  only  of  disputes  that  could  not  be  adjusted 
by  mediation  between  shipyard  employers  and  employees.  After 
the  establishment  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Division  in  May,  1918, 
the  Division  of  Labor  became  the  Labor  Section  of  that  division.  An 
order,  dated  October  25,  1918,  announced  the  abolishment  of  the  sec- 
tion. William  Blackman  was  the  original  head  of  the  division.  He 
was  succeeded  by  John  J.  Casey. 

XABOR  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  in  July,  1917,  to  consider  all  matters  affecting  labor  com- 
ing before  the  War  Industries  Board.  Conferences  held  by  the 
chairman  with  representatives  of  labor  and  with  employers  and 
heads  of  various  Government  departments  dealt  with  the  adjustment 
and  prevention  of  strikes  and  with  the  securing  of  special  skilled 
labor  for  war  industries.  Cooperation  was  maintained  with  the 
Conciliation  Service  and  the  United  States  Employment  Service  of 
the  Department  of  Labor.  The  chairman  was  a  member  of  the 
Price  Fixing  Committee  and  of  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board.  On 
December  12, 1917.  the  War  Prison  Labor  and  National  Waste  Recla- 
mation Section  of  the  Labor  Division  was  authorized  by  the  War 
Industries  Board.  Its  function  was  the  development  of  the  utiliza- 
tion of  the  waste  man-power  and  waste  material  of  the  country. 
The  activities  of  the  Labor  Division  ceased  about  January  1,  1919. 
Hugh  Frayne,  chairman. 

LABOR     SECTION,     INDUSTRIAL     RELATIONS     DIVISION,     UNITED     STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Labor,  Division  of ;  United  Skates  Shipping  Board  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       247 
LABOR  ADJUSTMENT  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

As  a  result  of  the  formation  of  the  war  labor  administration  under 
Secretary  W.  B.  Wilson  in  the  Department  of  Labor,  during  the 
first  half  of  1918  the  Labor  Adjustment  Service  was  given  super- 
vision of  the  work  that  had  formerly  been  conducted  by  the  Division 
of  Conciliation  in  the  department.  The  Department  of  Labor  had 
performed  the  services  of  mediation  and  conciliation  in  labor  dis- 
putes since  its  establishment  in  1913.  Conciliators  employed  by  the 
department  endeavored  to  bring  together  the  parties  to  a  dispute  so 
that  a  settlement  might  be  effected.  They  made  no  attempt  to  act  as 
judges  to  determine  the  right  or  wrong  of  a  dispute,  but  acted  rather 
in  a  diplomatic  capacity.  Aftor  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into 
the  war  there  was  a  greatly  increased  demand  on  the  part  of  both 
employers  and  employees  for  the  services  of  these  conciliators,  and 
at  the  same  time  their  work  became  of  vital  importance  as  one  means 
of  pi-eventing  any  breakdown  in  the  industries  essential  for  the  con- 
duct of  the  war.  During  the  period  of  the  war  the  Labor  Adjust- 
ment Service  handled  a  total  of  2,439  strikes  or  threatened  strikes. 
Of  this  number  1,566  were  adjusted  outright;  398  were  disposed  of 
through  assistance  rendered  to  other  adjustment  agencies,  or  were 
adjusted  before  the  arrival  of  the  conciliator;  282  were  referred  to 
the  National  War  Labor  Board  for  final  disposition ;  93  were  pending 
when  the  armistice  was  signed ;  and  in  only  100  cases  was  the  depart- 
ment unable  to  bring  about  an  adjustment.  During  the  latter  months 
of  the  war  about  20  per  cent  of  the  cases  presented  had  reached  the 
stage  of  a  strike  or  lockout  whereas  in  the  early  months  of  the  war 
period  over  60  per  cent  of  the  cases  were  strikes  or  lockouts. 

LABOR  ADJUSTMENT  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  DIVISION,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET   CORPORATION. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  and  constituted  in  part  of  the  old 
Labor  Section.  Its  function  was  to  handle  the  adjustment  of  labor 
disputes  in  auxiliary  plants  producing  fittings,  supplies,  and  machin- 
ery for  ships.  Its  work  thus  became  complementary  to  that  of  the 
Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment  Board,  whose  jurisdiction  did  not 
extend  to  such  disputes.  John  J.  Casey  was  head  of  the  branch. 

LABOR  ADMINISTRATION,  DIVISION  OF;   WORKING  CONDITIONS  SERVICE, 
DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  division  was  engaged  in  the  development  of  Federal  policies 
for  labor  administration  in  war  production.  It  dealt  with  the  atti- 
tude and  policies  of  management  toward  employees  and  the  per- 
sonal relations  between  employers  and  employed.  It  studied  such 
problems  as  scientific  management,  fatigue,  and  auditing.  Dr.  W.  M. 
Leiserson,  chief. 

LABOR    PRIORITIES    SECTION,    PRIORITIES    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  in  June,  1918,  to  determine  priorities  in  labor,  as  a  corol- 
lary to  the  priorities  in  shipment  of  fuel  and  raw  materials  already 
in  effect.  It  established  a  preference  list  to  determine  which  indus- 
tries should  have  first  call.  It  cooperated  closely  with  the  United 
States  Employment  Service.  A.  W.  Clapp,  chief.' 


248       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

LABOR   PROCUREMENT   SECTION,   ADMINISTRATIVE   DIVISION,    CONSTRUC- 
TION DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Established  August  19, 1918,  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  labor  for 
the  construction  projects  of  the  War  Department.  The  section  en- 
deavored to  prevent  competitive  bidding  for  labor  by  contractors  and 
established  a  system  of  priorities  according  to  which  the  urgency  of 
all  jobs  was  graded  in  three  classes,  and  upon  which  was  based  a 
scheme  of  labor  allocation  designed  to  serve  the  best  interests  of  the 
War  Department.  The  section  cooperated  with  the  United  States 
Employment  Service  in  the  recruiting  of  labor,  and  in  conjunction 
with  that  service  was  instrumental  in  bringing  to  this  country  nearly 
13,000  Porto  Rican  and  2,600  Bahaman  laborers.  Another  phase  of 
the  activities  of  the  section  was  the  arousing  of  public  sentiment  in 
various  localities  in  which  a  labor  shortage  existed  to  have  so-called 
"slackers"  utilized  as  workmen.  Maj.  H.  B.  Stafford  was  in  charge 
of  section. 

LABOR  STATISTICS,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  bureau  originally  organized  in  January,  1885,  as  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior.  In  1888  it  was 
made  an  independent  department  of  the  Government  but  its  chief 
was  not  given  secretarial  rank.  In  1903  it  came  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor.  When  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  was  created  in  1913,  it  was  put  in  that  department 
under  its  present  title.  It  was  thus  the  nucleus  around  which  the 
present  Department  of  Labor  was  built.  Its  present  functions  are 
almost  wholly  statistical  and  educational.  In  the  letter  of  January 
4,  1918,  from  the  President  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor  intrusting  to 
the  latter  the  creation  of  a  war  labor  administration,  there  was  recom- 
mended among  other  things  the  establishment  of  an  agency  providing 
facilities  for  the  gathering  of  facts  relative  to  labor  questions.  Upon 
the  existing  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  in  the  main  was  placed  the 
duty  of  carrying  out  this  part  of  the  war  labor  administration  plan. 
Since  July,  1915,  the  bureau  has  been  publishing  the  Monthly  Re- 
view, changed  in  July,  1918,  to  the  Monthly  Labor  Review,  in  which 
is  contained  current  information  and  statistics  relating  to  industry 
and  labor.  Numerous  special  studies  are  also  issued  by  the  bureau. 
They  appear  in  the  form  of  bulletins  published  in  series  according 
to  subject  and  numbered  consecutively.  During  the  war  these  pub- 
lications have  not  only  furnished  information  concerning  labor  ques- 
tions in  this  country,  but  have  presented  the  results  of  foreign  experi- 
ence with  such  matters.  Commissioner,  Royal  Meeker,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

See  Investigation  and  Inspection  Service,  and  Information  and 
Education  Service,  Department  of  Labor. 

LABOR     SUPPLY     SECTION,     INDUSTRIAL    RELATIONS     DIVISION,     UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Established  October  2o.  1918.  by  order  of  Vice  President  Howard 
Coonley.  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  It  took  over  the 
function  of  the  old  Industrial  Service  Section  of  helping  to  meet  the 
labor  shortage  in  the  shipyards.  It  did  not  actually  recruit  labor, 
but  used  the  machinery  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       249 

and  cooperated  closely  with  it.  The  section  also  endeavored  to  find 
new  sources  of  labor  supply,  and  to  assist  in  the  introduction  of 
women  into  shipyards.  Through  its  Draft  Classification  and  Trans- 
fer Branch  it  administered  the  Emergency  Fleet  list  providing  ex- 
emption for  shipyard  workers,  and  obtained  the  transfer  of  skilled 
workers  from  the  Army.  The  section  was  abolished  on  April  1,  1919. 
Chairman,  C.  W.  Doten.  succeeded  by  Guy  C.  Hanna. 

LABORATORIES  AND  INFECTIOUS  DISEASES,  DIVISION  OF;   SURGEON  GEN- 
ERAL'S OFFICE. 

Created  June,  1917.  Subordinate  to  the  Division  of  Laboratories 
and  Infectious  Diseases  were:  A  Section  on  Combating  Venereal 
Diseases ;  a  Division  of  Urology,  transferred  to  the  Division  of  Sur- 
gery, November  18,  1918,  and  a  Division  of  Epidemiology,  estab- 
lished November  18,  1918.  The  division  exercised  supervision  over 
Army  laboratories  and  the  Army  Medical  Museum,  carried  on  exten- 
sive investigations  concerning  laboratory  control  of  infectious  dis- 
eases, and  conducted  researches  in  epidemiology  and  the  epidemio- 
logical  control  of  infectious  diseases.  Special  attention  was  devoted 
to  the  combating  of  venereal  diseases  through  education,  law  enforce- 
ment, and  prophylaxis.  Col.  T.  T.  Russell  was  in  charge,  succeeded 
on  February  10,  1919,  by  Maj.  G.  R.  Callender. 

LADDERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  10,  1918,  with  George  M.  Richardson  as  chair- 
man to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  ladders. 

LAKE  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

The  Lake  Committee  was  appointed  October  26,  1917,  by  the  Ship- 
ping Board  to  have  charge  of  the  acquisition,  cutting,  and  removal  of 
vessels  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  sea  for  war  purposes.  It  trans- 
ferred altogether  40  vessels,  many  of  which  were  newly  constructed 
ships,  10  were  steel  tugs  commandeered  from  the  Lake  fleet  and 
fitted  with  surface  condensers  for  ocean  use,  and  21  were  steel 
steamers  taken  from  the  Lake  commerce.  Sixteen  of  the  21  vessels 
were  too  long  to  pass  through  the  locks  and  had  to  be  cut  in  two 
and  reassembled  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  where  12  of  them  were  put 
together  afloat,  an  achievement  never  before  accomplished.  In  the 
cutting  and  transferring  of  these  vessels  the  committee  was  given  the 
cooperation  of  the  Board  of  Survey  and  Consulting  Engineers. 
F.  A.  Eustis  was  the  special  agent  in  charge  of  the  activities,  with 
A.  F.  Harvey,  chairman  of  the  committee. 

LAKE  CARRIERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

A  voluntary  association  of  the  leading  shipowners  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  formed  to  mobilize  the  vessels  which  had  not  been  requisi- 
tioned and  transferred  to  the  Atlantic  coast  by  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board.  It  directed  the  movement  and  distribution  of  the 
bulk  of  iron  ore,  wheat,  and  coal  on  the  Great  Lakes,  cooperated  with 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board  on  freight  rates,  and  with  the 
Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve  in  training  men. 


250       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
LAKE  ERIE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  EXCHANGE. 

Organized  by  the  Committee  on  Coal  Production  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  in  May,  1917.  to  provide  a  sufficient  supply  of 
coal  at  the  head  of  the  Great  Lakes.  The  long  winter  had  cut  the 
stocks  to  a  low  point  and  had  also  shortened  the  Lake  season.  Ar- 
rangements were  made  with  the  Lake  coal  shippers  and  the  railroads 
and  steamship  companies  serving  Lake  ports  whereby  the  number  of 
Lake  port  consignments  was  reduced  through  the  pooling  of  coal  of 
similar  characteristics  from  677  to  97.  The  pool  went  into  operation 
June  1.  1917,  with  Frederick  C.  Baird  in  charge.  The  pool  resulted 
in  decreasing  the  average  detention  of  coal  cars  at  Lake  ports  from 
three  and  a  half  to  two  days,  thus  releasing  a  large  number  of  cars 
for  other  work  and  helping  materially  in  coal  distribution.  On 
October  9,  1917,  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  confirmed 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  Baird,  and  he  continued  in  charge  of  the 
same  work.  C.  P.  White  was  later  appointed  in  charge  of  Lake  and 
Canadian  distribution. 

LAND  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Created  in  September,  1917.  The  functions  of  the  division  were 
as  follows:  The  supervision  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  com- 
missioned and  enlisted  personnel  of  the  Signal  Corps,  exclusive  of 
the  Aviation  Section,  including  the  procurement,  assignment,  organi- 
zation, and  training ;  the  training  of  all  radio  personnel  of  the  Signal 
Corps;  the  maintenance  of  all  radio  stations,  all  matters  of  Coast 
Artillery  fire  control.  Signal  Corps,  telegraph  and  telephone  service, 
and  all  Armv  commercial  telephone  service.  Col.  F.  B.  Curtiss.  chief . 

LAND  OFFICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

A  continuing  branch  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  which 
during  the  war  cooperated  with  the  legislative  branch  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  secure  appropriate  legislation  for  the  increase  of  the 
agricultural  and  mineral  products  of  the  country,  to  protect  public 
land  rights  of  men  in  the  military  or  naval  service  during  the  war, 
and  to  develop  natural  sources  of  potash  supply.  The  Land  Office 
had  charge  of  restoration  and  sales  of  public  lands  adapted  to  agri- 
cultural uses  and  the  sales  of  timber  for  ship  and  aeroplane  con- 
struction. Clay  Tallman,  commissioner. 

LAND    CLASSIFICATION    BRANCH,    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY, 
DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

Carried  on  the  work  of  classifying  and  reporting  on  the  mineral 
deposits  and  agricultural  lands  still  remaining  in  public  ownership, 
thus  assisting  in  making  the  lands  available  for  entry  under  the 
appropriate  laws.  In  January,  1918,  it  classified  77,730  acres  of  land 
as  naval  petroleum  reserves,  and  132,024  acres  as  naval  oil-shale 
reserves.  It  functioned  through  two  divisions  consisting  of  nine 
sections:  Mineral,  E.  H.  Finch,  in  charge,  and  Hydrographic,  Her- 
man Stabler,  in  charge.  W.  C.  Mendenhall,  rhief  of  branch. 

LAND    TRANSPORT    BRANCH,    TRANSPORTATION    DIVISION,    QUARTERMAS- 
TER GENERAL. 

Established  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war  under  the  name  of  Land 
Transportation  Branch,  the  designation  being  changed  April  16, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       251 

1918.     The  branch  was  abolished  on  June  15,  1918.     Chief,  Capt.  J. 
T.  Taylor. 

LATCK  NEEDLES  WAE  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June  24,  1918,  by  the  Miscellaneous  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  to  represent  the  industry  in  regard  to  allotments 
of  steel  and  conservation.  W.  R.  Reid,  chairman. 

LAUNDRIES   BRANCH,    SALVAGE    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF   STORAGE,    PUR- 
CHASE AND  STORAGE. 

Established  April  16,  1918.  It  was  responsible  to  Reclamation  Di- 
vision prior  to  April  22,  1918,  and  to  Conservation  and  Reclamation 
Division  from  April  22  to  October  28,  1918.  This  branch  controlled 
all  Government  laundries  operated  within  the  military  establishment 
and  made  contracts  for  laundry  service  at  camps  where  no  Govern- 
ment laundries  existed.  J.  E.  Dann,  chief.  . 

LAUNDRY  MACHINERY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  27,  1918,  with  L.  S.  Smith  as  chairman.  The 
committee  cooperated  with  the  War  Industries  Board. 

LAW,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Dated  from  the  organization  of  the  Director  General's  staff,  an- 
nounced February  9,  1918.  John  Barton  Payne,  appointed  general 
counsel  for  the  Railroad  Administration,  became  director  of  the 
Division  of  Law.  which  has  had  general  supervision  of  all  legal 
activities  of  railroads  under  Federal  control,  of  the  preparation  of 
contracts  with  the  carriers,  and  of  work  relating  to  claims  and  the 
protection  of  property.  Subordinate  organizations  were  the  Com- 
mittee on  Compensation  and  Contracts  and  the  Claims  and  Prop- 
erty Protection  Section,  the  latter  taking  over  the  functions  of  the 
Section  for  the  Protection  of  Railroad  Property  and  the  Freight 
Claim  Section,  also  of  the  Division  of  Law. 

LAW  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Organized  to  advise  the  Shipping  Board  on  all  legal  matters,  to 
handle  the  current  legal  work  of  the  board,  and  to  furnish  legal  as- 
sistance to  its  various  divisions  and  bureaus.  The  work  of  the  di- 
vision included  the  care  of  the  entire  law  work  of  the  Division  of 
Operations,  the  preparation  of  charters,  requisition  papers,  operation 
agreements  and  contracts,  and  the  formal  preparation  of  legisla- 
tion for  Congress,  together  with  some  other  activities  not  of  a 
strictly  legal  character.  Some  of  the  important  matters  in  which 
the  division  was  concerned  were  questions  of  just  compensation  for 
requisitioned  or  lost  ships,  terms  on  which  Shipping  Board  vessels 
were  turned  over  to  the  Army  and  Navy  Departments,  and  arrange- 
ments with  foreign  countries  for  securing  additional  tonnage.  The 
current  admiralty  work  in  connection  with  ship  operation  was 
handled  by  an  Admiralty  Section  of  the  division,  but  actual  litigation 
was  referred  to  the  Department  of  Justice.  E.  G.  Burling,  chief 
counsel,  was  succeeded  by  S.  L.  Whipple. 


252       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

LAW     ENFORCEMENT     DIVISION,     WAR     DEPARTMENT     COMMISSION     OK 
TRAINING  CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Created  immediately  upon  the  organization  of  the  Commission  on 
Training  Camp  Activities  following  the  passage  of  the  selective  serv- 
ice act,  approved  May  18,  1917.  The  principal  function  of  the  divi- 
sion in  connection  with  the  war  program  was  to  render  prostitutes 
and  liquor  inaccessible  to  the  armed  forces  of  the  United  States. 
This  work  was  later  supplemented  by  preventive  work  with  women 
and  girl  delinquents  and  by  the  establishment  of  reformatories  and 
houses  of  detention  for  the  rehabilitation  of  offenders.  The  division 
was  also  concerned  in  carrying  out  a  program  in  the  various  States 
looking  toward  the  adoption  of  the  legislation  necessary  to  carry  out 
the  War  Department  policy  for  the  protection  of  the  armed  force. 
This  work  was  carried  on  through  the  Sections  on  Vice  and  Liquor 
Control,  Work  with  Women  and  Girls,  Reformatories  and  Houses  of 
Detention,  and  Legislation.  Maj.  Bascom  Johnson  was  chief  of  the 
Law  Enforcement  Division  from  its  establishment  to  November  lly 
1918,  after  which  date  he  continued  in  charge  as  director  until  Janu- 
ary 25,  1919.  Capt.  De  Lo  E.  Mook  served  as  director  after  Janu- 
ary 25,  1919. 

LAW  AND  NTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS,  DEPARTMENT  OF;    AMERICAN  NA- 
TIONAL RED  CROSS. 

This  department  had  charge  of  those  activities  of  the  Red  Cross 
overseas  with  particular  relation  to  the  Army  and  Navy.  The  Bu- 
reau of  Prisoners'  Relief  directed  the  activities  of  the  committee  at 
Berne  and  distributed  large  amounts  of  food  and  clothing  to  pris- 
oners, both  military  and  civilian.  The  Bureau  of  Communication 
kept  the  people  at  home  in  touch  with  those  in  the  field,  especially 
those  sick  or  wounded.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  Communication,  Prisoners'  Relief,  Insurance,  Cables  and 
Legislation,  and  Legal  Procedure.  George  B.  Case,  director. 

LEAD  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

A  cooperative  subcommittee  of  the  Committee  on  Raw  Materials 
appointed  April  6,  1917.  Its  administrative  headquarters  were  in 
New  York  with  a  branch  in  Washington.  It  aided  in  fixing  prices 
and  in  allotting  Government  orders,  until  it  was  disbanded  October 
31,  1917,  after  the  passage  of  the  Food  and  Fuel  Act.  Clinton  H. 
Crane,  chairman. 

LEAD  PENCILS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June  25,  1918,  by  the  Conservation  Division  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  to  take  up  the  conservation  of  brass  and  rub- 
ber. E.  Berolzheimer,  chairman. 

LEAD  PRODUCERS'  COMMITTEE  FOR  WAR  SERVICE. 

Organized  June  4,  1918,  to  allocate  Government  purchases  of  pig 
lead,  which  had  been  supervised  by  Pope  Yeatman,  chief  of  the 
Non-Ferrous  Metals  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  in  the 
interval  since  the  dissolution  of  the  Lead  Cooperative  Committee, 
Council  of  National  Defense.  After  September  1,  1918,  it  allocated 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       253 

all  pig  lead  produced  or  refined  in  the  United  States  in  order  to 
bring  the  whole  industry  into  touch  with  the  conservation  program. 
It  ceased  to  act  as  exclusive  selling  agent  for  the  industry  on  Decem- 
ber 21,  1918.  Clinton  H.  Crane,  chairman. 

LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS  COMMISSION,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Constituted  as  the  keystone  of  the  peace  program  by  unanimous 
adoption  of  the  following  resolution  presented  by  the  bureau  of  the 
conference  at  the  second  plenary  session  of  the  Peace  Conference  on 
January  25,  1919: 

1.  It  is  essential  to  the  maintenance  of  the  world  settlement,  which  the  asso- 
ciated nations  are  now  met  to  establish,  that  a  league  of  nations  be  created  to 
promote  international  cooperation,  to  insure  the  fulfilment  of  accepted  interna- 
tional obligations,  and  to  provide  safeguards  against  war. 

2.  This  league  should  be  treated  as  an  integral  part  of  the  general  treaty  ot 
peace,  and  should  be  open  to  every  civilized  nation  which  can  be  relied  upon  to 
promote  its  objects. 

3.  The  members  of  the  league  should  periodically  meet  in  international  con- 
ference, and  should  have  a  permanent  organization  and  secretariat  to  carry  on 
the  business  of  the  league  in  the  intervals  between  the  conference. 

The  commission  was  made  up  of  the  following  representatives: 
United  States  of  America,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  Col. 
Edward  M.  House ;  British  Empire,  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Robert 
Cecil,  Lieut.  Gen.  the  Right  Hon.  J.  C.  Smuts;  France,  M.  Leon 
Bourgeois,  M.  Larnaude;  Italy,  M.  Orlando,  M.  Scialoja;  Japan, 
Baron  Makino,  Viscount  Chinda ;  Belgium,  M.  Hymans ;  Brazil,  M. 
Epitacio  Pessoa;  China,  Wellington  Koo;  Portugal,  M.  Jayme 
Batalha  Reis;  Serbia,  M.  Yesnitch;  Czecho-Slovak  Republic,  M. 
Kramarz;  Greece,  M.  Yenizelos;  Poland,  M.  Dmowski;  Roumania, 
M.  Diamandy.  First  meeting  held  February  3,  1919,  under  chair- 
manship of  President  Wilson. 

LEATHER    BELTING    SECTION,    HIDE,    LEATHER,     AND     LEATHER     GOODS 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section  was  organized  August  1,  1918.  The  section  prepared 
specifications  for  use  by  the  purchasing  departments  of  the  Govern- 
ment in  procurement  of  leather  belting  and  compiled  a  report  on  the 
situation  in  the  trade.  Sale  restrictions  made  were  later  modified 
and  then  removed,  and  the  section  was  discontinued  November  23, 
1918.  George  B.  Rowbotham,  chief. 

LEATHER  CLOTHING  SECTION,  LEATHER  AND  RUBBER  BRANCH,  CLOTHING 
AND  EaUIPAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

« 

Formed  October  8,  1918.  Besides  being  responsible  for  procure- 
ment, production,  and  inspection  of  all  leather  clothing  used  by  the 
Army  except  shoes,  it  designed  and  redesigned  jerkins,  fur  clothing, 
aviators'  vests,  caps,  and  miscellaneous  sheepskin  and  glove  leather 
articles.  Capt.  W.  W.  Wheeler,  chief. 

LEATHER  COMMODITIES  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Upper  and  Harness,  Bag  and  Strap  Leather  Sectwn,  War  In- 
dustries Board. 


254       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

LEATHER    GOODS    SECTION,   LEATHER    AND    RUBBER    BRANCH,    CLOTHING 
AND  EQUIPAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  October  8,  1918.  It  was  responsible  for  the  procurement, 
production,  and  inspection  of  all  rubber  footwear,  clothing,  and 
equipment  used  by  the  Army.  Maj.  Joseph  C.  Byron,  chief,  suc- 
ceeded by  G.  R.  Harsh. 

LEATHER    MATERIALS     BRANCH,     CLOTHING    AND     EQUIPAGE     DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  June  14,  1918,  and  abolished  September  21,  1918,  upon 
the  organization  of  the  Clothing  and  Equipment  Division  in  the 
Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division.  C.  F.  C.  Stout,  chief. 

LEATHER    AND    RUBBER    BRANCH,    CLOTHING    AND    EQUIPAGE    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  18,  1918.  It  functioned  through  the  Shoe, 
Harness.  Leather  Clothing,  and  Leather  Goods  Sections,  and  was 
charged  with  the  procurement,  production,  and  inspection  of  all 
shoes,  harness,  leather  clothing  equipment,  and  all  rubber  goods  used 
by  the  Army.  From  January  18  to  October  28,  1918,  the  name  of 
the  branch  was  Shoes,  Leather  and  Rubber.  J.  F.  McElwain,  J.  W. 
Craddock,  and  Maj.  J.  C.  Byron  successively  served  as  chief. 

LEGAL  BUREAU,  ADMINISTRATIVE   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   FUEL   AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

General  legal  work  was  in  charge  of  H.  D.  Nims  at  the  time  of 
the  organization  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration.  B.  W. 
Warren  was  appointed  September  14,  1917,  as  legal  adviser  to  the 
Fuel  Administrator.  The  work  was  divided  into  two  sections,  Con- 
tracts and  Enforcements,  until  May  28,  1918,  when  W.  T.  Alden 
became  general  solicitor  and  reorganized  the  Legal  Bureau  into 
five  sections:  Orders,  Rulings,  and  Interpretations;  Diversions, 
Requisitions  and  Confiscations;  Contracts,  which  included  examina- 
tion of  contracts  made  prior  to  and  subsequent  to  the  organization 
of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration;  Licenses,  which  issued 
permits  to  distributors  under  the  President's  proclamation  of  March 
15,  1918;  Enforcement,  which  prepared  for  the  Department  of 
Justice  cases  of  violation  which  warranted  council  proceedings.  A 
License  Board  determined  the  cases  of  violations  of  license  regu- 
lations. Frank  E.  Harkness  was  appointed  general  solicitor  Janu- 
ary 3.  1919,  to  continue  in  charge  to  wind  up  the  legal  affairs  of 

the  United  States  Fuel  Administration. 

» 

LEGAL  COMMITTEE,  GENERAL  MUNITIONS  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

See  Legal  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

LEGAL  DIVISION,   BUREAU   OF  INDUSTRIAL   HOUSING   AND   TRANSPORTA- 
TION, UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Organized  in  April,  1918,  under  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Hous- 
ing and  Transportation,  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  It 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       255 

gave  advice  on  all  problems  of  a  legal  nature  involved  in  the  work 
of  the  bureau,  some  of  which  were  the  formation  of  the  United 
States  Housing  Corporation,  the  acquisition  of  title  to  real  estate, 
and  the  making  of  contracts  for  construction  and  personal  service 
with  individual  firms,  transportation  and  public  utility  companies, 
and  municipalities.  The  division  employed  local  counsel  on  each 
of  its  housing  projects  to  carry  on  necessary  negotiations.  Chief  coun- 
sel, May,  1918,  to  August  14.  1918,  Charles  P.  Rowland ;  September 
4  to  December  15,  1918,  A.  B.  Kerr;  Stuart  Chevalier  appointed 
March  1,  1919. 

LEGAL  DIVISION,  FEDERAL  TRADE  COMMISSION. 

During  the  war  this  division  was  concerned  to  a  constantly  in- 
creasing extent  with  exercising  the  power  of  the  commission  to 
forbid  unfair  methods  of  competition,  in  some  instances  in  cases 
directly  affecting  the  war  activities  of  the  Government.  It  investi- 
gated a  number  of  cases  of  hoarding  at  the  request  of  the  United 
States  Food  Administration. 

LEGAL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  10,  1917.  This  division  had  charge  of  the 
interpretation  of  all  rules  and  regulations  of  the  United  States  Food 
Administration  and  gave  general  legal  advice  to  all  division  heads. 
Judge  Curtis  H.  Lindley  was  chief  until  January  15,  1918,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Will i am  A.  Glasgow,  jr. 

LEGAL   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   SHIPPING  BOARD   EMERGENCY   FLEET 
CORPORATION. 

Established  August  20,  1917,  with  J.  P.  Cotton  as  senior  counsel, 
to  handle  the  law  work  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  The 
services  included  the  drafting  of  contracts  for  ships,  dry  docks,  mate- 
rial, equipment,  and  housing,  and  giving  legal  advice  and  assistance 
to  the  various  divisions  of  the  corporation,  intepreting  contract  pro- 
visions, and  adjusting  disputes  and  conflicting  claims.  The  division 
grew  rapidly  in  order  to  keep  pace  with  the  increasing  work  of  the 
corporation,  and  by  October,  1918,  the  first  staff  of  7  attorneys  at 
Washington  had  increased  to  32  scattered  throughout  the  country, 
with  assistant  counsels  in  the  principal  shipbuilding  centers  to  advise 
the  local  representatives  of  the  corporation.  One  of  the  most  impor- 
tant tasks  performed  by  the  division  was  making  settlement  with  the 
owners  of  the  427  ships  which  were  requisitioned  by  the  board  in 
various  stages  of  incompletion.  Another  important  task  was  the 
drafting  of  the  shipyard  housing  bill  and  the  handling  of  the  legal 
questions  which  arose  in  its  administration.  By  an  executive  order 
of  the  President  the  litigation  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation 
was  conducted  by  the  Attorney  General  with  the  cooperation  of  the 
Legal  Division.  Lloyd  Buckley  as  head  of  the  division  was  followed 
by  John  B.  Payne,  general  counsel,  who  was  succeeded  by  C.  W. 
Oiithe.ll  March  1,  1918.  On  January  25,  1919,  W.  H.  White',  jr.,  was 
appointed  to  replace  Mr.  Cuthell  (resigned),  and  he  in  turn  was  suc- 
ceeded by  W.  C.  McNitt  April  3,  1919. 


256       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
LEGAL  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

See  Contract  Section,  Procurement  Division,  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment. 

LEGAL    SECTION,    PURCHASE    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    SUPPLIES    AND    AC- 
COUNTS, NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Organized  in  April,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  all  legal  problems,  all 
administrative  problems  with  a  legal  bearing,  and  all  matters  of 
precedent  and  practice  involved  in  the  purchase  and  commandeering 
of  naval  supplies.  Titus  B.  Snoddy,  chief. 

LEGAL  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Successor  of  the  Legal  Committee  of  the  General  Munitions  Board, 
Council  of  National  Defense,  organized  in  May,  1917.  Its  first  task 
was  to  draft  contracts  for  supplies  and  construction.  Its  activities 
widened  to  include  the  following :  Rendering  opinions  on  the  Govern- 
ment's rights  and  liabilities  under  existing  law ;  on  just  compensation 
under  war  conditions ;  on  the  legality  of  suggested  procedure,  such  as 
priority  certificates,  payment  of  royalties,  compulsory  orders  in 
breach  of  contract  cases,  and  on  the  legalization  needed  for  the  more 
effective  prosecution  of  the  war.  The  section  was  discontinued 
December  31,  1918.  Robert  J.  Bulkley  was  chairman,  succeeded  in 
September,  1918,  by  H.  M.  Channing  as  chief  of  section. 

LEGAL  AND  ADVISORY  BOARD,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Appointed  January  26,  1918,  to  coordinate,  supervise  and  direct 
the  legal  work  of  the  several  bureaus  and  divisions  of  the  Ordnance 
Department.  It  was  the  agency  through  which  all  matters  were 
taken  up  with  the  office  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General.  The  board 
was  dissolved  March  6, 1918.  Members  of  the  board  were  Lieut.  Col. 
Ralph  Crews,  Lieut.  Col.  M.  F.  Griggs,  Col.  C.  L.  McKeehan. 

LEGAL  ADVISORY  BOARDS,  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

Under  the  operation  of  the  selective  service  act  it  became  neces- 
sary to  provide  some  means  whereby  registrants  might  secure  infor- 
mation regarding  their  rights  and  obligations  under  the  law  and 
expert  legal  advice  in  cases  involving  difficult  points.  Late  in  1917 
the  plan  was  adopted  of  appointing  a  legal  advisory  board  for  each 
local  board  to  assist  it  in  the  performance  of  its  duties.  The  members 
of  these  boards  were  nominated  by  the  governors  of  the  various  States 
and  appointed  by  the  President,  Altogether  3,646  such  boards  were 
appointed.  In  the  appointment  of  these  boards  assistance  was  ren- 
dered by  the  American  Bar  Association  as  well  as  by  the  legal  pro- 
fession in  general.  The  legal  advisory  boards  performed  great  serv- 
ice in  assisting  registrants  in  filling  out  questionnaires,  all  of  which 
assistance  was  rendered  without  the  payment  of  fees. 

LEGISLATION,   COMMITTEE    ON;    GENERAL   MEDICAL   BOARD,    COUNCIL   OF 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  Dr.  Victor  C.  Yaughan,  chairman.  Its  draft  of  a 
provision  to  safeguard  troops  from  vice  in  camp  zones  was  included 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       257 

as  section  13  of  the  Army  bill.  It  brought  about  the  local  manu- 
facture of  salvarsan,  through  its  Subcommittee  on  Salvarsan,  Dr. 
George  Walker,  chairman,  as  well  as  other  German-owned  medicinal 
preparations. 

LIAISON   BRANCH,    SUPPLY    CONTROL    DIVISION,    QUARTERMASTER    GEN- 
ERAL. 

Created  August  30,  1918.  Under  the  direction  of  Maj.  Parmel 
Herrick  the  Liaison  Branch  furnished  the  medium  of  connection  be- 
tween the  Supply  Control  Division  and  the  Purchase  and  Supply 
Branch  of  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division,  General  Staff. 
Abolished  upon  the  reorganization  of  the  office  of  the  Director  of 
Purchase  and  Storage,  October  28,  1918. 

LIAISON  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  by  order  of  the  Chief  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
dated  August  30,  1918,  as  the  Overseas  Liaison  Division.  Later  the 
name  was  changed  to  Liaison  Division,  and  there  were  two  sub- 
divisions which  handled  oversea  and  domestic  liaison,  the  former 
handling  all  questions  relating  to  that  portion  of  the  Motor  Trans- 
port Corps  with  the  A.  E.  F.,  while  the  latter  supervised  relations 
between  the  Motor  Transport  Corps  and  the  various  other  War  De- 
partment bureaus  in  Washington.  Col.  J.  W.'  Furlow,  chief. 

LIBERTY   LOAN   COMMITTEES,   FEDERAL   RESERVE   DISTRICTS. 

The  committees,  one  for  each  Federal  reserve  district,  through 
which  the  War  Loan  Organization  of  the  Treasury  Department  con- 
ducted its  campaigns  for  the  sale  of  Liberty  bonds.  The  committees 
were  formed  under  the  auspices  of  their  respective  Federal  reserve 
banks,  conducted  their  operations  through  the  banks,  and  in  each  case 
had  as  directing  heads  the  governors  of  the  banks.  Elaborate  com- 
mittee organizations  were  perfected,  including  subdivisions  corre- 
sponding generally  to  the  sales  and  publicity  divisions  of  the  War 
Loan  Organization  and  reporting  to  that  organization.  The  com- 
mittees organized  subordinate  State,  county,  and  city  committees, 
supervised  the  work  of  the  subordinate  committees,  and  carried  on, 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  War  Loan  Organization,  the 
vast  amount  of  detail  work  connected  with  Liberty  loan  publicity, 
subscriptions,  payments,  deliveries,  exchange,  and  conversion.  The 
membership  of  the  committees  was  selected  from  the  leaders  in  bank- 
ing and  investment  circles  in  the  respective  districts.  The  personnel 
working  under  their  direction,  aggregating  approximately  3,000,000, 
Wtis  largely  made  up  of  volunteers.  With  the  expansion  of  the  activi- 
ties of  the  committees  large  organizations  of  paid  employees  were 
built  up,  numbering  in  the  case  of  the  largest  district  more  than  1,200 
employees. 

LIBERTY    LOAN    DEPARTMENT,    WOMAN'S    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF    NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

See  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee,  National. 

127232—19 17 


258       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

LIBERTY  THEATER  DIVISION,  WAR  DEPARTMENT  COMMISSION  ON  TRAIN- 
ING CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Organized  in  August,  1917,  for  the  purpose  of  providing  theatrical 
and  moving-picture  entertainment  for  soldiers  while  in  training. 
Lee  F.  Hammer,  director,  August,  1917,  to  February,  1918 ;  Malcolm 
L.  McBride,  director,  February,  1918,  to  November  11,  1918. 

LIBRARY  WAR  SERVICE,  AMERICAN  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION. 

The  Library  War  Service  Committee  was  appointed  June  22,  1917. 
On  June  28  the  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities  requested 
the  Library  War  Service  to  assume  responsibility  for  providing 
library  facilities  to  camps  and  cantonments.  The  actual  work  of  pro- 
viding these  facilities  was  taken  over  on  October  4, 1917,  when  a  gen- 
eral director  for  the  Library  War  Service  was  appointed.  The  serv- 
ice provided  reading  matter  and  library  facilities  during  the  war 
emergency  for  the  American  military  and  naval  forces  and  others 
directly  affected  by  the  war  in  this  country  and  overseas.  Dr.  Her- 
bert Putnam,  general  director.  Carl  H.  Milam,  acting  general  direc- 
tor during  Dr.  Putnam's  absence  in  France,  December  12,  1918. 

LICENSE   DIVISION,   LAW   DEPARTMENT,   UNITED    STATES   FOOD   ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

Organized  August  14,  1917,  to  issue  all  domestic  licenses  and 
licenses  for  importers,  distributors,  and  manufacturers  of  commodi- 
ties listed  in  the  President's  proclamation  of  October  8,  1917.  All 
elevators  and  warehouses  handling  wheat,  rye,  and  their  products, 
refiners  of  sugar  and  sirups,  all  importers  and  all  commodities  or 
persons  listed  under  various  Executive  orders  and  proclamations  were 
licensed  by  this  division.  On  December  31,  1918,  263,737  firms  and 
individuals  were  under  license  by  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration. In  July,  1918,  this  section  became  known  as  the  License 
Report  Division.  William  B.  Owens,  chief. 

LIGHTHOUSES,  BUREAU  OF,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

By  authority  of  the  naval  appropriation  act  of  August  29,  1916, 
the  President  transferred  on  April  11,  1917,  30  lighthouse  tenders  to 
the  War  Department,  19  vessels  and  21  light  stations  to  the  Navy  De- 
partment. The  work  of  these  vessels  and  stations  consisted  princi- 
pally of  work  on  submarine  nets  and  buoyage,  patrol  and  water  serv- 
ice, and  drill  in  mine  laying.  The  regular  work  of  the  Lighthouse 
Service,  which  includes  the  maintenance  of  lighthouses,  lightships, 
buoys,  and  beacons,  has  been  maintained  and  largely  increased  by 
war-time  demands.  The  coast  lighthouses  have  maintained  a  watch 
for  enemy  submarines  and  other  enemy  activities.  The  Lighthouse 
Service  cooperated  with  the  "United  States  Shipping  Board  on  mat- 
ters of  design  of  vessels,  and  with  the  Chain  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  in  regard  to  standardization  of  iron  and  steel  chain. 
George  R.  Putnam,  commissioner. 

LIGHTING  FIXTURES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  20,  1918,  to  cooperate  with  the  Building  Materials 
Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  to  furnish  materials  to 
the  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  C.  F.  Kinsman,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAft  OF  1917.      259 

LIME  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Imlu>- 
tries  Board,  with  W.  F.  Carson  as  chairman. 

LINOLEUM  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  5,  1918,  at  a  meeting  of  linoleum  manufacturers 
with  the  Navy  Department.  The  committee  represented  the  indus- 
try before  the"War  Industries  Board  in  the  matter  of  securing  burlap 
and  linseed  oil  for  the  manufacture  of  linoleum.  J.  J.  Evans, 
chairman. 

LINSEED  CRUSHERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  May  23, 1918,  by  the  Fats  and  Oil  Section  of  the  Unit*-  1 
States  Food  Administration.'  Howard  Kellogg,  chairman. 

LIQUIDATION  COMMISSION,  UNITED  STATES;   WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  post-armistice  War  Department  board  created  by  the  Secretary 
of  War  on  February  11,  1919,  to  liquidate  the  financial  affairs  of  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces  and  to  adjust  War  Department 
financial  arrangements  with  the  allied  governments.  Under  author- 
ity of  existing  statutes  and  additional  authority  granted  by  act  of 
Congress  of  March  2,  1919,  the  Secretary  of  War  delegated  to  the 
commission  the  power  to  adjust  and  settle  all  contracts  and  claims 
of  the  United  States  against  foreign  governments  and  individuals, 
whether  formal  or  informal,  and  to  adjust  and  settle  all  claims  of 
foreign  governments  or  individuals  against  the  United  States,  in 
so  far  as  such  contracts  and  claims  arose  in  connection  with  the  war. 
The  commission  was  further  empowered  to  sell  or  otherwise  dispose 
of  all  United  States  property,  of  whatever  sort,  located  in  foreign 
countries  and  used  in  connection  with  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 
Subsequent  orders  created  a  Board  of  Canadian  Contract  Assessors, 
and  the  powers  of  the  Liquidation  Commission  in  the  settlement  of 
financial  affairs  involving  Canada  and  Canadians  were  given  to  the 
assessors.  The  commission  was  organized  in  February  and  estab- 
lished headquarters  in  Paris,  where  it  liquidated  claims  and  nego- 
tiated for  the  sale  of  the  railway  equipment,  docks,  warehouses,  and 
various  forms  of  movable  property  which  it  was  desirable  to  dis- 
pose of.  In  the  case  of  War  Department  agreements  with  the  asso- 
ciated nations  based  upon  arangements  made  in  the  United  States, 
preliminary  adjustment  was  made  by  Chester  W.  Cuthell,  who  was 
designated'  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  The 
membership  of  the  Liquidation  Commission  is  as  follows :  Edwin  B. 
Parker,  chairman,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  G.  Dawes,  Henry  H.  Hollis.  and 
Homer  H.  Johnson. 

LITHOGRAPHERS,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE  OF  EMPLOYING. 

Appointed  June  18,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry.  Conferences 
were  held  with  the  committees  of  the  Label  Manufacturers'  National 
Association  and  the  Folding  Box  Manufacturers'  National  Associa- 
tion, and  suggestions  were  sent  to  the  War  Industries  Board  on  the 
subject  of  conservation  and  curtailment  in  relation  to  the  consump- 
tion of  paper.  Conferences  were  held  with  the  Pulp  and  Paper 


260       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  191t. 

Section,  War  Industries  Board,  and  an  agreement  was  reached  in 
regard  to  the  consumption  of  paper  by  the  industry.  William  S. 
Forbes,  chairman. 

LITHOPONE  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  May  17, 1918,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Institute  of  Lithopone 
Manufacturers.  The  committee  represented  manufacturers  of  sul- 
phide of  zinc  used  in  paints.  A.  S.  Krebs,  chairman. 

UVE-STOCK  MARKET   COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  October,  1918,  by  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration to  undertake  the  supervision  of  the  plan  concerning  the 
marketing  of  hogs  which  was  adopted  at  a  conference  between  the 
Live  Stock  Subcommittee  of  the  Agricultural  Advisory  Board  and 
the  United  States  Food  Administration.  Thomas  E.  Wilson.  Everett 
Brown,  Maj.  E.  L.  Roy,  and  Louis  D.  Hall  composed  the  committee. 

LIVING  CONDITIONS  OF  WAR  WORKERS,   COMMISSION   ON;    DEPARTMENT 
OF  LABOR. 

A  commission  of  four  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor  in 
October,  1918,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  War  Labor  Policies 
Board.  Its  personnel  included  specialists  in  recreation,  education, 
public  health,  and  public  utilities,  whose  duties  were  to  investigate 
living  conditions  where  war  workers  were  located,  determine  factors 
that  were  reducing  production,  and  help  to  build,  up  a  democratic 
social  life  in  the  new  industrial  communities.  John  R.  Richards, 
chairman. 

XOADING  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  November  9,  1917,  as  the  Loading  Branch  of  the  Purchase 
Section,  Gun  Division,  and  transferred  to  the  Procurement  Division 
in  January,  1918.  The  section  supervised  all  negotiations  connected 
with  planning  orders  and  contracts  for  loading  projectiles,  fuze, 
trench  warfare  material,  etc.  It  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  loading 
of  articles  generally  purchased  complete  and  loaded.  Its  functions 
included  the  placing  of  orders  and  contracts  for  the  assembly  of 
fixed  ammunition  where  this  process  was  a  separate  contract  and  not 
included  in  the  purchase  of  the  complete  ammunition.  Maj.  Halstead 
Lindsley  was  head  of  the  section  until  March,  1918.  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Capt.  R.  W.  Salisbury  as  acting  head.  On  August  14, 
1918.  Capt.  G.  N.  Huntling  became  acting  head. 

LOADING  SECTION,   PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  July  16,  1918.  This  section  maintained  close  relations 
with  the  Ammunition  and  Explosives  Sections,  and  had  charge  of 
the  shells  as  they  reached  loading  plants  or  storage.  The  Loading 
Section  was  consolidated  November  6,  1918,  with  the  Explosives 
Section,  and  was  subsequently  known  as  Explosives  and  Loading 
Division.  Maj.  W.  E.  Harkness.  chief:  succeeded  on  August  19, 
1918.  bv  Col.  D.  I.  McKav. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       26  I 

LOADING  PLANTS,  BOARD  OF  OFFICERS  FOR  SUPPLYING  AND  MAINTAIN- 
ING TROOPS  AT;    ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Appointed  on  October  16,  1918,  to  take  entire  charge  on  behalf 
of  the  Ordnance  Department  of  arrangements  for  supplying  and 
maintaining  troops  at  ammunition-loading  plants.  This  action  was 
necessary  to  meet  the  emergency  which  required  the  completion  of 
loading  facilities  and  the  reestablishment  of  loading  production  at 
the  earliest  possible  moment.  The  members  of  the  board  were  Col. 
Douglas  I.  McKay,  Maj.  Fred  A.  Rogers,  and  Maj.  W.  P.  Jeffrey. 
The  board  was  dissolved  on  November  2,  1918. 

LOCAL  BOARDS,  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

It  was  through  the  local  boards  that  the  process  of  inducting  men 
into  the  military  service  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  selective 
service  act  was  carried  out.  They  were  civilian,  rather  than  mili- 
tary agencies,  whose  members  were  appointed  by  the  President  upon 
the  recommendation  of  the  State  executives.  Members  were  chosen, 
not  because  of  any  particular  technical  or  professional  qualifications, 
but  rather  because  of  their  personal  integrity,  fairness,  and  knowl- 
edge of  local  conditions.  Upon  the  local  boards  rested  the  task  of 
selecting  the  men  who  were  to  be  inducted  into  the  Army,  mobilizing 
them,  and  delivering  them  to  the  various  camps.  This  process  in- 
cluded registration,  excepting  the  initial  registration  of  June  5, 1917 ; 
the  determination  of  order  and  serial  numbers ;  classification ;  passing 
upon  claims  of  exemption;  and  the  calling  out  and  entrainment  of 
the  various  quotas.  Detailed  records  had  to  be  kept  of  every  step  in 
this  procedure.  Moreover,  the  local  boards  displayed  great  per- 
sistence in  seeing  that  no  man  evaded  the  performance  of  his  obliga- 
tions under  the  selective  service  act.  The  decisions  of  the  local 
boards  in  cases  involving  claims  for  exemption  were  subject  to  review 
by  the  district  boards.  Assisting  the  local  boards  were  medical  ad- 
visory boards,  legal  advisory  boards,  and  boards  of  instruction. 
The  number  of  local  boards  varied  slightly  from  time  to  time,  but 
the  total  finally  reached  4,648,  with  a  membership  of  14,416.  The 
local  boards  were  formally  discontinued  on  March  31,  1919. 

LOCOMOTIVE    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    TRANSPORTATION    (LATER    OPERA- 
TION), UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  February  9,  1918.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  manager  of  the 
Locomotive  Section  to  supervise  the  maintenance  and  repair  of  loco- 
motives at  all  railway  shops  and  roundhouses  and  at  outside  shops. 
The  section  was  discontinued  on  July  1,  1918,  its  duties  being  taken 
over  by  the  Mechanical  Department  of  the  Division  of  Operation, 
which  was  created  on  the  same  date.  Frank  McManamy,  manager. 

LOCOMOTIVE  CRANE  BUILDERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Electric  and  Power  Equipment  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  to  handle  the  Government's  requirements  for 
locomotive  cranes.  Sheldon  Gary,  chairman. 

LOCOMOTIVE  INSPECTION,  BUREAU  OF;   INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMIS- 
SION. 

During  the  months  of  November  and  December,  1(J1T,  and  January, 
February,  and  March.  1918,  a  large  number  of  the  inspectors  of  this 


262       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

bureau  were  engaged  in  the  special  work  of  checking  the  congestion 
at  railroad  terminals  in  an  effort  to  see  that  locomotives  were  avail- 
able so  that  the  movement  of  coal  might  be  expedited  and  the  prevail- 
ing fuel  shortage  relieved.  Their  work  contributed  materially 
toward  breaking  the  traffic  blockade  and  speeding  the  movement  of 
coal  and  other  freight.  A  number  of  inspectors  of  locomotives  were 
permanently  transferred  to  the  service  of  the  Director  General  of 
Railroads  because  of  their  general  knowledge  of  equipment  and  the 
special  training  in  the  conducting  of  investigations.  The  Bureau 
of  Locomotive  Inspection  also  investigated  numerous  cases  arising 
under  the  priority  of  shipment  act  of  August  10,  1917.  A.  G.  Park, 
chief. 

LOCOMOTIVES,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON;    COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

Created  May  1,  1917.  The  committee  consisted  of  four  members, 
including  the  chairman,  and  its  duties  were  to  keep  the  Government 
constantly  advised  of  the  locomotive  situation  from  the  manufactur- 
ing point  of  view,  to  provide  for  an  increased  output  as  economically 
as  possible  by  coordinating  the  efforts  of  manufacturers,  and  to  secure 
the  most  efficient  use  possible  of  the  existing  rolling  stock.  The  com- 
mittee also  assisted  in  designing  and  building  locomotives  for  Gov- 
ernment use  in  France,  and  in  regulating  the  distribution  of  Ameri- 
can-built locomotives  among  the  allies,  particularly  France,  Russia, 
and  Italy.  The  committee  was  dissolved  on  September  20,  1917. 
Chairman,  S.  M.  Vauclain. 

LOGISTICS   AND    FUEL    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    SUPPLIES    AND    ACCOUNTS, 
NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  division  of  the  Bureau  of  Supplies  and  Accounts  which  had 
charge  of  the  procurement  of  supplies  of  fuel,  requisitioning  and 
chartering  of  vessels,  upkeep  of  fuel  stocks,  development  and  main- 
tenance of  fueling  stations  and  bunkering  depots,  classification  of 
acceptable  fuels,  logistics  with  respect  to  fuel  needs  and  war-plan 
records  and  reports.  The  division  functioned  through  the  following 
sections:  Confidential  Matters  and  Logistic  Records;  Fuel  Stocks 
and  Vessel  Assignments ;  Allotment  and  Distribution  of  Navy  Fuel ; 
Development  of  Fueling  Facilities;  Ship  Charterings  and  Reports; 
and  Fuel  Requirements.  Commander  James  C.  Hilton,  chief. 

LOYAL  LEGION  OF  LOGGERS  AND  LUMBERMEN. 

A  patriotic  organization  of  both  employers  and  employees  au- 
thorized by  the  Secretary  of  War  on  November  23,  1917,  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  Lieut.  Col.  ( later  Brig.  Gen.)  Brice  P.  Disque,  commanding 
officer  of  the  Spruce  Production  Division.  It  functioned  under  the 
direction  of  Col.  Disque  and  the  Spruce  Production  Division  for  the 
purpose  of  looking  out  for  the  needs  of  the  loggers  and  of  bring- 
ing home  to  the  civilian  laborers  and  operators  their  vital  connec- 
tion with  the  Government's  war  effort  to  increase  the  output  of 
spruce  and  fir  lumber  in  Washington  and  Oregon.  The  organiza- 
tion was  divided  into  districts  wTith  chapters  at  each  camp  and  mill, 
and  at  the  time  of  the  armistice  was  made  up  of  about  125,000  mem- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       263 

bers  who  had  received  a  badge  and  signed  a  pledge  of  loyalty  and 
earnest  effort,  to  get  out  timber  for  airplanes,  ships,  and  munition 
boxes.  During  the  war  the  league  was  an  important  element  in 
stabilizing  the  industry,  securing  the  reduction  of  labor  turnover, 
eliminating  strikes,  establishing  the  basic  eight-hour  day,  and  im- 
proving camp  living  conditions  and  sanitation.  Upon  the  signing  of 
the  armistice  and  the  consequent  withdrawal  of  Government  super- 
vision, the  league  was  reorganized  on  a  peace-time  basis  under  a  con- 
stitution adopted  January  6,  1919. 

LUBRICANTS  AND  FOREIGN  REQUIREMENTS,  BUREAU  OF;    OIL  DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  bureau  formed  the  point  of  contact  between  the  Oil  Division 
and  the  allied  nations,  the  Army,  Navy,  and  War  Trade  Board.  It 
had  jurisdiction  over  the  purchase  and  movement  of  petroleum  sup- 
plies for  overseas,  and  matters  concerning  prices  of  all  petroleum 
products  for  export  or  for  sale  to  the  allies.  It  was  concerned  with 
all  matters  relating  to  lubricating  oils  for  domestic  or  foreign  use, 
including  prices.  A.  C.  Woodman,  director. 

LUMBER  ADMINISTRATOR,  PURCHASING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIP- 
PING BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  office  of  the  Lumber  Administrator  of  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation  was  established  in  the  spring  of  1918  to  administer  all 
activities  of  the  corporation  connected  with  the  production  and 
storage  of  lumber.  It  had  charge  of  cargo  lumber  storage  yards, 
with  representatives  in  each  yard  to  maintain  proper  records,  re- 
ceipts, and  shipments,  control  over  all  logging,  and  placing  of 
orders  with  sawmills.  In  July,  Administrator  J.  H.  Kirby  resigned 
and  his  board  ceased  to  function,  and  on  August  28,  1918,  the  ac- 
tivities of  the  former  offices  of  lumber  administrator  and  assistant 
lumber  administrator  were  embraced  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
lumber  section  of  the  Supply  Division,  created  on  that  date  with 
W.  J.  Hayneu.  lumber  supervisor. 

LUMBER  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

See  Lumber  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

LUMBER  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE, 

Appointed  by  Bernard  Baruch.  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Raw.  Materials,  Council  of  National  Defense,  April  27,  1917.  The 
committee  acted  as  the  point  of  contact  between  the  lumber  industry 
and  the  Government,  organizing  emergency  bureaus  through  which 
orders  were  placed  for  lumber  for  Government  requirements.  Price 
agreements  were  made  by  the  committee  and  specifications  prepared. 
With  the  passage  of  the  food  and  fuel  act  the  committee  ceased  to 
function,  and  the  chairman  was  made  lumber  director  for  the  War 
Industries  Board.  R.  H.  Downman,  chairman. 

LUMBER,  DIRECTOR  OF. 

See  Lumber  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 


264       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

LUMBER  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Continued  the  work  begun  by  the  Lumber  Committee,  Council  of 
National  Defense.  It  began  to  distribute  lumber  orders  when  the 
United  States  Railroad  Administration  in  May,  1018.  decided  to  | 
lumber  requisitions  to  this  section.  After  the  fixing  of  maximum 
prices  in  July,  1918,  the  section  appointed  Regional  Lumber  Admin- 
istrators to  carry  out  rulings.  R.  H.  Downman  was  chairman  of  the 
Lumber  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense,  later  director  of 
lumber,  War  Industries  Board,  and  was  succeeded  July  19,  1918,  by 
Charles  Edgar,  chief  of  section  and  director  of  lumber. 

LUMBER  DISTRIBUTORS,  NATIONAL  BUREAU  OF  WHOLESALE. 

Created  May  1,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  wholesale 
lumber  distributors  of  the  country  together  for  cooperation  with  each 
other  and  with  the  Government  during  the  war  with  Germany. 
After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  bureau  was  made  a  permanent 
organization  by  a»  decision  of  its  board  of  directors.  L.  Germaine, 
jr.,  was  president  of  the  bureau  from  the  date  of  its  creation. 

LUMBER  EMERGENCY  BUREAU,  WEST  COAST. 

The  Douglas  Fir  Emergency  Bureau  was  renamed  the  West  Coast 
Lumber  Emergency  Bureau  in  the  fall  of  1917.  It  had  the  same 
functions  and  duties  as  the  former  bureau,  and  was  later  transformed 
into  the  Fir  Production  Board.  Lynde  Palmer,  Washington  repre- 
sentative. 

LUMBER  AND  FOREST  PRODUCTS,  JOINT   OFFICE  ON:    WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  with  Howard  L.  Hall  and  Homer  Hoyt  representing, 
respectively,  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  War  Trade  Board, 
cooperating  with  the  Forest  Service.  It  made  statistical  reports  on 
lumber  and  forest  products,  acting  as  a  clearing  house  on  these  items. 
and  made  recommendations  on  policies  for  their  control. 

LUMBER  INDUSTRY,   WHOLESALE;    WAR   SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  March  28,  1918,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  National 
Wholesale  Lumber  Dealers'  Association.  The  committee  represented 
the  wholesale  interests  together  with  the  lumber  director  of  the  War 
Industries  Board,  and  represented  the  members  of  the  association 
with  Government  departments.  Edward  Eiler,  chairman. 

LUMBER  AND  LOGGING  CAMP  CONSERVATION  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Spruce  Production  Division  to  supervise  the 
preparation  of  food  in  the  lumber  camps  of  the  Northwest  and  to 
effect  conservation  wherever  possible.  The  committee  conducted  sur- 
veys and  was  successful  in  eliminating  waste  and  in  improving  the  ra- 
tions. The  Loyal  Legion  of  Loggers  and  Lumbermen  cooperated 
with  this  committee.  Capt.  T.  Thoraldsen,  director. 

MACHINE    TOOL    SECTION,    FINISHED    PRODUCTS    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

This  section  was  created  October  1.  1917,  to  make  a  survey  of  out- 
put, to  list  available  equipment,  to  tabulate  requirements  of  the  War 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       265 

and  Navy  Departments,  and  to  guide  tool  builders  in  organizing  a 
shop  program.  The  section  secured  from  manufacturers  lists  of 
purchasers  for  20  years  back,  and  also  shop  schedules  of  output,  with 
sold  and  unsold  proportions,  for  five  months,  October,  1917,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1918,  inclusive,  from  which  figures  the  War  Trade  Board 
was  able  to  make  modifications  of  their  conservation  list.  This 
section  authorized  a  canvass  of  export  warehouses  in  New  York  with 
the  result  that  many  hundred  boxes  of  machine  tools  for  foreign 
countries  were  found.  A  decision  was  arrived  at  by  which  the  said 
tools  were  commandeered.  The  section  was  discontinued  December 
31,  1918.  G.  E.  Merryweather,  chief. 

MACHINE  TOOL  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  February,  1918,  by  the  National  Machine  Tool 
Builders'  Association.  The  industry  through  its  intensive  methods 
of  production  was  able  to  multiply  its  normal  output,  and  thus  for- 
warded the  Government's  war  program.  C.  Walter  Wood,  chairman. 

MACHINE    TOOLS    SECTION,    SALES    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE    AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  about  January  1.  1919,  to  have  supervision  over  the 
sale  of  the  surplus  machine  tools  belonging  to  the  various  War  De- 
partment bureaus.  This  material  included  all  metal  and  wood 
working  tools,  railway  equipment,  forging  equipment,  iron  and  struc- 
tural workers'  power  tools,  dredgers,  ditchers,  etc.  As  late  as  April 
1,  1919,  no  agreement  had  been  reached  between  the  section  and 
machine-tool  makers  and  dealers  for  the  sale  of  this  surplus  equip- 
ment, as  the  Ordance  Department  was  authorized  to  sell  the  existing 
stocks  at  auction  and  through  sealed  bids  in  each  ordnance  district 
of  the  United  States.  The  successive  chiefs  of  the  section  were 
Lieut.  Col.  A.  LaMar,  Maj.  P.  E.  Goodwin,  and  C.  E.  Hildreth. 

MACHINERY  BRANCH,  MACHINERY  AND  ENGINEERING  MATERIALS  DIVI- 
SION, DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28, 1918,  to  have  charge  of  purchase  specifications, 
purchase  negotiations,  and  selection  of  materials.  These  were  steam 
and  gas  power  machinery,  water  supply  machinery,  road  and  con- 
struction machinery,  shop  machinery,  and  mechanical  rubber  goods. 
Lieut.  Col.  J.  E.  Long,  chief. 

MACHINERY   AND    ENGINEERING    MATERIALS    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF 
PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  October  22,  1918,  taking  over  the  Depot  Department, 
the  Administrative  Department,  except  the  Financial  Division,  and 
the  Engineering  and  Purchasing  Department  of  the  General  Engi- 
neer Depot.  This  division  had  charge  of  purchase  specifications, 
purchase  negotiations,  and  of  the  selection,  production,  inspection, 
and  acceptance  of  materials  contracted  for.  These  included  steam 
and  gas  power  machinery,  water  supply  machinery,  mechanical  rub- 
ber goods,  railroad  materials,  construction  materials,  steel  products, 
electrical  supplies,  electric  motors,  wire  and  cable,  and  scientific 
instruments  used  in  the  Army.  It  functioned  through  the  Machin- 


266       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ery,  Administrative,  Engineering  and  Construction  Materials,  Pre- 
cisions Instruments,  Electrical  Apparatus  and  Supplies,  and  Signal 
Branches.  Lieut.  Col.  Earl  Wheeler,  chief. 

MAGNET  WIRE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Electric  and  Power  Equipment  Section,  War 
Industries  Board,  to  represent  the  industry  before  that  section.  J. 

C.  Belden,  chairman. 

MAHOGANY  MANUFACTURERS'  AND  IMPORTERS'  ASSOCIATION  WAR  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  in  conjunction  with  the  War  Trade  Board,  after  con- 
ference on  January  21,  1918,  in  order  to  serve  the  Government  re- 
quirements for  airplane  propeller  stock.  Thomas  Williams,  presi- 
dent. 

MAINTENANCE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR,  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

This  division  was  responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  ships  when 
once  completed,  the  supply  and  maintenance  of  the  necessary  equip- 
ment, and  the  general  readiness  of  the  fleet,  in  so  far  as  the  Bureau 
of  Construction  and  Repair  was  responsible.  This  division  also  had 
charge  of  camouflage  and  other  protection  devices.  Chief,  Capt.  J. 

D.  Bennet.  followed  by  W.  G.  Du  Bose. 

MAINTENANCE  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  by  order  of  the  chief  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
elated  August  30,  1918.  It  was  responsible  for  the  maintenance,  re- 
pair, and  salvage  of  all  Motor  Transport  Corps  vehicles,  and  for  the 
distribution  of  all  spare  parts,  material,  and  equipment  pertaining  to 
the  corps.  It  also  had  charge  of  the  distribution  and  operation  of 
all  motor  transport  repair  shops  and  repair  facilities,  and  had  super- 
vision over  all  corps  depots,  shops,  garages,  repair  shops,  reception 
parks,  reserve  parks,  and  salvage  agencies.  Subordinate  to  the  divi- 
sion were  the  following  branches:  Advisory  and  Planning  Staff; 
Executive  Branch:  Base  and  Field  Shops;  Spare  Parts  and  Acces- 
sories; Machinery  and  Tools;  Trades,  Procurement,  and  Classifica- 
tion; Crating  and  Boxing;  Motor  Transport  Depots;  Follow  Up; 
and  Salvage  Engineering.  G.  E.  Randies,  chief. 

MAINTENANCE    OF   EXISTING   SOCIAL   SERVICE   AGENCIES    DEPARTMENT, 
WOMAN'S  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Established  to  see  that  the  same  standards  of  social  service  activi- 
ties were  maintained  during  the  war  that  had  existed  prior  to  the 
war,  since  it  was  feared  that  contributors  to  charities  might  withdraw 
their  support  because  of  interest  in  new  causes.  Surveys  in  14 
States  showed  that  social  service  agencies  were  suffering  not  so  much 
from  diminished  funds  as  from  a  shortage  of  workers,  and  to  meet 
this  need  volunteers  were  recruited  and  classes  for  their  training 
established.  Assistance  was  also  given  in  campaigns  to  recruit  nurses 
for  home  and  military  service.  Mrs.  Philip  U.  Moore,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      267 

MAINTENANCE  AND  OPERATING  DIVISION.  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS, 
NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  duties  of  this  division  included  the  keeping  of  financial 
accounts  and  records,  the  preparation  of  annual  estimates,  handling 
of  requisitions,  supervision  of  navy-yard  transportation  facilities 
and  communication  systems,  and  the  keeping  of  data  concerning 
public  works  and  yards.  The  division  was  under  the  supervision  of 
William  M.  Smith,  special  assistant  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Yards  and  Docks. 

MAINTENANCE  AND  REPAIR  BRANCH,   CONSTRUCTION   DIVISION   OF  THE 
ARMY. 

Transferred  from  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  to  the 
Construction  Division  October  10,  1917.  It  had  supervision  of  all 
work  of  maintenance  and  repair  at  permanent  and  temporary  Army 
posts  and  camps.  It  maintained  cooperation  with  the  officers  in 
•charge  of  maintenance  and  repair  at  the  camps.  Lieut,  Col.  C.  D. 
Hartman,  chief. 

MALLEABLE  CASTINGS  SUBCOMMITTEE,  AMERICAN  IRON  AND  STEEL  IN- 
STITUTE. 

Created  October,  1917,  as  a  subcommittee  of  the  American  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute.  The  committee  represented  the  malleable  iron 
industry,  furnished  specifications  to  Government  departments,  and 
provided  for  the  distribution  of  Government  contracts.  Frank  J. 
Lanahan,  chairman. 

MALTING  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  December,  1917,  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  the 
Food  Administration  in  the  preparation  as  well  as  enforcement  of 
rules  for  the  malting  business.  This  committee  worked  through  the 
Coarse  Grains  Section  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration. 
G.  W.  Hales,  chairman. 

MANNING    AMERICAN    MERCHANT    MARINE,    SPECIAL    COMMITTEE    ON; 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Appointed  August  7,  1918,  as  a  special  committee  of  the  Shipping 
Board  to  study  and  report  on  the  manning  of  the  American  merchant 
marine  from  every  angle  presented  by  war  conditions  and  the  future 
trade  requirements  of  the  country.  The  committee  submitted  its, 
report  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  but  none  of  the  recommen- 
dations presented  was  followed.  George  Nichols,  chairman. 

MANUFACTURERS'  AIRCRAFT  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  on  July  24,  1917,  to  handle  the  business  of  the  Cross- 
Licensing  Agreement  whereby  all  aircraft  patents  were  made  avail- 
able for  use  by  all  members  to  carry  on  the  work  with  respect  to  unifi- 
oation  of  the  air  industry,  education  of  the  public  on  aircraft  matters, 
etc.  The  charter  members  included  all  prominent  aircraft  manu- 
facturers. Frank  H.  Russell,  president. 


268       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

MANUFACTURERS'  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  in  cooperation  with  the  Committee  on  Standardization  of 
Medical  and  Surgical  Supplies  and  Equipment  to  increase  produc- 
tion. Its  subcommittees  became  committees  of  their  respective  trades 
in  the  fall  of  1917 :  Pharmaceutical  Supplies,  Willard  Ohliger,  chair- 
man ;  Surgical  Dressings,  Dr.  H.  C.  Lovis,  chairman :  Surgical  Instru- 
ments, Charles  J.  Pilling,  chairman;  Dental  Instruments,  F.  H. 
Taylor,  chairman;  Survey,  H.  A.  Slaight,  chairman;  Laboratory 
Supplies,  A.  H.  Thomas,  chairman ;  Sterilizers,  L.  L.  Walters,  chair- 
man; Furniture,  L.  L.  Watters,  chairman;  Thermometers,  M.  W* 
Bacton,  chairman ;  Beds  and  Bedding,  W.  A.  Manchee,  chairman. 

MANUFACTURERS,  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION   OF. 

Composed  of  some  4,500  individuals,  firms,  and  corporations  en- 
gaged in  industrial  production  throughout  the  United  States.  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  association  cooperated  with  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  and  with  various  departments,  conferences,  and  committees 
at  the  request  of  the  Government.  It  assisted  technical  committees, 
cooperated  in  the  establishment  of  the  National  War  Labor  Board, 
furnished  experts  in  conferences  relating  to  the  physical  rehabilita- 
tion of  injured  soldiers  and  sailors  and  assisted  in  drafting  legislative 
proposals  to  that  end,  and  made  available  to  the  various  departments 
of  the  Government  compilations  of  legal  and  economic  information 
relating  to  manufacturers  and  their  organizations.  George  Pope, 
president. 

MANUFACTURING   BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPAGE    DIVISION.    QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Formed  January  18,  1918,  with  Richard  A.  Feiss,  O.  D.  Frost,  and 
A.  Printz,  successively  as  chiefs.  It  executed  requisitions,  supervised 
production,  and  distributed  textile  materials  for  the  division. 

MANUFACTURING  SECTION,  PULP  AND  PAPER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  with  Sidney  L.  Willson,  chief,  to  effect 
efficiency  in  production  by  standardization  of  grades,  colors,  and 
weights.  It  discontinued  its  functions  December  31,  1918. 

MARINE  DEPARTMENT,   DIVISION   OF   OPERATION,  UNITED   STATES   RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  on  the  appointment  of  Frank  C.  Wright  as  assistant  direc- 
tor of  the  Division  of  Operation,  in  charge  of  the  Marine  Department 
on  July  1,  1918.  He  exercised  general  supervision  over  all  water 
transportation  under  Federal  control  on  both  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  including  their  tributaries,  and  also 
on  the  Great  Lakes.  The  department  exercised  control  over  the 
marine  facilities  of  the  Division  of  Operation,  which  included  01 
vessels  belonging  to  the  following  railroad-owned  coastwise  steamship 
companies:  Southern  Pacific  Steamship,  Ocean  Steamship,  Old  Do- 
minion Steamship.  Chesapeake  Steamship,  Baltimore  Steam  Packet, 
San  Francisco  &  Portland  Steamship,  and  the  New  England  Navi- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       269 

gation.  In  addition,  there  were  the  properties  of  the  following 
steamship  companies  which  had  been  taken  over  on  April  13,  1918 : 
Mallory  Steamship.  Clyde  Steamship,  Merchants  &  Miners'  Trans- 
portation, and  the  Southern  Steamship.  The  ships  belonging  to 
these  companies  were  returned  to  their  owners  on  December  C>.  1918. 
The  director  of  the  Marine  Department  was  particularly  concerned 
with  the  insuring  of  a  fuel  supply  to  meet  the  needs  of  New  England. 

MARINE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  February  15,  1918.  Its  function  was  to  supervise  all 
shipping  under  the  control  of  the  director  general  and  to  coordinate 
so  far  as  possible  the  operation  of  all  lines  not  under  Federal  control, 
including  those  upon  the  Great  Lakes,  with  the  railroads.  Reporting 
to  the  Marine  Section  was  the  Coastwise  Steamship  Advisory  Com- 
mittee. This  section  was  discontinued  on  September  1,  1918,  when 
all  water  transportation  under  Federal  control  was  placed  under  the 
direct  supervision  of  Frank  C.  Wright,  assistant  director,  Marine 
Department.  Prior  to  September  1  TV.  H.  Pleasants  was  manager 
of  the  Marine  Section. 

MARINE  CABLES.  DIRECTOR  OF;   WIRE  CONTROL  BOARD,  UNITED  STATES 
TELEGRAPH  AND  TELEPHONE  ADMINISTRATION. 

By  proclamation  dated  November  2,  1918,  the  President  assumed 
control  of  all  marine  cable  systems  owned  or  controlled  by  companies 
organized  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  individual 
States,  and  placed  their  operation  in  the  hands  of  Albert  S.  Burleson, 
Postmaster  General,  effective  at  midnight  of  the  same  date.  Author- 
ity for  this  step  was  derived  from  a  joint  resolution  of  Congress 
dated  July  16. 1918.  which  enabled  the  President,  as  a  war  measure,  to 
assume  possession  of  and  to  operate  telegraph,  telephone,  marine 
cable,  or  radio  systems,  with  the  provision  that  such  control  should 
not  extend  beyond  the  date  of  the  proclamation  by  the  President  of 
the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  treaty  of  peace.  The  lines  taken 
over  were  those  operated  by  the  Commercial  Cable  Co.,  those  con- 
trolled by  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Co.,  and  the  system  operated 
by  the  Commercial  Pacific  Cable  Co.  General  supervision  over  the 
operation  of  the  cables  was  exercised  by  the  Wire  Control  Board ;  but 
on  December  4,  1918,  George  G.  Ward,  vice  president  of  the  Com- 
mercial Cable  Co.,  was  named  director  and  was  placed  in  im- 
mediate charge  of  their  management.  He  never  actually  per- 
formed the  duties  of  his  new  office  and  was  succeeded  on  December  12, 
1918.  by  Newcoinb  Carlton,  president  of  the  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph Co.  The  marine  cable  systems  were,  returned  to  their  owners, 
effective  at  midnight.  May  2,  1919. 

MARINE  CORPS,  FUEL  OIL,  AND  RADIO  SECTION.  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND 
DOCKS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

This  section  was  responsible  for  the  preparation  of  designs  and 
specifications  for  construction  work  pertaining  to  the  Marine  Corps, 
radio  stations,  and  fuel  oil  storage  stations.  Chief,  Capt.  F.  T. 
Chambers,  succeeded  on  July  1.  1917.  by  Lieut.  Commander  Edward 
C.  Sherman. 


270       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

MARINE   AND   DOCK   INDUSTRIAL   RELATIONS   DIVISION,    UNITED   STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Created  by  a  resolution  of  the  Shipping  Board,  September  19, 
1918,  to  handle  the  industrial  questions  arising  in  the  operation, 
loading,  and  unloading  of  vessels.  Previous  to  this  time  the  work 
had  been  carried  on  by  the  Shipping  Board,  but  without  a  formally 
recognized  division  analogous  to  that  existing  in  other  governmental 
departments.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  division  to  act  as  a  coordinating 
agency  in  all  labor  matters  affecting  the  board,  to  supervise  labor 
questions  which  pertained  to  the  operation  of  vessels  and  marine 
equipment,  including  the  work  of  loading  and  unloading,  to  secure 
peaceful  adjustments  of  disputes,  to  establish  better  relations  be- 
tween employees  and  employers,  and  to  handle  the  problem  of  de- 
ferred military  classification  as  it  applied  to  marine  and  dock  labor. 
R.  P.  Bass,  director  of  the  division,  was  chairman  of  the  National 
Adjustment  Commission  and  worked  in  close  cooperation  with  the 
Division  of  Operations.  He  was  also  appointed  labor  expert  of  the 
Shipping  Board  on  November  12,  1918.  He  resigned  his  position 
with  the  Marine  and  Dock  Industrial  Relations  Division  and  the 
National  Adjustment  Commission  on  January  1,  1919,  following 
which  H.  B.  Ehrmann  was  in  charge  as  acting  director. 

MARINE   INSURANCE   SECTION,   DIVISION   OF   FINANCE   AND    PURCHASES, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Formation  announced  October  22,  1918,  effective  October  8.  The 
section  included  William  C.  De  Lanoy,  manager ;  John  Skelton  Wil- 
liams, director  of  the  Division  of  Finance  and  Purchases ;  and  Theo- 
dore H.  Price,  actuary  to  the  United  States  Railroad  Administra- 
tion. It  provided  for  the  insuring  of  vessels  and  floating  equipment 
under  the  control  of  the  Railroad  Administration,  together  with  their 
contents,  against  both  marine  and  war  risk. 

MARINE  INTERNAL  COMBUSTION  ENGINE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  September  27,  1918,  to  cooperate  with  the  Automotive 
Products  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Eugene  A.  Riotte, 
chairman. 

MARINE    AND    SEAMEN'S    INSURANCE,    DIVISION    OF;     BUREAU    OF    WAR 
RISK  INSURANCE. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  October  6,  1917,  to  administer  the 
marine  insurance  and  seamen's  insurance  provisions  of  preceding  acts. 
The  Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance  was  created  by  the  act  of  Sep- 
tember 2,  1914,  to  give  owners  and  shippers  the  marine  insurance 
which  could  not  be  procured  from  private  agencies.  The  insurance 
provided  covered  solely  the  risks  of  loss  from  acts  of  war,  the  ordi- 
nary forms  of  marine  insurance  being  left  to  private  concerns.  The 
bureau  provided  the  necessary  protection  to  shipping  from  1914  to 
1917.  The  entry  of  the  United  States  as  a  belligerent  greatly  in- 
creased the  necessity  for  protection  of  American  shipping  and 
brought  about  changes  in  methods  of  operation  of  the  bureau.  The 
act  of  Jun^  12,  1917,  added  to  the  marine  insurance  system  a  plan  of 
insurance  of  officers  and  crews  against  the  risks  of  death,  injury, 


capture,  and  loss  of  effects  from  war  causes.  The  act  of  October  6, 
1917,  established  a  system  of  insurance  for  soldiers  and  sailors  and 
reorganized  the  bureau,  creating  a  Division  of  Marine  and  Seamen's 
Insurance,  under  the  direction  of  a  commissioner,  to  administer  the 
marine  and  seamen's  insurance  departments.  No  commissioner  was 
appointed  during  the  war  period.  From  its  inception  in  1914  to  the 
end  of  1918  the  marine  insurance  written  amounted  to  approximately 
$1,985,000,000,  while  the  premiums  received  amounted  to  $46,500,000, 
and  the  losses  to  $30,000,000.  The  insurance  written  in  the  seamen's 
section  amounted  to  $298,000,000,  the  premiums  to  $827,000,  and  the 
losses  to  $318,000. 

MARINE    SUPERINTENDENT,    DIVISION    OF    OPERATIONS,    UNITED    STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  marine  superintendent  of  operations  had  supervision  over  all 
managers  of  ships  under  the  Shipping  Board  with  reference  to  man- 
ning, victualing,  and  supplying  these  ships.  He  also  had  under  his 
direction  the  armament,  protection,  and  repair  of  vessels,  working 
in  cooperation  with  the  Board  of  Survey  and  Consulting  Engineers. 
Capt.  J.  W.  Munn,  marine  superintendent. 

MARINE   TRANSPORTATION,   BUREAU   OF;    OIL  DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  bureau  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  in  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  tank  ships  and  marine  transportation  of  petroleum  and  its 
products.  N.  B.  Beecher,  director. 

MARINE    TRANSPORTATION    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    FOOD    ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

Organized  March  3,  1918,  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  in  its  determination  of  the  minimum  program  of 
food  imports.  This  division  acted  as  intermediary  between  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  heads  of  the  commodity 
divisions  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration,  who  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  import  requirements  of  the  country.  Programs 
were  carried  out  for  the  transportation  of  wheat  flour  from  Australia 
and  Argentina,  sugar,  rice,  tea,  spices,  fish,  and  coffee,  and  the  marine 
transportation  of  flour  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  coast.  This 
division  continued  the  work  formerly  done  by  the  Division  of  Ex- 
ports and  Imports.  C.  P.  Doe,  chief. 

MARITIME     INTELLIGENCE     DEPARTMENT,     DIVISION     OF     OPERATIONS, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  May  18,  1917,  to  secure,  classify,  and  analyze  maritime 
information.  It  collected  detailed  information  regarding  ships 
under  construction,  those  engaged  in  commerce,  and  the  amount  and 
relative  importance  of  the  commerce  in  which  they  engaged.  In 
order  that  the  Shipping  Board  should  have  available  at  all  times 
information  concerning  the  growth  of  the  merchant  marine,  foreign 
vessels  under  charter,  and  the  allocation  of  its  vessels,  the  depart- 
ment issued  confidential  daily  and  weekly  compilations  known  as 
Ships  in  Port,  Exact  Location  of  all  Ships  in  which  the  Shipping 
Board  is  Interested,  Assignment  Chart  giving  Distribution  of  Ships 


272       HANDBOOK-  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

in  Various  Trades,  Expected  Deliveries  of  Steel  arid  Wood  Steam- 
ships, List  of  American  Ships  under  Requisition  to  the  Shipping 
Board,  Charters  Approved  by  the  Chartering  Committee  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board,  Foreign  Ships  under  Charter  to 
the  Shipping  Board.  Deliveries  of  Steel  Seagoing  Ships  from  Great 
Lakes  \  ards,  and  List  showing  Ships  Removed  from  Owners'  Service 
or  Assigned  to  Operating  Companies.  D.  L.  Ewing,  assistant  di- 
rector of  the  Division  of  Operations,  was  head  of  the  department 
sur"eeded  by  R.  E.  Peabody. 

MARITIME  TRANSPORT  COUNCIL. 

See  Allied  Maritime  Transport  ('ouncil. 

MARKETS,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  bureau  which  acquires  and  disseminates  information 
regarding  the  marketing  and  distribution  of  farm  and  nonmanu- 
factured  food  products,  its  work  being  divided  into  four  branches — 
investigation,  demonstration,  services,  and  regulation.  Before  the 
war  it  was  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  problems  pertaining 
to  the  marketing  and  distribution  of  farm  products  and  to  the 
organizing  of  rural  communities  for  marketing,  rural  credit,  and 
other  purposes.  Demonstration  work  was  conducted  regarding 
such  matters  as  standardization,  grading,  packing,  and  shipping  of 
commodities.  Market  news  services  on  fruits,  vegetables,  live  stock, 
and  meats  were  maintained.  These  services  issued  reports  giving 
information  regarding  the  supply,  commercial  movement,  disposi- 
tion, and  market  prices  of  the  above  commodities.  Regulatory  work 
was  performed  in  connection  with  the  enforcement  of  the  cotton 
futures,  grain  standards,  standard  container,  and  warehouse  acts.  In- 
vestigations were  made  in  regard  to  the  proper  construction  of 
refrigerator  and  heater  cars  and  storage  houses.  The  recommenda- 
tions of  the  bureau  regarding  car  construction  were  accepted  by 
the  Railroad  Administration  and  other  agencies  which  put  them  to 
extensive  use.  Assistance  was  rendered  in  solving  the  transportation 
problems  of  shippers  and  much  investigation  and  demonstration 
work  was  done  in  connection  with  the  establishment  of  motor  truck 
routes.  Instruction  was  given  to  producers  and  shippers  in  regard 
to  the  proper  methods  of  handling  grain  in  bulk  which  was  made 
necessary  by  the  shortage  of  burlap  for  the  manufacture  of  sacks. 
A  campaign  of  education  and  demonstration  was  conducted  by 
the  bureau  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureaus  of  Chemistry  and  Plant 
Industry  for  the  prevention  of  grain  dust  explosions  and  fires. 
One  of  the  largest  new  investigations  was  the  Food  Surveys, 
provided  for  under  the  food  production  act  of  August  10. 
1917.  Extensive  surveys  wero  made  to  ascertain  the  quantities 
of  food,  food  materials,  and  feeds  in  the  country.  The  information 
thus  obtained  was  of  great  value  in  intelligently  directing  the  distri- 
bution and  consumption  of  the  food  supplies  of  the  nation.  The 
bureau  extended  its  market  news  .services  to  include  dairy  and 
poultry  products,  grain,  hay,  milled  feeds,  and  seeds.  The  institu- 
tion of  the  Food  Products  Inspection  Service  provided  for  the  in- 
spection of  fruits  and  vegetables  at  large  central  markets.  An- 
other emergency  activity  was  the  purchase  of  nitrate  of  soda  with 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       273 

a  revolving  fund  of  $10,000,000,  and  its  subsequent  distribution. 
During  the  fiscal  year  1918  about  75,000  tons  were  distributed  at 
cost  to  the  farmers  of  the  country.  The  regulatory  functions  of  the 
bureau  were  enlarged  through  its  designation  as  the  agency  to  ad- 
minister the  supervision  of  licenses  under  the  proclamations  of  the 
President  of  June  18,  1918,  and  September  6,  1918,  requiring  stock- 
yards, slaughterers,  and  Tenderers  to  secure  licenses  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture.  Charles  J.  Brand,  chief. 

MATERIALS  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Created  May  24,  1917,  to  have  supervision  over  the  procurement, 
inspection,  expediting,  and  delivery  of  all  materials  for  the  Con- 
struction Division,  to  cooperate  with  the  various  committees  and 
organizations  wrhich  had  been  formed  with  a  view  to  stabilizing 
prices,  and  to  confer  with  the  Director  General  of  Railroads  in  se- 
curing rapid  movement  of  freight.  It  functioned  through  the  Pro- 
curement and  Delivery  Sections.  Col.  J.  N.  Wilcutt,  chief. 

MATERIALS  INFORMATION  BRANCH,  REQUIREMENTS  DIVISION,  BUREAU 
OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPARTMENT  OP 
LABOR. 

This  section  worked  with  the  Building  Materials  Section,  War  In- 
dustries Board,  in  matters  relating  to  standardization,  conservation, 
and  centralized  control  over  materials.  It  saw  that  the  recommenda- 
tions of  the  War  Industries  Board  were  applied  to  housing  projects, 
investigated  relative  merits  of  various  building  materials,  and  ap- 
portioned orders.  D.  K.  Boyd,  chief. 

MATERIALS  PROCUREMENT  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU 
OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES 
HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  branch  acted  as  a  purchasing  office  for  materials  required  for 
United  States  Housing  Corporation  projects,  working  in  cooperation 
with  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  Construction  Division  of  the 
Army.  It  arranged  with  the  Construction  Division  of  the  Army  to 
allocate,  order,  and  expedite  the  production  of  most  of  the  division's 
requirements.  In  addition,  it  aided  municipal  and  private  com- 
panies to  secure  materials  for  the  extension  of  public  utilities  to 
housing  projects.  The  branch  worked  through  the  Requisition,  Ma- 
terials, Priorities,  and  Traffic  Sections.  C.  Birdseye,  chief. 

MATERIALS  AND  SUPPLIES,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

The  activities  of  the  Subcommittee  on  Materials  and  Supplies  were 
directed  by  the  Executive  Committee,  Special  Committee  on  Na- 
tional Defense  (Railroads'  War  Board).  It  studied  the  needs  of  the 
railways  with  reference  to  raw  materials,  steel,  lumber,  etc.,  essential 
for  the  construction  of  new  equipment  and  for  the  repair  of  old,  and 
it  performed  invaluable  service  in  submitting  these  requirements  to 
the  Priority  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  In  view  of 
the  representations  of  this  organization  the  Priority  Committee  as  a 
general  rule  gave  to  the  requirements  of  the  railroads  a  Class  B  1 
rating,  the  highest  rating  given  to  any  demands  with  the  exception 

127232—19 18 


274       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

of  those  relating  to  actual  war  work.  The  subcommittee,  consisting 
of  six  members,  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of  the  Special  Commit- 
tee on  National  Defense  after  the  President  assumed  control  of  the 
railroads.  H.  B.  Spencer,  chairman. 

MATTRESS  LINTER  POOL. 

This  special  pool  was  formed  to  control  all  the  cotton  linters  and 
to  help  meet  requirements  of  the  United  States,  allied  governments, 
and  American  National  Red  Cross  in  linters  for  bedding  and  mat- 
tresses. The  Du  Pont  American  Industries  (Inc.),  acting  on  behalf 
of  the  Ordnance  Department,  was  appointed  purchasing  agent,  with 
instructions  to  buy  all  mattress  linters  available  from  production 
prior  to  May  2,  1918. 

MATTRESSES  AND   PILLOWS,   COOPERATIVE   COMMITTEE   ON;    COMMITTEE 
ON  SUPPLIES,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  August  10,  1917.  This  division  was  in  charge  of  the 
securing  of  supplies  of  these  commodities  for  the  Army  and  Navy. 
Its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the  War  Industries  Board.  O.  M. 
Burton,  chairman. 

MEAT  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  10,  1917.  This  division  was  in  charge  of  the 
purchases  of  meat  for  the  Army,  Navy,  and  allies,  through  the  Divi- 
sion of  Coordination  of  Purchase,  and  the  control  and  regulation  of 
the  industry  by  means  of  the  licensing  system.  The  activities  of  the 
division  were  carried  on  in  Chicago  through  the  Meat  Purchase 
Bureau.  J.  P.  Cotton  was  chief  until  June,  1918,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  F.  S.  Snyder. 

MEAT  INDUSTRY  COMMISSION. 

At  the  request  of  United  States  Food  Administrator  Hoover, 
President  Wilson  on  March  31, 1918,  appointed  a  commission  to  make 
recommendations  as  to  the  Government's  meat  policy.  The  commis- 
sion was  made  up  of  representatives  of  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Department  of  Labor,  Federal  Trade  Commission,  Tariff  Commis- 
sion, and  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  The  commission 
reported  May  27,  1918,  recommending  continuation  of  regulation 
but  not  favoring  governmental  operation. 

MEAT   INSPECTION   DIVISION,   BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY,    DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  that  exercised  important  functions  during 
the  war.  It  provided  meat  inspectors  for  both  the  War  and  Navy 
Departments  whose  functions  were  to  reinspect  the  meat  food  prod- 
ucts furnished  the  various  cantonments,  forts,  camps,  navy  yards, 
and  other  places.  This  reinspection  insured  that  meats  originated 
at  establishments  operating  under  Federal  meat  inspection  and  that 
the  supply  accepted  by  the  Army  had  not  deteriorated  since  leaving 
such  establishments,  and  otherwise  complied  with  Army  specifica- 
tions. Up  to  the  signing  of  the  armistice  over  342.000,000  pounds  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      275 

meat  and  meat  food  products  were  inspected  for  the  Army,  of  which 
over  4,300,000  were  rejected  for  various  causes.  Over  194,000,000 
pounds  were  inspected  for  the  Navy,  with  rejections  of  about  5,- 
400,000.  The  division  also  succeeded  in  effecting  a  substantial  sav- 
ing of  food  through  a  food-conservation  movement  that  it  in- 
augurated in  meat-packing  establishments.  The  division  cooperated 
with  the  United  States  Food  Administration,  the  War  Trade  Board, 
and  the  War  Industries  Board  in  carrying  out  their  orders  relative 
to  the  meat  industry.  Statistical  information  was  furnished  various 
Government  organizations.  R.  P.  Steddom,  chief. 

MEAT  AND  MEAT  FOOD  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  INSPECTION  BRANCH,  QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  March,  1918.  This  section  had  supervisory  charge  of  the 
inspection,  storage,  and  handling  of  meat  and  meat  food  products 
at  all  Army  stations  and  ports  of  embarkation  in  the  United  States. 
A  meat-cutting  subsection  worked  out  the  details  of  the  plans  for 
centralized  meat-cutting  and  rendering  plants  and  the  system  of 
cutting  fresh  and  frozen  beef.  W.  O.  Trone,  chief. 

MEAT  PURCHASE  BUREAU,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

E.  L.  Roy  was  appointed  December  15,  1917,  in  charge  of  pur- 
chases of  the  Meat  Division  with  offices  in  Chicago.  The  purchase 
of  meat  for  Army,  Navy,  Marine  Corps,  and  the  allies  was  consol- 
idated into  a  single  bureau,  April  22,  1918. 

MECHANICAL  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION   OF  OPERATION,   UNITED   STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  July  1,  1918,  when  Frank  McManamy,  formerly  in 
charge  of  the  Locomotive  Repair  Section,  was  appointed  assistant 
director,  in  charge  of  the  Mechanical  Department.  This  department 
exercised  supervision  over  all  rolling  stock  and  over  the  shops  where 
repairs  to  the  equipment  were  made,  prepared  plans  and  specifica- 
tions for  new  equipment,  and  equalized  the  distribution  of  repair 
work  among  different  shops  and  the  distribution  of  motive  power 
among  the  railroads.  Later  it  had  jurisdiction  over  the  enforcement 
of  the  Federal  laws  for  the  promotion  of  the  safety  of  railway 
employees. 

MECHANICAL    GOODS    (TECHNICAL)    DIVISION,    RUBBER    INDUSTRY    WAR 
SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

This  committee  was  organized  in  December,  1911,  by  manufac- 
turers who  were  supplying  rubber  goods  to  the  Navy  Department. 
The  work  was  continued  until  January  29,  1918,  when  it  became  the 
Mechanical  Goods  (Technical)  Division,  Rubber  Industry  War 
Service  Committee.  The  committee  worked  on  specifications  of  rub- 
ber goods  for  the  Army,  Navy,  and  the  United  States  Railroad 
Administration  and  was  disbanded  September  24,  1918.  It  was  reor- 

fanized  October  3,   1918,   as  the  Specifications  Committee  of  the 
fechanical  Goods  Division  with  the  same  personnel  and  functions. 
W.  C.  Geer,  chairman. 


276       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

MEDIATION  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION,  ORDNANCE  DEPART- 
MENT. 

Created  in  December,  1917.  It  investigated  and  adjusted  disputes 
between  employers  and  employees  in  plants  working  on  ordnance 
orders.  It  called  upon  the  other  branches  of  the  Industrial  Service 
Section  for  assistance  in  matters  in  which  they  were  expert.  Upon 
the  reorganization  of  the  Industrial  Service  Section  in  August,  1918, 
this  branch  was  abolished  and  its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the 
newly  created  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor  Branch  under  Maj.  Tole. 
Maj.  W.  C.  Rogers,  chief,  succeeded  by  Maj.  James  Tole. 

MEDIATION  COMMISSION,   PRESIDENT'S. 

This  was  u  special  commission  appointed  by  the  President  in  a 
memorandum  of  September  19,  1917,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor.  It 
consisted  of  five  members,  with  William  B.  Wilson,  Secretary  of 
Labor,  as  chairman.  Felix  Frankfurter,  of  Harvard  University, 
acted  as  secretary  and  counsel  to  the  commission.  The  appointment 
of  the  commission  was  the  result  of  industrial  disturbances  that  had 
accumulated  during1  the  summer  of  1917  throughout  the  West  and 
Northwest  and  had  seriously  lessened  the  output  of  certain  materials 
esential  for  the  conduct  of  the  war,  notably  copper,  oil,  and  lumber. 
In  his  memorandum  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor  the  President  stated 
that  the  members  of  the  commission  were  to  call  upon  the  governors 
of  the  States  concerned  and  as  his  personal  representatives  offer 
counsel  to  the  State  government  in  developing  better  understanding 
between  employers  and  employees.  The  commission  was  also  au- 
thorized to  act  directly  as  an  investigation  and  conciliating  body. 
Its  principal  activities  were  in  connection  with  labor  disturbances 
in  the  copper  mines  of  Arizona,  the  lumber  regions  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest,  the  oil  fields  of  Southern  California,  the  telephone  busi- 
ness of  the  Pacific  States,  and  the  packing  industry  centering  in  Chi- 
cago. In  the  case  of  each  of  these  disputes,  except  that  in  the  lum- 
ber regions,  the  commission  was  able  to  effect  an  adjustment  of 
existing  difficulties  and  to  set  up  machinery  for  the  expeditious  and 
peaceful  settlement  of  future  disagreements,  at  least  for  the  dura- 
tion of  the  war.  In  its  report  to  the  President  on  January  9,  1918, 
the  commission  recommended  the  recognition  by  the  Government 
of  the  principles  of  collective  bargaining,  the  extensions  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  eight-hour  day,  and  the  unified  direction  of  the  labor 
administration  of  the  country.  On  January  16,  1918,  a  report  was 
made  by  the  commission  on  the  Mooney  case  in  San  Francisco. 

MEDIATION  AND  CONCILIATION,  UNITED  STATES  BOARD  OF. 

Created  by  Act  of  Congress  of  July  15,  1913,  commonly  known  as 
the  Newlands  law.  The  board  was  an  independent  body,  not  con- 
nected with  any  department,  and  composed  of  three  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  President,  one  of  whom  was  the  commissioner  of 
conciliation.  The  purpose  of  the  board  was  to  settle  by  mediation, 
conciliation,  and  arbitration  controversies  concerning  wages,  hours 
of  labor,  or  conditions  of  employment  that  might  arise  between 
common  carriers  engaged  in  interstate  transportation  and  their 
employees  engaged  in  train  operation  or  train  services.  During  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       277 

war  the  board  continued  to  perform  its  regular  functions,  but  its 
field  of  operations  was  considerably  reduced  by  reason  of  the  fact 
that  it  did  not  exercise  jurisdiction  in  connection  with  roads  that 
were  placed  under  the  control  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Ad- 
ministration. Special  war  machinery  was  developed  to  handle  the 
labor  disputes  on  these  roads.  Consequently,  the  work  of  the  board 
was  confined  to  disputes  on  the  roads  not  taken  over  by  the  Railroad 
Administration.  Chairman  of  board,  Martin  A.  Knapp. 

See  Railroad  Wage  Commission,  Board  of  Railroad  Wages  and 
Working  Conditions,  Division  of  Labor  of  the  United  States  Rail- 
road Administration,  Railway  Boards  of  Adjustment  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

MEDIATION     AND     CONCILIATION,     SUBCOMMITTEE     ON,     COMMITTEE     ON 
LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organization  started  shortly  after  formation  of  Committee  on 
Labor  in  April.  1917.  It  was  composed  of  approximate!}7  75  mem- 
bers, representing  equally  employers,  employees,  and  the  general 
public,  and  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers,  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Labor.  There  was  an  executive  committee  of  five  members. 
It  was  designed  to  include  local  committees  made  up  in  the  same  way 
as  the  national  committee.  The  function  of  these  committees  was  to 
secure  adjustment  of  disputes  by  mediation  and  conciliation,  and 
when  these  failed,  to  induce  arbitration.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  no 
local  committees  were  appointed,  and  the  national  committee  was 
never  active.  It  was  found  that  other  governmental  agencies  were 
already  available  or  were  formed  after  the  declaration  of  the  war  better 
qualified  for  the  work  of  mediation  and  conciliation.  V.  Everit  Macy 
was  chairman,  Avith  headquarters  at  Washington.  Upon  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment  Board  in  August.  1017, 
Mr.  Macy  became  chairman  of  that  board. 

MEDICAL  BOARD,  GENERAL;   COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  on  April  2,  1917, 
by  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Medicine  and  Sanitation  of  the 
Advisory  Commission,  to  consider  problems  for  coordination  of  medi- 
cal, military,  and  civil  resources  of  the  country.  Its  work  dated  back 
to  April  26,  1916.  when  the  Executive  Committee  of  American 
Physicians  for  Medical  Preparedness  tendered  their  services  to  the 
President.  The  board  as  finally  organized  had  «S4  members;  it  helped 
recruit  medical  officers;  its  recommendation  that  no  work  be  started 
on  a  camp  until  the  Surgeon  General  approve  the  regulations  regard- 
ing hygiene  and  sanitation  was  adopted.  Its  committees  on  research, 
hospitals,  dentistry,  general  surgery,  ophthalmology,  venereal  dis- 
eases, and  head  surgery  were  taken  over  by  the  Surgeon  General's 
Office.  The  board's  committees  were;  Central  Governing  Board  of 
Volunteer  Medical  Service  Corps.  Child  Welfare.  Civilian  Coopera- 
tion in  Combating  Venereal  Diseases,  Dentistry,  Editorial,  Hospitals, 
Hygiene  and  Sanitation,  Industrial  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Legisla- 
tion. Medical  Advisory  Boards.  Medical  Schools.  Nursing,  Publicity, 
Research,  States  Activities,  Surgery.  Women  Physicians,  Standardi- 
zation of  Medical  and  Surgical  Supplies  and  Equipment.  Reeduca- 
tion and  Rehabilitation.  It  was  officially  dissolved  April  1,  1919. 
Dr.  Franklin  Martin,  chairman. 


278       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
MEDICAL  DIVISION,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

Organized  June  25,  1918.  This  division  maintained  laboratories 
at  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn.;  Lakeside  Hospital,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio;  American  University,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  and  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wis.  The  work  of  these  laboratories 
was  directed  and  correlated  by  the  division,  and  data  developed  there 
presented  to  the  director.  The  inspection  of  gas  factories  and  super- 
vision of  protective  measures  came  under  the  functions  of  this 
division.  Col.  William  J.  Lyster,  in  charge. 

MEDICAL  SECTION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  MILITARY  AERONAUTICS. 

Created  May  21,  1918.  This  section  had  charge  of  all  matters  per- 
taining to  the  administration  of  personnel,  equipment,  supplies,  and 
all  other  matters  affecting  the  medical  department  which  related  to 
the  development,  maintenance,  organization,  and  operation  of  aero- 
nautical personnel.  Brig.  Gen.  T.  C.  Lyster,  chief. 

MEDICAL    SUBDIVISION,    DOMESTIC    DISTRIBUTION    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR 
OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Organized  October  28,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  storage,  issue, 
and  distribution  of  medical,  dental,  veterinary,  X-ray  and  labora- 
tory supplies.  The  division  functioned  through  the  following  sec- 
tions :  Requisition,  Stock  Control,  Equipment  Assembly,  Zone  Depots 
and  Camp  Depots,  and  Requirements,  Procurement,  and  Purchase. 
Maj.  Romanus  La  Gunder,  chief. 

MEDICAL  SUBDIVISION,  OVERSEAS  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OP 
STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1,  1918,  but  did  not  become  operative  until 
December  13,  1918.  This  subdivision  supervised  the  filling  of  requi- 
sitions for  medical  supplies  received  from  the  American  Expedition- 
ary Forces,  and  was  responsible  for  their  shipment  from  the  interior 
to  ports  of  embarkation.  T.  A.  Dagit,  chief. 

MEDICAL  ADVISORY  BOARDS,  COMMITTEE  ON;   GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  when  the  Provost  Marshal  General  in  November,  1917, 
requested  the  Council  of  National  Defense  to  nominate  a  man  in  each 
State  to  serve  as  medical  aid  to  the  governor.  It  selected  representa- 
tives, called  a  conference  in  Washington,  and  instructed  them  in 
duties  of  supervising  medical  activities  under  the  selective  service 
law.  Dr.  Edward  Martin,  chairman. 

MEDICAL  ADVISORY  BOARDS,  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

It  was  the  function  of  the  Medical  Advisory  Boards  to  examine 
physically,  registrants  whose  cases  had  been  appealed  to  them  by  a 
registrant,  by  a  Government  official  agent,  or  on  motion  of  a  local 
board.  Doubtful  cases  of  registrants  possessing  obscure  physical  de- 
fects were  referred  to  them  for  decision.  The  members  of  these  boards 
were  nominated  by  the  governors  of  the  various  States  and  appointed 
by  the  President.'  In  accordance  with  this  plan,  1,319  boards  were 
appointed  with  a  total  of  9,577  members. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      279 
MEDICAL  INDUSTRY  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June  2,  1918,  to  assist  in  finding  sources  of  supply  of 
drugs,  medicines,  medical  and  surgical  supplies,  and  to  encourage 
conservation.  It  found  good  productive  capacity  in  most  pharma- 
ceutical products,  but  had  to  arrange  for  increased  production  of 
dental  and  surgical  instruments,  suture  materials,  and  metal  surgical 
and  hospital  furniture.  It  had  13  war  service  committees  in  active 
cooperation.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918. 
Lieut.  Col.  F.  F.  Simpson,  chief. 

MEDICAL  PUBLISHERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  at  Philadelphia  on  September  12,  1918,  at  a  meeting  at 
which  most  American  publishing  houses  were  represented.  The  com- 
mittee acted  with  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board,  and  was  disbanded  shortly  after  the  armistice. 

MEDICAL    RECORD    SECTION,    SANITARY    DIVISION,    SURGEON    GENERAL'S 
OFFICE. 

Formed  prior  to  outbreak  of  war  and  reorganized  November  1, 
1917.  Its  duty  was  to  receive  reports  of  sick  and  wounded  from  all 
branches  of  the  military  establishment,  to  examine  and  verify  them, 
to  prepare  statistics  based  upon  physical  examinations  of  drafted 
men  and  from  sick  and  wounded  reports,  and  to  supervise  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  Surgeon  General's  annual  report  and  publications  rela- 
tive to  the  physical  examinations  of  drafted  men.  Officer  in  charge 
to  October  31,  1917,  Col.  James  W.  Van  Dusen;  November  1,  1917, 
to  cessation  of  hostilities,  Lieut.  Col.  Albert  G.  Love. 

MEDICAL  SCHOOLS,  COMMITTEE  ON;   GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

It  urged  medical  students  to  continue  their  education,  and  brought 
about  an  arrangement  whereby  third  and  fourth  year  medical  stu- 
dents subject  to  draft  were  allowed  to  enlist  in  the  Enlisted  Medical 
Reserve  Corps  and  put  on  inactive  duty,  with  the  understanding  that 
they  would  apply  for  commissions  in  the  Reserve  Corps  upon  grad- 
uation. Dr.  Joseph  M.  Flint,  chairman. 

MEDICINE,  DIVISION  OF;   SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Organized  June  6,  1917.  It  directed  and  supervised  the  profes- 
sional medical  work  in  the  base  and  general  hospitals  throughout  the 
country  and  in  the  camp  medical  examining  boards.  It  was  also 
responsible  for  the  selection,  training,  and  assignment  of  personnel 
to  carry  on  this  work  both  in  the  United  States  and  abroad.  There 
were  individual  sections  of  internal  medicine,  tuberculosis,  and  neuro- 
psychiatry  which  performed  the  above  functions  in  their  own  respec- 
tive fields.  Col.  George  E.  Bushnell  served  as  chief  of  the  division 
until  December  1,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Lewis  A. 
Conner. 

MEDICINE    AND    RELATED    SCIENCES    DIVISION,    NATIONAL    RESEARCH 
COUNCIL. 

Formed  to  initiate  studies  and  coordinate  results  in  its  field.  P. 
functioned  through  10  committees :  Anatomy,  C.  R.  Stockard,  chair 


280       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC'  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

man;  Physiology,  W.  H.  Howell,  acting  chairman;  Medicine  and 
Hygiene,  Victor  C.  Vaughan,  chairman;  Neurology  and  Psychiatry, 
Stewart  Paton,  chairman;  Psychology,  R.  M.  Yerkes,  chairman; 
Anthropology;  Medical  Zoology;  Biochemistry,  F.  P.  Underhill, 
chairman ;  Toxicity  of  Preserved  Foods,  J.  J.  Abel,  chairman ;  Indus- 
trial Poisonings,  H.  G.  Wells,  chairman.  K-.  M.  Pearce,  chairman. 

MEDICINE    AND    SANITATION,    COMMITTEE    ON;     COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

See  General  Medical  Board,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY,  INCLUDING  GENERAL  SANITATION  COMMITTEE, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

One  of  the  seven  committees  formed  in  the  Advisory  Commission, 
one  under  each  commissioner,  to  assume  supervision  over 'a  special 
field  of  industry.  It  functioned  through  two  main  committees,  the 
General  Medical  Board  and  the  Standardization  of  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Supplies  and  Equipment  Committee  with  their  various  sub- 
committees. Dr.  Franklin  Martin,  chairman. 

MEN'S  ACTIVITIES,  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE  ON;   NATIONAL  CATHOLIC  WAR 
COUNCIL. 

A  standing  committee  of  the  Committee  on  Special  War  Activities. 
It  directed  the  various  Catholic  men's  organizations  throughout  the 
country  and  in  addition  operated  25  service  clubs  at  important  points 
adjacent  to  the  larger  camps  and  debarkation  points.  Charles  I. 
Denechaud,  chairman. 

MEN'S  FASHION  PLATES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  in  order  to  effect  conservation  in  swatches,  also  to 
conserve  labor  and  material  in  making  of  garments  by  simplify- 
ing the  designing  of  men's  fashion  plates  published  semiannually. 
Toby  Rubovitz,  chairman. 

MEN'S  STRAW  AND  PANAMA  HATS  WAR   SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  23,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  before  the 
Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  commit- 
tee took  up  the  reduction  of  the  number  of  styles  for  1919.  Charles 
H.  Watson,  chairman. 

MERCHANT  REPRESENTATIVES,  STATE;  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

State  merchant  representatives  were  appointed  in  each  State  to 
assist  the  Federal  food  administrators  in  the  mobilization  of  the  re- 
tail merchants  to  gain  assistance  in  publicity  work  by  means  of 
window  displays,  advertisements,  etc.  The  appointments  began  Sep- 
tember, 1917,  and  were  completed  January,  1918.  A  conference 
was  held  in  May,  1918,  by  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration  to  coor- 
dinate the  work  of  these  representatives  and  to  increase  the  effective- 
ness of  the  campaigns. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       281 
MERCHANT  TAILORS'  WAR   SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  National  Association  of  Merchant  Tailors  to 
cooperate  with  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  Harvey  Patterson,  chairman. 

METAL  CORNER  BEADS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  30,  1918,  by  the  Building  Materials  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board,  to  promote  the  sale  of  metal  corner 
beads  for  United  States  housing  projects,  and  to  obtain  information 
relating  thereto  for  the  board.  Henry  W.  Lamb,  chairman. 

METAL  ETCHERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  26,  1918,  to  represent  the  metal  etchers  of 
the  United  States.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  conservation 
division  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  but  the  signing  of  the  armi- 
stice prevented  the  conservation  measures  from  going  into  effect. 
N.  L.  Jacobus,  chairman. 

METAL  LATH  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  The  committee  aided  the  Construction  Division  of  the 
Army  in  the  development  of  inexpensive  fireproofing  for  hospitals 
and  ammunition  storehouses,  etc.  Zenas  W.  Carter,  chairman. 

METALLURGICAL    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    MINES,    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE 
INTERIOR. 

A  permanent  division  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  During  the  war  it 
cooperated  with  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  the  Bureau  of 
Standards,  and  the  War  Industries  Board  in  various  metallurgical 
investigations.  F.  G.  Cottrell,  chief. 

METALLURGICAL  MATTERS,  COMMITTEE  ON;   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  committee  was  appointed  on  August  14,  1918,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  considering  methods  of  selection,  manufacture,  and  testing 
of  metallurgical  material  used  in  the  production  of  ordnance.  Its 
decisions  were  reported  to  the  Engineering  Bureau  after  being  ap- 
proved by  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.  On  September  16,  1918,  it  was 
given  the  additional  task  of  handling  the  work  formerly  carried  on 
by  the  Board  to  Consider  Specifications  and  Production  of  Small 
Arms.  It  was  dissolved  December  20,  1918.  The  committee  in- 
cluded three  officers  and  three  civilians  under  the  chairmanship  of 
G.  W.  Sargent. 

METALS    AND    HEAVY    HARDWARE    BRANCH,    HARDWARE    AND    METALS 
DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  June  14,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  procurement  of 
metals  and  heavy  hardware.  The  branch  was  transferred  to  the 
General  Supplies  Division  October  28,  1918,  and  became  known  as 
the  Hardware,  Cordage,  and  Miscellaneous  Branch.  George  W, 
Welles,  chief. 


282       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917. 
METER  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  to  represent  the  industry  before  that 
section  and  the  Priorities  Board.  J.  B.  Kirkpatrick,  chairman. 

METEOROLOGICAL   SECTION,    SPECIAL   SERVICE   DIVISION,    SIGNAL   CORPS. 

Organized  in  September,  1917.  Its  function  was  to  supply  meteor- 
ological data  to  the  various  branches  of  the  Army,  particularly  the 
Artillery  and  the  Air  Service,  and  to  procure  and  train  personnel  for 
service  with  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces.  Subordinate  to  it 
were  detachments  serving  at  various  military  posts  in  the  United 
States.  The  section  was  organized  under  the  supervision  of  Lieut. 
Col.  E.  A.  Millikan.  Capt.  B.  J.  Sherry  was  chief  after  November, 
1917. 

METHODS     SECTION,     PURCHASE     BRANCH,     PURCHASE,     STORAGE     AND 
TRAFFIC    DIVISION. 

Organized  September  5, 1918,  to  inspect  and  study  methods  of  pur- 
chase and  to  recommend  changes  and  improvements  therein.  Maj. 
H.  H.  Lehman,  chief,  September  5,  1918,  to  December  15,  1918 ;  suc- 
ceeded by  Maj.  L.  D.  Miller. 

MEXICAN  RELATIONS,  DIVISION  OF;  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

Created  May  1,  1918.  It  kept  the  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion in  touch  with  the  State  Department  and  the  War  Trade  Board 
in  their  dealings  with  Mexico,  and  made  full  recommendations  with 
respect  to  the  amount  of  foodstuffs  that  could  be  furnished  to  Mexico. 
J.  J.  McCarty  as  chief. 

MICA  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June,  1918,  to  procure  adequate  supplies  of  mica  for  Gov- 
ernment needs,  for  magnetos,  spark  plug  insulation,  and  field  tele- 
phone equipment,  to  allot  it  to  Government  contractors,  and  to  regu- 
late prices.  No  restrictions  were  placed  on  imports,  except  that  all 
had  to  be  consigned  to  the  Textile  Alliance,  Inc.  Orders  comman- 
deering India  and  Brazilian  mica  were  issued  by  the  Navy.  The  sec- 
tion was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  C.  K.  Leith,  chief. 

MICHIGAN  HARDWOOD  EMERGENCY  BUREAU. 

The  Michigan  Emergency  Bureau  came  into  existence  through  a 
joint  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  Manu- 
facturers' Associations  on  June  14,  1917.  It  was  organized  for  the 
purpose  of  placing  the  products  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  mills  in 
the  hands  of  the  Government  for  quick  movement,  especially  witji  re- 
gard to  the  construction  of  cantonments.  During  the  months  of  July, 
August,  and  September,  1917,  the  bureau  handled  orders  and  allo- 
cated shipments  of  lumber  amounting  to  1,268  carloads,  totaling 
27,748,690  feet,  for  use  in  constructing  the  buildings  of  Camp  Custer. 
In  November,  1917,  the  Michigan  Hardwood  Emergency  Bureau 
joined  with  the  Northern  Hemlock  and  Hardwood  Emergency  Bu- 
reau -and  opened  an  office  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  under  the  name  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      283 

the  Northern  Hardwood  Emergency  Bureau,  in  order  to  be  on  the 
ground  and  take  advantage  of  orders  placed  by  the  Government. 
Charles  A.  Bigelow,  head  of  the  Michigan  Bureau,  was  made  presi- 
dent of  the  new  organization. 

MILITARY  DIVISION,  NATIONAL  RESEARCH  COUNCIL. 

The  earlier  military  committee  of  the  Research  Council.  It  se- 
cured the  cooperation  with  the  Army  and  Navy  in  solution  of  prob- 
lems requiring  research  work,  the  most  valuable  result  being  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Research  Information  Committee.  Under  its  au- 
thority were  held  the  joint  conferences  of  the  Physics  and  Engineer- 
ing Divisions,  which  considered  important  reports  from  at  home  and 
abroad.  Charles  D.  Wolcott,  chairman. 

MILITARY  AERONAUTICS,  DEPARTMENT   OF. 

Created  by  Executive  order  May  20, 1918,  taking  over  the  activities 
which  had  been  up  to  that  time  exercised  by  the  Aviation  Section  of 
the  Signal  Corps.  The  department  had  charge  of  the  selection  of  all 
types  of  airplanes  and  accessories  used  in  the  Army  and  their  per- 
formances, and  the  use  and  operation  of  all  military  aircraft,  includ- 
ing airplanes,  balloons,  and  other  aeronautical  apparatus,  and  all 
appliances  used  in  aircraft,  the  selection  and  training  of  commis- 
sioned, enlisted,  and  civilian  personnel,  the  supply,  operation,  and 
maintenance  of  aerial  photographic  apparatus,  the  acceptance,  opera- 
tion and  maintenance  of  all  aircraft,  instruments,  armament,  and 
spare  parts.  The  department  functioned  through  Executive,  Tech- 
nical, Supply,  Medical,  Training,  Operations,  and  Personnel  Sections 
and  through  a  Control  Board.  The  department  was  consolidated  in 
December,  1918,  with  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  under  the 
charge  of  Maj.  Gen.  Menoher,  and  became  known  as  the  Air  Service. 
Maj.  Gen.  W.  L.  Kenly  was  director  of  Military  Aeronautics. 

MILITARY  EFFICIENCY  AND  DEFENSE,   COMMITTEE   ON;    CENTRAL  ELEC- 
TRIC RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

The  Committee  on  Military  Efficiency  and  Defense  of  the  Central 
Electric  Railway  Association  was  appointed  pursuant  to  action  taken 
by  the  association  at  its  meeting  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  March  8 
and  9,  1917.  The  committee  consisted  of  eight  members,  a  majority 
of  whom  were  electric  railway  officials.  The  territory  covered  by  the 
association  itself  included  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  and  a  part  of 
Kentucky,  while  the  work  of  the  committee  included  the  additional 
States  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Illinois,  and 
Wisconsin.  The  first  work  of  the  committee  consisted  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  map  showing  all  the  electric  railway  lines  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River  to  New  York  in  the  States  above  mentioned.  The  map 
showed,  in  addition  to  the  lines  themselves,  the  location  and  capacity 
of  power  houses,  storerooms,  shops,  bridges,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  loca- 
tion of  forts  and  military  camps.  The  committee  also  collected  a 
large  amount  of  data  which  really  constituted  a  mobilization  record 
of  cars,  material,  power-house  equipment,  and  all  apparatus  and 
supplies  which  might  be  used  by  the  electric  railways  for  the  purpose 
of  helping  to  meet  any  contingency  involving  the  Nation's  transpor- 
tation facilities.  Arthur  W.  Bradv,  chairman. 


284       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

MILITARY  EQUIPMENT  STANDARDS,  SUBCOMMITTEE   ON;    SPECIAL  COM- 
MITTEE ON  NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Appointed  immediately  after  organization  of  Executive  Com- 
mittee, Special  Committee  on  National  Defense  (Railroads'  War 
Board),  on  April  11.  1917.  This  subcommittee,  consisting  of  seven 
members  and  representing  railroad  mechanical,  car  building,  and 
purchasing  departments,  set  itself  to  the  task  of  preparing  designs 
for  adapting  existing  transportation  equipment  to  military  uses  and 
designing  new  equipment.  It  also  drew  up  plans  for  the  loading  of 
gun:  upon  rolling  stock  and  uniform  rules  covering  responsibility 
and  billing  for  repairs  to  equipment  used  in  the  movement  of  troops 
and  military  supplies.  The  subcommittee  censed  to  function  as  a 
part  of  the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense  after  the  Presi- 
dent assumed  control  of  the  railroads.  J.  T.  Wallis,  chairman. 

MILITARY    ENTERTAINMENT    COUNCIL,    WAR    DEPARTMENT    COMMISSION 
ON  TRAINING  CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

The  Military  Entertainment  Council  arranged  for  the  sale  of 
"smileage"  books  through  volunteer  agents  throughout  the  country, 
more  than  a  half  million  dollars  worth  of  which  were  used  by 
soldiers  to  obtain  admission  to  entertainments  within  camp  limits. 
Harold  Braddock,  director;  Harry  P.  Harrison,  executive  chairman. 

MILITARY   FREIGHT   TRAIFFS,   SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    SPECIAL  COMMITTEE 
ON  NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Became  subordinate  to  the  Executive  Committee,  Special  Com- 
mittee on  National  Defense  (Railroads'  War  Board),  shortly  after 
April  11,  1917.  The  subcommittee  worked  under  the  direction  of  the 
Railroads'  War  Board  and  had  as  its  chief  function  the  adjustment 
of  all  questions  arising  between  the  railroads  and  the  Government 
relating  to  the  transportation  of  military  freight.  Measures  were 
adopted  to  facilitate  the  prompt  and  uniform  settlement  of  accounts, 
and  methods  were  worked  out  which  aided  in  the  expeditious  move- 
ment of  preferred  Government  freight.  The  subcommittee,  which 
consisted  of  seven  members,  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of  the  Special 
Committee  on  National  Defense  after  the  President  assumed  control 
of  the  railroads.  L.  Green,  chairman. 

MILITARY  HISTORY  SECTION,  GENERAL;   HISTORICAL  BRANCH,  GENERAL 
STAFF. 

Engaged  in  collecting  data  upon  the  war  with  Germany,  1914r-1918, 
and  the  participation  of  the  United  States  therein.  Discontinued 
December,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  H.  H.  Sargent,  in  charge. 

MILITARY  INFORMATION  SECTION,   GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU, 
ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  February  9,  1918,  to  direct  and  supervise  the  collection, 
recording,  and  distribution  of  military  information  through  an  office 
and  field  organization.  The  section  was  incorporated  March  14,  1918, 
with  the  Information  Section  as  a  branch  of  that  section.  Maj.  C.  C. 
Gordon,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       285 
MILITARY  INTELLIGENCE  DIVISION,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

From  1885  until  1903  a  Military  Information  Division  existed 
responsible  to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army.  Upon  the  crea- 
tion of  the  General  Staff  in  1903,  this  division  was  transferred  to  it. 
On  April  28,  1917,  the  Chief  of  Staff  directed  the  Chief,  War  College 
Division,  General  Staff,  to  organize  a  Military  Intelligence  Section, 
which  was  done  by  an  order  dated  May  3,  1917.  Upon  the  General 
Staff  reorganization  of  February  9,  1918  (G.  O.  14,  W.  D.),  the  Mili- 
tary Intelligence  Section  became  the  Military  Intelligence  Branch  of 
the  new  Executive  Division,  and  upon  the  second  reorganization 
(G.  O.  80,  W.  D.,  Aug.  26,  1918),  it  became  the  Military  Intelligence 
Division.  Military  intelligence  work  was  of  two  sorts:  Positive, 
which  had  to  do  "with  the  collection  of  information  of  all  sorts 
required  by  the  military  establishment ;  and  negative,  which  was  con- 
cerned with  measures  to  prevent  information  from  reaching  the 
enemy.  Thus  the  duty  of  the  Military  Intelligence  Division  was  to 
maintain  daily  revised  estimates  concerning  the  military  and  eco- 
nomic situation  through  the  world,  and  to  collect,  collate,  and  dis- 
tribute military  intelligence.  It  cooperated  with  the  intelligence 
sections  of  the  general  staffs  of  allied  countries,  prepared  instruc- 
tions in  military  intelligence  work  for  the  use  of  our  forces, 
supervised  the  training  of  personnel  for  intelligence  work,  super- 
vised the  duties  of  military  attaches,  produced  maps  for  military 
use,  translated  foreign  documents,  and  cooperated  with  the  cen- 
sorship board  and  with  the  intelligence  agencies  of  other  Govern- 
ment departments.  The  division  was  divided  into  two  branches — a 
positive  and  a  negative.  The  Positive  Branch  functioned  through 
the  following  sections:  M.  I.  2,  Information  Section,  which  trans- 
mitted military,  political,  economic,  and  psychological  data  to  the 
military  authorities;  M.  I.  5,  Collection  Section,  which  had  charge  of 


M.  I.  13,  Graft  and  Fraud  Section.  The  chief  of  Military  Intelli- 
gence prior  to  June  1,  1918,  was  Col.  Ralph  H.  Van  Deman.  After 
that  date  the  work  was  carried  on  b}^  Col.  (later  Brig.  Gen.)  Marl- 
borough  Churchill,  Director  of  Military  Intelligence,  Assistant  Chief 
of  Staff. 

MILITARY     MOBILIZATION     SECTION,     HISTORICAL     BRANCH,     GENERAL 
STAFF. 

Engaged  in  collecting  historical  data  upon  mobilization,  replace- 
ment, supply,  and  demobilization.  Maj.  John  Bigelow  in  charge. 

MILITARY  AND  NAVAL  INSURANCE,  DIVISION  OF;   BUREAU  OF  WAR  RISK 
INSURANCE. 

A  division  of  the  Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance,  created  by  the 
act  of  Congress  of  October  6,  1917,  under  a  commissioner  of  military 
and  naval  insurance,  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  that  act  estab- 
lishing an  elaborate  system  of  insurance  of  members  of  all  the  forces 


286       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

under  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  including  the  Nurse  Corps 
and  the  Coast  Guard.  It  was  the  division's  function  to  administer  the 
three  distinct  features  of  the  system  established  for  the  protection  of 
the  members  of  the  war  forces  and  their  dependents.  Under  the  (1) 
allotment  and  allowance  system  every  enlisted  man  with  wife  or  child 
was  required  to  make  an  allotment  of  a  certain  amount,  while  the 
privilege  of  making  allotments  to  other  dependents  was  granted 
under  certain  regulations.  Under  certain  regulations  the  Govern- 
ment added  to  the  allotment  a  definite  family  allowance,  to  a  maxi- 
mum of  $50  per  month.  The  (2)  compensation  system  provided  a 
scale  of  compensation  to  officers,  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  members 
of  the  Nurse  Corps  and  Coast  Guard,  for  complete  or  partial  disability 
from  injury  or  disease,  in  amounts  from  $30  to  $100  per  month,  with 
a  similar  scale  of  compensation,  in  amounts  to  $75  per  month,  to 
dependents  in  case  of  death.  Medical  and  surgical  treatment  was 
provided  in  addition  to  compensation.  The  (3)  insurance  system 
provided  for  all  members  of  the  war  forces  a  means  of  voluntary 
insurance  against  the  risks  of  death  or  permanent  total  disability. 
Five-year  policies,  on  a  one-year  term  insurance  basis,  were  issued 
in  amounts  from  $1,000  to  $10,000,  payable  in  240  monthly  install- 
ments, with  premiums  based  on  peace-time  rates  without  charge  for 
expenses  of  administration.  Conversion  to  the  permanent  forms  of 
life  and  endowment  policies  within  five  years  was  authorized.  Sub- 
sequent acts  were  passed,  making  minor  changes  in  terms  and  ad- 
ministrative methods.  The  provisions  of  the  soldiers'  and  sailors' 
civil  relief  act  of  March  8,  1918,  protecting  the  insurance  policies  in 
private  companies  of  men  in  service,  were  administered  by  the  divi- 
sion. With  the  growth  of  the  system  the  division  became  the  largest 
Government  bureau  and  the  largest  insurance  organization  in  the 
world.  Subdivisions  were  created  to  administer  the  various  kinds 
of  protection  and  insurance  provided.  At  the  time  of  the  armistice 
the  number  of  employees  was  approximately  15,000.  To  November 
1,  1918,  the  division  had  granted  insurance  to  more  than  4,000,000 
persons  representing  approximately  $36,000,000,000  of  insurance. 
Approximately  $4,000,000  in  insurance  payments  had  been  made. 
More  than  $1,400,000  had  been  expended  in  compensation  benefits 
Allotments  amounting  to  more  than  $125,000,000  had  been  trans- 
mitted through  the  division,  while  nearly  $100,000,000  in  allowances 
had  been  paid.  With  the  larger  returns  from  casualties  the  payments 
for  compensation  and  insurance  have  increased  since  the  armistice. 
Charles  F.  Nesbitt  was  the  Commissioner  of  Military  and  Naval  In- 
surance during  the  war  period. 

MILITARY  OPTICAL  GLASS  AND  INSTRUMENT   SECTION,   FINISHED   PROD- 
UCTS DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

The  work  of  this  section  was  done  by  the  Small  Tools  Section 
until  it  became  necessary  to  form  a  separate  section,  which  was  done 
March  15,  1918.  The  section  first  made  a  survey  for  the  purpose  of 
eliminating  nonessential  work,  and  directed  the  energies  of  the 
optical  manufacturers  to  making  optical  munitions,  especially  the 
lenses  and  prisms  indispensable  to  the  various  kinds  of  fire-control 
instruments,  practically  all  of  which  before  the  war  had  been  im- 
ported from  Europe.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  15, 
1918.  G.  E.  Chatillon,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      287 

MILITARY  PASSENGER  TARIFFS,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  SPECIAL  COMMITTEE 
ON  NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Became  subordinate  to  the  Executive  Committee,  Special  Com- 
mittee on  National  Defense  (Railroads'  War  Board),  shortly  after 
April  11,  1917.  This  subcommittee,  in  cooperation  with  Government 
officers,  worked  out  complete  routings  of  troops  with  the  idea  of  se- 
curing the  greatest  possible  efficiency  in  military  transportation 
with  the  minimum  of  congestion  and  delay.  Conferences  were  held 
monthly,  attended  by  Government  officials,  at  which  matters  per- 
taining to  rates  and  fares  were  determined  upon,  greatly  facilitat- 
ing the  prompt  and  uniform  settlement  of  accounts.  The  subcom- 
mittee, consisting  of  five  members,  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of 
the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense  after  the  President 
assumed  control  of  the  railroads.  E.  L.  Bevington,  chairman. 

MILITARY  RAILWAYS,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL  OF;  CHIEF  ON  ENGINEERS. 

On  July  17,  1917,  Samuel  M.  Feltbn,  president  of  the  Chicago 
Great  Western  Railroad,  who  had  formerly  served  as  adviser  to 
Gen.  Black,  chief  of  engineers,  was  appointed  director  general  of 
railways  by  the  Secretary  of  War.  He  was  responsible,  under  the 
Chief  of  Engineers,  for  the  organization  of  those  Army  units  charged 
with  the  construction  and  operation  of  military  railroads,  and  also 
for  the  purchase  of  all  material  and  supplies  used  in  their  construc- 
tion and  operation.  On  January  1,  1918,  Mr.  Felton's  title  was 
changed  to  that  of  director  general  of  military  railways,  to  avoid 
confusion  with  the  director  general  of  railroads,  United  States 
Railroad  Administration.  The'  organization  under  the  director  gen- 
eral of  military  railways  included  a  Personnel  and  Materiel  Division, 
which  carried  on  the  dual  activities  mentioned  above.  Mr.  Felton 
resigned  from  his  position,  effective  December  31,  1918,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  J.  M.  Wright  as  acting  director. 

MILITARY  RELIEF,  DEPARTMENT  OF;    AMERICAN  NATIONAL  RED  CROSS. 

This  department  served  as  a  medium  of  communication  between 
the  people  of  the  United  States  and  their  Army  .and  Navy.  It  was 
prepared  at  all  times  to  serve  as  an  auxiliary  to  the  Government  in 
caring  for  American  soldiers  and  sailors.  Its  activities  included 
the  following:  Equipment  and  management  of  hospitals,  hospital 
ships,  and  laboratory  cars;  organization  and  equipment  of  base  hos- 
pitals, ambulance  companies,  and  sanitary  detachments.  The  Bureau 
of  Camp  Service  maintained  convalescent  houses  at  cantonments 
and  embarkation  camps,  distributing  relief,  supplies,  and  comforts. 
The  Sanitary  Service  assisted  civil  health  authorities.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  bureaus:  Camp  Service,  Medical  Service, 
Base  Hospitals,  Reconstruction  of  Crippled  Soldiers,  Canteen  Service, 
Sanitary  Service,  Motor  Service,  Construction.  Naval  Medical 
Affairs.  Coordination  with  Navy  Department.  James  H.  Jones, 
director  general. 

MILITARY  TRANSPORTATION  ACCOUNTING,  SUBCOMMITTEE   ON;    SPECIAL 
COMMITTEE  ON  NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION. 

Created  March  20,  1917,  at  the  request  of  the  Special  Committee 
on  National  Defense  of  the  American  Railway  Association.  It  was 


288       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  purpose  of  the  subcommittee  (1)  to  expedite  the  movement  of 
Government  and  commercial  freight  by  the  introduction  of  more 
efficient  accounting  methods,  and  (2)  to  assist  field  officers  of  the  War 
Department  in  the  accounting  details  incident  to  the  transportation 
of  troops  and  military  supplies.  The  subcommittee  consisted  of 
seven  members,  and  responsible  thereto  were  the  following:  (1) 
Government  Transportation  Accounting  Bureau,  in  Washington, 
cooperating  with  the  Government  in  the  preparation  and  presenting 
for  settlement  of  transportation  accounts  for  materials  used  in  the 
construction  of  cantonments,  etc.;  (2)  in  each  military  department 
a  general  accounting  agent,  who  kept  in  touch  with  the  department 
commanders  and  the  adjutants  general  of  the  States  comprised 
therein;  (3)  41  State  accounting  officers,  who  kept  in  touch  with 
Government  officials  in  their  respective  States,  certain  officers  repre- 
senting more  than  one  State,  supervised  the  activities  of  the  field 
representatives  described  below,  and  represented  all  the  railways  of 
the  State  to  which  they  were  assigned;  (4)  over  100  accountants  or 
field  representatives  stationed  at  the  various  camps  and  mobiliza- 
tion centers,  who  reported  weekly  to  the  State  accounting  officers. 
Weekly  reports  were  submitted  by  the  chairman  of  the  subcommittee 
to  the  Railroads'  War  Board.  Measures  were  adopted  to  waybill  all 
Government  freight  through  to  destination  regardless  of  whether 
or  not  through  rates  prevailed.  The  subcommittee  also  aided  in 
collecting  data,  making  recommendations  to  the  Railroads'  War 
Board,  and  in  cooperating  with  the  Government  in  simplifying  the 
accounting  procedure  incident  to  war-time  conditions.  The  organi- 
zation and  functions  of  the  Subcommittee  on  Military  Transporta- 
tion Accounting  were  absorbed  on  April  2,  1918,  by  the  Advisory 
Accounting  Committee,  Division  of  Public  Service  and  Accounting 
of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration. 

MILITIA  BUREAU,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Militia  Bureau,  which  was  established  by  the  national  defense 
act  of  June  3,  1916,  is  vested  with  all  administrative  duties  involv- 
ing the  organization,  armament,  instruction,  equipment,  discipline, 
training,  inspection,  and  payment  of  the  National  Guard,  and  the 
administrative  duties  connected  with  the  preparation  of  the  National 
Guard  for  participation  in  field  exercises  and  maneuvers  of  the 
Regular  Army,  the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard  in  time  of 
peace,  and  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  National  Guard  not  in 
Federal  service.  When  the  National  Guard  was  federalized  August 
5,  1917,  the  States  took  steps  to  organize  home-guard  organizations 
to  protect  public  utilities  and  property.  These  guards  were  author- 
ized by  presidential  proclamation  of  November  16,  1917,  and  were 
formed  for  the  protection  of  shipyards,  docks  and  piers,  oil  fields, 
grain  elevators,  mines  and  power  plants.  The  Militia  Bureau  had 
charge  of  the  equipment,  training,  and  management  of  these  Home 
Guards.  Maj.  Gen.  William  A.  Mann,  Maj.  Gen.  Jesse  I.  McCarter, 
and  Brig.  Gen.  John  W.  Heavy  successfully  acted  as  chief  of  the 
bureau  during  the  war. 

MILK   COMMISSIONS.    FEDERAL. 

Regional  milk  tribunals.,  composed  of  producers,  distributors,  con- 
sumers, and  milk  experts,  were  appointed  in  November,  1917,  by  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       289 

United  States  Food  Administration.  These  commissions  held  public 
hearings  and  decided  upon  equitable  prices  according  to  the  con- 
ditions of  their  respective  sections.  The  commissions  for  New  York 
and  Chicago  were  appointed  in  November,  1917.  A  similar  commis- 
sion for  Boston  began  work  in  December,  1917,  and  one  for  Ohio  in 
February,  1918.  This  work  was  done  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Division  of  Perishable  Commodities  of  the  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration. 

MILL  AND   MACHINERY   SUPPLIES,   MANUFACTURERS    OF;    WAR   SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  May,  1918,  by  the  American  Supply  and  Machinery 
Manufacturers'  Association  to  cooperate  with  the  Hardware  and 
Hand  Tool  Section,  War  Industries  Board.  J.  H.  Williams,  chair- 
man. 

MILL  AND  MINE  SUPPLIES  MACHINERY  DEALERS'  WAR  SERVICE   COM- 
MITTEE. 

Appointed  in  May,  1918,  by  the  Southern  Supply  and  Machinery 
Dealers'  Association.  The  committee  distributed  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  the  Priorities  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board  to  the 
trade.  Ernest  Howell  was  chairman  until  May,  1918,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Alvin  M.  Smith. 

MILLERS'  COMMITTEE. 

See  Central  Committee,  Milling  Division,  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration. 

MILLERS'  NATIONAL  FEDERATION  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917,  as  an  advisory  committee  of  the  voluntary 
Food  Administration.  A  plan  of  supervision  for  the  industry  was 
adopted  and  put  into  effect.  The  committee  became  the  Milling 
Division  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  food  and  fuel  act,  August  10,  1917,  and  the  organization 
of  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  James  F.  Bell,  chair- 
man. 

MILLING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  15,  1917.  The  country  was  divided  into  nine 
divisions,  with  a  committee  in  each  division  under  a  chairman.  The 
chairman  of  the  different  divisions  comprised  the  central  committee, 
and  the  entire  structure  was  known  as  the  Milling  Division.  The 
work  was  done  by  voluntary  cooperation  of  the  millers  with  the 
United  States  Food  Administration  Grain  Corporation.  The  division 
furnished  the  machinery  for  purchasing  grain  for  the  allies,  assisted 
the  Army  and  Navy  in  securing  their  requirements  and  worked  with 
the  Distribution  Division  in  its  regulation  and  licensing  of  flour 
milling  interests.  The  central  office  was  in  New  York.  The  Grain 
Corporation  organized  the  Cereal  Division  on  July  25,  1918,  which 
took  over  many  of  the  functions  of  the  Milling  Division  but  did  not 
completely  absorb  it.  Flour  milling  was  continued  under  a  section 
of  the  Cereal  Division.  J.  F.  Bell,  chairman. 

127232—19 19 


290       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

MILLING    DIVISION,    CENTKAL    COMMITTEE,    UNITED    STATES    FOOD    AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Composed  of  the  nine  divisional  chairmen  who  were  heads  of  the 
districts  of  the  milling  division.  The  committee,  although  never 
formally  dissolved,  largely  ceased  to  function  when  the  Cereal  Divi- 
sion was  formed,  as  its  work  was  performed  by  zonal  agents  of  the 
Grain  Corporation.  J.  F.  Bell,  chairman. 

MILLWORK  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  23,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  with  the  War 
Industries  Board  and  the  Construction  Division  of  the  Army. 
Standardization  of  millwork  was  discussed  with  the  United  States 
Housing  Corporation  and  the  Building  Materials  Section,  War  In- 
dustries Board.  The  Price  Fixing  Committee  approved  prices  fixed 
by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  for  lumber  millwork. 

MINE  TRACK  COMMITTEE,  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  as  a  committee  August  24,  1918.  Mine-track  matters 
had  been  handled  by  S.  A.  Taylor,  adviser  on  technical  matters,  and 
as  this  work  developed  the  bureau  was  organized  and  a  committee  of 
three  appointed.  All  applications  for  mine  sidings  and  matters  per- 
taining to  mine  tracks  were  referred  to  this  committee.  Frank  G. 
Jones,  chairman ;  S.  A.  Taylor  and  R.  L.  Ireland,  committee.  Frank 
G.  Jones,  director. 

MINERAL    RESOURCES    DIVISION,    GEOLOGIC    BRANCH,    UNITED    STATES 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

See  Geologic  Branch,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior. 

MINERAL  TECHNOLOGY,  DIVISION  OF;    BUREAU  OF  MINES,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

A  permanent  division  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  During  the  war 
its  work  dealt  largely  with  problems  relating  to  the  war,  especially 
the  production  of  nitrates  needed  for  explosives  and  fertilizers,  and 
the  preparation  of  special  alloys  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  steel 
for  cannon.  Its  activities  embraced  investigations  relating  to  the 
production  and  utilization  of  various  metals,  minerals,  and  mineral 
products,  including  the  minor  metals,  rare  metals,  various  alloys, 
nitrogen,  building  materials,  clays,  and  clay  products.  It  cooperated 
with  the  War  Department,  the  War  Industries  Board,  the  Bureau  of 
Standards,  the  American  Chemical  Society,  and  various  commercial 
companies.  Charles  L.  Parsons,  chief. 

MINERALS  AND  DERIVATIVES,  JOINT  INFORMATION  BOARD  ON. 

An  informal  representative  body,  organized  February  14,  1918, 
whose  members  included  the  State,  War,  Navy,  Agriculture,  Com- 
merce, Treasury,  and  Interior  Departments,  the  War  Industries, 
War  Trade,  and  United  States  Shipping  Boards,  the  United  States 
Food,  Fuel,  and  Railroad  Administrations,  the  Tariff  and  Federal 
Trade  Commissions,  the  National  Museum,  and  the  National  Re- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       291 

search  Council.  Its  functions  were  to  collect  and  distribute  in 
mimeographed  form  data  on  minerals.  Its  personnel  was  assigned 
from  the  Geological  Survey,  the  War  Industries,  and  War  Trade 
Boards,  as  it  had  no  executive  functions  or  special  appropriation. 
In  charge  of  Pope  Yeatman  (chief  of  the  Non-Ferrous  Metals  Sec- 
tion, War  Industries  Board),  chairman.  The  offices  of  the  board 
were  in  the  new  Interior  Building  and  worked  in  collaboration  with 
the  Central  Bureau  of  Planning  and  Statistics. 

MINERALS,  JOINT  COMMITTEE  ON. 

Represents  the  War  Trade  Board,  the  Minerals  Section,  War  In- 
dustries Board,  and  the  Division  of  Planning  and  Statistics  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board.  The  committee  was  created  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1918,  to  recommend  actions  to  the  War  Trade  Board,  which 
were  embodied  in  the  early  Imports  Restriction  List.  Later  it  was 
broadened  into  the  Joint  Information  Board  on  Minerals  and  their 
Derivatives,  and  its  chairman,  C.  K.  Leith,  became  mineral  adviser 
of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

MINES,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

Established  by  Congress  in  1910  for  the  purpose  of  conducting 
scientific  and  technologic  investigations  concerning  mining  and  the 
preparation  and  utilization  of  mineral  substances  with  a  view  to  the 
increase  of  health,  safety,  and  efficiency  in  the  mineral  industries. 
With  the  organization  built  up  for  this  work  and  the  knowledge  ac- 
quired of  mining,  milling,  and  metallurgical  practice  throughout  the 
United  States  the  bureau  was  in  a  position  to  conduct  many  special 
investigations  and  to  cooperate  with  various  agencies  for  the  more 
efficient  utilization  of  our  resources  for  war  purposes.  The  more 
important  problems  handled  related  to  the  use  of  gas  and  gas  masks 
in  warfare,  the  regulation  of  explosives,  the  production  of  artificial 
nitrates,  and  the  domestic  production  of  the  various  minerals  that 
had  been  largely  imported  and  in  the  supply  of  which  there  was 
likely  to  be  a  shortage.  The  war  work  of  the  bureau  was  carried  on 
through  the  following  divisions:  Mining,  Metallurgical,  Petroleum, 
Mineral  Technology,  War- Gas  Investigations,  War-Mineral  Investi- 
gations, Regulation  of  Explosives.  Van  H.  Manning,  director. 

MINING  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  MINES,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

A  permanent  division  in  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  which  during  the 
war  was  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  explosives,  underground 
sound  detecting  for  the  Engineer  Corps,  and  war  requirements  for 
various  minerals.  Its  work  also  included  the  training  of  soldiers  in 
the  use  of  breathing  and  resuscitating  apparatus,  and  the  sampling 
of  coal  mines  for  the  Navy  Department.  George  S.  Rice,  chief. 

MINTS,  UNITED  STATES. 

The  system  of  mints  and  assay  offices  created  by  Congress  to  pro- 
vide the  coinage  of  the  United  States  is  under 'the  control  of  the 
Director  of  the  Mints,  who  is  responsible  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  The  war  placed  upon  the  director  the  responsibility  of 
meeting  the  extraordinary  demand  for  coinage,  especially  for  sub- 


292       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

sidiary  and  minor  coin,  which  came  with  increased  volume  of  busi- 
ness and  higher  prices.  Further  war  work  was  entailed  by  the  in- 
creased use  of  platinum  in  Government  work,  by  the  act  of  April  23, 
1918,  which  provided  for  the  melting  of  silver  dollars,  and  by  the 
exports  of  silver  to  allied  countries.  These  unusual  demands  for 
mint  activity  were  met  by  improvement  in  mint  facilities  and  day 
and  night  production.  The  Director  of  the  Mint  during  the  period 
of  the  war  was  Raymond  T.  Baker. 

MISCELLANEOUS     SECTION,     PROCUREMENT     DIVISION,     ORDNANCE    DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Established  on  January  15,  1918.  This  section  handled  all  nego- 
tiations involved  in  the  purchase  of  material  of  all  kinds  not  covered 
by  any  other  section,  such  as  machinery  and  machine  tools,  gauges, 
fuse  setters,  stop  watches,  and  a  variety  of  miscellaneous  tools,  in- 
struments, etc.  In  August,  1918,  a  policy  of  consolidation  of  pro- 
curement was  put  into  effect  and  in  addition  to  the  miscellaneous 
material  required  for  the  Ordnance  Department,  the  section  was 
responsible  for  the  purchase  for  the  entire  Army  of  machine  tools, 
forging  equipment,  gas  electric  generating  sets,  portable  hand 
and  cap  lamps  and  lanterns,  and  time-interval  recorders  and  stop 
watches.  Officers  known  as  negotiators  were  detailed  to  handle  the 
procurement  of  certain  kinds  of  articles.  Capt.  L.  A.  Pierrong  was 
section  head  from  January  17  to  July  5,  1918.  On  July  5  he  was  fol- 
lowed by  Capt.  H.  W.  Cross  as  acting  head,  who  was  in  turn  suc- 
ceeded on  July  29  by  Capt  George  R.  Morrissey. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ACTIVITIES  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

This  division  was  created  October,  1917,  having  charge  of  special 
matters  relating  to  the  promotion  of  food  conservation.  It  cooper- 
ated with  the  States  Administrative  Division  and  the  Federal  food 
administrators  in  handling  miscellaneous  problems  connected  with 
conservation  and  the  development  of  new  ideas  within  the  States. 
In  addition  to  this  it  had  charge  of  the  arrangements  for  speakers. 
F.  C.  Walcott,  chief. 

MISCELLANEOUS  CHEMICALS  SUBCOMMITTEE,  CHEMICALS  COOPERATIVE 
COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  Edward  Mallinekrodt,  chairman,  becoming  a  com- 
mittee, with  the  same  name,  of  the  Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.),  after 
the  dissolution  of  the  Chemicals  Committee  in  November,  1917! 

MISCELLANEOUS     COMMODITIES    SECTION,     FINISHED     PRODUCTS     DIVI- 
SION, WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section  was  organized  to  prevent  shortages,  to  provide  pro- 
ducing capacity,  and  to  act  as  a  clearing  house  for  all  materials 
and  industries  not  specifically  named  in  other  sections.  Many  com- 
modities handled  by  this  section  had  been  taken  care  of  by  the  Mis- 
cellaneous Section,  Procurements  Division,  Ordnance  Department. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Mortimer  B. 
Foster,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       293 

MISCELLANEOUS  SUPPLIES  BRANCH,  CLOTHING  AND  EQUIPAGE  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  January  18,  1918,  under  R.  H.  Harris,  chief,  reporting 
to  Clothing  and  Equipage  Division,  prior  to  January  26,  and  to 
Supply  and  Equipment  Division  after  that  date  until  April  16,  1918, 
when  it  was  abolished. 

MISSISSIPPI-WARRIOR   RIVER   SECTION,    DIVISION    OF   INLAND   WATER- 
WAYS, UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Mississippi-Warrior  River  Section  was  created  July  11,  1918, 
with  headquarters  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  reporting  originally  to 
the  Director  General  of  Railroads.  On  September  5,  1918,  it  became 
subordinate  to  the  Division  of  Inland  Waterways.  The  Federal 
manager  had  charge  of  the  construction  and  acquisition  of  equipment 
to  be  used  upon  the  Mississippi  River  between  New  Orleans  and  (St. 
Louis,  and  upon  the  Warrior  River  between  the  Alabama  coal  fields, 
Mobile  and  New  Orleans ;  and  he  was  also  directed  to  assume  charge 
of  the  operation  of  equipment  thus  acquired  or  constructed  for  the 
Uirector  General  of  Railroads  for  use  upon  these  waterways.  M.  J. 
Sanders,  Federal  manager. 

MOBILE  ARTILLERY,  COMMITTEE  ON. 

See  Army  and  Navy  Artillery,  Subcommittee  on;  Munitions  Stand- 
ards Board,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

MONEY,    SUBCOMMITTEE    ON;    LIBERTY    LOAN   COMMITTEE    OF   THE    NEW 
YORK  FEDERAL  RESERVE  DISTRICT. 

A  subordinate  committee  of  the  New  York  Liberty  Loan  Com- 
mittee, popularly  known  as  the  "Money  Committee,"  organized  in 
September,  1917,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Federal  reserve  bank.  Its 
membership  comprised  representatives  of  the  leading  financial  insti- 
tutions of  New  York.  The  purpose  of  the  organization  was  to  con- 
trol the  money  market  of  New  York,  with  special  reference  to  stock 
exchange  conditions,  in  the  interest  of  Government  finance  operations 
and  the  general  security  of  the  financial  situation.  The  committee 
perfected  an  organization  of  63  banks  and  trust  companies  and  se- 
cured an  arrangement  for  the  apportionment  to  the  various  banks 
of  maximum  amounts  of  call  loans  to  be  made  to  stock  exchange 
borrowers.  In  addition  it  provided  for  a  loan  fund  of  $200,000,000, 
to  be  used  in  periods  of  stringency.  From  this  fund  large  amounts 
were  advanced  when  call  money  rates  became  unduly  high.  During 
the  fall  of  1918  the  committee  exercised  further  control  by  securing 
an  increase  from  the  customary  20  per  cent  to  30  per  cent  as  the 
margin  on  stock  exchange  loans.  Upon  the  request  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  the  committee's  activities  were  continued  after  the 
armistice.  The  membership  of  the  committee  was  as  follows:  Ben- 
jamin Strong  (chairman),  J.  S.  Alexander,  G.  F.  Baker,  William 
Conway.  W.  E.  Frew,  G.  W.  McGarrah,  J.  E.  McEeynolds,  C.  H. 
Sabin,  *F.  A.  Vanderlip,  J.  N.  Wallace,  and  A.  E.  Wiggin. 

MONEY  ACCOUNTS  BRANCH,   FINANCE   AND  ACCOUNTS   DIVISION,   QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  this  was  known  as  the  Officers'  Money 
Accounts  Branch.  From  January  26  to  April  16,  1918,  the  duties  of 


294       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

this  branch  were  performed  by  the  Finance  and  Accounts  Branch  of 
the  Administrative  Division.  The  Money  Accounts  Branch,  as  part 
of  the  Finance  and  Accounts  Division,  took  up  the  work  after  April 
16,  1918.  The  Finance  and  Accounts  Division  was  transferred  to  the 
Office  of  the  Director  of  Finance  on  October  21,  1918.  The  head  of 
the  branch  was  Lieut.  Col.  James  Canby,  who  was  succeeded  by  Capt. 
O.  W.  Gralund. 

MONEY  ACCOUNTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Established  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war  as  the  Money  Accounts 
Branch  of  the  Finance  and  Accounting  Division  of  the  Office  of  the 
Quartermaster  General.  On  August  27,  1918,  a  reorganization  was 
effected  and  the  name  changed  to  Money  Accounts  Division.  Its 
function  was  to  receive  and  examine  money  accounts  and  to  transmit 
them  to  the  Auditor  for  the  War  Department.  It  handled  corre- 
spondence relative  to  disbursements,  including  cases  involving  officers' 
and  enlisted  men's  pay  and  that  of  discharged  soldiers.  Its  work  was 
carried  on  through  the  following  branches :  Executive,  which  handled 
routine  administrative  matters ;  Money  Accounts  Examination, 
which  examined  disbursing  officers'  accounts  and  transmitted  them  to 
the  War  Department  Auditor;  Officers'  Pay,  which  took  care  of 
claims  and  inquiries,  largely  on  appeal  from  decisions  of  disbursing 
officers,  relative  to  pay  and  allowances;  Enlisted  Men's  Pay,  which 
handled  matters  relative  to  enlisted  men's  pay,  stoppages,  delayed 
payments,  final  statements,  etc. ;  the  Discharged  Enlisted  Men's  Pay, 
which  had  charge  of  matters  pertaining  to  the  payment  of  dis- 
charged enlisted  men;  and  Costkeeping,  which  kept  records  of  ex- 
penditures from  quartermaster  corps  appropriations,  •'records  of 
value  of  Army  supplies  transferred  from  general  supply  depots  to 
ports,  camps,  cantonments,  etc.,  and  data  with  reference  to  the  kinds 
of  rations  issued,  average  cost,  etc.  Chief,  Col.  H.  M.  Lord,  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  James  Canby. 

MONEY  ORDER,  DIVISION  OF;    POST  OFFICE   DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization.  This  division  handled  a  large  volume 
of  business  both  for  troops  in  the  camps  and  cantonments  in  the 
United  States  and  for  the  forces  in  Europe  and  in  Siberia.  Be- 
tween July  1,  1918,  and  December  31,  1918,  the  United  States  postal 
agent  in  France  issued  money  orders  to  the  amount  of  $8,472,514.44. 
Superintendent,  C.  E.  Mathews,  reporting  to  Alexander  M.  Dockery, 
Third  Assistant  Postmaster  General. 

MORALE  SECTION,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Established  by  General  Orders,  No.  94,  October  28, 1918,  under  the 
charge  of  Brig.  Gen.  E.  L.  Munson.  It  had  for  its  object  primarily 
the  stimulation  of  morale  throughout  the  Army  and  the  maintenance 
of  a  close  connection  and  liaison  with  similar  activities  in  civil  life. 
It  functioned  through  camp  morale  officers,  the  work  being  centered 
in  the  development  battalions.  Close  cooperation  was  maintained 
with  the  various  welfare  organizations. 

MOTION  PICTURE  COMMITTEE,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

Appointed  in  August,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment. The  committee  mobilized  the  motion  picture  industry  in  con- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       295 

nection  with  the  Liberty  loans  and  provided  for  the  distribution  of 
films  to  moving  picture  theaters  all  over  the  country.  The  work  was 
done  through  the  Director  of  Publicity  of  the  Treasury  Department. 
Adolph  Zukor,  chairman. 

MOTION  PICTURES  WAR  COUNCIL. 

Appointed  July  11,  1917,  by  William  A.  Brady,  who  was  selected 
by  President  Wilson  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  moving  pictures 
interests.  A  representative  was  appointed  to  cooperate  with  the  vari- 
ous departments  of  the  Government. 

MOTORCYCLES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  21,  1918,  at  the  request  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  to  represent  the  industry  in  the  matter  of  Government  require- 
ments for 'motorcycles.  Frank  E.  Weschler,  chairman. 

MOTOR  EQUIPMENT  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,   ORDNANCE   DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Established  January  15,  1918.  It  supervised  all  negotiations  in- 
volved in  the  purchase  of  motor-driven  vehicles  and  equipment,  ac- 
cessories, component  and  spare  parts  for  such  vehicles.  On  Septem- 
ber 5,  1918,  the  procurement  of  all  motor  vehicles  with  the  exception 
of  tanks  and  caterpillar  tractors  was  consolidated  under  the  Motor 
and  Vehicle  Division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps.  A  large  part  of 
the  personnel  of  the  Motor  Equipment  Section  was  also  transferred, 
while  that  part  of  it  which  remained  was  responsible  only  for  the 
procuring  of  tanks,  tractors,  and  self-propelled  caterpillar  mounts. 
Originally  the  section  functioned  through  the  Chassis,  Bodies,  Equip- 
ment, Special  Tractors,  Artillery  Tractors,  Tanks,  and  Trailers 
Branches.  In  November,  1918,  there  were  two  branches,  the  Special 
Tractor  and  the  Artillery  Tractor.  The  heads  of  the  sections  were  as 
follows :  Maj.  H.  A.  Lozler,  January  IT  to  February  27, 1918 ;  Maj.  F. 
Glover,  February  27  to  May  15, 1918;  Maj.  Guy  Hutchinson  (acting), 
May  15  to  July  9,  1918;  and  Maj.  F.  W.  Carlisle  after  July  9. 

MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  by  War  Department  General  Orders,  No.  75,  dated  August 

15,  1918.     At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  all  matters  pertaining  to 
motor  transport  were  handled  by  the  Transportation  Division,  office 
of  the  Quartermaster  General.    On  January  26,  1918,  the  Motors  Di- 
vision was  established  under  the  Quartermaster  General.    On  April 

16,  1918.  the  Motors  Division  became  the  Motor  Transport  Division; 
and  on  April  18, 1918,  the  Motor  Transport  Service  was  organized  and 
an  assistant  to  the  Quartermaster  General  was  detailed  as  chief.    This 
service  was  established  because  of  the  growing  recognition  of  the  de- 
sirability of  centralizing  all  matters  connected  with  motor  transport 
in  one  independent  organization.    The  Motor  Transport  Corps,  which 
succeeded  the  Motor  Transport  Service  as  a  separate  operating  agency 
on  August  15,  1918,  was  responsible  for  the  procurement,  design, 
maintenance,   and   operation   of   all   motor   transport   used   in   the 
Army.      It  functioned  through  the  following  divisions:  Executive, 
Liaison,   Service,  Property,  Engineering,   Operating,   and  Mainte- 
nance.   Brig.  Gen.  C.  B.  Drake,  chief. 


296       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
MOTOR  TRANSPORT  SERVICE,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  under  designation  of  Motors  Divi- 
sion. The  name  was  changed  to  Motor  Transport  Division,  April  16, 
1918,  and  to  Motor  Transport  Service,  April  18, 1918.  The  functions 
of  the  Motor  Transport  Service  included  the  procurement  of 
all  motor-propelled  vehicles  excepting  tanks,  and  the  inspec- 
tion, maintenance,  and  repair  thereof.  Subordinate  to  the 
Motors  Division  were  the  Maintenance,  Production  and  Engineering, 
Central  Office  Service,  Machine  Shop,  and  Procurement  Branches. 
The  Motor  Transport  Division  functioned  through  the  Maintenance 
and  Repairs,  Productions  and  Engineering,  Office  Service,  Opera- 
tions, and  Procurement  Branches.  The  organizations  respon- 
sible to  the  Motor  Transport  Service  were  the  Administra- 
tive, Maintenance,  Engineering,  Operations,  and  Procurement 
Branches.  Col  Charles  B.  Drake  was  chief  of  the  Motors 
Division;  Brig.  Gen.  Chauncey  B.  Baker  of  the  Motor  Trans- 
port Division;  and  Col.  Fred  Glover,  of  the  Motor  Transport 
Service.  On  August  15,  1918,  the  Motor  Transport  Service  lost  its 
identity,  its  duties  being  taken  over  by  the  Motor  Transport  Corps. 

MOTOR  TRANSPORTATION  SUBDIVISION,  OVERSEAS  DISTRIBUTION  DIVI- 
SION, DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1, 1918.  This  subdivision  was  responsible  for 
the  supply  of  motor  transportation  and  spare  parts  to  be  shipped 
overseas  to  fill  requisitions  from  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces. 
It  functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Motor  Cars,  Trucks, 
Spare  Parts,  Priority,  Eelease  and  Servicing,  and  Transportation. 
The  Priority  Branch  determined  what  material  should  be  given  pref- 
erence for  shipment  overseas,  while  the  Release  and  Servicing  Branch 
supervised  the  actual  consignment  of  the  material  and  followed  it  up 
to  prevent  delay. 

MOTOR  TRUCKS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Automotive  Products  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  to  represent  the  industry  in  the  matter  of  steel  require- 
ments and  government  contracts  before  the  Priorities  Board  in  case 
the  manufacturers  desired  to  be  placed  on  the  preference  list  for  fuel. 
George  M.  Graham,  chairman. 

MOTOR  VEHICLES  AND  AIRCRAFT  SECTION,  SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  January  17,  1919,  as  the  Motors  and  Vehicles  Sales 
Section ;  name  changed  February  4,  1919.  It  supervised  the  sale  of 
the  surplus  motor  transportation  and  aircraft  equipment  belonging 
to  the  War  Department.  The  different  branches  of  the  Government 
were  consulted  to  ascertain  whether  the  surplus  automobiles  and 
motor  trucks  in  the  War  Department  could  be  used  to  fill  their  re- 
quirements. Various  manufacturers  were  then  approached  with  a 
view  to  having  them  take  over  vehicles  of  their  own  make  to  market 
them  with  their  own  machines,  thus  giving  the  Government  a  fair 
price  and  at  the  same  time  disturbing  market  conditions  as  little  as 
possible.  In  accordance  with  the  policies  laid  down  by  the  Director 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       297 

of  Sales,  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  created  a  Material  Dis- 
posal Section  organized  on  a  plan  similar  to  that  followed  by  large 
commercial  houses  which  handle  sales  through  branch  offices.  Col. 
Fred  Glover  was  appointed  chief  on  January  IT,  1919,  being  suc- 
ceeded on  May  1,  1919,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Guy  Hutchinson. 

MOTOR  VEHICLES  BRANCH,  MOTORS  AND  VEHICLES  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR 
OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  September  21,  1918,  as  Motors  Branch,  the  name  being 
changed  on  October  28,  1918,  to  Motor  Vehicles  Branch.  This 
branch,  under  the  direction  of  Col.  Edwin  S.  George,  was  responsible 
for  the  procurement  of  all  motor-propelled  vehicles. 

MOTORS    BRANCH,    DOMESTIC    DISTRIBUTION    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF 
STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  September  20, 1918,  to  receive  from  the  chief  of  the  Motor 
Transport  Corps  shipping  instruction  on  automotive  transportation, 
to  secure  necessary  transportation  authority  on  shipments,  to  store 
motors,  and  to  fill  oversea  requisitions.  Maj.  Walter  Alexander, 
chief,  September  20  to  October  29,  1918 ;  John  F.  Toole  to  November 
11,  1918. 

MOTORS  AND  VEHICLES  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Established  September  21,  1918,  to  handle  procurement  of  motor 
vehicles  and  animal  and  hand  drawn  vehicles.  Under  the  direction 
of  Col.  Fred  Glover  the  division  functioned  through  the  Horse  and 
Hand  Drawn  Vehicles,  Motor  Vehicles,  Administrative,  and  Plan- 
ning Branches. 

MUNITIONS,  DIRECTOR  OF;  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

See  War  Department. 

MUNITIONS  MANUFACTURING  AND  INDUSTRIAL  RELATIONS  COMMITTEE, 
ADVISORY  COMMISSION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

One  of  the  seven  committees  with  Howard  E.  Coffin,  chairman, 
formed  in  the  Advisory  Commission,  one  under  each  commissioner, 
to  assume  supervision  over  a  special  field  of  industry.  It  functioned 
through  the  Gas  and  Electric  Service  and  Automotive  Transport 
Cooperative  Committees,  and  with  the  Cooperative  Committee  from 
the  National  Industrial  Conference  Board. 

MUNITIONS  PATENTS  BOARD,  WAR  AND  NAVY  DEPARTMENTS. 

The  Munitions  Patents  Board  was  created  September  25.  1918, 
by  joint  action  of  the  Acting  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  for  the  purpose  of  coordinating  the  policies  of  the  War 
and  Navy  Departments  in  patent  matters."  The  duties  of  the  board 
included  the  consideration  of  clauses  in  contracts  of  the  respective 
departments  dealing  with  patents,  questions  as  to  the  validity  or  in- 
fringement of  patents  and  patentability  of  inventions,  questions  in- 
volving compensation,  and  the  submission  of  recommendations  con- 
cerning matters  of  policy.  The  action  of  the  board  in  matters  per- 


298       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

taining  to  the  activities  of  the  War  and  Navy  Departments  was  sub- 
ject to  the  approval  of  the  heads  of  the  departments  concerned. 
Under  the  supervision  of  the  board  were  the  several  patents  sections 
in  the  War  and  Navy  Departments.  The  board,  as  originally  con- 
stituted, comprised  Thomas  Ewing,  formerly  Commissioner  of  Pat- 
ents, chairman ;  Max  Thelen,  representative  of  the  War  Department ; 
and  Pickens  Neagle,  representing  the  Navy  Department. 

MUNITIONS  STANDAEDS  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  March  20,  1917,  to  insure  speedy  and  efficient  quantity 
production  of  munitions,  to  standardize  munition  specifications,  to 
assist  in  survey  of  cantonment  and  terminal  storage  facilities,  and  to 
extend  transportation  methods.  It  was  absorbed  by  the  General 
Munitions  Board  soon  after  April  9,  1917.  Frank  A.  Scott,  chair- 
man. 

NATIONAL  ADJUSTMENT  COMMISSION. 

Created  through  an  agreement  entered  into  in  August,  1917,  by 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Sec- 
retary of  Labor,  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  the  Interna- 
tional Longshoremen's  Association,  and  the  principal  shipping  opera- 
tors on  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts,  for  the  adjustment  and  control 
of  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  of  labor  in  the  loading  and  unload- 
ing of  vessels  on  those  coasts.  The  commission  was  composed  of  the 
following  members:  One  nominated  by  the  Shipping  Board,  one 
by  the  Secretary  of  War,  one  by  the  International  Longshoremen's 
Association,  and  two  by  the  Committee  on  Shipping  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  one  to  represent  the  coastwise  carriers  and  to 
act  only  in  cases  involving  coastwise  services,  and  one  to  represent 
carriers  engaged  in  foreign  trade  and  to  act  only  in  cases  involving 
foreign  services.  In  the  agreement  provision  was  made  for  the 
appointment  of  local  adjustment  commissions  in  each  important  port. 
These  commissions  were  made  up  in  a  manner  similar  to  the  national 
commission  except  that  there  was  one  joint  representative  for  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  War  Department.  All  differ- 
ences at  particular  ports  were  to  be  adjusted  by  the  local  commission 
if  possible,  with  the  right  of  appeal  by  either  party  to  the  national 
commission.  The  latter  also  frequently  took  original  jurisdiction 
over  disputes  where  it  seemed  advisable.  With  certain  modifications 
the  same  agreement  was  adopted  at  Seattle  and  Tacoma,  Wash,, 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  by  the  Lumber  Carriers'  Association  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  Raymond  B.  Stevens,  vice  chairman  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  was  the  first  chairman  of  the  commission. 
On  his  resignation  December  18,  1917,  Robert  P.  Bass  was  appointed. 
On  January  1,  1919,  Mr.  Bass  resigned  and  William  Z.  Ripley  be- 
came chairman  and  United  States  Shipping  Board  representative. 

NATIONAL    AMERICAN    COMMITTEE    OF    THE    POLISH    VICTIMS'    RELIEF 
FUND. 

Founded  by  I.  J.  Paclerewski,  who  was  chairman,  to  collect  money 
in  the  United  States.  Money  was  cabled  to  Petrograd  in  care  of  the 
American  embassy  for  Polish  refugees  in  Russia  and  Siberia,  to  the- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       299 

'General  Polish  Eelief  Committee  in  Switzerland,  for  those  in  Ger- 
many and  Austria,  and  to  local  Polish  organizations  for  those  in 
Prance  and  Switzerland,  everything  being  done  with  the  knowledge 
and  sanction  of  the  Department  of  State. 

NATIONAL  LEAGUE  FOR  WOMEN'S  SERVICE. 

Created  January  27.  1917,  to  organize  and  train  women  for  volun- 
teer war  service.  It  established  the  woman's  motor  transport 
service,  canteen  service,  social  clubs  for  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  co- 
operated Avith  the  War  Camp  Community  Service,  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  the  United  States  Food  Administration  in  their 
various  forms  of  work.  The  league  had  branches  in  730  cities  in  38 
States  with  approximately  300,000  members.  It  was  responsible  to  a 
board  of  directors,  of  which  Miss  Maude  Wetmore  was  national 
•chairman.  Miss  Grace  Parker  was  national  commandant. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  UNITED  STATES  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

The  museum  placed  its  staff,  collections,  and  laboratories  at  the 
services  of  the  executive  departments  and  other  Government  agencies. 
At  the  request  of  the  National  Research  Council,  Dr.  G.  P.  Merrill, 
head  curator  of  geology,  secured  quartz  for  the  United  States  Navy 
and  Great  Britain  to  be  used  in  connection  with  instruments  for 
detecting  location  of  submarines.  Through  its  curator  of  marine 
invertebrates.  Dr.  Paul  Bartsch,  it  was  shown  that  the  ordinary 
•garden  slug  (abundant  in  Europe)  had  ideal  qualifications  as  an  indi- 
cator, since  it  responds  to  poisonous  gases  to  a  degree  where  they 
cease  to  be  dangerous.  It  was  able,  through  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka, 
curator  of  physical  anthropology,  to  furnish  to  the  National  Research 
Council  and  the  Army  and  Navy  Intelligence  Bureaus  valuable  data 
on  racial  questions.  Through  C.  G.  Gilbert,  curator  of  mineral  tech- 
nology, it  furnished  data  on  the  interrelationships  and  interde- 
pendence existing  in  the  industries  sustained  by  mineral  resources, 
and  made  suggestions  for  insuring  a  sustained  source  of  oil.  It 
placed  on  exhibition  a  series  of  cases  illustrating  food  conservation 
by  the  selection  of  a  balanced  ration  showing  a  large  number  of  foods 
arranged  in  five  classes  as  a  guide  in  selection  and  in  elimination  of 
duplication  and  waste.  C.  D.  Wolcott  is  secretary. 

NATIONAL  RETAIL  DRY  GOODS  WAR   SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Created  in  October,  1918,  at  the  instance  of  the  United  States 
'Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  War  Industries  Board  to  safeguard 
civilian  interests,  and  so  distribute  what  was  left  after  the  war  needs 
were  met  that  the  civilian  population  would  be  fairly  treated.  This 
involved  the  question  of  prices  as  well  as  distribution.  One  of  the 
first  and  biggest  problems  of  the  committee  was  the  guidance  and 
stimulation  of  retail  organization  for  war  service  into  an  efficient 
unity  of  effort,  Herbert  J.  Tily,  chairman. 

NATIONAL    SERVICE    DEPARTMENT,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  in  January,  1918,  to  stimulate  production  in  American 
shipyards  and  industrial  plants  supplying  material  to  ships  by  in- 


300       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

spiring  the  proper  patriotic  spirit  among  the  workers.  The  appeal 
was  made  through  a  series  of  meetings  with  addresses  by  experienced 
speakers  and  also  through  the  distribution  of  printed 'matter.  Nu- 
merous meetings  were  held  with  an  estimated  total  attendance  of  over 
5,000,000  workers.  In  February,  1918,  the  department  became  a  sec- 
tion of  the  General  Service  Division  and  in  May,  1918,  along  with 
that  division,  it  passed  for  a  short  time  into  the  Industrial  Relations 
Division.  In  July,  1918,  it  became  attached  directly  to  the  office  of 
the  Ship  Production  Department.  Charles  A.  Eaton  was  head  of  the 
service.  It  ceased  to  function  upon  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Eaton  on 
January  1,  1919. 

NATIONAL  WAR  GARDEN  COMMISSION. 

Organized  March  26,  1917,  to  promote  the  planting  of  war  gardens 
and  the  conservation  of  war-garden  products.  In  1918  over 
5,000,000  war  gardens  were  planted  largely  because  of  the  activities 
of  this  commission,  which  aroused  people  to  the  need  of  increased 
production  of  garden  products.  Charles  L.  Pack,  president. 

NATIONAL  WAR  LABOR  BOARD. 

Appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor  in  accordance  with  the  rec- 
ommendation of  the  War  Labor  Conference  Board  of  March  29,  1918. 
It  was  composed  of  12  members;  5  representing  employers,  nomi- 
nated by  the  National  Industrial  Conference  Board;  5  representing 
labor,  nominated  by  the  American  Federation  of  Labor;  and  2  joint 
chairmen,  presiding  on  alternate  days,  one  selected  by  each  of  the 
above  groups  of  members.  Secretary  Wilson  selected  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  War  Labor  Conference  Board,  which  was  similarly  con- 
stituted, to  make  up  the  membership  of  the  National  War  Labor 
Board.  Provision  was  made  later  for  the  selection  of  an  alternate 
by  each  of  the  members  to  act  and  vote  for  him  during  his  absence. 
William  H.  Taft  and  Frank  P.  Walsh  were  the  original  joint  chair- 
men, selected  respectively  by  the  employer  and  employee  members 
of  the  board.  Mr.  Walsh  tendered  his  resignation  on  November  19, 
1918,  which  went  into  effect  on  December  3.  On  the  same  day  Basil 
M.  Manly,  who  had  been  acting  as  assistant  to  the  joint  chairman, 
was  appointed  as  successor  to  Mr.  Walsh.  It  was  the  function  of  the 
board  to  bring  about  a  settlement  by  mediation  or  conciliation  of 
every  controversy  arising  between  employers  and  workers  in  the 
fields  of  production  necessary  for  the  effective  conduct  of  the  war, 
or  in  other  industries  in  which  delays  or  obstructions  might  detrimen- 
tally affect  war  production.  The  board  did  not  take  cognizance  of  a 
controversy  in  cases  where  there  was  by  agreement  or  Federal  law 
a  means  of  settlement  which  had  not  been  invoked.  The  work  of  the 
board  was  facilitated  by  the  designation  of  sections  of  two  members 
(one  from  each  group)  to  consider  controversies  and  propose  deci- 
sions to  the  full  board,  and  by  the  use  of  examiners  to  take  testimony. 
If  there  was  a  failure  to  settle  the  controversy  by  mediation,  the 
board  then  sat  as  a  board  of  arbitration  and  made  an  award  if  it 
could  reach  a  unanimous  decision.  If  it  failed  to  do  so,  an  umpire 
to  make  an  award  was  selected  by  unanimous  choice  of  the  board 
if  possible,  or  otherwise,  through  appointment  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  board  was  successful  in  settling  numerous  con- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1017.       301 

troversies  that  threatened  serious  interruptions  to  industry.  For  the 
period  of  the  war  it  became  virtually  a  supreme  court  of  industry. 
Shortly  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice  Secretary  Wilson  re- 
quested that  the  activities  of  the  board  be  continued  until  the  peace 
treaties  had  been  signed  and  the  problems  of  labor  dealt  with  in  con- 
nection with  reconstruction. 

NATIONAL  WAR  SAVINGS  COMMITTEE. 

The  Treasury  Department  organization  created  in  November, 
1917,  to  organize  and  promote  the  sale  of  war-savings  certificates, 
war-savings  stamps,  and  thrift  stamps  authorized  by  the  act  of  Con- 
gress of  September  24,  1917.  The  committee  consisted  of  six  mem- 
bers appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  Through  the  com- 
mittee an  elaborate  system  of  subordinate  war-savings  agencies  was 
created,  consisting  chiefly  of  6  Federal  directors,  each  in  charge  of 
one  or  more  Federal  reserve  districts,  and  52  State  directors,  each 
in  charge  of  a  State  or  a  portion  of  a  State.  Under  this  direction 
there  was  built  up  a  selling  machinery  that  reached  every  individual 
in  the  country.  In  addition  to  the  post  offices  and  rural  carriers, 
more  than  230,000  agents  were  selling  stamps  in  October,  1918.  The 
committee's  operations  included  a  campaign  of  nation-wide  pub- 
licity, an  organized  campaign  against  "  business  as  usual,"  a  cam- 
paign for  individual  thrift-pledges,  and  the  promotion  of  savings 
societies,  of  which  there  were  formed  more  than  150,000.  The  com- 
mittee was  dissolved  in  September,  1918,  upon  the  recommendation 
of  its  chairman,  in  order  to  secure  a  better  coordination  of  the  war- 
savings  organization  with  the  loan  organization  of  the  Treasury  and 
to  give  the  Federal  reserve  loan  organization  more  immediate  con- 
trol over  financial  operations  within  their  districts.  It  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Savings  Division  of  the  War  Loan  Organization.  The 
membership  of  the  National  Committee  was  as  follows:  F.  A.  Van- 
derlip  (chairman),  C.  L.  Baine,  Mrs.  George  Bass,  F.  A.  Delano, 
Henry  Ford,  and  Eugene  Meyer,  jr.  The  Federal  directors  were  as 
follows:  E.  C.  Bradley,  F.  W.  Fleming,  J.  F.  Harris,  J.  D.  Lyoii, 
Otto  Marx,  and  H.  B.  Riley. 

NATURALIZATION,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  bureau  having  supervision  over  the  naturalization 
of  aliens.  Under  act  of  Congress  of  May  9,  1918,  extending  the 
opportunity  of  naturalization  to  every  alien  in  the  military  or  naval 
service  of  the  United  States,  the  bureau  cooperated  with  the  military 
and  naval  authorities  in  preparing  naturalization  petitions  of  sol- 
diers and  sailors  for  the  courts.  The  bureau  also  assisted  Army  ex- 
emption boards  in  determining  the  status  of  foreign-born  regis- 
trants. The  war  made  its  Americanization  work,  carried  on  in  co- 
operation with  the  public  schools,  of  greatly  enhanced  importance. 
Commissioner,  Eichard  K.  Campbell. 

NAVAL  CONSULTING  BOARD,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  NAVY. 

A  body  of  scientific  experts  representing  the  scientific  and  techni- 
cal fields  involved  in  the  solution  of  naval  problems.  It  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  and  met  for  organization  on 
October  6,  1915.  After  the  organization  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  it  became  a  part  of  that  body,  acting  as  an  inventions  com- 


302       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF 

mittee.  It  handled  correspondence  relating  to  naval  inventions,  and! 
examined  such  inventions  as  did  the  Inventions  Section,  General 
Staff,  and  the  National  Advisory  Committee  for  Aeronautics.  It 
functioned  through  the  following  committees:  Aeronautics,  Aids  to. 
Navigation,  Chemistry  and  Physics,  Electricity,  Food  and  Sanita- 
tion, Internal  Combustion  Motors,  Life  Saving  Appliances,  Metal- 
lurgy, Mines  and  Torpedoes,  Optical  Glass,  Ordnance  and  Explosives,. 
Production,  Organization,  Manufacture  and  Standardization,  Pub- 
lic Works,  Yards  and  Docks,  Ship  Construction,  Special  Problems, 
Steam  Engineering  and  Ship  Propulsion,  Submarines,  Transporta- 
tion, Wireless  and  Communications.  President,  Thomas  A.  Edison :: 
chairman,  William  L.  Saunders. 

NAVAL  COUNCIL. 

See  Allied  Naval  Council. 

NAVAL  INTELLIGENCE,  OFFICE  OF;   NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Office  of  Naval  Intelligence  at  the  Navy  Department  in  Wash- 
ington was  divided  into  five  sections  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  the 
office  which  included  the  observation,  investigation,  and  report  of  all 
subjects  affecting  the  Navy  and  the  prosecution  of  the  war  from  a 
naval  point  of  view,  including  naval  operations  at  sea  and  on  land, 
the  status,  changes,  and  progress  of  the  materiel  and  personnel  of 
foreign  navies,  and  a  close  counter  espionage  in  the  United  States. 
This  later  included  investigation  of  unauthorized  radio  stations,  of 
alien  enemies  and  suspects,  of  matters  connected  with  the  cable  and 
mail  censorship  which  affected  the  Navy,  the  protection  of  water 
fronts  and  vessels  and  the  plants  having  contracts  with  the  Navy 
Department  with  a  view  to  safeguarding  those  plants  against  sabo- 
tage. This  office  also  assisted  in  the  guarding  of  United  States  mer- 
chant vessels  while  in  port  and  the  guarding  against  the  danger  from 
enemy  agents  among  the  passengers  and  crews  on  both  our  trans- 
Atlantic  and  coastwise  ships.  The  interchange  of  information  and 
the  results  of  investigations  with  other  departments  of  the  govern- 
ment was  most  effective  and  valuable  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 
It  is  through  the  Office  of  Naval  Intelligence  that  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment communicates  with  foreign  governments  either  via  our  own, 
attaches  abroad  or  via  the  foreign  naval  attaches  resident  in  Wash- 
ington. Under  the  Office  of  the  Naval  Intelligence  were:  (1) 
Naval  attaches  writh  their  agents  in  all  the  more  important  countries 
of  the  world;  (2)  eight  suboffices  located  in  the  following  cities: 
Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington.  Pitts- 
burgh, Chicago,  and  San  Francisco;  (3)  fifteen  aids  for  information 
with  offices  in  the  following  cities:  Boston,  Newport,  New  Yorkr 
Philadelphia,  Hampton  Roads,  Charleston,  Key  West,  New  Orleans, 
Chicago,  San  Francisco,  Puget  Sound,  Honolulu  and  Canal  Zone. 
These  aids  for  information  were  on  the  staff  of  the  commandant  of 
the  naval  district  in  which  their  offices  were  located  and  were  the 
liaison  officers  between  the  Office  of  Naval  Intelligence  and  the  com- 
mandants of  the  districts.  All  of  these  suboffices  and  aids  had 
numerous  subordinates  and  agents.  The  director  of  Naval  Intelli- 
gence was  Rear  Admiral  Roger  Welles,  and  the  assistant  director 
was  Capt.  Edward  McCauley. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       303 
NAVAL  STORES  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  5,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  before  the 
War  Industries  Board  in  the  matter  of  preferential  rating  for  manu- 
facturers of  rosin,  turpentine,  and  pitch.  The  committee  cooperated 
with  the  Chemicals  Section.  J.  A.  G.  Carson,  chairman. 

NAVAL  TRAINING  CAMP  SECTION,  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS,  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

Established  before  the  war,  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  plans 
and  specifications  for  the  construction  of  war  emergency  naval  train- 
ing camps.  Project  manager,  Lieut.  Commander  H.  L.  Rogers. 

NAVIGATION,  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

Iii  existence  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war.  The  Bureau  of  Naviga- 
tion continued  throughout  the  war  the  performance  of  its  regular 
peace  duties,  viz,  the  enforcement  of  the  navigation  laws,  ship  regis- 
try, and  tonnage  admeasurement,  modified,  to  a  certain  extent,  by 
war  conditions.  The  bureau  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  the  War  and  Navy  Departments,  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  the  War  Trade  Board,  and  the  war  missions 
of  the  allies,  its  new  war  duties  arising  principally  in  connection 
with  the  policy  of  operating  merchant  vessels  under  Government 
ownership  and  control.  E.  T.  Chamberlain,  Commissioner  of  Navi- 
gation, directed  the  activities  of  the  bureau.  He  also  served  on  the 
Committee  on  Shipping  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense. 

NAVIGATION  AND  ENGINEERING  SCHOOLS,  RECRUITING  SERVICE,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Schools  organized  for  quick  and  intensive  training  of  deck  officers 
and  engineers  for  the  merchant  marine.  Students  seeking  officers' 
licenses  were  admitted  upon  two  years'  actual  sea  experience  and  upon 
meeting  the  requirements  as  to  previous  experience  of  the  United  States 
Steamboat  Inspection  Service.  They  received  no  pay  or  allowance 
while  taking  the  course,  and  upon  finishing  were  examined  by  the 
local  steamboat  inspector  and  given  a  license  for  the  grade  qualified 
for  in  the  examination.  The  work  of  admitting  the  students  was 
handled  by  seven  section  chiefs,  who  were  located  in  Boston,  Phila- 
delphia, Jacksonville,  New  Orleans,  San  Francisco,  Seattle,  and 
Cleveland.  The  navigation  schools  for  deck  officers  were  under  the 
direction  of  Prof.  A.  E.  Burton,  who  appointed  instructors  and 
arranged  the  system  of  instruction.  They  numbered  43,  with  20  in 
actual  session  in  September,  1918,  and  a  total  enrollment  of  6,160. 
The  course  lasted  six  weeks  from  four  to  eight  hours  daily,  and  the 
first  school  was  established  June  4,  1917.  The  engineering  schools, 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  E.  F.  Miller,  were  started  in  July.  1917. 
They  were  12  in  number  with  a  total  enrollment  in  September,  1918, 
of  5,110.  The  course  lasted  a  month  from  four  to  eight  hours  daily, 
mid  was  given  at  technical  colleges  and  other  places  having  marine 
engineering  laboratories  and  special  engineering  equipment.  Henry 
G.  Vaughan  was  superintendent  of  the  officers'  schools. 


304       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

At  the  outbreak  of  war  the  naval  forces  of  the  United  States 
included  the  regular  naA^al  establishment,  the  Naval  Reserve  Force, 
authorized  by  act  of  August  29,  1916,  and  the  National  Naval  Vol- 
unteers, including  such  of  the  Naval  Militia  as  had  been  enrolled. 
The  United  States  Marine  Corps  and  the  Coast  Guard  also  came 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  department.  By  act  of  July  1,  1918, 
existing  laws  relating  to  the  National  Naval  Volunteers  and  the 
Naval  Militia  were  repealed  and  the  President  was  authorized  to 
transfer  the  personnel  of  the  former  to  the  Naval  Reserve  Force 
or  to  the  Marine  Corps  Reserve.  During  the  period  immediately 
preceding  the  war  the  Navy  had  improved  its  business  methods 
and  purchasing  system  so  as  to  be  able  to  meet  the  demands  of  war 
without  the  necessity  of  reorganizing  existing  administrative  ma- 
chinery. It  was  necessary,  however,  vastly  to  increase  the  personnel 
of  the  Navy  and  its  material  equipment,  including  shipyards,  docks, 
submarine  and  aircraft  bases,  as  well  as  naval  vessels  of  all  types. 
The  exigencies  of  submarine  warfare  imposed  additional  burdens 
upon  the  Navy.  It  was  necessary  to  devise  new  types  of  vessels, 
to  arm  and  furnish  gun  crews  for  merchant^  ships,  and  to  lay  mine 
barrages  for  protection  against  the  submarine  peril.  At  the  out- 
break of  war  the  personnel  of  the  Navy  included  65,777  men.  At 
the  signing  of  the  armistice  its  strength  was  497,030,  including 
women.  Upon  the  declaration  of  war  the  Navy  had  197  ships  in 
commission;  when  the  war  ended  there  were  2,003.  A  naval  Over- 
seas Transportation  Service  was  established  and  grew  to  include 
321  cargo-carrying  ships.  It  was  necessary  to  construct  new  ship- 
yards and  training  stations,  while  those  already  in  existence  were 
greatly  enlarged.  The  construction  of  new  vessels,  together  with 
the  enormous  increase  in  shore  facilities,  rendered  necessary  consti- 
tuted an  economic  undertaking  of  some  importance.  Through  the 
Naval  Allied  Council  the  department  maintained  close  touch  with 
the  allied  navies  in  order  to  secure  the  coordination  of  effort  at  sea 
and  to  insure  the  efficient  development  of  all  scientific  operations 
connected  with  the  conduct  of  war.  The  organization  of  the  Navy 
Department  included  a  General  Board,  which  concerned  itself  with 
broad  questions  of  policy,  the  Office  of  Naval  Operations,  and  the 
following  bureaus:  Navigation,  Yards  and  Docks,  Ordnance,  Con- 
struction and  Repair,  Steam  Engineering,  and  Supplies  and  Ac- 
counts. There  was  also  a  Naval  Consulting  Board,  which  served 
in  an  advisory  capacity,  and  a  Compensation  Board,  which  passed 
upon  expenditures  under  cost-plus  naval  contracts.  The  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  was  Josephus  Daniels,  while  Franklin  D.  Roosevelt 
served  as  Assistant  Secretary.  Admiral  William  S.  Benson  was 
Chief  of  Naval  Operations,  by  virtue  of  which  position  he  became 
the  ranking  officer  of  the  Navy.  Vice  Admiral  William  S.  Sims 
was  commander  in  chief  of  United  States  naval  forces  in  European 
waters. 

NAVY  DEPARTMENT,  AUDITOR  FOR  THE. 

The  office  of  Auditor  for  the  Navy  Department  is  one  of  the  six 
branches  of  the  Treasury  Department  which  audit  the  accounts  of 
one  or  more  of  the  executive  departments  of  the  Government.  The 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  UKL7.       305 

auditor  receives  and  settles  all  accounts  and  claims  of  the  Naval 
Establishment  and  the  Marine  Corps.  The  war-time  incumbent  was 
E.  L.  Luckow. 

NEGB,0  ECONOMICS,  DIVISION  OF;    OFFICE  OF  THE   SECRETARY,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

Established  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor,  acting  upon  the  recommen- 
dation of  his  War  Advisory  Council.  Its  functions  were  to  advise  the 
Secretary  on  matters  manifestly  affecting  negro  wage-earners  and 
to  outline  plans  for  securing  from  them  greater  production  in  agri- 
culture and  industries.  The  division  was  administered  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  Labor,  the  director  of  negro  economics  having  a  number  of 
field  assistants  who  worked  under  the  supervision  and  approval  of 
the  Federal  State  directors,  United  States  Employment  Service,  for 
information  and  advisory  purposes.  The  department  also  endeavored 
to  promote  the  formation  of  cooperative  advisory  committees  of 
white  employers,  white  workers,  and  negro  workers  where  labor 
problems  existed.  Dr.  George  E.  Haynes  was  appointed  director  and 
entered  upon  his  duties  May  1,  1918. 

NEUROLOGY     AND     PSYCHIATRY,     DIVISION     OF:     SURGEON     GENERAL'S 
OFFICE. 

Created  July,  1917.  Prior  to  January  1,  1919,  this  division  re- 
ported directly  to  the  Surgeon  General,  but  after  that  date  through 
the  chief  of  the  Division  of  Internal  Medicine  and  was  known  as  the 
Section  of  Neurology  and  Psychiatry.  Neuro-psychiatrists  belonging 
to  the  commissioned  personnel  of  the  division  were  assigned  to  the 
draft  examination  boards  in  the  various  camps,  to  base  hospitals,  to 
the  special  wards  in  general  hospitals,  and  also  to  each  division,  base 
hospital,  and  evacuation  hospital  going  overseas.  It  was  the  duty  of 
these  officers  to  detect  and  make  recommendations  concerning  the 
disposition  of  all  men  unfit  for  service  from  a  neuro-psychiatric  point 
of  view  and  to  treat  and  care  for  those  already  within  the  Army. 
Until  February  13,  1919,  Col.  Pearce  Bailey  was  chief,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  Thomas  D.  Woodson. 

NEW  ENGLAND  COAL  COMMITTEE. 

Consisted  of  representatives  appointed  by  the  governors  of  the 
New  England  States  in  September,  1917,  when  a  serious  coal  shortage 
threatened  the  war  industries  of  that  section.  It  reported  the  exist- 
ing conditions  to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  and  asked  its 
intervention  in  the  matter.  The  result  of  these  proceedings  was  the 
formation  of  the  New  England  Coal  Barge  &  Towers'  Association, 
financed  by  the  New  England  Coal  Committee.  The  committee  also 
acted  with  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  and  the  railroads 
in  eliminating  a  coal  congestion  at  Hampton  Roads  caused  by  bunker- 
ing at  the  piers. 

NEW  ENGLAND  COAL  BARGE  &  TOWERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

A  voluntary  association  of  about  40  carriers,  formed  in  Septem- 
ber, 1917,  to  centralize  the  operation  of  coal  barges  from  Hampton 
Roads  to  New  England  because  of  a  shortage  of  coal  which  threat- 

127232—19 20 


306       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ened  the  textile  mills,  munition  plants,  and  public  utilities  in  the  New 
England  district.  Soon  after  it  was  formed  the  Division  of  Opera- 
tions, United  States  Shipping  Board,  assigned  additional  steam  ton- 
nage to  the  New  England  coal  trade  and  made  tentative  arrange- 
ments with  the  supervisor  of  the  association  for  the  direction  and 
operation  of  this  tonnage.  The  number  of  steamers  soon  grew  to 
such  proportions,  however,  that  it  became  necessary  for  the  Division 
of  Operations  to  be  officially  represented  in  Boston  in  order  to  keep 
jurisdiction  over  the  operation  of  these  steamers.  The  Boston  agency 
absorbed  the  New  England  Coal  Barge  &  Towers'  Association  and 
maintained  Capt.  A.  L.  Crowley,  the  supervisor,  as  the  agent  in 
charge  of  the  Coal  Transportation  Agency,  which  took  over  the  su- 
pervision of  the  coal-carnTing  fleet  in  the  New  England  trade. 

NEW  YORK  AGENCY,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATIONS,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  New  York  Agency  of  Operations  was  started  in  the  office  of 
Capt.  Charles  Yates,  who  was  sent  to  Xew  York  in  the  spring  of  1917 
to  represent  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  in  that  port  and  to 
organize  a  shipping  company  to  manage  the  former  German  ships 
then  being  repaired  by  the  Board  of  Survey  and  Consulting  En- 
gineers. The  work  of  the  office  rapidly  expanded  and  comprised  the 
upkeep,  physical  control,  and  repair  of  some  150  vessels,  engaging 
and  supervising  crews,  and  supplying  provisions  and  stores  for  these 
vessels.  The  agency  worked  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Charter- 
ing and  Shipping  Control  Committees,  and  prepared  various  types  of 
periodical  charts  with  details  of  voyages,  cargoes,  and  costs  of  oper- 
ation. The  total  record  of  the  New  York  office  on  December  30,  1918, 
was  estimated  at  3,000,000  ship  miles  and  20,000,000,000  ship  ton 
miles,  together  with  the  transportation  of  from  15  to  20  per  cent  of 
all  the  supplies  shipped  overseas  for  the  American  soldiers  and  their 
allies.  The  managing  agent,  Capt.  Yates,  resigned  on  February  1, 
1919. 

NEW  YORK  HARBOR  WAGE  ADJUSTMENT  BOARD. 

The  complete  official  name  of  this  board  was  Board  of  Arbitra- 
tion, Ne\v  York  Harbor  Wage  Adjustment,  United  States  Shipping 
Board,  but  it  was  usually  referred  to  by  the  shorter  title  given  above. 
It  was  created  on  October  20,  1917,  by  a  dual  agreement,  on  the  one 
hand  between  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  chief  har- 
bor boat  operators  in  New  York  and  on  the  other  hand  between  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  representatives  of  the  four 
unions  involved.  It  was  made  up  of  one  representative  each  from 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  the  Department  of  Labor,  and 
the  Department  of  Commerce.  Under  a  new  agreement  concluded 
on  May  14,  1918,  two  additional  members  were  added  to  the  board, 
one  appointed  by  representatives  of  the  employers,  and  the  other  by 
representatives  of  the  employees.  In  June,  1918,  there  was  a  further 
addition  to  the  membership  of  the  board  through  the  appointment  of 
one  representative  of  the  railroads  operating  boats  in  New  York 
harbor  and  one  representative  of  employees.  The  agreements  pro- 
vided that  employers  and  employees  engaged  in  the  operation  of  tugs? 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      307 

barges,  lighters,  ferry-boats,  etc.,  in  the  port  of  New  York  should 
submit  to  the  board  all  differences  concerning  wages  and  conditions- 
of  labor  which  could  not  first  be  adjusted  by  the  employers  and 
employees  concerned.  Under  the  original  agreement  strikes  were  not 
forbidden,  except  pending  the  decision  of  the  board.  Under  the  re- 
vised agreement  of  May  14,  1918,  it  was  agreed  that  both  parties  be 
bound  by  the  findings  and  decisions  of  the  board  in  respect  to  all 
present  and  future  controversies  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

NEW  YORK-NEW  JERSEY  CANAL  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  INLAND  WATER- 
WAYS, UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

On  April  22,  1918,  G.  A.  Tomlinson  was  appointed  general  manager 
of  the  New  York  Canal  Section  with  offices  at  New  York  city  and 
was  authorized  to  acquire  and  construct  equipment  for  use  upon  the 
New  York  State  Barge  Canal  and  waters  connecting  therewith,  re- 
porting direct  to  the  Director  General  of  Railroads.  On  July  15, 
1918,  he  became  Federal  manager  of  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
Canal  Section,  and  was  directed  to  supervise,  in  addition  to  the  New 
York  Barge  Canal,  the  operation  of  equipment  upon  the  Delaware 
and  Raritan  Canal.  The  New  York  and  New  Jersey  Canal  Section 
on  September  5,  1918,  was  placed  under  the  control  of  the  newly 
established  Division  of  Inland  Waterways.  H.  S.  Noble  was  ap- 
pointed Federal  manager,  succeeding  Mr.  Tomlinson,  who  became 
director  of  the  Division  of  Inland  Waterways. 

NEW  YORK-NEW  JERSEY  PORT  AND   HARBOR  DEVELOPMENT    COMMIS- 
SION. 

Organized  for  the  purpose  of  undertaking  a  systematic  study  for 
the  unified  development  of  the  port  of  New  York.  By  act  of  May  8, 
1917,  the  Governor  of  New  York  was  authorized  to  appoint  three 
commissioners,  and  by  act  of  March  26,  1917,  the  Governor  of  New 
Jersey  was  given  similar  power.  The  commissioners  were  appointed 
and  the  first  meeting  of  the  joint  commission  was  held  on  August  2, 
1917.  After  that  date  regular  weekly  meetings  were  held  in  addi- 
tion to  numerous  special  meetings  and  inspections  of  the  port  and  all 
its  facilities.  Plans  were  at  once  made  for  an  investigation  of  con- 
ditions at  the  port  of  New  York,  leading  up  to  a  comprehensive 
report  in  which  a  policy  for  the  future  development  of  the  harbor 
and  its  facilities  should  be  set  forth.  A  questionnaire  was  sent  out  to 
the  interests  concerned,  and  on  September  19,  1917,  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion of  the  harbor  was  made.  Shortly  after,  a  movement  was  under- 
taken which  resulted  in  the  creation  of  the  New  York  Port  War 
Board,  in  the  work  of  which  the  joint  commission  had  an  active  and 
important  share.  In  conjunction  with  the  War  Board  it  assisted  the 
Federal  Government  in  securing  the  use  of  the  Newark  port  termi- 
nal, Hoboken  docks,  North  River  Manhattan  piers.  Bush  Terminal, 
and  other  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  the  Army  and  its  sup- 
plies overseas.  William  R.  Willcox,  chairman  of  the  New  York  Com- 
mission, acted  as  chairman  of  the  Joint  Commission,  and  J.  Spencer 
Smith,  of  the  New  Jersey  Commission,  served  as  vice-chairman. 
Maj.  Gen.  George  W.  Goethals  was  chief  consulting  engineer. 


308       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

NEWS    DEPARTMENT,    WOMAN'S    COMMITTEE,     COUNCIL     OF    NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Established  in  July,  1917.  It  furnished  daily,  weekly,  and 
monthly  news  articles  to  magazines  and  newspapers  through  the 
Committee  on  Public  Information  and  other  agencies.  On  Septem- 
ber 14,  1917,  it  began  the  publication  of  a  semimonthly  News  Letter, 
which  contained  news  of  work  done  by  women  and  was  sent  to  chair- 
men of  the  State,  county,  and  local  units.  A  foreign  news  bureau, 
•created  August,  1917,  under  Mrs.  May  Lamberton  Becker,  gathered 
the  news  on  women  and  children  appearing  in  foreign  journals  and 
gave  it  out  to  chairmen  of  publicity  bureaus.  The  news  departments 
of  the  State  divisions  furnished  regular  news  service  concerning 
State  activities,  and  adapted  their  publicity  programs  to  local  needs. 
Mrs.  Edmund  Shelby,  chairman. 

NEWS,  DIVISION   OF;    COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

The  original  division  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Information.  It 
maintained  representatives  in  all  departments  through  whom  official 
news  items  were  released  to  the  public  press,  later  to  be  printed  in 
the  Official  Bulletin.  Organized  under  L.  Ames  Brown,  and  con- 
tinued in  turn  under  J.  W.  McConaughy,  director,  and  Leigh  Keilly. 
Discontinued  December  1,  1918. 

NEWSPAPER    SECTION,    PULP    AND    PAPER    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  to  administer  the  rules  and  regulations 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  applying  to  weekly  and  daily  news- 
papers. It  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  G.  J.  Palmer,  chief. 

NICKEL,    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE    ON;    COMMITTEE    ON    RAW    MATE- 
RIALS, COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  in  June,  1917.  Its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the  War 
Industries  Board  when  the  committee  was  dissolved  in  November, 
1917.  Ambrose  Monell,  chairman. 

NITRATE  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Created  February  20,  1918,  as  a  result  of  negotiations  begun  Octo- 
ber, 1917,  by  arrangement  between  the  War  Industries  Board  and 
the  four  approved  nitrate  of  soda  importers  "  with  a  view  to  securing 
an  adequate  supply  of  nitrate  of  soda  for  Government  and  private 
use,  an  equitable  distribution  thereof,  and  an  equitable  and  uni- 
form cost  to  all  consumers  in  the  United  States."  It  acted  in  con- 
junction with  the  nitrate  of  soda  executive  in  London  after  De- 
cember 10,  1917.  All  contracts  covering  importation  and  distribu- 
tion were  cleared  through  the  office  of  this  committee.  Chandler 
P.  Anderson,  chairman. 

NITRATE  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  July  25,  1917,  to  handle  business  pertaining  to  the  subject 
of  nitrogen  fixation.  It  controlled  the  expenditure  of  money  appro- 
priated by  act  of  Congress  of  June  3,  1916,  as  far  as  this  money 
related  to  the  Ordnance  Department.  The  division  had  charge  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       309 

purchase  and  design  of  specifications,  bills  of  materials  of  plants 
and  machinery,  and  safety  and  accident  prevention  work.  The 
Transportation  Branch  had  charge  of  placing  cars  at  the  various 
plants  manufacturing  for  the  division,  and  expediting  delivery  in 
all  cases.  The  work  at  all  plants  under  contract  to  or  constructed 
by  the  Ordnance  Department  was  under  the  supervision  of  the 
division.  It  functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Auxiliary  y 
Mail  and  Record,  Engineering  Section,  Finance  and  Accounts,  Legal, 
Contract,  Inspection,  Purchase,  Research  Technical,  Arlington  Ex- 
perimental, Supervision,  Operating,  Personnel,  and  Power.  The 
division  was  assisted  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  the 
Priority  Branch  cooperated  with  the  Priority  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  in  the  matter  of  securing  allocation  and  clearance 
for  materials.  Col.  J.  W.  Joyes,  chief. 

NITRATE  OF  SODA  EXECUTIVE. 

A  pool  formed  by  Great  Britain,  France,  Italy,  Russia,  and  the 
United  States,  by  agreement  signed  December  17,  1917,  Japan  be- 
coming a  member  in  January,  1918.  Each  member  was  entitled 
to  two  representatives,  although  only  one  sat  at  the  meetings.  Its 
purpose  was  to  facilitate  the  distribution  and  allocation  of  the  Chile 
production  of  nitrate  of  soda,  in  accordance  with  an  annual  estimate 
of  required  quantity  submitted  by  each  nation  a  member  of  the 
pool.  The  United  States  requirement  for  1918  was  1,800,000  tons. 
Robert  P.  Skinner,  commanding  general  at  London,  was  representa- 
tive for  the  United  States. 

NITRATE  SUPPLY  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  in  September,  1917,  and  com- 
posed of  scientists,  engineers,  and  Army  and  Navy  officers  "  to  deter- 
mine the  best,  cheapest,  and  most  available  means  for  the  production 
of  nitrates  and  other  products  for  munitions  of  war  and  useful  in 
the  manufacture  of  fertilizers  and  other  products."  It  made  a  report 
recommending  that  the  Government  enter  into  negotiations  with  the 
General  Chemical  Co.  on  its  synthetic  ammonia  process,  and  with  the 
Nitrogen  Products  Co.  on  its  so-called  Bucher  process  for  production 
of  sodium  cyanide. 

NITRATES  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  October,  1917,  because  of  the  rise  in  price  in  Chile  of 
nitrate  of  soda.  On  December  10,  1917,  an  arrangement  was  made 
for  purchase  of  nitrates  in  Chile  for  the  United  States  and  allied 
governments  through  a  nitrate  executive  in  London,  who  allocated 
the  general  supply  and  to  whom  this  section  reported  directly.  This 
section  assigned  the  vessels  allocated  by  the  Shipping  Control  Com- 
mittee to  the  importers,  exercised  control  of  prices  which  were  pool 
plus,  and  assisted  United  States  exporters  in  getting  licenses  to  ship 
coal,  machinery,  etc.,  to  Chilean  nitrate  producers.  It  worked 
through  the  Nitrate  Committee  of  the  United  States.  Beginning 
March,  1918,  further  contracts  for  nitrate  for  fertilizer  purposes  were 
disapproved.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918. 
Charles  H.  MacDowell,  chief. 


310       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 
NON-FERROUS  METALS  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  in  October,  1917,  with  Eugene  M.  Meyer,  jr.,  chief.  By 
March,  1918,  when  Pope  Yeatman  succeeded  as  chief  of  section  (title 
changed  to  director  October,  1918),  Portland  cement,  mica,  and 
abrasives  had  been  taken  over  by  other  sections.  At  time  of  discon- 
tinuance of  the  section  December  31,  1918,  it  was  handling  aluminum, 
antimony,  copper,  lead,  nickel,  quicksilver,  and  zinc.  It  kept  an  ac- 
curate check  on  stocks  and  a  record  of  requirements,  passed  on  and 
approved  requests  submitted  through  the  Purchasing  Commission  for 
the  Allies,  and  approved  priority  requests  and  requests  for  clear- 
ances on  the  metals  under  its  control. 

NON-FERROUS  TUBE  SECTION. 

See  Brass  Section,  Finished  Products  Division,  War  Industries 
Board. 

NON-FERROUS  TUBES  WAR   SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  by  the  Brass  and  Copper  Tube  Manufacturers  of  the 
United  States  in  June,  1918.  All  sales  were  confined  to  the  Army, 
Navy,  and  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  In  August,  1918,  the  com- 
mittee was  reorganized  and  became  known  as  the  Brass  and  Copper 
Tubes  War  Service  Committee.  Barton  Hasleton,  chairman. 

NON-WAR  CONSTRUCTION  SECTION,  PRIORITIES   DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  about  August,  1918,  to  conserve  labor,  materials,  and 
capital  for  war  purposes.  Its  Non-War  Construction  Circular  21 
of  September  3,  1918  (revised  October  15),  practically  prohibited 
in  the  United  States  building  projects  unless  approved  and  cleared 
by  the  War  Industries  Board,  with  the  exception  of  certain  agricul- 
tural exemptions,  and  building  permitted  without  license  connected 
with  mines,  with  public  highway  improvements,  with  repairs  on 
existing  buildings  not  to  exceed  $2,500  each,  and  with  the  United 
States  Railroad  Administration.  D.  R.  McLennan,  chief. 

NORTH  PACIFIC  EXPORT  COMMITTEE.  NORTHWESTERN  REGION,  UNITED 
STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  October  11,  1918,  by  order  of  Regional  Director  R.  H. 
Aishton.  It  was  the  function  of  the  committee  to  control  the  move- 
ment of  export  freight  through  the  North  Pacific  ports,  including 
those  on  Puget  Sound,  together  with  Portland  and  Astoria.  It  had 
the  power  to  order  embargoes  on  export  freight,  when  necessary,  and 
supervised  the  issuing  of  permits  for  the  forwarding  of  shipments 
by  rail  to  the  port  terminals.  All  roads  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Northwestern  Region  were  directed  to  cooperate  with  the  com- 
mittee and  to  furnish  all  information  which  it  requested.  A  sub- 
committee was  organized  with  headquarters  at  Seattle,  Wash.,  to 
have  special  charge  of  the  movement  of  export  freight  through  the 
Puget  Sound  ports.  It  was  given  authority  to  issue  permits  for 
shipments  to  the  ports  under  its  jurisdiction.  F.  W.  Robinson, 
chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      311 

NORTHERN  HEMLOCK  AND  HARDWOOD  MANUFACTURERS'   EMERGENCY 
BUREAU. 

Formed  in  June,  1917,  at  the  request  of  the  War  Department  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying  lumber  and  lumber-mill  products  to  such 
Government  jobs  as  might  be  designated  by  the  Lumber  Cooperative 
Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  Any  manufacturer 
of  lumber  or  owner  of  lumber  stock  in  Wisconsin  and  northern  Michi- 
gan was  eligible  for  membership  in  the  organization,  the  prime  pur- 
pose of  which  was  to  mobilize  the  resources  of  the  sawmills  of 
this  territory  so  that  Government  requisitions  might  be  filled  with 
promptness  and  upon  a  large  scale.  The  bulk  of  the  shipments  were 
made  to  cantonments  in  Illinois  and  Michigan.  In  November,  1917, 
it  joined  with  the  Michigan  Hardwood  Manufacturers  Emergency 
Bureau  in  forming  the  Northern  Hardwood  Emergency  Bureau,  of 
which  C.  A.  Bigelow  was  president.  Edward  Hines,  executive  chair- 
man. 

NORTHWESTERN  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  June  11,  1918,  by  a  division  of  what  had  previously  been 
known  as  the  Western  Region.  This  region  included  most  of  the 
mileage  running  west  and  northwest  of  Chicago  and  Kansas  City 
to  the  Pacific  coast,  traversing  northern  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Min- 
nesota, northern  Iowa,  northern  Nebraska,  North  and  South  Dakota, 
Wyoming,  Montana,  Oregon,  and  Washington.  The  principal  lines 
included  were  the  following:  Chicago  &  Northwestern;  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul;  the  Chicago  Great  Western:  the  Great 
Northern;  the  Minneapolis  &  St.  Louis;  the  Northern  Pacific;  the 
Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  &  Sault  Ste.  Marie;  the  Oregon- Washington 
Railroad  &  Navigation  Co. ;  and  the  Southern  Pacific  lines  north  of 
Ashland,  Oreg.  The  roads  reaching  the  Pacific  coast  in  the  western 
part  of  the  region  were  grouped  in  the  Puget  Sound  subdistrict. 
The  regional  director  was  R.  H.  Aishton,  president  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern,  with'  headquarters  at  Chicago.  Reporting  to  the 
regional  director  were  managers  of  certain  special  kinds  of  traffic, 
among  the  most  important  of  which  was  the  manager  of  ore,  coal, 
and  grain  traffic  located  at  Duluth,  Minn.  The  North  Pacific  Export 
Committee  also  reported  to  Mr.  Aishton. 

NURSING,   COMMITTEE   ON;    GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,   COUNCIL   OF   NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

With  M.  Adelaide  Nutting,  chairman,  it  made  plans  for  enlisting 
25,000  student  nurses  for  the  United  States  Student  Nurse  Reserve. 
It  cooperated  with  the  State  committees  on  nursing  and  the  Com- 
mittee on  Public  Health  Nursing,  and  the  Division  of  Home  Nursing 
of  the  Committee  on  Labor,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

NURSING,   ARMY    SCHOOL   OF;    HOSPITAL   DIVISION,   SURGEON   GENERAL'S 
OFFICE. 

Created  May  25,  1918.  From  the  time  of  its  creation  to  December 
1.  1918,  the  school  was  subordinate  to  the  Hospital  Division  of  the 
Surgeon  General's  Office,  after  which  date  it  reported  to  the  Per- 
sonnel Division.  Its  function  was  the  immediate  improvement  of 


312       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

the  nursing  care  of  the  sick  in  the  military  hospitals,  and  the  provid- 
ing for  an  adequate  expansion  of  skilled  nursing  service.  Subordi- 
nate to  the  Army  School  of  Nursing  were  the  training  school  units 
at  the  various  military  hospitals.  On  November  11,  1918,  there  were 
approximately  1,160  students  in  24  hospitals.  Annie  W.  Goodrich 
was  dean  of  the  school. 

NURSING  SERVICE,  AMERICAN  NATIONAL  RED  CROSS. 

Authorized  in  1911  by  presidential  proclamation.  This  service  re- 
cruits and  assigns  enrolled  Eed  Cross  nurses  to  the  military  estab- 
lishment and  to  the  Navy  Department.  It  functioned  through  the 
following  bureaus :  Enrollment,  Field  Nursing,  Public  Health  Nurs- 
ing, Nurses'  Aids  and  Instruction,  Dietitian  Service.  Miss  Jane  A. 
Delano,  director  general. 

OAT     MILLERS,    NATIONAL     ASSOCIATION     OF;     WAR     EMERGENCY     COM- 
MITTEE. 

Appointed  October  3,  1917,  at  a  conference  of  oat  products  manu- 
facturers with  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  The  function 
of  the  committee  was  to  prohibit  speculation  and  assist  in  reducing 
the  price  of  rolled  oats.  John  H.  Douglas,  chairman. 

OCEAN  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  ON  JUST  COMPENSATION,  UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Appointed  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  on  April  1,  1918, 
to  act  as  permanent  machinery  for  determining  just  compensation 
to  be  paid  in  accordance  with  the  urgent  deficiencies  appropriation 
act  of  June  15,  1917,  for  vessels  requisitioned  or  lost  while  in  the 
national  service.  It  was  purely  advisory  in  function,  held  hearings 
'at  which  owners  could  present  their  claims,  and  made  recommenda- 
tions which  served  as  a  basis  for  United  States  Shipping  Board 
awards.  Up  to  the  close  of  1918  the  committee  had  reported  on 
claims  totaling  $51,381,396,  of  which  the  aggregate  sums  designated 
as  just  compensation  amounted  to  $36,818,210.  Prior  to  its  estab- 
lishment the  Great  Lakes  Advisory  Committee  had  exercised  corre- 
sponding functions  with  regard  to  some  thirty -two  vessels  on  the 
Great  Lakes.  The  committee  was  also  known  as  the  Advisory  Board 
of  Just  Compensation  and  consisted  of  four  members  with  Judge 
William  W.  Cohen  as  chairman. 

OFFICE  EQUIPMENT  AND  SUNDRIES  BRANCH,  HARDWARE  AND  METALS 
DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Organized  July  17,  1918,  to  have  supervision  over  the  procurement 
of  office  equipment  and  sundries.  The  branch  was  transferred  to 
the  General  Supplies  Division  October  28, 1918,  upon  the  organization 
of  Purchase  and  Storage.  Maj.  G.  H.  Richards,  chief. 

OFFICE  AND  PROGRESS  SECTION,  SHIPYARD  PLANTS  DIVISION,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

See  Progress  Section,  Shipyard  Plants  Division*  United  States 
Shippinc/  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       313 

OFFICE  SERVICE  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918,  and  abolished  October  28,  1918,  when  the 
Administrative  Division  was  transferred  to  Purchase  and  Storage. 
F.  M.  Cunley,  F.  B.  Whitehead,  Lieut.  S.  I).  Clough  served  succes- 
sively as  chief 

OFFICERS'   SCHOOLS,   RECRUITING   SERVICE,   UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING 
BOARD. 

See  Navigation  and  Engineering  Schools \  Recruiting  Service, 
United  States  Shipping  Board. 

OFFICIAL  U.  S.  BULLETIN. 

A  daily  newspaper  published  b}^  the  Committee  on  Public  Infor- 
mation (price  $5  per  year),  beginning  May  10.  1917,  "to  assure  the 
full  and  legal  printing  of  the  official  announcements  of  Government 
heads  in  connection  with  Government  business."  It  contains  the  texts 
of  most  of  the  orders  and  rulings  of  the  war  boards,  lists  of  contracts, 
casualties,  departmental  reports,  and  other  public  documents.  It  was 
issued  as  Official  Bulletin  until  August  IT,  1918,  when  the  letters 
"  U.  S."  were  inserted  in  the  title.  Since  April  1,  1919.  it  was  pub- 
lished as  a  private  enterprise  by  Roger  W.  Babson. 

OHIO  SANDSTONE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  IT,  191T,  at  a  meeting  of  producers  of  sand- 
stone of  the  State  of  Ohio.  The  committee  was  in  touch  with  the 
War  Industries  Board  and  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration, 
but  was  disbanded  in  the  fall  of  1918  to  join  a  district  group  of  a 
general  war  service  committee  \yhich  was  organized  to  represent  the 
entire  building-stone  industry  of  the  United  States.  W.  A.  C.  Smith, 
chairman. 

OIL  BRANCH,   RAW  MATERIALS   DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918,  and  changed  to  Oil  and  Paints  Branch 
October  28,  1918.  This  branch  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of  all 
gasoline,  kerosene,  lubricating  oil,  greases,  paints,  and  varnishes  for 
the  Army.  It  reported  to  the  Fuel  and  Forage  Division  until  October 
28,  1918.  On  February  6,  1919.  the  Oil  and  Paints  Branch  was 
divided  into  Oil  Branch  ancl  Paints  Branch.  U.  G.  Lyons,  chief. 

OIL,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON;    COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  in  April,  191T,  by  B.  M.  Bamch,  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Raw  Materials,  Metals,  and  Minerals.  The  committee  took 
up  the  question  of  procurement  of  oil  and  oil  products  for  the  use  of 
the  Army  and  Navy.  When  the  cooperative  committees  of  the  council 
were  dissolved,  the  committee  was  reorganized  as  the  Petroleum  War 
Service  Committee.  A.  C.  Bedford,  chairman. 

OIL    DIRECTOR.    FEDERAL,    FOR    PACIFIC    COAST;     OIL    DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  March  1.  1918.  The  director  represented  the  Oil  Division 
and  was  the  point  of  contact  with  the  petroleum  and  natural  gas 
industries  on  the  Pacific  coast.  D.  M.  Folsom,  director. 


314       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  division  was  created  by  Dr.  H.  A.  Garfield,  United  States  Fuel 
Administrator,  January  10,  1918,  to  handle  all  oil  matters  for  the 
Fuel  Administration.  Mark  L.  Requa,  of  California,  was  named  as 
general  director.  The  activities  of  the  Oil  Division  were  concerned 
with  the  stimulation  of  the  production  of  crude  petroleum  and  its 
products,  production  and  conservation  of  natural  gas,  equitable  dis- 
tribution of  refined  products,  increase  and  improvement  of  transpor- 
tation facilities,  provision  for  an  ample  supply  of  petroleum  products 
for  the  use  of  Army,  Navy,  United  States  Shipping  Board,  and  for 
the  allies,  the  prevention  of  unfair  and  improper  trade  practices,  and 
assistance  to  the  industry  in  its  work  of  organizing  to  help  win  the 
war.  The  matter  of  price  fixing  was  never  taken  up,  although  a 
decided  influence  was  exerted  to  stabilize  and  to  make  prices  equi- 
table. The  work  of  the  Oil  Division  was  divided  into  the  Bureaus  of 
Oil  Well  Supplies,  Production,  Pipe  Lines,  Technology,  Traffic  and 
Transportation,  Lubricants  and  Foreign  Requirements,  Domestic 
Consumption,  Prices  and  Licenses,  Conservation,  Natural  Gas, 
Marine  Transportation,  Statistics,  Engineering,  Refining,  and 
Special  Assignments.  A  Federal  oil  director  took  care  of  oil  matters 
for  the  Pacific  coast.  The  division  worked  in  cooperation  with  the 
National  Petroleum  War  Service  Committee  and  its  various  advisory 
and  subcommittees. 

See  Inter- Allied  Petroleum  Council. 

OIL   CONSERVATION,  BUREAU   OF;    OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED   STATES   FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

This  bureau  had  charge  of  the  conservation  of  petroleum  and  its 
products, -and  natural  gas.  All  producers  were  required  to  stop  waste 
in  the  field  and  refineries,  to  stop  leaks,  and  to  reduce  their  running 
loss.  Consumers  of  these  products  were  requested  to  conserve  and 
were  instructed  in  the  most  efficient  and  economical  methods  of  use. 
W.  Champlin  Robinson,  director. 

OIL  REFINERS  AND  LARD  SUBSTITUTES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  10,  1918,  by  the  Cottonseed  Oil  Section  of  the 
Linked  States  Food  Administration,  to  represent  the  cottonseed  oil 
refiners  and  manufacturers  of  lard  substitutes.  J.  H.  Dubose, 
chairman. 

OIL  STORAGE  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  20,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  with  the 
Priorities  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  Oil  Divi- 
sion of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration.  The  committee  coop- 
erated with  the  National  Petroleum  War  Service  Committee.  The 
committee  adopted  plans  for  conservation  of  material  and  provided 
storage  facilities  for  aviation  fields,  motor  truck  bases,  and  Army 
cantonments  both  in  the  United  States  and  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary Forces.  C.  C.  Ramsdell,  chairman. 

OIL  STOVE  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

This  committee  was  organized  on  August  8,  1918,  at  the  request 
of  the  Priorities  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  It  co- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       315 

operated  with  both  the  Priorities  and  Conservation  Divisions  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  in  matters  pertaining  to  curtailment  of  pro- 
duction, the  conservation  of  steel,  brass,  copper,  and  other  metals, 
and  agreed  with  the  Conservation  Division  on  a  reduction  of  sizes 
and  styles  amounting  to  approximately  73  per  cent.  F.  W.  Ramsey, 
chairman. 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLIES,  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  ON;    NATIONAL  PETROLEUM 
WAR    SERVICE    COMMITTEE. 

Organized  February  5,  1918,  by  Mark  L.  Requa,  general  director, 
Oil  Division,  United  States  Fuel  Administration.  The  organization 
was  completed  March  5,  and  the  committee  cooperated  with  the 
National  Petroleum  War  Service  Committee.  The  purpose  was  to 
coordinate  manufacturers  and  distributors  of  oil-well  supplies, 
to  insure  manufacture  of  sufficient  supplies,  to  distribute  supplies 
properly,  and  so  see  that  producers  were  not  charged  exorbitant  prices 
for  material.  The  last  meeting  of  the  committee  was  held  at  Atlan- 
tic City,  X.  J.,  December  5,  1918,  when  all  restrictions  and  regula- 
tions for  the  industry  were  withdrawn.  J.  H.  Barr,  chairman. 

See  Oil  Well  Supplies,  Bureau  of;  Oil  Division,  United  States  Fuel 
A  dministration. 

OIL   WELL   SUPPLIES,   BUREAU   OF;    OIL   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  in  March,  1918,  by  the  Oil  Division  to  take  care  of  all 
matters  pertaining  to  the  production  of  oil-well  supplies  and  the 
distribution  of  these  to  the  various  fields.  It  made  provision  for  raw 
materials  in  cooperation  with  the  War  Industries  Board.  Field 
supervisors  were  appointed  in  the  various  producing  districts  to  act 
in  cooperation  with  manufacturers,  jobbers,  and  consumers  of  oil- 
well  supplies.  The  bureau  cooperated  with  the  Advisory  Committee 
on  Oil  Well  Supplies  of  the  National  Petroleum  War  Service  Com- 
mittee. George  E.  Day,  director. 

OILS  AND  OIL  SEEDS  ASSOCIATION  OF  AMERICA   (INC.). 

Created  in  December,  1917,  to  act  as  consignee  for  the  Bureau  of 
Imports  of  the  War  Trade  Board  of  all  importations  of  palm  oil 
and  palm  kernel  oil. 

OPEN  PURCHASE   SECTION,   PURCHASE   DIVISION,  BUREAU   OF   SUPPLIES 
AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  section  of  the  Purchase  Division  which  has  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  purchase  of  naval  supplies  made  by  purchasing  officers 
at  the  various  navy  yards  and  naval  stations.  J.  H.  Hollinger, 
chief. 

OPERATING  COMMITTEE,  GENERAL;    EASTERN  RAILROADS  POOL. 

Organized  November  26, 1917.    Immediately  after  the  organization 
j>f  the  Eastern  Railroads  Pool  the  operating  officers  of  the  principal 
eastern  lines  met  and  created  what  was  known  as  a  General  Operat- 
ing Committee.    This  committee  was  composed  of  seven  members,  ex- 
ecutives of  the  principal  eastern  roads.    The  first  meeting  was  held 


316       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

at  Pittsburgh  on  November  28,  and  orders  were  at  once  issued  to  the 
effect  that  freight  from  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  and  points  west  there- 
of, -eastbound,  and  from  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Bal- 
timore westbound,  passing  through  the  Pittsburgh  gateway,  should 
be  embargoed  and  directed  to  lines  north  and  south;  also  that  the 
movement  of  freight  traffic  on  fast  or  reduced  tonnage  rating  should 
be  suspended  in  order  to  conserve  power  and  transportation  equip- 
ment. Much  of  the  work  of  the  General  Committee  was  carried  on 
through  subcommittees.  A  subcommittee  was  organized  to  meet  at 
Cumberland,  Md.,  to  conduct  the  work  of  the  General  Committee 
on  lines  east  of  Pittsburgh  and  Parkersburg.  Subcommittees  were 
also  appointed  at  the  principal  cities  of  the  territory  included 
within  the  pool  whose  duties  were  to  investigate  and  report  concern- 
ing transportation  conditions  within  their  respective  territories,  to 
assist  in  carrying  out  the  orders  of  the  General  Operating  Commit- 
tee, and  to  make  suggestions  and  recommendations  for  the  better- 
ment of  traffic  conditions.  A.  W.  Thompson,  president  of  the  Balti- 
more &  Ohio,  served  as  chairman  of  the  General  Operating  Commit- 
tee. 

OPERATING  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANS- 
PORTATION, UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  LABOR. 

Organized  in  June,  1918,  to  equip  and  operate  the  completed  proj- 
ects of  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  It  drew  up  speci- 
fications for  simple  and  substantial  furniture,  and  standardized 
equipment  for  each  type  of  building.  A  town  manager  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  division  to  operate  the  project.  His  duties  were  to  see 
that  houses  were  occupied  by  tenants  who  were  essential  to  the  war 
program,  to  collect  rents,  keep  the  property  in  repair,  and  manage  the 
Government  hotels,  cafeterias,  and  dormitories.  In  addition,  since 
the  aim  of  the  corporation  was  to  have  the  projects  serve  as  a  model 
for  peace-time  industrial  communities,  the  town  manager  helped  to 
organize  community  clubs,  to  establish  facilities  for  recreation  and 
education,  infant  welfare  stations,  a  visiting  nurse,  and  other  civic 
and  welfare  services.  Allan  Robinson,  manager,  until  February  1, 
1919 ;  succeeded  by  Willard  Howe. 

OPERATING  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  by  order  of  the  chief  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
elated  August  30,  1918.  It  was  responsible  for  the  execution  of  all 
assignments  of  vehicles  belonging  to  the  Motor  Transport  Corps  or- 
dered by  the  Executive  Division,  and  for  the  care  of  all  vehicles  until 
otherwise  disposed  of  by  the  Executive  Division,  with  the  exception 
of  those  transferred  to  the  Maintenance  Division  for  repair.  With 
the  exception  of  shops  and  repair  units,  all  Motor  Transport  Corps 
units  were  under  the  control  of  the  Operating  Division.  It  was  a;  o 
responsible  for  the  organization  and  operation  of  the  motor  convoy 
service  and  for  the  preparation  of  regulations  concerning  the  traffic 
and  transportation  service.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  Motor  Convoy  Service;  Operation  and  Supervision;  As- 
signment and  Transfer  of  M.  T.  C.  Vehicles;  and  Requisition. 
Lieut.  Col.  W.  D.  Uhler,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       317 
OPERATING  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Organized  August  15,  1918,  to  supersede  the  Depot  Division, 
taking  over  the  same  duties.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  Stock  Records,  Overseas  Distribution,  Domestic  Distribu- 
tion, Depot  Service,  Administrative.  The  division  was  abolished 
November  1,  1918,  and  its  duties  were  transferred  to  the  Domestic 
Operations  Division,  Director  of  Storage,  Purchase  and  Storage. 
L.  M.  Nicolson,  chief. 

OPERATING  SECTION,  SUPPLY  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Operating  Section  had  direct  authority  over  all  storehouses 
under  the  control  of  the  Supply  Division.  It  also  maintained  touch 
with  ordnance  depots  at  ports  of  embarkation  on  all  matters  not 
affecting  the  policy  of  the  ports,  and  followed  up  shipments  made 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Supply  Division.  It  functioned  through 
the  Executive,  Storage  Operating,  Real  Estate,  and  Transportation 
Branches.  The  Transportation  Branch  was  responsible  for  studying 
transportation  conditions  as  they  affected  the  Supply  Division.  It 
determined  priority  of  shipment  of  ordnance  supplies  in  cases  of 
traffic  congestion,  subject  to  general  instructions  from  the  chief  of 
the  division.  The  Storage  Operating  Branch  had  direct  authority 
over  all  storehouses  immediately  controlled  by  the  Supply  Division. 
Under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  branch  were  the  General  Supply 
Ordnance  Depots,  which  included  the  reserve  depots,  the  district 
depots,  and  pier  space.  The  reserve  depots  were  located  both  in  the 
interior  and  at  Atlantic  ports  to  accumulate  stores  shipped  from 
manufacturers  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  The  district  depots  were 
in  most  cases  at  arsenals,  and  were  for  the  distribution  of  supplies 
to  troops  in  the  surrounding  territory.  There  was  also  pier  space  at 
the  Atlantic  ports  which  was  used  for  the  storage  of  ordnance  ma- 
terial required  for  shipment  overseas.  The  storehouses  at  the  thirty- 
six  large  Army  cantonments  were  not  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
general  supply  ordnance  depots.  The  chief  of  the  Operating  Section 
was  Lieut.  Col.  J.  C.  Heckman,  who  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col. 
C.  I.  DeWitt. 

OPERATING     METHODS     BRANCH,     PERSONAL     AND     PLANNING     STAFF, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  plans 
and  orders  for  the  efficient  handling  of  the  several  operating  divi- 
sions of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General.  Abolished  upon 
the  reorganization  of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  April 
16,  1918. 

OPERATING   PERSONNEL   BRANCH,    SUPPLY    AND    EQUIPMENT    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  January  26,  1918,  to  cooperate  with  the  General  Admin- 
istration Bureau  and  Personal  and  Planning  Staff.  It  had  charge 
of  wages,  labor,  and  employment  in  Government  and  privately 
owned  plants.  It  was  abolished  April  16,  1918. 


318       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

OPERATING    STATISTICS     SECTION,    DIVISION    OF     OPERATION,    TTNITED 
.STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Began  its  activities  on  May  6,  1918,  though  its  creation  was  not 
formally  announced  until  June  11.  It  supervised  the  making  of 
reports  and  the  compilation  of  statistics  pertaining  to  the  mainte- 
nance and  operation  of  all  railroads  under  Federal  control.  Besides 
securing*  reports  and  statistics  from  the  railroads  under  Federal  con- 
trol, the  section  submitted  to  the  Director  General  such  data  con- 
cerning railroad  operations  as  he  required  from  time  to  time.  One 
important  achievement  of  the  section  was  the  standardizing  of  rail- 
way operating  statistics.  W.  J.  Cunningham,  manager. 

OPERATION,  DIVISION   OF;    UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  organization  of  the  Division  of  Transportation  was  announced 
on  February  9,  1918.  On  June  11,  1918,  the  name  was  changed  to 
that  of  Division  of  Operation.  The  Division  of  Operation  was  by 
reason  of  the  nature  of  its  functions  one  of  the  most  important  units 
of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration,  its  task  being  to  con- 
trol and  to  coordinate  the  operating  activities  of  all  railroads  and 
water  carriers  under  the  Director  General.  It  was  the  task  of  the 
division  to  expedite  the  movement  of  freight,  especially  food,  fuel, 
munitions,  and  Government  supplies,  to  arrange  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  troops,  and  to  clear  up  the  congestion  which  existed  in  cer- 
tain areas  when  the  railroads  were  taken  over.  In  order  to  accom- 
plish this  end  radical  changes  in  the  operating  organization  of  the 
roads  were  put  into  effect,  and  new  technical  methods  were  employed 
to  secure  greater  efficiency  in  the  movement  of  freight..  So  far  as 
railroad  operation  was  concerned,  a  very  large  part  of  the  work  of 
the  division  was  carried  011  through  the  regional  directors,  who  acted 
as  intermediaries  between  the  Division  of  Operation  of  the  Central 
Administration  and  the  operating  departments  of  the  various  roads. 
The  following  enumeration  of  the  organizations  subordinate  to  the 
Division  of  Operation  will  indicate  the  variety  and  nature  of  its 
functions.  These  organizations,  established  on  different  dates,  did  not 
all  exist  simultaneously,  but  at  one  time  or  another  each  functioned 
under  the  director  of  the  division,  and  were  as  follows :  Car  Service 
Section,  Mechanical  Department,  Committee  on  Standards,  Inspec- 
tion and  Test  Section,  Safety  Section,  Fuel  Conservation  Section, 
Telegraph  Section,  Troop  Movement  Section,  Operating  Statistics 
Section,  Marine  Section,  Committees  on  Freight  Traffic  Control, 
Locomotive -Section,  Car  Repair  Section,  Pullman  Car  Lines,  Coast- 
wise Steamship  Lines,  Secret  Service  and  Police  Section,  Committee 
on  Health  and  Medical  Relief,  and  the  Engineering  and  Maintenance 
Department.  Carl  R.  Gray  was  director  until  January  15,  1919, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  W.  T.  T3Tler. 

OPERATIONS,   COMMITTEE    OF;    UNITED   STATES    SHIPPING   BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION  (1917). 

See  Division  of  Operations,  U.  S.  /Skipping  Board  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation,  and  Transportation  Committee^  U.  S.  Shipping1 
Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      319 

OPERATIONS,   COMMITTEE   OF;    UNITED   STATES   SHIPPING   BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

A  committee  of  the  trustees  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation 
created  September  28,  1918,  to  exercise  all  the  powers  of  the  trustees 
regarding  the  operation  and  management  of  ships,  and  to  act  on 
matters  affecting  the  Division  of  Operations.  It  was,  in  effect,  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  acting  as  a  committee  of  trustees  of 
the  corporation  in  control  of  operative  matters. 

OPERATIONS,    DIVISION    OF;    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

On  September  29,  1917,  the  trustees  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration created  this  division  to  carry  on  the  work  of  ship  operation 
which  had  grown  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration Committee  of  Operations,  originally  known  as  the  Trans- 
portation Committee.  It  was  under  the  direction  of  E.  F.  Carry, 
who  was  also  appointed  director  of  operations  of  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board,  December  6,  1917:  and  though  the  division  was 
legally  a  part  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  it  was  subject  at 
all  times  to  the  supervision  and  direction  of  the  United  States  Ship- 
ping Board.  The  duties  of  the  division  comprised  the  general  ad- 
ministration of  the  requisition  program  as  follows :  The  operation 
of  requisitioned  ships  with  discretion  to  man,  equip,  and  operate 
either  directly  or  through  managing  and  operating  agencies;  the 
administration  of  the  act  to  admit  foreign  vessels  to  American  coast- 
wise trade ;  the  control  of  freight  rates ;  repairs  and  physical  upkeep ; 
the  carrying  out  of  the  recommendations  of  the  Ship  Protection  Com- 
mittee; the  allocation  of  Shipping  Board  vessels  to  cargoes  and 
trade  routes;  and  the  financial  and  business  arrangement  with  own- 
ers and  operating  agencies.  In  February,  1918,  the  Shipping  Control 
'Committee  took  over  the  duty  of  allocating  vessels  to  cargoes  and 
routes,  but  ceased  to  function  January  1,  1919,  and  returned  that  part 
of  its  duties  to  the  Operations  Division.  The  division  functioned  dur- 
ing the  war  under  an  administrative  organization  composed  of  an 
office  in  San  Francisco,  agencies  in  Boston,  New  York,  and  less  im- 
portant ports,  a  Marine  Superintendent's  Office,  Chartering  and  In- 
surance Committees,  and  the  following  departments  named,  respec- 
tively, Assignments,  Contracts  and  Charters,  Forest  Products,  Great 
Lakes,  Maritime  Intelligence,  Sailing  Vessels,  Traffic,  Tanker,  and 
Tug  and  Lighter.  During  the  early  part  of  1919,  and  because  of 
the  cessation  of  hostilities,  the  division  was  reorganized  for  peace- 
time performance,  and  many  of  these  departments  and  offices  were 
abolished  or  transformed  in  name  and  function.  The  work  of  the 
division  demanded  cooperation  with  such  other  units  of  the  Ship- 
ping Board  as  the  Recruiting  Service,  Shipping  Control  Committee, 
Marine  and  Dock  Industrial  Relations  Division,  Board  of  Survey 
and  Consulting  Engineers,  and  Insurance  Division.  E.  F.  Carry  wa? 
director  of  operations  until  August  3,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  C.  W.  Cook  as  acting  director,  and  later  by  J.  H.  Rosseter  as 
director. 

OPERATIONS  SECTION,  HISTORICAL  BRANCH,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Engaged  in  collecting,  in  Washington  and  at  General  Headquar- 
ters, American  Expeditionary  Forces  (as  Historical  Subsection,  Office 


320       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

of  the  Chief  of  Staff),  data  upon  the  military  operations  of  the 
American  forces  in  the  war  of  1917.  Maj.  Robert  M.  Johnston,  in 
charge,  succeeded  February  1,  1919,  by  Brig.  Gen.  O.  L.  Spaulding. 

OPTICAL  INDUSTRY  WAK  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  July  2,  1918,  as  an  executive  committee  to  have  charge  of 
the  optical  industry  in  its  relations  to  Government  departments. 
The  committee  was  divided  into  six  groups,  each  member  of  the  com- 
mittee being  head  of  a  subcommittee.  The  groups  were  Optical 
Raw  Glass  Materials;  Optical  Machinery:  Spectacle  Lenses;  Spec- 
tacle and  Eye  Glass  Frames ;  Goggles  and  Head  Protection  Devices ; 
Optical  Instruments.  The  activities  of  the  committee  were  along 
lines  of  conservation  except  in  the  cases  of  optical  instruments,  where 
production  was  speeded  up.  This  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with 
the  Military  Optical  Glass  and  Instrument  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board.  Frederick  Willson,  chairman. 

OPTICIANS,  WHOLESALE;  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  American  Association  of  Wholesale  Opticians  in 
June,  1918.  The  committee  acted  in  an  advisory  way  to  the  War 
Service  Committee  of  the  Optical  Industry,  which  dealt  directly  with 
Government  departments.  A.  Reed  Melntire,  chairman. 

ORDNANCE,  BUREAU  OF;  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  as  a  subdivision  of  the  Xavy  Depart- 
ment, was  established  in  1842.  It  was  the  duty  of  this  bureau  to 
obtain,  either  by  manufacture  or  by  purchase,  and  to  distribute  naval 
ordnance  material  of  all  kinds,  including  guns,  torpedoes,  mines, 
armor,  ammunition,  range-finding  apparatus,  etc.  It  was  also  within 
its  province  to  provide  for  the  upkeep,  repair,  and  operation  of  tor 
pedo  stations,  ordnance  plants,  naval  proving  grounds,  and  ammuni- 
tion and  mine  depots.  It  also  supervised  the  installation  of  ordnance 
material  repair  ships,  along  with  the  machinery,  etc.,  required  for  its 
operation.  Functioning  under  the  bureau  were  the  following  divi- 
sions: Executive  and  Administrative;  Technical;  Invention,  Re- 
search, and  Trials;  Civil;  Industrial;  and  Yards,  Plants,  and  Sta- 
tions. Rear  Admiral  Ralph  Earle,  chief. 

ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  to  handle  the  supply  of  artillery,  small  arms,  and  muni- 
tions of  all  sorts  required  by  the  military  establishment,  as  well  as  a 
great  variety  of  equipment  of  other  kinds.  This  work  includes  the 
determination  of  general  principles  of  construction,  the  supervision 
of  design,  and  the  prescribing  of  regulations  for  proof  and  inspec- 
tion, and  for  maintaining  standards  of  quality.  During  the  war 
facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  munitions  had  to  be  provided,  new 
designs  and  specifications  prepared,  and  an  organization  developed 
capable  of  producing  this  material  with  the  greatest  possible  expedi- 
tion. Frequent  changes  in  the  organization  of  the  department  were 
necessary  to  meet  the  increasing  requirements  of  the  situation.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  war  there  were  five  subdivisions,  which  were 
more  or  less  independent  organizations.  Each  of  these  divisions  had 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       321 

charge  of  a  certain  class  of  equipment,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Gun,  Car- 
riage, and  Small  Arms  and  Equipment  Divisions.  In  May,  1917,  a 
reorganization  was  effected  and  the  number  of  divisions  increased  to 
ten.  On  January  14,  1918,  there  was  another  reorganization,  and  the 
principal  business  functions  of  tho  department,  as  distinguished  from 
design  and  other  technical  work,  were  assigned  to  four  newly  created 
operating  divisions:  Procurement,  Production,  Inspection,  and  Sup- 
ply. The  following  divisions  were  also  established :  Administration, 
Estimates  and  Requirements,  Engineering,  and  Nitrate.  There  was 
also  a  Director  of  Arsenals.  Xew  divisions  were  added  later,  and  in 
November  20,  1918,  the  department  included  the  following,  in  addi- 
tion to  those  which  have  already  been  mentioned:  Artillery,  Ammu- 
nition, Metal  Components,  Small  Arms,  Motor,  Explosives  and  Load- 
ing, and  Trench  Warfare.  The  country  was  divided  into  11  districts, 
each  of  which  was  in  charge  of  a  district  chief,  who  was  responsible 
to  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  district  chiefs  to 
assist  in  the  general  control,  administration,  and  supervision  of  the 
field  work  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  which  involved  the  activi- 
ties of  the  various  plants  throughout  the  country.  The  appointment 
of  district  chiefs  represented  the  inauguration  of  a  policy  of  decen- 
tralization by  which  it  was  sought  to  render  more  efficient  the  super- 
vision of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  over  the  various  agencies  at  work  in 
the  field.  In  addition  to  the  central  organization  which  has  been  de- 
scribed, the  Chief  of  Ordnance  had  under  his  control  the  arsenals 
and  armories  throughout  the  country;  36  field  depots,  the  function 
of  which  was  to  supply  ordnance  material  to  the  various  canton- 
ments; general  supply  ordnance  depots;  manufacturing  plants;  prov- 
ing grounds;  and  ordnance  schools.  Maj.  Gen.  William  Crozier  was 
Chief  of  Ordnance  from  the  outbreak  of  war  until  July  13,  1918, 
though  he  did  not  actually  perform  the  duties  of  the  office  after  De- 
cember 20,  1917.  Brig.  Gen.  Charles  B.  Wheeler  was  acting  Chief  of 
Ordnance  from  December  20,  1917,  to  April  11,  1918;  Brig.  Gen.  W. 
S.  Pierce,  from  April  11  to  May  3,  1918,  and  Brig.  Gen.  C.  C.  Will- 
iams, from  May  3  to  July  13,  1918.  On  July  13,  Brig.  Gen.  Will- 
iams, having  been  made  major  general,  was  named  Chief  of  Orcl- 
nance. 

ORDNANCE  DEPOTS,  GENERAL  SUPPLY. 

See  O  )>ef(i.tion  Sect  ton*  Supply  Dicisio-n,  Ordnance  Department. 

ORDNANCE  SUBDIVISION,  DOMESTIC  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR 
OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  control  the  supply  of  small  arms,  ma- 
chine guns,  ammunition,  personal  equipment,  hor«<»  equipment, 
harness,  target  material,  and  standard  ordnance  tools  for  the  Army. 
It  functioned  through  Small  Arms  and  Ammunition  Branch,  and 
Personal  and  Horse  Equipment  Branch.  Capt.  L.  C.  Gysart,  chief. 

ORDNANCE  SUBDIVISION.  OVERSEAS  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR 
OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  January  '20,  1911).     This  subdivision  filled  all  requisi- 
tions for  ordnance  supplies  required  by  the  American  Expeditionary 
127232—10 21 


322       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Forces,  arranging  the  details  of  shipment  from  the  interior  to  ports  of 
embarkation,  and  tracing  shipments  to  prevent  delay.  Lieut.  V.  B. 
Kohl,  chief. 

OKDNANCE,    AVIATION,    AND    SUBMARINE    BASE    SECTION,    BUREAU    OF 
YARDS  AND  DOCKS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

This  section  was  in  charge  of  the  design  and  construction  of  all 
shore  facilities  used  in  connection  with  ordnance,  aviation,  submarine 
bases,  and  destroyer  bases.  Commander  Kirby  Smith,  chief. 

ORDNANCE  BASE  DEPOT  BRANCH,  AMERICAN;    GENERAL  CONTROL  SEC- 
TION, PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

When  the  American  Ordnance  Base  Depot  in  France  was  abolished 
and  its  functions  and  personnel  were  taken  over  by  the  Supply  Divi- 
sion of  the  Ordnance  Department,  the  purchasing  functions  of  the 
former  were  automatically  taken  over  by  the  Procurement  Division. 
The  American  Ordnance  Base  Depot  Branch  of  the  Procurement  Divi- 
sion was  accordingly  established  on  March  29,  1918.  Capt.  Isaac  N. 
Jones  served  as  head  of  the  branch  from  March  29  to  September  16, 
1918,  when  lie  was  succeeded  by  Capt.  J.  T.  L.  Donovan. 

ORDNANCE   BASE    DEPOT    SECTION,    AMERICAN    SUPPLY    DIVISION,    ORD- 
NANCE DEPARTMENT. 

The  American  Base  Depot  in  France  was  on  March  6,  1918,  trans- 
ferred to  the  Supply  Division,  with  all  its  functions  and  personnel. 
Its  duty  was  to  be  responsible  for  the  completion  of  plans  and 
projects  incidental  to  the  equipment  and  operation  in  France  of 
repair  and  reloading  shops  and  the  storing  of  ordnance  and  ammuni- 
tion supplies.  Col.  C.  M.  King  was  chief  of  section  until  February, 
1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  A.  W.  Marsh.  The  latter 
was  followed  on  May  6,  1918,  by  Lieut.  Col.  A.  LaMar. 

ORDNANCE  PRIORITY   COMMITTEE,   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  committee,  consisting  of  three  officers  and  one  civilian,  was 
organized  to  handle  priority  matters  relating  to  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment in  connection  with  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Divi- 
sion. On  October  8,  1918,  the  name  was  changed  to  Ordnance  Special 
Service  Section.  On  October  2G,  1918,  the  section  Avas  reorganized 
and  the  name  changed  to  Ordnance  Special  Service  Committee.  This 
committee  was  dissolved  December  26,  1918.  Col.  G.  H.  Stewart, 
chairman. 

ORDNANCE,    ARMS,    AND    AMMUNITION    SECTION,    FINISHED    PRODUCTS 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  June  1,  1918.  It  assisted  in  development  of  resources  for 
production  of  material  designated  in  title,  and  coordinated  require- 
ments of  Army,  Navy,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and  allied 
governments  to  avoid  conflict  in  production  recommendations. 
Samuel  P.  Bush,  chief. 

ORDNANCE  SALVAGE  BOARD,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Ordnance  Salvage  Board  Avas  created  November  19,  1918,  to 
have  charge  of  the  disposition,  by  sale  or  storage,  of  all  manufactur- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       323 

ing  materials,  equipment,  and  buildings  which  were  the  property  of 
the  United  States  or  became  its  property  as  the  result  of  the  termina- 
tion of  contracts  made  by  the  Ordnance  Department.  Brig.  Gen. 
C.  C,  Jamieson  was  chairman  of  the  board  until  December  '24,  1918, 
when  he  was  relieved  by  Col.  Charles  H.  Tenny. 

ORDNANCE  SPECIAL  SERVICE  SECTION. 

See  Ordnance  Priority  Committee,  Ordnance  Depart  merit. 

ORDNANCE  AND  ORDNANCE  STORES  SECTION,  SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 


ORGANIZATION     COMMITTEES,     STATE;      UNITED     STATES     EMPLOYMENT 
SERVICE. 

Organized  in  each  State  according  to  instructions  issued  by  the 
Director  General  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service  on  July 
]7, 1918.  The  committees  were  composed  of  three  members,  the  State 
director  of  the  United  States  Public  Service  Reserve,  one  repre- 
sentative of  labor  appointed  by  the  State  Federation  of  Labor,  and 
one  representative  of  management  appointed  through  the  coopera- 
tion of  representative  organizations  of  employers.  It  was  the  func- 
tion of  these  committees  to  inaugurate  community  labor  boards  and 
State  advisory  boards. 

ORGANIZATION  AND  INFORMATION  SECTION,  FIELD   DIVISION,   COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  October  1,  1918.  It  had  charge  of  general  planning  for 
the  Field  Division  and  the  advising  of  State  councils  as  to  organiza- 
tion methods  and  the  manner  of  carrying  on  their  work.  Elliott  S. 
Smith,  head  of  section. 

OUTING  FLANNEL  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Cotton  Goods  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  for  the  purpose  of  representing  the  industry  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  contracts  and  the  manufacture  in  their  mills  of  Government 
requirements.  A.  J.  Cummock.  chairman. 

OVERSEAS    DISTRIBUTION    BRANCH,    OPERATING    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 


Created  August  15,  1918,  to  take  charge  of  all  matters  connected 


ferred  to  the  Overseas  Distribution  Division,  Director  of  Storage. 
Maj.  John  Tyssowski,  chief. 

OVERSEAS  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Established  October  28,  1918,  under  Lieut.  Col.  John  Tyssowski. 
It  was  the  function  of  the  O\7erseas  Distribution  Division  to  handle 


324        HANDBOOK   OF   ECONOMIC  ACJIvNCIKS  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  filling  of  requisitions  for  supplies  from  the  American  Expedition- 
ary Forces.  It  arranged  the  details  involved  in  the  shipment  of  these 
supplies  from  the  interior  to  ports  of  embarkation,  designated  the 
ports  of  embarkation,  and  traced  shipments  thereto.  It  also  had 
charge  of  receiving,  routing,  and  following  np  all  cable  messages  per- 
taining to  requisitions  from  overseas.  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  subdivisions:  Quartermaster,  Medical,  Engi- 
neers, Signal,  Ordnance,  Administrative,  and  Motors. 

OVERSEAS    SUBSISTENCE    BRANCH,    SUBSISTENCE    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Organized  January  26,  1918.  The  branch  had  special  charge  of 
subsistence  sent  to  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces.  It  was 
abolished  October  28,  1918.  Capt,  J.  H.  Adams,  Capt.  Tutter,  ("apt. 
Patrick  McDonald  successively  acted  as  head  of  this  branch. 

OXYGEN  GAS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  11,  1918,  by  the  Gas  Products  Association  to 
represent  the  industry  at  the  Atlantic  City  Convention.  The  indus- 
try had  cooperated  with  the  Ordnance  Department,  establishing  an 
emergency  bureau  to  give  information  to  manufacturers  and  to  allo- 
cate the  supply  of  oxygen  to  munition  factories.  Sale  of  oxygen  was 
discontinued  to  all  except  plants  having  Government  contracts.  The 
producer  cooperated  with  the  chemical  section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  in  increasing  production.  A.  J.  Russell,  chairman. 

PACKERS'  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointed  in  September,  1917,  at  the  request  of  the  United  States 
Food  Administration  to  represent  the  packing  industry.  The  com- 
mittee met  September  12, 1917,  and  accepted  licensing  of  the  industry 
und  the  limitation  of  excess  profits.  It  determined  the  price  of  hogs 
•n  1918,  in  order  to  steady  the  market  and  prevent  excess  profits. 
Thomas  E.  Wilson,  chairman. 

PACKING    CONTAINER    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT. 

This  section  was  originally  established  about  October  1,  1917,  as 
the  Packing  Container  Branch  of  the  Purchase  Section  of  the  Gun 
Division,  but  became  subordinate  to  the  Procurement  Division  in 
January,  1918.  It  had  supervision  of  negotiations  with  reference 
to  the  purchase  of  packing  containers  of  all  kinds,  wooden,  tin,  fiber, 
etc.  It  did  not,  however,  handle  the  purchase  of  rawT  materials  for 
these  packing  containers  if  separately  purchased  in  bulk.  The  con- 
tainers referred  to  included  boxes  for  explosives,  small  arms,  etc., 
corrugated  paper  packing  for  trench  warfare  material,  fiber  con- 
tainers for  cartridge  cases,  and  tin  boxes  for  fuzes,  primers,  etc.  Maj. 
H.  J.  Welsh,  section  head. 

PACKING    HOUSE    PRODUCTS    BRANCH,    SUBSISTENCE    DIVISION,    QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Created  July  3,  1918.  The  branch  supervised  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  the  production,  procurement  and  inspection  of  packing-house 
products. 


HANDBOOK   OF   ECONOMIC-  AdMNCIKS  OK  THK  WAR  OF  1017.       325 

PACKING  SERVICE   BRANCH,   SERVICE   SUBDIVISION,   DOMESTIC   OPERA- 
TIONS DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  November  11,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  collaboration  with 
the  General  Staff  for  determining  standard  specifications  and  meth- 
ods of  boxing,  baling,  crating,  packing,  and  marking,  together  with 
the  necessary  inspection  for  their  enforcement.  Capt.  H.  R.  Moody, 
chief. 

PACKING   SERVICE    SECTION,   INSPECTION   BRANCH,   SUBSISTENCE    DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  August  24,  1918.  This  section  made  sure  that  boxes  in 
which  subsistence  was  packed  complied  with  specifications  and  wen» 
correctly  marked.  It  acted  as  liaison  with  the  Packing  Service 
Branch  of  the  Domestic  Operations  Division.  Lieut.  C.  R.  Hou.sum9 
chief. 

PAINTS    BRANCH,    RAW    MATERIALS    DIVISION,    QUARTERMASTER    GEM- 
ERAL. 

See  Oil  Br<in<-h,  Juitr  Material.*  Dicixion,  Quartermaster  Gen*  r«< . 

PAINT  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  War  Industries  Board  August  7,  191 T.  The  com- 
mittee provided  Government  departments  with  specifications  for 
paints  and  worked  with  the  Commercial  Economy  Board  in  its 
program  of  conservation.  The  committee  severed  its  connection  with 
the  War  Industries  Board  on  October  10,  1917,  and  was  reorganized 
January  5,  1918,  as  a  war  service  committee  of  the  paint  manufac- 
turers with  the  same  personnel  and  functions.  Thomas  Neal,  chair- 
man. 

PAINT  AND  PIGMENT  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Organized  May  0,  1918.  The  section,  working  with  seven  war- 
service  committees,  found  that  an  arrangement  of  paint  specifications 
Avould  bring  about  the  conservation  of  lead,  linseed  oil,  and  chromes, 
(.f  which  there  seemed  to  be.  a  prospective  short  supply.  The  section 
advocated  to  the  War  Trade  Board  the  issuance  of  an  order  reducing 
importation  of  shellac  from  Calcutta.  It  then  allocated  four-fifths  of 
the  importation  and  assumed  control  of  its  sale  and  distribution.  The 
section  on  August  21,  1918,  assumed  joint  control  with  the  United 
States  Food  Administration,  where  the  original  control  lay,  of  lin- 
seed oil  and  flaxseed.  The  section  found  no  threatened  shortage  of 
turpentine  or  rosin.  It  was  discontinued  December  21.  1918.  Russell 
S.  Hubbard,  chief,  succeeded  September  i>3.  191 S,  by  L.  II.  Atwood. 

PAINT,    VARNISH,    AND    ALLIED    INDUSTRIES     WAR     CONFERENCE    COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  August  ^9,  1918,  by  the  Paint  and  Pigment  Section  of 
the  War  Industries  Board  as  a  joint  working  committee  composed  of 
two  representatives  each  of  the  paint,  varnish,  oil.  and  allied  indus- 
tries. This  committee  was  formed  for  convenience  in  handling  the 
problems  that  affected  these  allied  trades.  W.  II.  Phillips,  chairman. 


326       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

This  union,  established  by  international  agreement  in  1890,  is  the 
official  international  organization  of  the  American  Republics.  It  is 
controlled  by  a  governing  board,  composed  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
and  the  Latin-American  diplomatic  representatives.  During  the  war 
it  was  engaged  in  the  dissemination  of  correct  information  among  all 
ihe  American  Republics  regarding  the  participation  in  the  war  of 
American  countries  and  in  the  promotion  of  such  commercial  and 
economic  relations  among  the  American  nations  as  was  for  their  best 
interests.  John  Barrett,  director  general. 

TAPER  BAG  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June  13,  1918,  to  represent  the  paper  bag  manufacturers 
in  their  relations  with  governmental  agencies.  The  committee  co- 
operated with  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  in  its  conservation  program  and  assisted  the  industry  in  pro- 
ducing paper  bags  to  take  the  place  of  tin,  iron,  cotton,  wooden  and 
fiber  containers,  glass  jars  and  bottles.  M.  B.  Wallace,  chairman. 

PAPER  BOX  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  National  Federation  of  Paper  Box  Manufac- 
turers' Associations  to  represent  the  industry  before  the  Pulp  and 
Paper  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  E.  P.  Franke,  chairman. 

PAPER   ECONOMIES   SECTION,   PULP  AND   PAPER   DIVISION,   WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  to  encourage  economy  in  the  use  of  paper 
by  all  consumers,  governmental  as  well  as  private,  and  to  educate 
the  public  regarding  the  importance  and  necessity  for  salvaging  and 
reclaiming  waste  paper.  Suggestions  such  as  revision  of  mailing 
lists,  reduction  of  publicity  matter,  of  size  of  letter  heads,  and  of 
weight  in  paper,  single  spacing  of  typewritten  letters,  care  in  use  of 
envelopes,  mimeograph,  and  carbon  papers  brought  about  a  saving 
of  over  25  per  cent  in  tonnage  of  paper  used.  The  section  was  dis- 
continued December  31,  1918.  Isaac  H.  Blanchard.  chief. 

PAPER  MAKERS'  FELTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  27,  1918,  at  the  request  of  the  Felt  Section,  Wai- 
Industries  Board,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  paper  makers' 
felt.  F.  J.  Harwood,  chairman. 

PAPERBOARD  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION,  EASTERN. 

In  cooperation  with  the  Box  Board  Manufacturers'  Association  of 
the  West  the  Paperboard  Manufacturers'  Association  maintained 
throughout  the  war  a  Washington  office  to  assist  the  Government  in 
packing  containers  and  to  help  offset  the  shortage  of  wood  boxes. 
W.  J.  Alford,  chairman. 

PARIS  OFFICE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

The  Paris  office  was  established  in  the  latter  part  of  1918,  at  the 
time  when  E.  X.  Hurley,  chairman  of  the  Tuited  State-  Shipping 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       327 

Board,  was  on  his  European  mission.  It  functioned  as  a  medium 
through  which  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  maintained  rela- 
tions with  the  Supreme  Economic  Council,  and  was  directed  by  H.  M. 
Robinson  and  George  Eublee. 

PASSENGER  TRAFFIC  COMMITTEES,  DIVISION  OF  TRAFFIC,  UNITED 
STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Three  passenger  traffic  committees  were  appointed,  an  Eastern, 
Southern,  and  Western,  to  have  charge  of  matters  relating  to  pas- 
senger traffic  in  official,  southern,  and  western  classification  territories. 
The  three  committees  named  were  appointed  on  April  23,  April  25, 
and  May  1,  1918,  respectively,  with  headquarters  at  New  York, 
Atlanta,  and  Chicago.  C.  M.  Burt  became  chairman  of  the  Eastern, 
W.  J.  Craig  of  the  Southern,  and  P.  S.  Eustis  of  the  Western  Pas- 
senger Traffic  Committee. 

PASSENGER  TRANSPORTATION  DEPARTMENT,  PASSENGER  TRANSPOR- 
TATION AND  HOUSING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  upon  the  organization  of  the  Passenger  Transportation 
and  Housing  Division  on  May  7,  1918,  to  take  charge  of  transporta- 
tion for  shipyard  workers  to  and  from  the  plants.  Authority  over 
transportation  facilities  was  vested  in  the  President  by  act  of  Con- 

fress  of  April  22,  1918,  and  transferred  by  him  to  the  Emergency 
leet  Corporation  on  June  18,  1918.  Where  construction  of  addi- 
tional facilities  was  necessary,  contracts  were  made  whereby  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  lent  the  funds  to  the  local  company 
who  did  the  work,  the  local  company  agreeing  to  pay  five  per  cent 
on  the  full  cost  during  the  war,  and  to  make  a  repayment  in  five 
equal  annual  installments,  limited  in  nearly  every  case  to  a  minimum 
of  75  per  cent  of  the  amount  advanced.  The  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration was  to  retain  title  to  all  rolling  stock  and  have  any  further 
security  necessary  to  protect  its  interests  until  payment  was  made. 
Garrett  T.  Seely  and  Charles  B.  Cooke,  jr.,  successively  served  as 
assistant  manager. 

PASSENGER  TRANSPORTATION  AND  HOUSING,  DIVISION  OF;  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  on  May  7, 1918,  by  a  consolidation  of  the  Housing  Depart- 
ment of  the  General  Service  Section  and  the  Passenger  Transporta- 
tion Service  Section,  to  take  charge  of  shipyard  housing  and  trans- 
portation. The  shipyard  housing  bill,  which  was  passed  March  2, 
1918,  appropriated  $50,000,000  for  housing,  the  amount  later  being 
increased  to  $75,000,000  and  an  additional  $20,000,000  being  appro- 
priated for  transportation  facilities  on  July  1.  It  was  decided  that 
since  it  was  contrary  to  American  spirit  for  the  Government  to 
assume  the  role  of  landlord,  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  should 
become  mortgagee  or  banker,  lending  Government  funds  on  sound 
security  and  reserving  the  power  to  control  rentals,  sales,  and  man- 
agement of  projects  during  the  war.  Wherever  possible,  existing 
housing  in  the  vicinity  of  a  congested  district  was  utilized  bv  extend- 
ing and  improving  transportation,  $9,620,288  having  been  spent  for 
that  purpose  by  October  1, 1918.  By  the  same  date  housing  for  28,190 


328       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

shipyard  workers  had  been  provided  at  '25  plants,  at  a  cost  of  $64,- 
802,845,  the  buildings  including  apartments,  dormitories,  houses. 
cafeterias,  mess  halls,  boarding  houses,  and  tents.  The  major  part 
of  the  activities  of  the  division  were  in  connection  with  shipyards  on 
the  Atlantic  coast.  The  solution  of  the  problem  was  to  a  greater 
extent  possible  through  increased  transportation  facilities  and 
through  the  activities  of  private  capital.  A.  Merritt  Taylor  and  J. 
Willison  Smith  successively  served  as  director. 

PASSENGER     TRANSPORTATION     SERVICE      SECTION.     UNITED      STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Created  April  3,  1918,  to  take  charge  of  transportation  for  workers 
to  and  from  shipyards.  The  improvement  and  extension  of  trans- 
portation facilities  was  in  many  cases  sufficient  to  relieve  housing 
congestion.  On  May  7,  1918,  this  section  was  consolidated  with  the 
Housing  Department  of  the  Division  of  General  Service  to  form  the 
Division  of  Passenger  Transportation  and  Housing.  A.  Merritt 
Taylor,  director. 

PATENT  BOARD,  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

Formally  organized  February  5,  1918.  It  was  appointed  at  the 
request  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  to  which  the  President  had 
entrusted  the  administration  of  that  portion  of  the  trading  with  the 
enemy  act  relating  to  the  withholding  of  publication  of  such  Ameri- 
can patents  as  might  give  aid  to  the  enemy.  It  included  members 
representing  the  Army  and  Navy.  Prior  to  the  passage  of  the  trad- 
ing with  the  enemy  act  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  had,  on  June  9, 
1917,  withheld  publication  of  such  patents  upon  his  own  discretion. 
The  Enemy  Trade  Division  was  created  in  the  Federal  Trade  Com- 
mission to  administer  such  patent  cases,  subject  to  the  expert  opinion 
provided  by  this  board.  The  Inventions  Section,  General  Staff,  cre- 
ated in  April,  1918,  took  over  the  preliminary  examination  of  patents 
with  reference  to  propriety  of  publications.  Paul  A.  Blair,  chair- 
man. 

PATENT  OFFICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

This  office,  under  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  is  charged  with 
the  administration  of  the  patent  laws  and  the  supervision  of  all 
matters  relating  to  the  granting  of  letters  patent  for  inventions,  and 
the  registration  of  trade-marks.  During  the  war,  in  order  that  the 
War  and  Navy  Departments  might  be  supplied  with  the  best  and 
latest  inventions,  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  were  granted  access 
to  the  applications  for  patents.  Through  the  Primary  Examiner's 
Advisory  Committees,  appointed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents, 
the  publication  of  inventions  that  might  be  of  aid  to  the  enemy 
was  suppressed  and  report  was  made  to  the  Army  and  Navy  of  any 
inventions  that  seemed  to  be  practically  useful  to  them.  The  office 
cooperated  with  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  in  licensing  manu- 
facturers under  German  patents  and  detailed  a  Patent  Office  exam- 
iner familiar  with  patent  practice  to  the  Commission  to  secure  uni- 
formity of  practice  in  treating  licensees  under  the  trading  with  the 
enemy  act,  approved  October  G,  1917.  The  Patent  Office  cooperated 
with  officers  of  the  Ordnance  Department  in  making  contracts  for 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       329 

Government  supplies  on  which  patents  had  been  granted.  The 
office  also  cooperated  with  the  Alien  Property  Custodian  to  ascer- 
tain the  owners  of  alien-owned  patents  so  that  all  German  and 
Austrian  patents  might  be  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Alien 
Property  Custodian.  James  T.  Newton,  commissioner. 

PATENT     SECTION,     PURCHASE     BRANCH,     PURCHASE,     STORAGE     AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  December  20,  1918,  with  the  following  functions:  To  have 
charge  of  the  collection  of  information  concerning  contracts  relating 
to  patent  matters  throughout  the  War  Department;  to  maintain 
records  of  rights  to  inventions  possessed  by  the  United  States,  in- 
cluding rights  in  patents  upon  inventions  in  which  the  United  States 
has  an  interest :  to  supervise  the  collection  of  information  concerning 
inventions  made  by  officers  and  employees  of  the  War  Department; 
to  supervise  the  negotiations  for  the  purchase  of  patents  and  inven- 
tions by  the  bureaus  and  to  procure  information  in  connection  with 
patents  and  inventions  and  the  laws  and  decisions  governing  the 
procedure  of  the  War  Department  in  patent  matters.  Maj.  A.  M. 
Holcombe,  chief. 

PATENTS  SECTION,  SETTLEMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  May  <>.  1019,  to  arrange  for  the  settlement  of  fees  and 
royalties  and  other  Government  obligations  of  like  character  con- 
tracted during  the  war.  George  E.  Johnson,  chief. 

PATHOLOGICAL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  whose  normal  activities  dovetailed  into  the 
war-time  food  conservation  program,  reinforcing  the  work  of  other 
branches  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  The  function  of  the 
division  is  war  on  disease  and  on  its  causes  whether  germs  or  poison- 
ous plants.  The  work  of  the  division  during  the  war  included  the 
following:  The  preparation  of  over  8,000,000  doses  of  vaccine  for 
immunizing  young  cattle  from  the  blackleg  disease;  the  testing  of 
commercial  biological  products  such  as  serums,  vaccines,  and  bacteria 
used  in  the  control  of  animal  diseases;  testing  of  equine  blood  serum 
to  pick  out  occult  cases  of  daurine  of  horses,  which  was  a  menace  to 
the  horse-breeding  industry  of  the  West;  study  of  tuberculosis  of 
cattle;  publication  of  a  bulletin  giving  salient  facts  in  regard  to 
hemorrhagic  septicemia,  a  contagious  disease  of  cattle  that  had  been 
widely  prevalent,  and  also  of  a  bulletin,  Important  Poultry  Diseases; 
testing  and  production  of  anthrax  serum;  examination  of  diseased 
animal  tissues:  investigation  of  plants  poisonous  to  animals,  and 
waging  of  a  campaign  among  stockmen  to  get  them  to  take  special 
care  to  avoid  loss  from  such  plants;  preparation  of  a  brief  bulletin 
on  the  stock-poisoning  plants  of  Western  Europe  for  use  of  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces.  John  R.  Mohler,  chief  to  Decem- 
ber 10,  1917;  John  S.  Buckley,  acting  chief  after  December  10. 

PATRIOTIC  PROMOTION  SECTION,  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  CONSTRUC- 
TION DIVISION  OF  THE  ARMY. 

Organized  in  July,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  inspiring  a  proper 
patriotic  spirit  among  workmen  on  construction  jobs,  in  order  that 


330       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

labor  discontent  might  be  allayed  and  an  incentive  provided  for 
the  most  efficient  work.  The  functions  of  the  section  were  performed 
principally  through  the  use  of  posters,  circulars,  and  speeches. 
Meetings  were  held  at  the  various  jobs  usually  at  the  noon  hour  after 
the  men  had  had  lunch.  Whenever  possible  a  band  was  pressed 
into  service.  Public  patriotic  meetings  were  held  in  large  centers  in 
churches,  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  auditoriums,  theaters, 
etc.  The  section  held  more  than  300  meetings  at  over  100  different 
places.  More  than  300,000  people  \vere  reached,  of  whom  about  200,- 
000  were  workmen  under  the  Construction  Division.  The  section 
had  four  regular  speakers  in  the  field  and  secured  the  cooperation 
of  the  Four  Minute  Men.  Maj.  Newman  H.  Raymond,  chief. 

PAVING  BRICK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  by  the  National  Paving  Brick  Manufacturers'  Association 
to  represent  the  industry  with  governmental  departments.  C.  C. 
Blair,  chairman. 

PAY  AND  MILEAGE  BRANCH,  CENTRAL  DISBURSING  DIVISION,  QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Organized  June  12,  1918.  It  handles  the  payment  of  accounts  of 
officers  on  duty  at  Washington,  D.  C'..  the  final  pay  of  officers  sepa- 
rated from  the  service,  the  pay  of  enlisted  men  in  and  about  Wash- 
ington, mileage  accounts,  and  the  pay  of  retired  officers  and  enlisted 
men.  On  October  21,  1918,  the  Central  Disbursing  Division,  to 
which  the  branch  reported,  was  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the  Di- 
rector of  Finance.  Maj.  T.  H.  Chambers  in  charge. 

PAYMASTER'S  DEPARTMENT,  UNITED  STATES  *MARINE  CORPS. 

A  continuing  organization  of  the  Marine  Corps  which  has  charge 
of  the  pay  and  allowances  of  officers  and  enlisted  men,  the  admin- 
istrative audit  of  accounts  of  all  assistant  paymasters,  and  special 
disbursing  agents,  and  administrative  matters  connected  with  wrar 
risk  insurance  and  allotments.  This  department  maintained  assist- 
ant paymasters  in  various  places  in  the  United  States  and  in  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces.  During  the  period  of  the  war 
Brig.  Gen.  George  Richards  was  paymaster. 

PEACE,  AMERICAN  COMMISSION  TO  NEGOTIATE. 

It  included  President  Woodrow  Wilson,  Robert  Lansing,  Henry 
White,  Col.  Edward  M.  House,  and  Gen.  Tasker  H.  Bliss.'  There 
were  attached  to  it  numerous  experts  and  clerks,  from  whose  number 
were  selected  the  American  members  of  the  committees,  commissions, 
and  councils  that  were  created  by  the  Peace  Conference,  by  the 
Supreme  War  Council,  or  by  the  allied  and  associated  powers  for 
technical  and  special  duties. 

PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Summoned  by  the  five  great  powers  with  a  view  to  laying  down 
the  conditions  of  peace  to  be  offered  to  Germany  and  her  allies,  to 
meet  at  Paris,  January  18,  1919.  The  conference  rules  drawn  up 
by  the  representatives  of  the  five  great  powers  in  advance  divided  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       331 

allied  and  associated  Governments  into  three  groups:  (1)  The  bel- 
ligerent powers  with  general  interests;  i.  e.,  the  five  great  powers; 
(2)  the  belligerent  powers  with  special  interests;  (3)  the  four  powers 
which  broke  off  diplomatic  relations  with  the  enemy.  The  confer- 
ence was  formally  organized  at  its  first  plenary  sitting  Janrary  18, 
1919.  The  officers  were:  M.  Georges  Clemenceau,  president;  Robert 
Lansing  (United  States).  Right  Hon.  David  Lloyd-George  (Great 
Britain),  V.  E.  Orlando  (Italy),  Marquis  Saioniji  (Japan),  vice 
presidents;  M.  P.  Dutasta  (France),  secretary  general.  Two  com- 
mittees, Credentials,  Henry  White  (United  States),  and  Drafting, 
Maj.  James  Brown  Scott  (United  States),  composed  of  one  repre- 
sentative each  from  the  five  great  powers,  constituted  the  Bureau  of 
the  Conference.  The  second  plenary  session  was  on  January  25, 
1919,  at  which  the  following  commissions  were  provided  for:  League 
of  Nations.  Responsibility  for  the  War  and  its  Authorization,  Inter- 
national Legislation  on  Labor,  International  Control  of  Ports, 
Waterways  and  Railways,  and  Reparation  of  Damages.  The  third 
plenary  session  was  on  February  14,  1919.  In  addition  to  the  four 
commissions  mentioned,  the  following  commissions  were  appointed 
by  the  conference:  Armistice,  Belgian  Territorial  Claims,  Czecho- 
slovak Affairs,  Economics,  Financial,  German  Materials  of  War  and 
Disarmament,  Equipment  to  be  Surrendered  by  Germany,  Greek 
Territorial  Claims,  Inter- Allied  Military  and  Naval  Committee 
(Supreme  War  Council),  Mission  to  Poland,  Reports  from  Poland, 
Prinkipo,  Roumanian  Territorial  Claims,  Supreme  Economic  Coun- 
cil, Control  of  Teschen. 

PERIODICAL    SECTION,    PULP    AND    PAPER    DIVISION,    WAR   INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  October  1,  1918,  to  administer  the  regulations  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  applying  to  periodical  publications  as  to  weights 
of  paper  to  be  used  and  as  to  prohibition  of  new  publications  during 
the  period  of  the  Avar,  and  to  suggest  specific  methods  for  curtailment 
in  tonnage,  and  the  discontinuance  of  many  alleged  wasteful  prac- 
tices. It  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Charles  T.  Root, 
chief. 

PERISHABLE    COMMODITIES   DIVISION,   UNITED   STATES   FOOD   ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

Organized  August  10,  1917.  The  division  worked  through  sec- 
tions on  Poultry  and  Eggs,  Butter  and  Cheese,  Fresh  Fruits  and 
Vegetables,  Fish.  Dairy  Products,  and  Potato.  The  division  at- 
tempted to  eliminate  all  deceptive,  wasteful,  and  unfair  practices 
which  tended  to  interfere  with  competition.  Special  rules  and  regu- 
lations were  issued  in  regard  to  the  distribution  of  the  products  under 
control.  Margins  were  prescribed  for  dealers  in  cold-storage  prod- 
ucts. G.  Harold  Powell,  chief. 

PERMIT  SECTION,  STEEL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  June  1,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  issuance  of  the  permits 
for  the  manufacturing  and  shipping  of  steel.  J.  S.  Barclay,  chief. 


332       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

PERSONAL  DEPOSITS  AND  ALLOTMENTS  BRANCH,  CENTRAL  DISBURSING 
DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

* 

This  branch  was  in  existence  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war  under 
the  name  of  the  Deposits  and  Allotments  Branch.  It  was  then  given 
a  succession  of  titles  as  follows:  Deposits  and  Allotments  Section. 
January  26,  1918;  Personal  Deposits  and  Allotments  Branch,  April 
16,  1918;  Allotment  Branch,  June  12,  1918;  and  Personal  Deposits* 
and  Allotments  Branch,  June  14,  1918.  Prior  to  January  26,  1918y 
it  was  responsible  to  the  Finance  and  Accounting  Division;  from 
January  26  to  April  16,  1918,  to  the  Finan:  e  and  Accounts  Branch, 
General  Administration  Bureau ;  from  April  16  to  June  12,  1918, 
to  the  Finance  and  Accounts  Division ;  and  from  June  12  to  the  sign- 
ing of  the  armistice,  to  the  Central  Disbursing  Division.  The  branch 
handled  the  payment  of  officers^  allotments  and  the  payment  of 
Class  E  allotments  by  enlisted  men.  On  October  21,  1918,  the  Cen- 
tral Disbursing  Division,  to  which  the  Personal  Deposits  and  Allot- 
ments Branch  reported,  was  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the  Director 
of  Finance.  Chief,  Capt.  A.  J.  Maxwell,  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Edward  Clifford. 

PERSONAL  AND  PLANNING  STAFF,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established!  January  26,  1918,  under  George  F.  YVillard.  It  was 
the  function  of  the  Personal  and  Planning  Start'  to  study  admini— 
tration  methods  in  the  various  divisions  of  the  office  of  the  Quarter- 
master General,  and  to  devise  methods  for  improving  the  efficiency 
of  their  operations.  Subordinate  to  the  staff  were  the  following 
branches:  Operating  Methods,  Industrial  Relations,  Industrial  Re- 
search, and  Administrative  Methods.  The  Personal  and  Planning 
Staff  was  abolished  upon  the  reorganization  of  the  Office  of  the 
Quartermaster  General,  April  16,  1918. 

PERSONNEL     BRANCH,     ADMINISTRATIVE     DIVISION,     QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

In  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  and  transferred  to  General 
Administration  Bureau  January  26,  1918.  It  was  made  a  separate. 
division  April  16,  1918.  Maj.  Ezra  Davis  and  John  ,1.  Toss  served  as 
chiefs. 

PERSONNEL  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  personnel  work  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  was  being  performed  by  the  Personnel  Branch  of  the 
Administrative  Division.  A  separate  Personnel  Division  was  created 
October  9.  1917.  'Hie  work  of  the  division  was  performed  through 
the  following  branches:  Training,  Liaison.  Commissioned  Personnel, 
Civilian  Personnel.  Enlisted  Personnel,  Departmental  Personnel* 
Labor  Battalion  Personnel,  and  Administrative.  The  division  was 
abolished  January  1-2,  1918,  and  its  duties  were  taken  over  by  the 
Administrative  Division.  It  was  reestablished  on  April  16.  1918,  and 
on  December  6,  1918.  was  transferred  to  the  Personnel  Section  of  the 
Administrative  Branch.  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase,  Storage 
and  Traffic.  The  successive  heads  of  the  division  were  Brig.  Gen. 
I).  L  Brainard.  John  J.  Case,  and  Maj.  George  II.  Halm. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       333 
PERSONNEL  DIVISION,  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

This  division,  prior  to  declaration  of  war,  had  charge  of  the  pro- 
rurement.  classification,  and  assignment  of  Medical  Department  per- 
sonnel, both  commissioned  and  enlisted.  It  also  had  to  do  with  the 
promotion  and  discharge  of  persons  in  the  Medical  Department  and 
exorcised  supervision  over  the  appointment  to  the  Medical  Reserve 
<'orps  of  officers  discharged  from  active  duty.  Subordinate  to  the 
•division  wore  the  following  sections:  Commissioned  Personnel,  En- 
listed Personnel,  Educational,  Dental,  Sanitary  Corps.  Army  Xurse 
Corps,  and  Army  School  of  Xursing.  From  the  outbreak  of  war 
until  June  3,  1918,  Maj.  (later  Maj.  Gen.)  Robert  E.  Noble  was  chief 
of  the  division.  On  June  3  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  R.  B.  Miller. 

PETROLEUM   DIVISION,   BUREAU   OF    MINES,    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE    IN- 
TERIOR. 

Created  July  1,  1914.  During  the  war  numerous  investigations 
wore  undertaken  by  the  division  with  a  view  to  increasing  and  con- 
serving supplies  of  petroleum  and  petroleum  products  by  greater 
«?flieienoy  in  production  and  utilization.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
Chester  Xaramore  was  chief  of  the  division.  Upon  his  resignation 
on  February  1,  1919.  he  was  succeeded  by  J.  ().  Lewis. 

PETROLEUM  SPECIFICATIONS,  COMMITTEE  ON  STANDARDIZATION  OF. 

Created  by  Executive  order  of  President  AVilson  July  31,  1918.  to 
be  composed  of  seven  members  with  a  chairman,  appointed  by  United 
States  Fuel  Administrator.  This  committee  devised  standard  speci- 
Jications  so  that  the  product  could  be  used  by  all  branches  of  the  Gov- 
ernment. Before  this  time  special  specifications  had  been  made  by 
many  departments.  Conferences  were  held  with  the  Specifications 
Commission  of  the  Inter- Allied  Petroleum  .Conference  in  regard  to 
standards  for  inter-allied  requirements.  M.  L.  Requa,  chairman. 

PETROLEUM  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE,  NATIONAL. 

Created  in  the  fall  of  1917  to  continue  the  work  of  the  Cooperative 
Committee  on  Oil  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  commit- 
tee mobilized  the  industry  and  at  all  times  cooperated  with  the  Oil 
Division  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration.  The  committee 
functioned  through  the  following  advisory  committees:  Pacific  Coast. 
E.  W.  Clark,  chairman;  Rocky  Mountain,  H.  M.  Blackmer,  chair- 
man: Mid-Continent  Production,  Frank  Haskell,  chairman;  Gulf 
Production,  W.  S.  Farish,  chairman;  Western  Appalachian,  J.  C. 
Donnell,  chairman:  Eastern  Appalachian  Production,  George  W. 
•Crawford,  chairman :  Mid-Continent  Refining  and  Marketing,  J.  S. 
Cosden.  chairman:  Appalachian  Refining  and  Marketing,  S.  Messer, 
chairman  :  Atlantic  Distribution,  E.  C.  Lufkin;  Jobbers,  M.  J.Byrne, 
chairman  :  Pipe  Lines.  R.  D.  Benson,  chairman;  Pipe  Lines  in  South- 
ern Division.  George  S.  Davison,  chairman;  Tank  Cars,  H.  E.  Felton, 
chairman:  Oil  Well  Supplies.  J.  H.  Barr,  chairman:  Natural  Gas, 
Joseph  F.  Guffey,  chairman.  E.  C.  Bedford,  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee. 


834       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
PHARMACY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December  12,  1917,  by  the  American  Pharmaceutical 
Association.  The  committee  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  on  scien- 
tific matters  to  the  medical  sections  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
Samuel  Hilton,  chairman. 

PHOTO-ENGRAVERS'   ASSOCIATION,   WAR    SERVICE    COMMITTEE   OF    THE 
AMERICAN. 

Appointed  March  15,  1918,  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
American  Photo-Engravers'  Association,  upon  request  of  the  United 
States  Chamber  of  Commerce.  It  gathered  statistics  respecting 
commodities  and  costs  in  the  industry  in  order  to  strengthen  the 
arguments  as  to  its  essential  character.  E.  W.  Houser,  chairman. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC  SECTION,  SPECIAL  SERVICE  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

A* permanent  organization  of  the  Signal  Corps.  During  the  war 
it  was  charged  with  the  supervision  and  administration  of  the  pho- 
tographic work  of  the  corps,  including  the  collection  of  still  and 
motion  pictures,  to  constitute  a  comprehensive  pictorial  history  of 
the  War  of  1917.  It  also  secured  many  pictures  which  were  used  for 
various  technical  purposes,  particularly  for  instruction.  The  sec- 
tion was  under  the  supervision,  successively,  of  the  following:  Capt. 
Charles  T.  Betz.  Maj.  James  Barnes,  Maj.  Stiles  M.  Decker,  Lieut. 
Col.  Emil  Engel,  Lieut.  Col.  John  S.  Sullivan,  Maj.  Bert  E.  Under- 
wood, Maj.  Frank  J.  Griffin,  and  ("apt.  Edson  I.  Small. 

PHYSICS,  MATHEMATICS,   ASTRONOMY,   AND    GEOPHYSICS   DIVISION,  NA- 
TIONAL RESEARCH  COUNCIL. 

The  activities  of  the  division  centered  about  the  work  of  (1)  its 
executive  committee,  (2)  the  research  information  committee,  and 
(3)  the  joint  conference  of  the  physics  and  engineering  divisions. 
It  worked  through  five  committees:  Physics,  11.  A.  Millikan,  chair- 
man, with  26  subcommittees;  Mathematics,  E.  H.  Moore,  chairman; 
Astronomy,  E.  D.  Pickering,  chairman;  Optical  Glass,  A.  L.  Day, 
chairman;  and  Navigation  and  Nautical  Instruments,  L.  A.  Bauer, 
chairman.  Some  important  results  obtained  were :  a  nonbreakable 
gasoline  tank  for  aviators,  five  new  types  of  signaling  lamps,  filters, 
and  color  screens  for  increasing  visibility,  charts  of  the  highways  of 
the  upper  air,  and  a  new  optical  range  finder.  E.  A.  Millikan,  chair- 
man, also  served  as  chief  of  the  Science  and  Research  Division.  Sig- 
nal Corps. 

PICKLE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  January  11,  1918,  by  the  National  Pickle  Packers'" 
Association  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  Army  with  a  full  sup- 
ply of  pickles.  -'Frank  A.  Brown,  chairman. 

PICTORIAL  SECTION,  HISTORICAL  BRANCH,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Engaged  in  collecting  official  and  other  photographs  relating  to 
the  War  of  1917,  and  in  editing  a  pictorial  history  of  the  war.  The 
official  photographs  were  taken  by  the  Photographic  Section  of  the 
Signal  Corps,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Historical  Branch.  The 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       335 

libraries  of  still  and  motion  pictures  were  under  the  control  of  the 
Pictorial  Section.  Maj.  Kendall  Banning  in  charge.  Succeeded 
May  13,  1918,  by  Maj.  K.  P.  Lemly. 

PICTORIAL  PUBLICITY,  DIVISION  OF;  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMA- 
TION. 

Created  April  14,  1917.  under  the  direction  of  Charles  Dana  Gib- 
son. This  division  "mobilized  the  artists  of  the  Nation  for  war 
service."  Its  final  report,  dated  November  20,  1918,  stated  that  its 
members  had  produced  1,438  designs  for  58  Government  agencies. 
It  was  sometimes  called  the  Division  of  Art. 

PICTURES,  DIVISION  OF;    COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Under  the  direction  of  Lawrence  E.  Rubel  this  division  issued  per- 
mits for  the  taking  of  photographs  of  Government  activities  and 
exercised  censorship  over  their  publication.  It  provided  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  copies  of  official  still  pictures  and  lantern  slides.  It  was 
merged  with  Division  of  Films  on  Julv  1,  1918.  In  January,  1919, 
the  procedure  was  changed  and  the  pictures  were  released  by  the 
Pictorial  Section,  General  Staff,  and  distributed  by  the  Photographic 
Section,  Signal  Corps. 

PIG  IRON  SECTION,  STEEL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Through  the  Pig  Iron,  Iron  Ore,  and  Lake  Transportation  Com- 
mittee of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  it  arranged  for  the 
procurement  and  supply  of  all  pig  iron  needed  by  various  Govern- 
ment departments  or  by  private  firms  for  governmental  purposes. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Jay  C.  McLaugh- 
lan,  chief. 

PIG  IRON,  IRON  ORE  AND  LAKE  TRANSPORTATION,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON; 
AMERICAN  IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTITUTE. 

Organized  May  1, 1917,  by  the  Committee  on  Steel  and  Steel  Prod- 
ucts of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  When  these  committees 
were  disbanded  in  November,  1917,  they  were  continued  as  subcom- 
mittees of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute.  The  committee  mobilized  the 
Lake  Superior  iron  ore  supply,  the  lake  iron  ore  fleet,  and  the  entire 
pig  iron  industry  in  order  that  all  Government  requirements  might 
be  supplied.  The  committee  also  allocated  the  iron  to  governmental 
departments  as  it  was  needed.  H.  G.  Dalton,  chairman. 

PIG  IRON,  IRON  ORE  AND  LAKE  TRANSPORTATION,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON; 
COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL  AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  June,  1917.  Its  functions  taken  over  by  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  when  it  was  dissolved  in  November,  1917.  H.  G.  Dalton, 
chairman. 

PIG  TIN  SUBCOMMITTEE,  AMERICAN  IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTITUTE. 

Continued  the  work  of  the  Pig  Tin  Subcommittee  of  the  Coopera- 
tive Committee  on  Steel  and  Steel  Products  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  which  had  been  appointed  in  April,  1917,  and  was  discon- 


336        HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

tinuecl  as  a  committee  of  the  council  in  September.  The  committee, 
after  December  10,  1917,  took  charge  of  all  importation  and  dis- 
tribution of  pig  tin  for  the  War  Trade  Board;  and  cooperated  with 
the  Tin  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  aiding  that  section  to 
get  tin  for  the  Army  and  Navy  at  favorable  prices.  John  Hughes, 
chairman. 

PIG  TIN,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL  AND 
STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  June,  1917.  Its  functions  taken  over  by  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  when  it  was  dissolved  in  November.  1917.  John 
Hughes,  chairman. 

PINE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE,  NORTHERN. 

Created  to  represent  the  northern  pine  lumber  industry  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  Government,  and  to  allocate  Government  orders  to  the 
various  mills  in  the  industry.  G.  F.  Lindsay,  chairman. 

PINE  ASSOCIATION,  SOUTHERN. 

The  Southern  Piue  Association  organized  in  April,  1917,  a  com- 
mittee to  work  with  the  Lumber  Committee  of  the  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense.  This  committee  organization  was  changed  on  May 
•J.-5.  1917.  to  the  Southern  Pine  Emergency  Bureau,  which  included 
mills  not  belonging  to  the  association.  The  association  carried  on 
activities  in  regard  to  encouraging  larger  production  and  general 
publicity  work  throughout  the  mills  of  the  South. 

PINE  EMERGENCY  BUREAU,  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  bureau  was  formed  in  May.  1917.  at  the  request  of  R.  H.  Down- 
man,  who  was  the  chairman  of  the  Cooperative  Committee  on  Lum- 
ber of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  It  was  composed  of  manu- 
facturers of  lumber  in  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Virginia . 
The  bureau  was  controlled  by  the  Lumber  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  and  procured  its  orders  from  that  section,  not  handling 
any  business  except  Government  orders.  It  acted  as  an  agency  to 
keep  track  of  the  stock  on  hand  at  the  mills  and  to  expedite  shipment 
of  Government  orders.  Charles  Hill  was  chairman  until  August  '2, 
1917,  when  the  bureau  was  reorganized  with  A.  M.  Cook  as  chair- 
man. He  resigned  in  May,  1918,  to  become  associated  with  the  Wai- 
Industries  Board,  and  John  L.  Gibbs  continued  as  chairman. 

PINE  EMERGENCY  BUREAU,  SOUTHERN. 

Developed  from  a  committee  appointed  by  Charles  R.  Keith,  presi- 
dent of  the  Southern  Pine  Association,  on  April  24,  1917,  to  aid  the 
Raw  Materials  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  The  Southern  Pine  Emergency 
Bureau,  including  mills  not  members  of  the  Southern  Pine  Associa- 
tion, was  organized  May  23  as  a  means  of  greater  efficiency  in  han- 
dling Government  business.  Orders  for  Government  lumber  were 
distributed,  price  agreements  were  made,  mills  were  speeded  up  in 
their  production,  adequate  service  was  secured  through  a  represents- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       337 

tivo-  of  the  Railroads'  War  Board  and  all  members  wore  kept  informed 
through  bulletins  and  circular  letters  of  Government  requirements 
and  specifications.  The  bureau  handled  only  orders  allocated  to  it  by 
the  Lumber  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Allocation  ceased 
November  23,  1018,  and  the  bureau  ceased  to  function.  W.  H.  Sulli- 
van, chairman. 

PIPE  FABRICATORS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  1, 1918,  with  J.  D.  Robertson  as  chairman.  The 
committee  adopted  conservation  measures  and  cooperated  with  the 
Electric  and  Power  Equipment  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

PIPE  LINES,  BUREAU  OF;    OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

Created  March,  1918.  It  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  pipe-line 
companies,  assisted  in  securing  pipe,  machinery,  and  supplies  to 
increase  capacity  of  present  lines  and  to  build  new  ones.  The 
bureau  also  worked  in  conjunction  with  National  Petroleum  War 
Service  Committee.  S.  A.  Guiberson,  jr.,  director. 

PIPE  LINES,  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE  ON;   ATLANTIC  DIVISION,  NATIONAL 
PETROLEUM  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

This  committee  was  organized  April  9,  1918,  in  pursuance  of  a 
letter  written  by  A.  C.  Bedford,  chairman  of  the  National  Petroleum 
War  Service  Committee,  to  R.  D.  Benson,  president  of  Tidewater 
Pipe  Line  Co.  (Ltd.).  Mr.  Benson  was  appointed  chairman.  The 
committee  embraced  all  the  principal  pipe  lines  carrying  crude  oil 
from  the  mid-continent  fields  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  The  ex- 
tension of  pipe  lines  to  maximum  capacity  and  the  clearing  out  of 
"  bottle-neck "  areas  were  the  principal  functions  of  the  committee ; 
thus  the  rate  of  delivery  of  crude  oil  to  refineries  was  materially 
increased. 

See  Bureau  of  Pipe  Lines. 

PLANNING    BRANCH,    CLOTHING    AND    EQUIPAGE    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Formed  June  14,  1918.  It  worked  through  a  Methods  and  an 
Advisory  Staff,  and  three  sections :  Research  and  Specifications,  Sta- 
tistical, and  Planning.  It  had  supervision  of  changes  in  uniform. 
O.  D.  Frost,  chief. 

PLANNING  BRANCH,  DEPOT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  February  13,  1918,  to  determine  warehouse  space  re- 
quirements for  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  conduct  research  to 
develop  the  most  efficient  method  and  routine  for  establishment  in 
the  various  depots  of  the  Warehousing  Division.  This  branch  was 
abolished  June  14,  1918. 

PLANNING    BRANCH,    SUBSISTENCE    DIVISION,    QUARTERMASTER     GEN- 
ERAL. 

Organized  January  26,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  inspection  and 
grading  of  all  canned  goods,  also  receptacles  for  packing  and  speci- 
127232—19 22 


338       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

fications  pertaining  to  subsistence  in  general.  This  branch  was 
known  as  Planning  and  Control,  April  16,  1918,  to  June  14,  1918, 
and  as  Planning  and  Inspection  to  October  28.  1918.  Maj.  Patrick 
McDonald,  George  C.  Babcock,  A.  W.  Bitting,  successively,  acted 
as  head  of  this  branch. 

PLANNING    SECTION,    PLANNING    BRANCH,     CLOTHING    AND     EQUIPAGE 
DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  January  26,  1918,  with  O.  D.  Frost,  chief.  It  planned 
program  for  procurement  branches,  received  requisitions,  and  issued 
subrequisitions. 

PLANNING   AND    CONTROL    SECTION,    SUPPLY    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DE- 
PARTMENT. 

It  was  the  function  of  the  Planning  and  Control  Section  to  handle 
all  routine  operations  of  the  Supply  Division  which  pertained  to  the 
procurement  and  distribution  of  ordnance  supplies,  and  to  maintain 
records  pertaining  thereto.  This  work  included  the  recording  of  the 
progress  of  deliveries  of  supplies  ordered,  handling  the  shipment  of 
new  supplies  of  articles  of  issue  to  points  of  storage,  taking  necessary 
action  on  requisitions  for  supplies,  and  the  initiation  of  appropriate 
action  in  case  of  any  actual  or  prospective  shortage  in  any  items  of 
supplies.  On  November  7,  1918,  the  organization  included  the  fol- 
lowing branches:  Audits,  Balance  of  Stores,  Miscellaneous  Equip- 
ment, Delivery  Record,  Fpllow-Up,  Record  and  File,  Small  Arms 
and  Equipment,  Ammunitions,  Artillery,  Supply  and  Shipping 
Order,  Tonnage  and  Space,  Review,  and  Order  of  Work.  Maj.  (later 
Col.)  G.  R.  Norton  was  chief  of  the  section  from  June  30,  1917,  until 
June,  1018.  On  July  1.  1018,  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  A'.  E.  Barter. 

PLANNING    AND    FOLLOW-UP    BRANCH,    FUEL    AND    FORAGE    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

Organized  January  26,  1918.  This  branch  recorded  all  plans  for 
procurement  of  fuel  and  forage,  all  contracts  and  purchases  made  by 
the  procurement  section  of  this  division  and  followed  up  all  contracts 
to  insure  deliveries.  Abolished  June  14,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  Preston 
Davie,  chief. 

PLANNING    AND    STATISTICS,    DIVISION    OF;    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING 
BOARD. 

Established  February  11,  1918,  and  organized  by  Edwin  F.  Gay  to 
coordinate  the  information  respecting  ships  and  commodities  essen- 
tial in  meeting  the  needs  of  the  shipping  situation.  Mr.  Gay  was  at 
the  same  time  made  a  member  of  the  War  Trade  Board  to  promote 
cooperation.  The  work  of  the  division  included  commodity  and 
trade  studies,  investigations  as  to  vessels  traveling  in  ballast  or  partly 
laden,  studies  of  ocean  freight  rates,  vessel  inventories  and  move- 
ments, and  examination  of  relative  costs  of  operation.  One  of  the 
important  functions  of  the  division  was  to  conduct  the  detailed  sta- 
tistical studies  upon  which  the  action  of  the  Shipping  Control  Com- 
mittee in  the  allocation  of  tonnage  was  based.  It  also  gave  special 
attention  to  the  investigation  of  the  program  of  ship  construction  so 
as  to  provide  a  well-balanced  fleet  for  permanent  service.  Its  work 


HANDBOOK  OF  KCOXO.MIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       339 

ANUS  done  iii  close  cooperation  with  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport 
Council,  and  with  the  aid  of  a  Joint  Committee  on  Minerals.  Direc- 
tor Gay  was  succeeded  on  March  26,  1919,  by  W.  S.  Tower. 

PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS,  DIVISION  OF;  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  a  bo  Jit  June,  1918,  through  a  reorganization  of  the  Divi- 
sion of  Statistics,  which  had  just  been  transferred  from  the  Council 
of  National  Defen.se.  E.  H.  Gay,  head  of  the  similar  division  in  the 
I'nitcd  States  Shipping  Board  and  of  the  War  Trade  Board,  Bu- 
reau of  Research  and  Tabulation  and  Statistics,  was  made  chief  of 
the  division.  In  this  way  a  coordination  of  the  work  of  these 
various  divisions  was  effected.  The  director  immediately  in  charge 
of  the  division  was  H.  R.  Hat-field.  It  operated  through  its 
Contract,  Editorial.  Price,  and  Questionnaire  Sections,  and  published 
numerous  bulletins  on  commodities  and  price-fixing.  Upon  the  dis- 
solution of  the  War  Industries  Board,  the  Price  Section  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  War  Trade  Board. 

PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 


See  Statistical  ^<'<-t>on.  I  nited  Sf<it<  *  XJiipjtijH/  l>oar<l 
Fleet  Corporation  . 

PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS,  CENTRAL  BUREAU  OF. 

Organized  by  Edwin  F.  Gay,  for  Bernard  M.  Baruch,  chairman  of 
the  War  Industries  Board,  pursuant  to  a  letter  of  the  President  ., 
May  24,  1918,  asking  for  "some  kind  of  organization  through  which 
wTe  could  have  a  sort  of  picture  or  conspectus  of  all  the  present  war 
activities  of  the  Government  and  upon  that  base  a  periodical  check- 
ing up  of  the  actual  operations  and  results."  The  staff  selected  for 
the  Central  Bureau  included  economists  who  were  assigned  to  secure 
from  the  various  Government  agencies  the  material  upon  which  to 
base  progress  reports.  The  data  thus  obtained  passed  through  a 
statistical  office  which  published  a  Weekly  Statistical  Xews  for  the 
advice  of  heads  of  bureaus.  •  Numerous  special  studies  were  issued 
upon  food,  fuel,  etc.  On  December  2,  1918,  the  President  signed  a 
memorandum  designating  the  Central  Bureau  as  the  ''authoritative 
and  exclusive  source"  through  which  economic  data  should  be  ob- 
tained for  the  Peace  Conference.  The  Central  Bureau  was  in  con- 
tinuous contact  with  the  various  divisions  of  Planning  and  Statistics 
belonging  to  other  departments  of  the  Government. 

PLANT  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  April  ^T.  101  S,  to  check  estimate  costs,  to  approve  pur- 
chase orders,  and  to  certify  receipt  of  material  for  construction  and 
equipment  of  new  plant  facilities.  On  July  30,  1918,  the  Plant  Sec- 
tion absorbed  all  functions  previously  delegated  to  the  Construction 
Section  of  the  Control  Bureau.  Maj.  W.  Sargent,  chief. 

PLANT    CONSTRUCTION    SECTION,    SHIPYARD    PLANTS    DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 


See  Shipyard  Plants  Construction  tfertion*  Shipyard  ]ylttntx  Divi- 
sion, lanital  State*  Shi  i  >i>in<i  Hoard  K  incr(/<  n<-)/  Fl<<f  Corporation. 


340       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
PLANT  INDUSTRY,  BUREAU  OF;   DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  bureau  which  studies  plant  life  in  all  its  relations  to 
agriculture.  During  the  Avar  numerous  investigations  were  under- 
taken by  the  bureau  with  a  view  to  increasing  production,  avoiding 
wastes,  and  providing  substitutes.  Some  of  the  more  important  in- 
vestigations dealt  with  the  following :  Fruit  diseases,  cereal  diseases, 
diseases  responsible  for  the  spoilage  of  vegetables,  defects  of  air- 
plane and  gun-carriage  timber,  methods  of  corn  production  and 
possibilities  of  improvement,  production  of  currency  paper  from 
domestic  flax  tow  to  replace  paper  made  from  rags  formerly  ob- 
tained from  Germany,  and  the  location  of  raw  materials  for  the 
manufacture  of  gas  masks.  At  the  request  of  the  French  High  Com- 
mission the  bureau  made  an  investigation  of  agricultural  conditions 
in  Algeria.  Researches  were  conducted  in  connection  with  aerody- 
namic problems.  Advice  was  given  in  regard  to  the  technology  of 
castor  oil  manufacture,  and  advisory  supervision  was  exercised  over 
the  cultivation  of  several  thousand  acres  of  land  around  various 
Army  cantonments.  The  bureau  took  measures  for  the  development 
of  larger  production  of  extra  staple  cotton  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  automobile  tires,  airplane  wings,  balloon  and  other  fabrics  requir- 
ing the  greatest  possible  strength  and  durability  in  fiber.  A  cam- 
paign was  carried  on  to  secure  as  nearly  as  possible  the  maintenance 
of  the  normal  production  of  sugar.  The  development  of  home  vege- 
table gardens  was  stimulated.  The  scientific  work  of  the  bureau  was 
divided  into  a  number  of  distinct  groups,  over  each  of  which  was 
placed  a  scientifically  trained  officer  who  reported  directly  to  tho 
chief  and  associate  chief  of  the  bureau.  William  A.  Taylor,  chief. 

PLANT  PROTECTION  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  Plant  Protection  Section  had  its  beginning  on  February  11, 
1918,  when  Maj.  J.  A.  Blair,  jr.,  was  assigned  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment to  the  Division  of  Shipyard  Plants  to  take  charge  of  the  Federal 
guards  assigned  to  the  shipyards,  and  on  April  (>,  1918,  the  section 
was  established  under  Maj.  Blair  as  head.  From  the  time  a  keel  Avas 
laid  until  the  ship  left  the  yard,  it  was  under  the  care  of  this  section. 
It  supervised  the  procurement  of  the  Federal  military  guard,  con- 
trolled the  civilian  guard,  and  through  its  Investigation  Department 
maintained  intelligence  and  secret  service.  A  Fire  Department 
investigated  and  corrected  causes  of  fire,  supervised  the  installation 
and  operation  of  fire-fighting  equipment  in  plants,  and  recommended 
designs  for  that  equipment  to  the  Fire  Protection  Section,  Ship- 
yard Plants  Division.  It  cooperated  with  State  and  local  fire 
authorities  and  plant  and  district  fire  marshals.  On  September  13, 
1918,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  A.  Blair  was  recalled  by  the  War  Department 
and  Maj.  Norman  MacLeod  was  appointed  head  of  the  section. 

PLANTS  AND  MUNITIONS,  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE   ON;    WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Created  May  -28,  1918.  with  S.  H.  Vauclain.  chief.  It  continued 
the  functions  of  the  following  organizations:  Subcommittee  on 
Army  and  Navy  Artillery,  April  19  to  September  20,  1917:  Coopera- 
tive Committee  on  Cars,  May  1  to  September  20.  1917;  Cooperative 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       341 

Committee  on  Locomotives,  May  1  to  September  ^0,  1917;  and  Com- 
mittee on  Production,  September  20,  1917,  to  May  28,  1918.  It  took 
over  reports,  arranged  schedules  of  production,  and  handled  the  work 
along  the  following  lines:  Locomotive  production  within  the  United 
States;  car  production  within  the  United  States;  records  showing 
classified  tonnage;  standardization  of  locomotives;  standardization 
of  cars;  railroad  gun  mounts;  materials  and  supplies  for  the  Czecho- 
slovak army  in  Russia. 

PLATE  GLASS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  to  represent  the  industry  with  that  section  and  the  United 
States  Fuel  Administration.  Charles  W.  Brown,  chairman. 

PLATINUM  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  March,  1918,  to  handle  increasing  requirements.  The 
first  requisition  order  covering  fourteen  firms  had  been  issued 
February  23,  1918;  but  on  May  1,  1918,  one  covering  947  names  was 
signed.  This  requisition  included  iridium  and  palladium.  A  new 
order  was  issued  July  1,  1918,  by  the  Director  of  Purchase,  Storage 
and  Traffic,  with  1,555  names;  and  in  conjunction  with  the  licensing 
regulations  satisfactory  control  of  the  situation  was  reached.  These 
regulations  were  revoked  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  November 
14,  1918,  and  the  requisition  order  canceled  by  the  Director  of  Pur- 
chase, Storage  and  Traffic,  December  1,  1918.  At  the  time  of  the 
signing  of  the  armistice  the  section  was  collecting  and  distributing 
platinum  supplies,  and  until  its  discontinuance  December  31,  1918, 
acted  with  the  Ordnance  Department  in  an  advisory  capacity  in  the 
distribution  of  accumulated  supplies.  C.  H.  Conner,  chief. " 

PLUMBAGO- GRAPHITE  ASSOCIATION  (INC.). 

Incorporated  August  16,  1917.  in  New  York,  to  foster  trade  and 
commerce  in  plumbago  and  graphite  and  to  assist  the  various  Gov- 
ernment departments  in  the  enforcement  of  restrictions  and  regula- 
tions. The  association  worked  with  the  Bureau  of  Imports  of  the 
War  Trade  Board,  handling  all  imports  of  these  commodities. 
George  S.  Knapp,  president. 

PLUMBERS'  BRASS  GOODS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tools  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board,  with  Adolph  Mueller  as  chairman. 

PLUMBERS'  WOODWORK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  with  W.  J.  Cram  as  chairman. 

PLUMBING  SUPPLY  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  under  a  vote  of  the  Eastern  Supply  Association  taken 
October  24,  1917.  It  served  to  maintain  contact  between  the  manufac- 
turers and  jobbers  of  plumbing  and  steam  heating  supplies  and  the 
divisions  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  John  A.  Murray,  chairman. 


342       HANDBOOK  OF  FX'OXOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

PNEUMATIC  TOOLS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  23,  1918,  with  L.  W.  Greve  as  chairman,  by  the 
Hardware  and  Hand  Tools  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

POCAHONTAS  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  June  1,  1918,  chiefly  from  lines  formerly  included  in  the 
Eastern  Region.  It  included  most  of  the  east  and  west  lines  travers- 
ing Virginia  and  West  Virginia  and  a  certain  portion  of  the  mileage 
penetrating  the  coal  fields  of  Kentucky  and  northern  Ohio.  The 
more  important  individual  lines  were  the  following:  The  Chesapeake 
£  Ohio  east  of  Louisville,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati ;  the  Norfolk  & 
Western,  and  the  Virginian,  including  the  terminals  of  all  railways 
at  Norfolk,  Portsmouth,  and  Newport  News,  Va.,  and  the  Norfolk  & 
Portsmouth  belt  lines.  On  February  1,  1919,  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
"Railroad  of  Indiana  was  transferred  from  the  Eastern  to  the  Poca- 
hontas  Region.  N.  D.  Maher,  president,  Norfolk  &  Western,  became 
regional  director,  with  headquarters  at  Roanoke,  Va. 

PORT  AND  HARBOR  FACILITIES  COMMISSION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD. 

A  commission  on  Port.  Terminal,  and  Harbor  Improvement  was 
appointed  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  May  i^>,  1918,  at  the 
request  of  the  President,  ajul  as  a  result  of  the  transportation  and 
shipping  congestion  of  the  preceding  winter.  It  was  composed  of 
representatives  of  the  Army,  Navy.  United  States  Railroad  Adminis- 
tration, and  shipping  interests,  and  was  designed  to  bring  about  a 
more  economic  arrangement  and  utilization  of  the  ports  and  harbors 
of  the  Nation.  The  Army's  interests  in  the  commission  was  to  ascer- 
tain adequate  railroad  and  warehouse  facilities  at  the  ports  of  em- 
barkation, the  Navy  was  concerned  with  bunkerage  facilities,  and  the 
United  States  Railroad  Administration  with  avoiding  wasteful 
journeys  of  freight.  The  duties  of  the  commission  included  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  first  of  all  to  determine 
those  that  could  be  best  utilized  by  the  merchant  marine  because  of 
adequate  inland  rail  facilities  for  handling  inbound  and  outbound 
cargoes,  and  secondly  to  determine,  for  recommendation  to  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  the  necessity  for  the  creation  of  new  facili- 
ties and  the  extension  or  more  efficient  utilization  of  old  ones,  for  the 
prompt  handling,  dispatch,  discharge,  coaling,  and  repair  of  ships. 
The  commission  also  engaged  in  the  compilation  of  statistics  in  re- 
gard to  the  points  of  origin  and  destination  of  exports  and  imports 
and  in  using  this  information  in  the  formulation  of  a  zoning  system 
for  the  entire  country  under  which  commodities  would  flow  through 
only  those  ports  within  economic  transportation  distance  of  the, 
points  of  origin  and  destination.  By  the  fall  of  1918.  the  commission 
had  a  record  of  15  ports  investigated  or  inspected,  with  recommenda- 
tions to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  for  the  construction  of  dry 
docks,  marine  railways,  or  repair  plants  at  10  ports,  and  the  conver- 
sion of  five  barges  into  floating  repair  plants  at  four  ports.  It  had 
also  secured  the  purchase  of  11  coaling  machines  and  had  10  steel 
tugs  reinforced  for  ice  breaking,  besides  securing  the  construction,  by 
the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  of  10  floating  dry  docks,  together 
with  Government  loans  to  private  concerns  for  the.  construction  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       343 

others.  The  work  of  the  commission  was  carried  on  under  a  $5,000,000 
appropriation  from  Congress,  and  by  the  efforts  of  the  Statisti- 
cal and  Engineering  Sections,  and  the  Secretary's  office.  Chair- 
man E.  F.  Carry,  formerly  director  of  operations,  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation,  was  followed  upon  his  resignation  by  Maj.  Gen.  W.  M. 
Black,  February  12. 

PORT   OPERATIONS   DIVISION,   DIRECTOR    OF   STORAGE,   PURCHASE   AND 
STORAGE. 

Established  October  2.8,  1918.  This  division  exercised  supervision 
over  the  activities  of  port  storage  officers  at  the  various  ports  of 
embarkation.  It  cooperated  with  the  Embarkation  (Service  in  con- 
trolling the  movement  of  supplies  from  the  interior  to  the  port,  and 
through  the  ports  of  embarkation  themselves.  On  January  18,  1919, 
the  division  was  discontinued,  its  duties  being  consolidated  with 
those  of  the  Overseas  Distribution  Division,  the  new  organization 
being  known  as  the  Overseas  Supply  Division.  The  division  func- 
tioned through  a  number  of  different  branches  which  compiled  re- 
ports and  records  relative  to  the  movement  of  different  classes  of 
materiel  through  the  ports  of  embarkation.  These  were  the  Medical, 
Signal,  Aviation,  Engineer,  Chemical  Warfare,  Ordnance,  Motor 
Transport,  and  Quartermaster  Branches.  There  was  also  an  Officer 
Service  Branch,  an  Executive  Branch,  and  an  Overseas  Storage 
Service  Branch.  The  last  named  regulated  the  amount  of  freight 
put  in  transit,  the  direction  of  movement,  designated  ports  of  em- 
barkation, and  equalized  the  distribution  of  freight  consigned 
thereto.  The  Executive  Branch  was  abolished  on  November  22, 
1918,  when  the  Port  Operations  Division  was  reorganized.  On  the 
same  date  the  first  group  of  branches,  which  recorded  the  movement 
of  the  different  classes  of  materiel,  were  renamed,  their  new  designa- 
tions being  as  follows:  Medical,  Signal,  Aircraft,  Engineer,  Chem- 
ical Warfare,  Ordnance,  Motor  Transport,  and  Quartermaster  Sub- 
divisions. Col.  G.  E.  Humphreys,  chief. 

PORT,   TERMINAL,  AND   HARBOR   IMPROVEMENTS   COMMISSION,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

See  Port  and  Harbor  Facilities  Convmission,  United  States  Ship- 
Board. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917,  as  an  advisory  committee  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  and  later  became  a  war  service  committee.  The 
committee  aided  the  Government  departments  in  distributing  and 
placing  orders  for  their  requirements  of  Portland  cement  and  rep- 
resented the  industry  before  the  Price  Fixing  Committee  of  the  Wai- 
Industries  Board.  John  R.  Morron,  chairman. 

POST     EXCHANGE     COMMITTEE,     WAR     DEPARTMENT     COMMISSION     ON 
TRAINING  CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Organized  July,  1917.  This  division  formulated  plans  for  a  sys- 
tem of  post  exchanges  in  the  various  tactical  divisions,  selected  and 
trained  post  exchange  officers,  contracted  for  the  original  stock  for 


344       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

post  exchanges,  arranged  for  the  erection  of  the  necessary  buildings, 
and  supervised  the  operations  of  the  exchanges  until  they  became 
solvent,  Malcolm  L.  McBride,  in  charge. 

POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

Aii  executive  department  of  the  Government,  charged  with  the  op- 
eration of  the  Federal  postal  service.  Some  of  the  more  important 
war  services  of  the  department  were  as  follows:  The  establishment 
and  maintenance  of  mail  service  for  the  military  and  naval  forces: 
the  transportation  and  delivery  of  thousands  of  tons  of  mail  for 
the  various  war  agencies;  the  operation  of  the  wiiv  system  under 
Government  control;  the  execution  of  the  provisions  of  the  espio- 
nage and  trading  with  the  enemy  acts,  the  purposes  of  which  were 
to  prevent  the  use  of  the  mails  in  disseminating  matter  calculated 
to  incite  disloyalty  and  sedition  against  the  Government  during  war : 
the  registration  of  enemy  aliens  and  the  listing  of  enemy-owned 
property  by  postmasters;  the  use  of  post  offices  as  recruiting  agencies 
for  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Marine  Corps,  and  as  employment  agencies 
for  the  Department  of  Labor ;  the  use  of  post  office  inspectors  in  fur- 
nishing information  to  the  intelligence  service  of  the  Army  and  Navy 
and  to  the  Departments  of  State  and  Justice;  the  assistance  rendered 
in  the  nation-wide  fuel  and  food  conservation  campaign  and  in  the 
sale  of  liberty  and  victory  bonds,  war  savings,  thrift,  and  revenue 
stamps.  A  more  detailed  description  of  the  activities. of  the  depart- 
ment is  given  in  the  articles  dealing  with  the  following  divisions: 
Post  Office  Service,  Foreign  Mails,  Railway  Mail  Service,  Finance, 
Money  Orders,  Classification,  Stamps,  Registered  Mails,  Equipment 
and  Supplies,  Post  Office  Inspectors,  United  States  Telegraph  and 
Telephone  Administration,  Censorship  Board,  Office  of  Solicitor,  Of- 
fice of  Purchasing  Agent.  Albert  Sidney  Burleson  was  Postmaster 
General  throughout  the  war. 

POST  OFFICE  INSPECTORS,  DIVISION  OF;  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  investigating  agency  which  aided  in  combating  hos- 
tile propaganda.  Close  touch  wTas  maintained  with  the  intelligence 
agencies  of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  with  the  Departments  of  State 
and  Justice.  Under  the  trading  with  the  enemy  act  some  1,^00  for- 
eign language  publications  were  investigated  in  order  to  determine 
whether  permits  should  be  issued  for  their  circulation.  Upon  the 
passage  of  the  espionage  act  the  department  investigated  cases  in- 
volving the  mailing  of  treasonable  and  disloyal  literature,  such  as 
that  of  inciting  resistance  to  the  draft  and  advocating  the  destruc- 
tion of  munitions  plants.  Persons  requesting  employment  in  the 
Government  service  were  investigated.  The  normal  peace-time  task 
of  preventing  the  use  of  the  mails  for  fraudulent  purposes  was  also 
augmented  under  war  conditions.  In  addition  to  the  duties  enumer- 
ated above,  the  corps  of  inspectors  endeavored  to  promote  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  mail  service  in  the  various  camps  and  cantonments  of 
the  country,  as  well  as  in  France.  Chief  inspector,  George  M.  Suttoiu 
reporting  to  the  Postmaster  General. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       345 
POST  OFFICE  SEEVICE,  DIVISION  OF;   POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  division  of  the  Post  Office  Department.  One  of  the 
earliest  tasks  of  the  division  was  to  provide  mail  facilities  for  forces 
mobilized  in  the  various  camps  throughout  the  country.  Branch 
post  offices  were  established  at  all  camps  and  cantonments  under  the 
immediate  supervision  of  the  postmaster  at  the  nearest  city  or  town. 
At  the  signing  of  the  armistice  there  had  been  established  152  fully- 
cquippecl  military  branch  post  offices,  to  which  were  detailed  approxi- 
mately 1,000  expert  postal  employees.  More  than  100,000  letters  and 
20  tons  of  packages  were  received  daily  at  the  post  office  at  some  of 
the  larger  camps.  The  organization  of  the  Division  of  Post  Office 
Service  was  effectively  used  to  assist  in  the  registration  of  enemy 
aliens.  In  communities  having  population  of  5,000  or  lass,  the  post- 
masters were  responsible  for  this  work.  Postmasters  also  made  re- 
ports concerning  alien  property  in  their  respective  localities,  which  re- 
ports were  turned  over  to  the  Alien  Property  Custodian.  They  were 
also  directed  to  report  any  disloyal  utterances  coming  to  their  atten- 
tion. Post  offices  were  made  recruiting  agencies  for  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  Marine  Corps,  also  employment  agencies  for  war  labor.  Casualty 
lists  were  printed  at  certain  post  offices  and  distributed  to  news- 
papers. A  great  deal  of  publicity  work  for  war  agencies  was  also 
done  through  post  offices.  Postmasters  assisted  in  the  advertising 
and  sale  of  bonds,  war  savings  stamps,  and  thrift  stamps,  while  they 
also  furnished  information  with  regard  to  income  tax  regulations. 
The  superintendent  of  the  Division  of  Post  Office  Service  wras  Good- 
win D.  Ellsworth,  who  reported  to  John  C.  Koons,  First  Assistant 
Postmaster  General. 

POSTAL  AGENCY  IN  FRANCE,  UNITED  STATES. 

See  For<  t(/n  Math,  Division  of;  Post  Office  Department. 

POSTAL  AGENCY  IN  RUSSIA,  UNITED  STATES. 

See  Foreiyn  J/^/'/x.  Diri^ion  of  ';  Post  Office  Department. 


POSTERS   DIVISION,  INFORMATION  AND    EDUCATION  SERVICE,   DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

Organized  May  1.  1!>18.  Its  functions  were  the  preparation  and 
distribution  of  posters  with  the  object  of  producing  cooperation  be- 
tween labor  and  capital,  reducing  labor  turnover,  and  increasing 
production.  Before  the  signing  of  the  armistice  it  was  distributing 
approximately  1,000,000  posters  a  month.  James  R.  Colburn,  di- 
rector. 

POTATO  SECTION,  PERISHABLE  COMMODITIES  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FOOD   ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  August,  1917.  This  division  was  concerned  with  the 
distribution  of  the  potato  supply,  dehydration,  and  the  stoppage  of 
damage  to  shipments  through  neglect.  The  dehydration  problem 
was  transferred  to  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
the  fall  of  1917.  Lou  D.  Sweet  was  chief  until  February,  1918,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  S.  P.  Miller. 


w  ne,  1917,  to  have  charge  of  engineering  work,  in- 

cluding revision  of  drawings,  inspection  of  new  designs,  and  reconi- 


346       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

POULTRY  AND  EGGS  SECTION,  PERISHABLE  COMMODITIES  DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  November  7,  1918.  The  section  had  charge  of  the 
control  of  poultry  and  eggs  placed  in  cold  storage.  Rules  prohibited 
resales,  margins  were  fixed,  and  speculation  was  thus  discouraged. 
In  January,  1918,  a  definite  price  was  fixed  for  cold  storage  eggs. 
W.  F.  Priebe,  chief. 

PLANNING  AND  ENGINEERING  SECTION,  SMALL  ARMS  DIVISION,  ORD- 
NANCE DEPARTMENT. 

Organized  June, 

^  J.  Ll  ClJ- 1 1  fii        X  \^  \    l^lOll       OJ_       VIA,   II     »  f    -lAA^k^       .LAAkJ  f-'VvVy  V J.WA1       WJL       AAV;**          V  I V  O-l  il  AX  O  ^        Ci-LJ-VL       J.  V>  W  V/ 1 1 .1  ~ 

mendations  relating  to  manufacture.  It  cooperated  with  the  contract 
section  in  drawing  specifications  of  raw  materials  required.  Capt. 
Leo  O.  Wright,  chief. 

POWDER  PLANTS  PROJECTS  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU 
OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES 
HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  branch  was  organized  to  expedite  the  emergency  work  on 
temporary  accommodations  for  employees  of  the  powder  'plants.  It 
prepared  drawings  and  specifications,  placed  orders  and  contracts, 
and  supervised  construction.  W.  S.  Painter,  chief. 

POWER  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  about  May,  1918,  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the  informal 
committee  which,  commencing  in  December,  1917,  prepared  reports 
for  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  It  made  a  survey  of  all  im- 
portant power  situations  in  the  United  States  preparatory  to  plans 
for  supplying  power  required  for  war  industries;  it  cooperated 
with  the  power  companies,  and  under  instructions  of  the  Priorities 
Committee  distributed  power  where  there  was  a  shortage.  It  issued 
monthly  summaries  of  powrer  situations,  May  1  to  November  1,  1918, 
inclusive.  The  activities  of  the  section  practically  ceased  with  the 
cessation  of  hostilities.  Frederick  Darlington,  chief. 

POWER  PLANT,  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  in  March,  1917,  for  the  purpose  of  supervising  the 
preparation  of  plans  and  specifications  for  new  power  plants,  dis- 
tributing systems  for  light,  heat,  and  power,  and  the  electrical  and 
mechanical  equipment  of  shops,  dry  docks,  training  camps,  barracks, 
hospitals,  etc.  Project  manager,  Louis  W.  Bates. 

POWEB  SEWING  MACHINES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  23,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
power  sewing  machines  for  clothing  and  shoes.  The  committee  ap- 
peared before  the  Priorities  Board  and  secured  priority  of  materials 
for  their  industry.  J.  A.  Reid,  chairman,  succeeded  by  J.  H.  Connor. 

PRECISION  INSTRUMENTS  BRANCH,  MACHINERY  AND  ENGINEERING 
MATERIALS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND 
STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  purchase  specifications, 
purchase  negotiations,  and  selection  of  materials.  These  were  sur- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AtiEXCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       347 

v eying  instruments,  optical  instruments,  photographic  equipment, 
drafting,  topographical,  and  sketching  equipment,  laboratory  equip- 
ment, fire-control  equipment,  printing  equipment,  and  general  scien- 
tific equipment.  Maj.  G.  A.  Beatley,  chief. 

PRELIMINARY  INVESTIGATION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUS- 
ING AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Organized  directly  under  the  president  of  the  United  States 
Housing  Corporation  to  conduct  preliminary  investigations  to  de- 
termine the  need  for  housing  after  the  War  and  Navy  Departments 
had  certified  urgency  in  connection  with  the  war  program.  It  was 
merged  into  the  Division  of  Surveys  and  Statistics  on  August  5, 
.1017.  I.  X.  S.  Phelps-Stokes,  manager. 

PREPAREDNESS  LEAGUE  OF  AMERICAN  DENTISTS,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON 
DENTISTRY,  GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

Created  April  15,  1917.  It  made  dentally  fit  selective  service 
men  and  recommended  suitable  applicants  for  the  Dental  Reserve 
Corps.  Its  report  dated  January  31,  1919,  showed  a  total  of  dental 
operations  during  the  war  of  680,917.  Dr.  J.  W.  Beach,  chairman. 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  functioned  during  the  War  of 
1917  with  the  aid  of  emergency  powers  provided  for  by  direct  acts 
of  Congress  and  enforcement  clauses  of  appropriation  acts.  Some 
of  them  were  never  exercised,  others  amounted  to  little  more  than  ex- 
pansions of  existing  powers,  while  still  others  were  comprehensive 
in  scope  and  enforcement.  As  commander  in  chief  of  the  Army  and 
Xavy.  his  military  and  naval  powers  were  among  the  first  to  be  en- 
larged. On  June  3,  1916,  the  national  defense  act  authorized  him  to 
organize  and  increase  the  military  forces  of  the  country  in  prepara- 
tion for  national  defense.  The  declaration  of  war  in  April,  1917,  em- 
powered him  to  employ  all  the  military  and  naval  forces  of  the  coun- 
try in  the  prosecution  of  war;  and  on  May  18,  1917,  the  draft  act 
(amended  August  31,  1918,  to  include  men  between  18  and  45)  au- 
thorized him  to  organize  the  Army  to  its  maximum  strength,  to  raise 
additional  forces  beyond  this  strength,  to  provide  for  selective  draft- 
in  place  of  voluntary  enlistment,  and  to  make  regulations  prohibiting 
alcoholic  liquors  in  or  near  military  camps.  On  July  24,  1917,  he  was 
empowered  to  increase  the  Signal  Corps,  to  purchase,  manufacture, 
and  operate  airplanes  and  aircraft  equipment  and  to  establish  and 
maintain  aviation  stations ;  and  by  a  provision  of  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Act  of  July  9, 1918,  to  use  public  lands  and  property  for  avi- 
ation fields  for  testing  and  experimental  work,  to  sell  supplies  and 
property  acquired  by  the  United  States  in  the  process  of  war,  to  raise 
and  train  for  military  service  the  "Slavic  Legion,"  and  to  raise  by 
draft  every  year  during  the  war  the  maximum  number  of  men  which 
could  he  organized  and  trained  for  war  service.  Under  the  naval  ap- 
propriations acts  of  March  4, 1917,  and  July  1, 1918,  he  was  authorized 
to  place  orders  for  naval  ships  or  war  material,  to  require  plants  pro- 
ducing these  products  to  place  their  output  at  the  disposal  of  the 
•Government,  and  to  take  possession  of  plants  refusing  to  comply  with 


348       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

orders.     In  order  to  replace  the  shipping  losses  due  to  submarines, 
and  to  provide  ships  for  transportation  of  troops  and  supplies  over- 
seas, he  was  given  full  power,  under  the  emergency  shipping  fund 
provision  of  an  act  of  June  15,  1917   (amended  Apr.  r>2.  1918,  July 
1,  and  Nov.  4),  to  acquire  and  produce  ships;  to  requisition,  operate, 
and  use  shipbuilding  plants  and  the  products  thereof;  and  to  manage, 
operate  and  dispose  of  all  ships  acquired  by  the  United  States.    This 
control  over  shipping  was  further  enlarged  under  date  of  July  18> 
1918,  with  authority  to  prescribe  charter  and  freight  rates,  make 
regulations  for  granting  charters,  prescribe  the  order  of  priority  of 
goods  handled  by  United  States  ships,  make, regulations  for  naviga- 
tion, fueling,  and  use  of  loading  facilities,  and  to  requisition  or  con- 
trol  wharves,   docks,   loading   facilities,   etc.      Problems    of   trans- 
portation within  the  country  were  provided  for  in  three  acts:    The 
first  on  August  29.  191G,  empowered  the  President  to  take  possession 
and  control  of  the  transportation  systems  of  the  country :  the  second 
on  August  10,  1917,  authorized  him  to  vise  the  order  of  priority  in 
securing  the  transportation  of  necessaries  for  national  defense:  and 
the  third  of  March   21,   1918,  provided,   for  the  operation   of   the 
transportation  systems  under  Federal  control,  and  authorized  him  to 
initiate  rates,  fares,  and  charges,  to  order  necessary  improvements 
made  by  carriers  under  Federal  control,  to  guarantee  an  annual  just 
compensation    to    carriers    and    to    relinquish,    when    desirable,    all 
transportation  systems  from  Government  control.    Acts  of  April  -J2, 
May  16,  and  June  4,  1918,  authorized  him  to  provide  housing  and 
transportation  for  Avar  needs,  and  to  form  a  corporation  through 
which  to  meet  these  needs;  and  an  act  of  July  16,  1918,  empowered 
him  to  take  possession  of  all  telegraph,  telephone,  marine  cable,  a  a  A 
radio  systems  in  the  country.     For  the  purpose  of  *  conserving  the 
supply  and  stimulating  the  production  of  foods  and  fuels  for  war 
needs,  the  food  and  fuel  act,  August  10, 1918,  authorized  the  President 
to  control  through  license  all  business  concerns  of  the  country  con- 
nected with  food  and  fuel  necessaries,  to  requisition  foods  and  fuels 
necessary  to  national  defense,  to  fix  the  price  and  regulate  production 
and  distribution  of  wheat,  coal  and  coke,  to  commandeer  distilled 
spirits  for  redistillation  for  war  purposes,  to  regulate  the  use  of  foods. 
in  distilled  spirits,  to  prescribe  regulations  preventing  evil  practices 
in  exchange,  and  to  create  or  use  existing  agencies  to  carry  out  the 
provisions  of  this  act.     The  food  production  act  of  the  same  date 
authorized  him  to  direct  any  agency  of  the  Government  to  cooperate 
with  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  stimulating  and  facilitating  the 
distribution  of  agricultural  products.    On  October  2,  1917,  authority 
was  conferred  on  the  President  to  regulate  the  price  of  minerals  and 
the  disposal  of  potassium  from  lands  leased  under  this  act,  and  on 
October  5,  1918,  to  purchase,  store,  transport,  and  allocate  certain 
minerals  heretofore  imported ;  to  requisition  or  take  over  for  oper- 
ation, idle  deposits,  mines,  smelters,  etc.,  and  to  form  a  corporation 
for  this  purpose.     Control  of  enemy  activities  in  the  country  was 
conferred  on  the  President  through  the  trading  with  the  enemy  act, 
October  6,  1918.    Under  this  act  he  was  also  authorized  to  establish 
a  censorship  on  communications  between  the  United  States  and  any 
foreign  country,  to  prohibit. or  regulate  transactions  in  foreign  ex- 
change,  currency   export,  or  credit  transfers  between   the  United 
States  and  foreign  countries,  to  appoint  an  Alien  Property  Custo- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       349 

dian,  to  order  secrecy  for  inventions  necessary  to  the  national  de- 
fense, and  to  permit  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  make  use  of 
«nemy  designs  and  machines.  Under  the  espionage  act  of  July  9, 
1918,  his  authority  was  extended  to  control  exportations  from  this 
country:  by  an  act  of  May  22,  1918,  to  control  the  entrance  or  depar- 
ture of  aliens  from  the  country,  and  under  the  acts  of  April  17,  1917, 
and  July  1,  1918,  an  emergency  fund  was  appropriated  to  him  for 
national  defense.  The  greatest  "delegation  of  power  conferred  on  the 
President,  at  any  one  time,  was  contained  in  the  Overman  Act,  May 
20,  1918.  By  this  act  he  was  authorized  to  make  any  redistribution 
of  functions  among  executive  agencies  deemed  necessary,  to  utilize, 
coordinate,  or  consolidate  any  executive  or  administrative  agencies, 
to  recommend  to  Congress  the  abolition  of  unnecessary  offices,  and 
to  establish  an  executive  agency  with  control  over  production  of 
aeroplanes  and  aircraft  equipment;  and  by  all  these  delegations  of 
power  and  authority  he  was  in  command  not  only  of  the  Army  and 
Navy,  but  of  the  economic  and  administrative  forces  of  the  country  as 
well.  Woodrow  Wilson,  President. 

PRESS.    SUBCOMMITTEE    ON;    COMMITTEE    ON    LABOR,    COUNCIL    OF    NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

Grant  Hamilton,  legislative  agent  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  was  appointed  chairman  of  this  subcommittee  by  Samuel 
Gompers.  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor,  shortly  after  the 
formation  of  the  latter  committee  in  April,  1917.  The  subcommittee 
was  never  active,  however,  its  functions  being  performed  through  the 
Committee  on  Public  Information. 

TRESS  CLIPPING  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Public  Information  Division*  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration. 

PRESS  CLOTH  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Cotton  and  Cotton  Linters  Section  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  to  assist  the  Cotton  Seed  Oil  Manufacturers. 
John  G.  Abbot,  chairman. 

PRESS  INFORMATION  BUREAU,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

See  Information  Bureau,  United  States  Shipping  Board. 

PRESSED  STEEL  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1917,  at  the  request  of  the 'United  States 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  stamped 
and  drawn-metal  parts.  A  Washington  office  was  maintained  for 
cooperation  with  the  procurement  bureaus.  The  committee  was  in- 
strumental in  having  manufactured  by  the  industry  drop  bombs, 
helmets,  grenades,  mess  equipment,  booster  casings,  depth  bombs, 
mine  floats,  and  anchors.  C.  H.  L.  Flinterman,  chairman. 

PRICE  SECTION,  PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  July  1,  1918.  It  made  studies  of  war-time  price  move- 
ments, prepared  many  special  reports  for  the  Price  Fixing  Com- 


350       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

mittee,  and  cooperated  with  the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  the 
Treasury,  and  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  Wesley  (\ 
Mitchell,  chief. 

PRICE-FIXING  COMMITTEE. 

Because  of  the  success  obtained  by  the  War  Industries  Board  in 
fixing  maximum  prices  on  several  fundamental  commodities,  at  its 
reorganization  March  4,  1918,  the  formation  of  a  special  committee 
was  directed  by  the  President,  which  functioned  with  and  yet  inde- 
pendently of  the  War  Industries  Board,  its  members  being  appointed 
by  the  President  and  its  reports  being  made  directly  to  him.  The 
members  were :  Robert  S.  Brookings,  chairman ;  B.  M.  Baruch,  chair- 
man War  Industries  Board ;  W.  B.  Colver,  chairman  Federal  Trade 
Commission ;  F.  W.  Taussig,  chairman  United  States  Tariff  Commis- 
sion; H.  A.  Garfield,  fuel  administrator;  Hugh  Frayne,  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  representing  labor ;  Lieut.  Col.  Robert  H.  Montgomery, 
Army;  Commander  John  M.  Hancock,  Xavy ;  Henry  C.  Stuart,  repre- 
senting agriculture.  The  committee  held  its  first  meeting  March  14T 
1918,  and  at  once  began  its  functions,  which  were  to  pass  upon  prices 
for  all  basic  raw  materials,  except  food,  and  to  establish  a  price-fix- 
ing policy,  for  the  President's  approval.  After  any  commodity  sec- 
tion notified  the  committee  that  price  fixing  was  necessary,  in- 
formation regarding  cost  of  production  was  prepared  through  the 
Federal  Trade  Commission ;  then  a  meeting  was  held  with  the  inter- 
ested industry  and  an  endeavor  Avas  made  by  agreement  to  fix  prices 
fair  and  equitable  alike  to  the  Government,  the  public,  and  the  indus- 
try. If  no  agreement  was  reached,  the  committee  exercised  its  quasi- 
judicial  prerogative  and  set  the  maximum  price.  Prices  were  set  usu- 
ally for  90-day  periods.  The  fixing  of  prices  stabilized  indus- 
tries by  preventing  runaway  markets,  and  it  also  secured  a  maximum 
production,  which,  owing  to  the  wide  difference  in  cost  between  the 
least  and  the  most  efficient  production,  offered  delicate  problems.  The 
resignation  of  the  committee  to  take  effect  March  1,  1919,  was  ac- 
cepted by  the  President. 

PRICE-FIXING  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE. 

Appointed  by  the  Executive  Committee  June  14,  1917,  to  study  the 
need  for  control  of  prices  by  Government  authority  during  the  war. 
The  committee  made  a  report  in  September,  1917,  which  was  sub- 
mitted for  referendum  to  chambers  of  commerce  and  trade  organiza- 
tions throughout  the  United  States.  August  Yogel,  chairman. 

PRICE-FIXING    SECTION,    EXTERNAL    RELATIONS    BRANCH,    PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918.  It  was  the  duty  of  this  section  to 
conduct  investigations  concerning  prices,  with  a  view  to  determining 
just  prices,  and  to  conduct  inquiries  relative  to  departures  from  such 
prices.  It  kept  the  agencies  of  the  War  Department  informed  with 
reference  to  the  results  of  its  inquiries  and  represented  the  depart- 
ment upon  the  Price  Fixing  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board, 
The  section  was  disbanded  immediately  after  the  signing  of  the 
armistice.  Lieut.  Col.  Robert  E.  Montgomery,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       351 

PRICES,  BUREAU  OF;   ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

The  question  of  prices  was  handled  by  H.  D.  Nims,  who  had  charge 
of  production  and  operators'  prices  in  November,  1917.  E.  G.  Trow- 
bridge,  who  had  been  assistant  in  this  work,  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  bureau  in  June,  1918,  and  it  then  was  organized  under  the  Ad- 
ministrative Division.  The  bureau  made  recommendations  to  the 
United  States  Fuel  Administrator  for  such  changes  as  the  Engineers7 
Committee  deemed  advisable,  determined  from  costs  sheets.  W.  D. 
Tyler  was  director,  October  15,  1918,  until  January  2,  1919,  when 
E.  G.  Trowbridge  again  took  over  the  work. 

PRICES  AND  LICENSES,  BUREAU  OF;   OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL 
ADMINISTRATION. 

The  bureau  investigated  prices  of  petroleum  and  products  and 
marketing  methods  in  order  to  stabilize  prices  throughout  the  United 
States.  All  applications  for  licenses  were  acted  upon  by  this  bureau. 
A.  G.  Maguire,  director. 

PRIMARY  EXAMINER'S  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  PATENT 
OFFICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

A  committee  of  five  members  (later  increased  to  seven),  appointed 
in  the  latter  part  of  April,  1917,  b}7  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 
The  functions  of  the  committee  wrere:  (1)  To  determine  if  any  appli- 
cations pending  in  the  Patent  Office  had  such  direct  bearing  on  the 
war  or  were  of  such  practical  value,  particularly  in  the  military  or 
naval  arts,  as  to  warrant  the  attention  of  the  Government  being 
directed  thereto;  (2)  to  determine  if  the  publication  of  patents  based 
on  such  applications  or  disclosure  of  the  inventions  described  would 
or  could  convey  useful  information  to  or  aid  the  enemy  or  other- 
wise be  detrimental  to  the  public  safety  or  defense;  (3)  to  cpoper- 
ate  with  inventors  and  others  who  submitted  ideas,  inventions,  and 
suggestions  in  directing  the  Government's  attention  thereto  if  found 
of  sufficient  practical  importance.  In  the  prevention  of  the  disclosure 
or  publication  of  inventions  that  might  convey  useful  information 
to  the  enemy  the  Primary  Examiner's  Advisory  Committee  cooper- 
ated with  the  Federal  Trade  Commission.  The  committee  cooper- 
ated with  the  Army  and  Xavy  in  opening  up  the  files  of  the  Patent 
Office  so  that  its  resources  might  be  utilized  for  military  purposes. 
Sidney  F.  Smith,  chairman. 

PRINTING  PRESSES  WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Printing  Press  Manufacturers'  Association.  No- 
vember 13,  1917.  with  Edgar  H.  Cottrell  as  chairman. 

PRIORITIES  BOARD,  PRIORITIES  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  after  March  4,  1918,  its  first  meeting  being  March  19,  1918, 
to  determine  the  priorities  of  delivery,  formerly  handled  by  the 
Priorities  Committee,  becoming  thus  one  of  the  organizations  of  the 
Priorities  Division,  the  division,  the  committee,  and  the  board,  all 
three  finally  having  the  one  chairman.  Judge  Edwin  I>.  Parker.  The 
board  adopted  Preference  List  Xo.  1  of  April  <>.  191s,  covering  supply 
and  distribution  of  conl  and  coke,  the  distribution  of  which  con- 


352       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917. 

trolled  to  great  extent  the  output  of  industries  and  plants.  Pref- 
erential treatment  was  accorded  war  industries  and  plants,  and  pro- 
visions were  made  for  certifying  additional  classes  of  industries  and 
individual  plants  according  to  (1)  the  relative  urgency  of  the  uses 
or  purposes  for  which  the  product  of  the  plant  was  utilized,  and  (2) 
the  per  cent  of  the  product  of  the  plant  utilized  in  war  work,  direct 
or  indirect,  or  work  of  exceptional  or  national  importance.  Forty- 
five  classes  of  preferred  industries  were  published  in  the  April  6  list 
coming  under  the  general  heads,  preferentially  stated,  of:  Aircraft; 
munitions  and  military  and  naval  supplies;  fuel,  food,  and 'collateral 
industries;  clothing;  and  public  utilities  serving  Avar  industries, 
Army,  Navy,  and  civilian  population.  A  revised  list  appeared  in 
October,  1918,  writh  about  twice  as  many  classes  as  the  one  issued  in 
April,  forming  a  key  to  the  system  of  priority  in  determining  the 
use  of  the  six  basic  elements  of  industry:  (1)  Material,  (2)  facilities, 
(3)  fuel,  (4)  transportation,  (5)  labor,  (6)  capital.  Upon  .signing 
of  the  armistice,  industries  operating  under  orders  curtailing  dis- 
tribution were  released  to  the  extent  of  50  per  cent,  and  the  remain- 
ing restrictions  were  removed  as  fast  as  possible.  The  board  ceased 
to  function  December  31,  1918. 

PRIORITIES      COMMITTEE,      PRIORITIES      DIVISION,      WAR      INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

A   subcommittee   of   the   General   Munitions   Board,    Council   of 
National  Defense,  appointed  under  resolutions  of  May  3  and  14,  1917, 
with  Maj.  Gen.  James  B.  Aleshire,  chairman,  to  exercise  full  power 
in  the  determination  of  priority  of  delivery  of  materials  and  finished 
products  whenever  there  was  a  conflict  in  delivery  in  accordance  with 
the  general  policy  of  the  Government.    It  had  no  power  to  determine 
"priority  in  regard  to  civilian  needs  in  which  Army  and  Navy 
requirements  are  not  involved,  nor  as  between  the  needs  of  the  Allies 
and  our  civilian  population."    With  creation  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  in  July,  1917,  and  appointment  of  Judge  Robert  S.  Lovett  as 
chairman  of  the  Priorities  Committee,  activities  were  expanded  with 
the  increase  in  authority.    Under  date  of  September  21,  1917,  there 
were  issued  by  the  committee  over  the  signatures  of  the  chairman  of 
the  Council  of  National  Defense,  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy,  two  circulars,  No.  1  prescribing  and  defining 
classes  A,  B.  and  C  and  petting  precedence  of  orders  and  work,  and 
No.  2  furnishing  forms  of  application  for  priority  certificates.    The 
determination  of  priorities  in  delivery  so  increased  that  in  March, 
1918,  a  Priorities  Board  wras  created  to  handle  deliveries,  leaving 
production  with  the  committee,  which,  on  July  1,  1918,  issued  a  cir- 
cular, No.  7,  embodying  a  revision  of  rules  and  regulations  govern- 
ing priority  in  production.    The  classes  prescribed  were:  AA,  com- 
prising emergency  war  work ;  A,  other  war  work ;  B,  orders  and  work 
not  primarily  war,  but  of  public  interest  and  essential  to  the  national 
welfare,  or  otherwise  of  exceptional  importance ;  C,  orders  and  work 
not  covered  by  priority  certificates  but  embraced  within  the  "  general 
classification  of  purposes  demanding  preference  treatment";  D.  all 
other  orders  and  work.     This  circular  also  established   automatic 
ratings.     Ratings  in  classes  AA,  A,  and  B  had  to  be  obtained  by 
application  to  this  committee  on  forms  furnished  by  it. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      353 

PRIORITIES  DIVISION,  WAK  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

A  development  from  the  Priority  Committee  of  the  General  Muni- 
tions Board,  Council  of  National  Defense,  formed  for  the  selective 
mobilization  of  the  products  of  the  soil,  the  mines,  and  the  factories  for 
direct  and  indirect  war  needs.  Lack  of  power  beyond  appeal  to  patriot- 
ism made  necessary  a  change,  which  was  coincident  with  the  creation 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  in  July.  1917.  At  first  the  distribution  of 
iron  and  steel  and  their  products  constituted  the  work  of  the  com- 
mittee, but  its  activities  were  soon  extended  to  other  commodities. 
With  the  increase  in  work  need  arose  for  determination  of  priorities 
of  production  and  delivery ;  and  in  March,  1918,  the  Priorities  Board 
was  formed  to  handle  delivery,  leaving  production  with  the  Priorities 
Committee.  The  division  was  then  formed,  with  Judge  Edwin  B. 
Parker,  commissioner,  to  oversee,  direct,  and  coordinate  the  activities 
of  its  four  inferior  organizations :  Priorities  Board,  Priorities  Com- 
mittee, Non-War  Construction  Section,  and  Labor  Priorities  Section. 
The  preference  list,  which  classified  industries  and  plants,  was  estab- 
lished by  this  division.  The  formal  cancellation  of  all  outstanding 
priority  ratings,  whether  by  certificate  or  automatic  rating,  excepting 
those  for  the  Navy,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  railroads,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  companies,  became  effective  November  22,  1918. 

PRIORITIES  SECTION,  EXTERNAL  RELATIONS  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STOR- 
AGE AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918.  This  section  was  responsible  for 
deciding  upon  relative  priorities  concerning  supplies  as  between  the 
various  agencies  of  the  War  Department.  It  also  arranged  for  secur- 
ing priorities  for  the  War  Department  from  the  War  Industries 
Board,  and  represented  the  War  Department  on  the  Priorities  Com- 
mittee of  that  board.  The  section  was  disbanded  immediately  upon 
the  signing  of  the  armistice.  Lieut.  Col.  C.  C.  McKenney,  chief. 

PRIORITY  CLEARANCE  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE  SUBDIVISION,  OVER- 
SEAS DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1,  1918.  The  Priority  Clearance  Branch 
handled  the  procurement  of  priority  lists,  showing  the  order  in  which 
supplies  were  to  be  loaded  for  shipment  overseas,  and  transmitted 
these  lists  to  the  proper  embarkation  authorities.  Capt.  Stuart  B. 
Sutphin,  chief. 

PRIORITY  SECTION,  PURCHASE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND 
ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Formed  to  secure  preference  for  Navy  contracts  by  displacing 
orders  of  earlier  date  and  of  less  military  importance,  thus  bringing 
delivery  within  reason  and  protecting  the  contractor  from  suits  for 
nonperformance  on  the  displaced  earlier  civilian  contracts.  Lieut. 
G.  A.  Peacock,  chief. 

PRIVATE  ENTERPRISE  BRANCH,  REQUIREMENTS  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF 
INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUS- 
ING CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Applications  for  Federal  licenses  for  privately  initiated  and 
financed  projects  for  housing  workers  in  war  industries  were  passed 

127232—19 23 


354       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

upon  by  this  section.  Priority  orders  for  building  materials  were 
secured  for  approved  enterprises  from  the  War  Industries  Board, 
and  13,552  houses  for  workmen,  at  a  cost  of  $43,000,000,  and  dormi- 
tories, barracks,  apartments,  etc.,  at  a  cost  of  $2,500,000,  were  thus 
built.  D.  W.  Southgate,  chief. 

PROCUREMENT  AGENCIES,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

The  agencies  which  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of  Signal 
Corps  material  were  reorganized  at  various  times  during  the  war. 
Following  is  a  list  of  these  agencies,  together  with  the  dates  of  their 
existence:  February  3  to  June  2,  1917,  the  Engineering  Division, 
through  the  Purchase  Branch ;  June  2  to  August  2, 1917,  the  Finance 
and  Supply  Division,  through  the  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots 
Branch ;  August  2  to  29,  1917,  Equipment  and  Finance  and  Supply 
Divisions,  through  the  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots  Branch ;  August 
29,  1917,  to  June  23,  1918,  Equipment  Division,  through  the  follow- 
ing: Purchase  and  Supply  Depots  Branch,  Overseas  Follow-Up 
Branch,  Electrical  Engineering  Branch,  Signal  Material  Section, 
and  Ordnance  and  Instrument  Section;  June  23  to  July  17,  1918, 
Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division,  through  the  Procurement 
Section;  July  17  to  September  7,  1918,  the  Supply  and  Accounts 
Division,  through  the  Procurement  Section;  and  September  7  to 
November  11,  1918,  the  Procurement  Division. 

PROCUREMENT  BRANCH,  REAL  ESTATE  SERVICE,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  April  1,  1919,  to  have  charge  of  the  procurement  by  pur- 
chase, lease,  rental,  condemnation,  requisition,  or  donation  of  all  real 
estate  required  for  the  use  of  the  War  Department.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  sections:  Purchase,  Condemnation  and  Requi- 
sition, Lease  and  Appraisals.  Col.  A.  P.  S.  Hyde,  chief. 

PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION. 

See  Aircraft  Procurement  Division,  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production. 

PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Procurement  Division  was  established  on  January  14,  1918, 
taking  over  the  Purchase  Section  of  the  Gun  Division,  including 
its  entire  personnel  and  records.  It  was  the  function  of  the  division 
to  supervise  the  placing  of  orders  with  private  manufacturers  and 
arsenals  to  meet  the  schedule  of  requirements  for  ordnance  and 
ordnance  stores  and  supplies  and  for  the  repair  of  such  material. 
This  work  was  to  be  carried  out  in  accordance  with  specifications 
and  drawings  prepared  by  the  Engineering  Bureau,  and  schedules 
and  lists  of  manufacturing  plants  prepared  by  the  Control  Bureau. 
The  division  was  also  charged  with  the  execution  of  all  contracts. 
The  division  was  responsible  for  dividing  or  consolidating  the 
items  called  for  on  requisitions  in  a  manner  to  secure  the  greatest 
possible  efficiency  in  procurement,  and  it  made  recommendations 
to  the  Estimates  and  Requirements  Division  when  it  was  desirable 
to  purchase  a  component  in  larger  quantities  than  required  by  the 
procurement  requests  submitted.  Before  orders  or  contracts  were 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       355 

placed  a  thorough  examination  was  made  to  determine  whether  ex- 
isting facilities  for  manufacture  were  sufficient  or  whether  new  fa- 
cilities would  have  to  be  created.  The  War  Industries  Board  had  a 
field  organization  for  gathering  information  along  these  lines,  and 
in  its  district  offices  were  placed  officers  of  the  Procurement  Division 
who  served  as  points  of  contact  between  that  division  and  the  War 
Industries  Board.  It  also  maintained  close  touch  with  the  Pro- 
duction Division  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  which  was  in  pos- 
session of  much  valuable  information.  The  Procurement  Division 
also  made  estimates  relative  to  cost  of  purchase  and  the  making  of 
the  necessary  reservations  of  funds  and  allotments.  The  division 
functioned  through  the  following  sections:  General  Control,  Legal, 
Credits,  Raw  Materials,  Packing  Container,  Explosives,  Loading, 
Artillery,  Small  Arms,  Equipment,  Motor  Equipment,  Projectile, 
Fuze  (combined  with  the  Projectile  Section  on  February  13,  1918), 
Trench  Warfare,  and  Miscellaneous.  Officers  known  as  negotiators 
were  designated  in  these  sections  for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  con- 
tracts for  certain  specified  articles.  Col.  Samuel  McEoberts  was 
chief  of  the  Procurement  Division  from  January  15,  1918,  until 
October  14, 1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  E.  P.  Lamont. 

PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

The  duties  of  the  Procurement  Section  of  the  Division  of  Supply 
and  Accounts  were  on  September  7,  1918,  taken  over  by  the  newly 
established  Procurement  Division,  which  was  responsible  for  obtain- 
ing Signal  Corps  equipment.  It  functioned  through  the  Purchase, 
Production,  and  Inspection  Section,  and  a  Board  of  Eeview.  The 
Purchase  Section  placed  orders  and  contracts  and  secured  the  neces- 
sary clearance  and  priorities.  The  Production  Section  secured  data 
wim  respect  to  sources  of  supply  and  expedited  the  production  of 
material  for  which  orders  had  been  placed.  The  Inspection  Section 
supervised  the  inspection  of  material  at  manufacturing  plants, 
depots,  and  warehouses,  and  also  assisted  in  expediting  production 
and  shipping.  The  Board  of  Eeview  protected  the  interests  of  the 
Government  in  the  awarding  of  contracts  and  orders.  Brig.  Gen. 
C.  McK.  Saltzman,  chief. 

PROCUREMENT  SECTION,  CENTRAL  ADVISORY  PURCHASING  COMMITTEE, 
DIVISION  OF  FINANCE  AND  PURCHASE,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Created  June  13,  1918.  The  Procurement  Section  endeavored  to 
expedite  the  delivery  of  equipment  ordered  by  the  United  States 
Eailroad  Administration.  It  passed  upon  and  transmitted  to  the 
Priorities  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board  all  applications 
for  priority  ratings  from  the  railroads,  manufacturers  of  railroad 
supplies,  and  car  and  locomotive  builders,  as  well  as  their  applica- 
tions for  steel  and  pig  iron.  Weekly  reports  were  compiled  showing 
progress  in  the  construction  and  delivery  of  equipment.  Managers 
were  appointed  to  cooperate  with  the  section,  being  stationed  in 
the  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Pittsburgh,  and  Eastern  Districts.  The  sec- 
tion reported  to  director,  Division  of  Purchases,  after  March  15, 1919. 
H.  C.  Pearce,  manager. 


356       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

PROCUREMENT    SECTIONS,    EQUIPMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DEPART- 
MENT. 

The  Equipment  Division  had  eight  procurement  sections  in  Decem- 
ber, 1917,  as  follows:  Textile,  Textile  Equipment,  Aluminum  and 
Mess  Equipment,  Leather,  Leather  Equipment,  Helmets  and  Instru- 
ments of  Precision,  Hardware,  and  Cleaning  and  Preserving  Ma- 
terials. Each  one  of  these  sections  was  responsible  for  the  procurement 
of  items  falling  within  its  particular  group.  The  work  of  procure- 
ment included  the  placing  of  the  order,  following  through  the  order, 
and  the  packing  and  transportation  of  the  particular  material,  until 
such  time  as  it  left  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Equipment  Division.  The 
problem  of  locating  sources  of  supply  involved  in  many  cases  the 
conversion  of  established  manufacturing  enterprises  engaged  in  com- 
mercial work,  the  creation  of  new  manufacturing  plants,  and  the 
expansion  of  existing  facilities.  The  Procurement  Sections  also  had 
supervision  of  the  matter  of  design.  They  ceased  to  function  as  a 
part  of  the  Equipment  Division  after  January  14,  1918. 

PROCUREMENT  OF  LABOR  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION,  ORD- 
NANCE DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  August,  1918.  It  was  the  function  of  this  branch  to 
see  to  it  that  the  labor  needs  of  each  of  the  sections  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  concerned  with  production  received  the  proper  attention. 
It  provided  necessary  information  to  increase  the  supply  of  labor 
and  distribute  it  among  ordnance  industries,  and  handled  all  matters 
regarding  stealing  of  labor,  advertising,  and  overbidding.  It  main- 
tained liaison  with  the  United  States  Employment  Service.  This 
branch  took  over  in  part  the  functions  that  had  been  exercised  by 
the  Employment,  Management,  and  Working  Conditions  Branch  be- 
fore the  latter  was  abolished.  G.  A.  Somarindyck,  chief. 

PRODUCTION,  BUREAU  OF;   ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Production  was  handled  early  in  the  United  States  Fuel  Adminis- 
tration by  the  staff  and  by  H.  D.  Nims,  who  was  in  charge  of  produc- 
tion, operators,  prices,  and  legal  matters.  After  the  car  shortage  had 
been  improved  by  the  cooperation  of  the  United  States  Railroad 
Administration,  the  zoning  system,  and  the  increase  of  rolling  stock, 
a  bureau  was  created  June  7,  1918,  to  speed  up  production.  A  com- 
plete survey  of  the  country  showed  that  the  needs  of  the  country  were 
80,000,000  tons  in  excess  of  1917.  The  function  of  this  bureau  was  to 
maintain  an  adequate  regular  car  supply,  to  hold  the  miner  to  his  job, 
and  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  miners,  operators,  and  mining  opera- 
tions. This  bureau  worked  through  a  National  Production  Com- 
mittee. The  country  was  divided  into  28  districts  with  a  produc- 
tion manager  in  each  whose  duties  were  to  see  that  production  of  coal 
was  maintained  and  increased.  These  production  managers  ap- 
pointed mine  committees  to  carry  on  the  work.  Extensive  propa- 
ganda was  carried  on  through  public  speakers  sent  to  mining  dis- 
tricts. James  B.  Neale,  the  director,  was  also  anthracite  advisor  to 
tho  fuel  administrator. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917.       357 

PBODTTCTION  BUREAU,  HOUSING  DEPARTMENT,  PASSENGER  TRANSPOR- 
TATION AND  HOUSING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  design  and  construction  of  the  housing  projects  of  the  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation  were  in  charge  of  this  bureau.  It  func- 
tioned through  the  following  subdivisions :  the  Architectural  Branch, 
in  charge  of  town  planning  and  the  designing  of  buildings ;  the  Engi- 
neering Branch,  in  charge  of  the  extension  of  public  utilities ;  and  the 
Construction  Branch,  in  charge  of  contracts  and  construction.  Rob- 
ert  D.  Kohn  served  as  chief,  succeeded  by  L.  A.  Goldstone,  executive 
assistant. 

PRODUCTION,  BUREAU  OF;  OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

This  bureau,  created  February  15,  1918,  supervised  the  production 
of  crude  oil,  meeting  the  producers  of  the  country  and  urging  coop- 
eration and  effort  that  national  requirements  might  be  met.  It  ad- 
vised as  to  all  conditions  affecting  production.  T.  A.  O'Donnell, 
director. 

PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE,  NATIONAL;  BUREAU  OF  PRODUCTION,  ADMIN- 
ISTRATIVE DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  National  Production  Committee  was  appointed  by  James  B. 
Neale,  director  of  the  Bureau  of  Production,  to  carry  out  his  pro- 
gram of  increasing  the  coal  supply  of  the  country.  The  committee 
made  effective  all  policies  decided  upon ;  it  also  supervised  car  supply, 
prevention  of  decrease  in  production,  conservation  of  labor  supply, 
priorities  for  shipment  of  mine  supplies,  generation,  distribution  and 
conservation  of  electric  power  in  mines,  coke  production,  propaganda, 
and  education  for  the  miner.  The  committee  worked  with  the  War 
Industries  Board,  United  States  Employment  Service,  and  United 
States  Eailroad  Administration.  The  members  of  the  committee 
were  George  C.  Foedisch,  Alan  C.  Dodson,  Julian  B.  Huff,  David  D. 
Bush,  Roy  A.  Rainey,  Warren  S.  Blauvelt,  Charles  E.  Stuart,  and  W. 
E.  E.  Koepler. 

PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

A  committee  under  the  leadership  of  Charles  Piez  which  served  in 
1917  to  investigate  actual  construction  conditions  in  the  shipyards  of 
the  country,  and  made  recommendations  for  speeding  up  the  ship- 
building program. 

PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  September  20,  1917,  to  assist  in  production,  and  to  watch 
requirements,  conflicts,  and  plant  capacity.  It  later  became  the  Pro- 
duction Division,  War  Industries  Board,  and  then  merged  into  the 
Advisory  Committee  on  Plants  and  Munitions.  S.  M.  Vauclain, 
chairman. 

PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION. 

Created  May  20, 1918,  to  take  over  the  functions  of  the  Production 
Department  of  the  Equipment  Division  of  the  Signal  Corps,  except- 


358       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ing  production  engineering.  This  division  had  charge  of  the  require- 
ment for  and  production  of  balloons,  engines,  planes,  armament  acces- 
sories, and  spare  parts  of  all  kinds,  and  the  inspection  of  this  materiel 
before  acceptance  and  delivery  to  the  Department  of  Military  Aero- 
nautics. On  November  1,  1918,  the  division  was  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing departments:  Executive,  Expediting,  Raw  Materials,  Bal- 
loons, Engines,  Planes,  Armament,  Accessories,  Control,  Inspection, 
and  Industrial  Relations.  Fourteen  district  offices  reported  to  the 
Executive  Department.  M.  W.  Kellogg  was  in  charge  until  June  22, 
1918.  when  he  was  succeeded  by  A.  A.  Landon.  Lieut.  Col.  G.  W. 
Mixter  was  production  manager. 

PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR,  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

Responsible  for  the  production  of  all  vessels  and  certain  specially 
assigned  manufactured  material.  It  also  had  supervision  of  the 
placing  of  contracts  for  vessels,  working  in  cooperation  with  the 
Contract  Division.  The  work  of  the  division  included  the  collection 
of  information  as  to  the  shipbuilding  facilities  of  the  country.  The 
Producton  Division  had  no  authority  over  technical  matters  of  design. 
Commander  J.  A.  Furer,  chief. 

PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  January  14,  1918,  to  handle  all  matters  and  work  relating 
to  securing  the  production  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  and  sup- 
plies for  which  orders  and  contracts  had  been  placed  by  the  Procure- 
ment Division.  It  had  charge  of  methods,  assisted  manufacturers  in 
the  securing  of  raw  materials,  transportation,  and  labor,  and  handled 
all  matters  relating  to  fuel  and  power  supply  connected  with  the  pro- 
duction of  ordnance,  ordnance  stores,  and  supplies.  The  Production 
Division  functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Ammunition, 
Cannon,  Loading,  Explosives,  Administration,  Technical,  Equip- 
ment, Industrial  Service,  Plant,  Small  Arms,  and  Truck.  The  divi- 
sion was  abolished  October  23,  1918,  and  its  activities  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  Office  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.  Brig.  Gen.  Guy  E. 
Tripp,  chief,  January  14  to  August  IT,  1918 ;  succeeded  by  Brig.  Gen. 
C.  C.  Jamieson. 

PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD   EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION, 

Established  in  December,  1917,  under  Charles  Day  as  manager  to 
have  charge  of  the  production  and  expediting  of  machinery  and 
equipment  purchased  direct  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  for 
ships  which  were  not  furnished  complete  by  the  builders ;  and  to  give 
assistance  upon  request  to  shipbuilders  who  had  difficulty  in  getting 
prompt  delivery  of  equipment.  The  division  worked  largely  through 
a  system  of  centralized  records  in  Washington  in  which  the  daily 
progress  of  thousands  of  items  of  ship  fittings  were  watched  and 
speeded  up.  It  scheduled  the  making  of  everything  needed  in  finish- 
ing each  ship.  It  had  an  organization  of  field  men,  and  wherever  its 
records  disclosed  delay,  sent  one  of  these  experts  to  the  scene  of 
trouble  to  help  straighten  out  matters.  On  July  16, 1918,  the  division, 
along  with  the  Purchasing  and  Transportation  Divisions,  was  al>» 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      359 

sorbed  by  the  Supply  Division,  and  for  a  short  time  continued  its 
organization  as  a  department  of  this  new  division.  It  was  then  com- 
bined with  the  Purchase  Department  into  the  Department  of  Pur- 
chases and  Productions.  M.  C.  Tuttle,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Day  as 
manager  of  the  Production  Division,  became  manager  of  the  Supply 
Division,  and  F.  A.  Browne  became  manager  of  the  reorganized 
Department  of  Purchase  and  Production  succeeded  by  F.  du  P. 
Thomson. 

PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  WAK  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Production  Committee,  War  Industries  Board. 

PRODUCTION  SECTION,  ENGINEERING  AND  STANDARDIZATION  BRANCH, 
PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  January  25,  1919,  to  have  charge  of  applying  advanced 
production  engineering  methods  to  War  Department  procurement,  to 
maintain  productivity  and  traffic  accessibility,  to  ascertain  sources  of 
all  commodities,  raw  materials,  and  substitutes  required  by  the  War 
Department,  and  to  make  an  industrial  inventory  of  War  Depart- 
ment manufacturers.  Gordon  Grand,  Lieut.  E.  S.  Bahney,  Capt.  A. 
O.  Forster,  and  Capt.  W.  E.  Palmer  successively  acted  as  chief. 

PRODUCTION  SECTION,  GUN  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  September  7,  1917.  It  was  responsible  for  the  regular 
and  adequate  supply  of  all  articles  which  were  procured  by  the  Gun 
Division.  Before  their  purchase  it  recommended  the  source  of  sup- 
ply, while  after  their  purchase  it  was  its  duty  to  maintain  a  proper 
balance  of  components  and  raw  materials  and  to  assist  contractors  in 
actual  manufacturing  operations.  Its  organization  consisted  of  the 
Control,  Administration,  Manufacturing,  Statistical,  and  Labor 
Branches.  The  Manufacturing  Branch  kept  data  concerning  manu- 
facturing facilities  and  capacity,  had  charge  of  the  distribution  of 
materials  and  components,  and  directed  and  supervised  the  produc- 
tion of  all  articles  contracted  for  by  the  Gun  Division.  Subordinate 
to  it  were  the  Plant  Survey,  Distribution  and  Production  Sub- 
branches,  and  a  field  force.  The  Statistical  Branch  gathered  statis- 
tical data  pertaining  to  the  Production  Section,  this  work  including 
the  tabulation  of  data  relating  to  plant  surveys,  the  tabulation  of 
statistics  relative  to  manufactures,  labor,  wages,  etc.,  and  the  com- 
pilation of  production  charts.  The  Labor  Branch  supervised  labor 
conditions  in  the  plants  of  manufacturers  having  contracts  with  the 
Gun  Division,  assisted  contractors  in  securing  and  retaining  labor, 
and  assisted  in  the  handling  of  labor  problems  arising  in  connection 
with  the  enforcement  of  the  selective-service  act.  By  an  order 
dated  January  17,  1918,  the  Production  Section  of  the  Gun  Division 
was  transferred  to  the  Production  Division  of  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment. Maj.  C.  C.  Jamieson,  chief. 

PRODUCTION  SECTION,  SMALL- ARMS  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Organized  June,  1917,  to  design,  develop,  and  maintain  progress 
charts  showing  production  at  each  plant  and  to  take  action  necessary 
to  stimulate  production.  It  developed  new  sources  of  manufacturing, 


360       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

investigated  machine  equipment  and  capacities,  organization,  per- 
sonnel, labor,  supply,  financial  conditions,  and  output  of  private 
plants  and  arsenals.  Capt.  A.  M.  Holcomb,  chief. 

PRODUCTION  AND  INSPECTION  BRANCH,  HARDWARE  AND  METALS  DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  July  17,  1918,  to  have  supervision  over  all  matters  re- 
lating to  the  production  and  inspection  of  hardware  and  metals. 
This  branch  was  transferred  to  the  General  Supplies  Division,  Oc- 
tober 28,  1918.  Maj.  Joseph  Odlin,  chief. 

PRODUCTION  AND  INSPECTION  BRANCH,  SUPPLY  AND  EQUIPMENT  DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL, 

Created  January  26,  1918,  as  the  Inspection  Branch,  title  changed 
April  16.  Prior  to  May  18  it  reported  to  Supply  and  Equipment 
Division,  and  after  that  date  until  June  14  to  the  Clothing  and 
Equipage  Division,  when  it  was  abolished.  It  had  charge  of  stand- 
ardizing inspection  methods  in  all  operating  branches  of  the  division. 
Malcolm  Donald,  chief. 

PRODUCTION,  OPERATORS'  PRICES,  AND  LEGAL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Bureau  of  Production.  Bureau  of  Prices,  Legal  Bureau,  Ad- 
ministrative Division,  United  States  Fuel  Administration. 

PRODUCTION,  PLANNING,  AND  FOLLOW-UP  BRANCH,  SUPPLY  AND  EQUIP- 
MENT DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  January  26,  1918,  to  record  production  plans  for  articles 
outlined  by  the  Supply  Requirements  Section  of  the  Supply  Control 
Bureau.  Abolished  April  16,  1918. 

PROGRAM     SECTION,     PURCHASE     DIVISION,     PURCHASE,     STORAGE     AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  September  5, 1918,  to  study  program  of  purchase  and  to 
insure  synchronization  of  purchase  with  requirements.  This  section 
ceased  to  function  November  30, 1918.  Maj.  D.  F.  Edwards,  chief. 

PROJECT  MANAGER,  HOSPITAL  SECTION,  BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS, 
NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  April  16,  1917.  The  project  manager  was  responsible  for 
the  design  of  hospital  and  dispensary  layouts  and  buildings,  the 
preparation  of  drawings  and  specifications,  and  the  allotment  of 
funds  for  expenditures  in  connection  with  hospital  work.  The  duties 
of  this  office  were  performed  by  T.  W.  Southworth. 

PROJECTILE    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DEPART- 
MENT. 

Established  January  15,  1918.  It  supervised  all  negotiations  con- 
nected with  the  purchase  of  completed  artillery  ammunition  pro- 
jectiles, including  proof  shot  and  other  proof  material  for  artillery 
ammunition.  The  interior  organization  of  the  section  varied  from 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       361 

time  to  time,  but  when  the  armistice  was  signed,  it  stood  as  follows: 
Fuze  and  Cartridge  Case  Branch,  Shell  and  Component  Forging 
Branch,  Shell  Machinery  Branch,  and  Shell  Component  Branch.  On 
February  13, 1918,  the  Fuze  Section  of  the  Procurement  Division  was 
taken  over  by  the  Projectile  Section,  which  absorbed  its  entire  com- 
missioned and  civilian  personnel.  The  heads  of  the  section  were  as 
follows:  Maj.  Gordon  Grand,  appointed  January  15,  1918;  Maj. 
M.  G.  Baker,  appointed  February  27,  1918;  Col.  R.  P.  Lamont,  ap- 
pointed March  1,  1918;  and  Maj.  Rodney  D.  Day,  appointed  acting 
head  on  July  27, 1918,  and  head  on  December  10,  1918. 

PROJECTILE  STEEL  SECTION,  STEEL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  June  1,  1918,  as  a  section  in  the  Steel  Division  to  have 
charge  of  the  allocation  of  shell  steel,  rail,  and  cold-drawn  steel. 
Capt.  D.  E.  Sawyer,  chief. 

PROJECTS    FOR    NEW     FACILITIES    NOW    AUTHORIZED     OR     PROPOSED, 
BOARD  TO  REVIEW;   ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  board,  consisting  of  three  officers  and  one  civilian,  was  ap- 
pointed on  October  26,  1918,  to  review  projects  for  new  ordnance 
manufacturing  facilities  authorized  or  proposed,  with  the  object  of 
reporting  such  modifications  of  these  projects  as  should  appear  after 
investigation  to  be  advisable.  The  work  of  the  board  was  carried  on 
under  the  direction  of  Brig.  Gen.  W.  S.  Peirce. 

PROPERTY  ACCOUNTS    BRANCH,    FINANCE    AND    ACCOUNTING    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Audited  property  returns  of  quartermasters  except  returns  of 
subsistence  stores  and  handled  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  proper 
accountability  of  quartermasters  for  other  than  subsistence  stores. 
From  January  26  to  April  16,  1918,  the  duties  of  the  branch  were 
performed  by  the  Finance  and  Accounts  Branch  of  the  Adminis- 
trative Division.  After  April  16  the  branch  became  part  of  the 
Finance  and  Accounts  Division,  which  was  transferred  to  the  Office 
of  the  Director  of  Finance  on  October  21,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  W.  H. 
Noble,  head  of  the  branch. 

PROPERTY  ACCOUNTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Established  October  11,  1918,  in  accordance  with  Supply  Circular 
No.  98,  which  provided  that  the  Director  of  Finance  should  be 
responsible  for  the  finances  of  the  several  corps,  departments,  and 
other  separate  activities  of  the  Army,  including  the  accounting  for 
funds  and  property.  Under  the  divisions  were  an  Executive  Branch, 
established  October  11,  1918;  an  Audit  Branch,  established  April  1, 
1919 ;  and  a  Survey  Branch,  established  April  21,  1919.  The  Execu- 
tive Branch  exercised  supervision  over  the  administration  work  of 
the  division.  The  Audit  Branch  handled  the  auditing  of  property 
accountability  and  of  contracts  for  quartermaster  property  work 
during  the  war.  Subordinate  to  it  were  18  zone  property  auditors. 
The  Survey  Branch  received,  reviewed,  and  prepared  for  the  action 
of  the  Secretary  of  War  all  reports  of  survey  and  inspection  and 
inventory  reports  for  all  branches  of  the  military  service.  Under 


362       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  Property  Accounts  Division  were  separate  branches  which  super- 
vised the  examination,  adjustment,  and  settlement  of  returns  cover- 
ing signal,  engineer,  quartermaster,  medical,  and  ordnance  property. 
Col.  Charles  O.  Thomas,  chief  of  division. 

PROPERTY  BUREAU,  HOUSING  DEPARTMENT,  PASSENGER  TRANSPORTA- 
TION AND  HOUSING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

This  bureau  managed  the  completed  housing  projects  of  the  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation.  Each  realty  company  employed  and  paid 
its  own  manager  who  reported  to  the  bureau  on  the  following  mat- 
ters: Forms  of  application,  leases,  restrictions,  and  regulations; 
rentals;  procedure  followed  in  allotment  of  houses;  upkeep;  com- 
munity activities.  Through  its  Public  Utilities  Branch  the  bureau 
also  conducted  negotiations  with  municipal  and  private  companies 
for  the  extension  of  utilities  to  projects.  H.  G.  Aron,  chief. 

PROPERTY  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  Motor  Transport 
Corps,  which  was  authorized  August  15,  1918.  This  division  was 
responsible  for  the  handling  of  property  estimates,  for  the  keeping 
of  property  records,  and  for  such  accounting  as  was  necessary  in  the 
work  of  the  division.  It  functioned  through  the  following  branches : 
Estimates,  Record  of  Procurements,  Property  Accounting,  and  Bonds 
of  Officers.  Col.  W.  H.  Noble,  chief. 

PROPERTY  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  on  May  31,  1917,  previous  to  which  time  its  work  had 
been  performed  by  the  Property  and  Finance  Division.  It  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  care  of  ordnance  property  until  it  was  properly 
expended  for  authorized  purposes,  worn  out  in  the  public  service  or 
otherwise  disposed  of  in  accordance  with  regulations.  A  property 
office  was  maintained  in  France  for  the  purpose  of  auditing  all  ord- 
nance property  returns  in  that  country.  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  sections:  Equipment  Table,  Filing,  Exam- 
ining, Record,  Administration,  Store,  Mail  and  Record,  and  Adjust- 
ment. On  January  14,  1918,  the  work  of  the  division  was  taken  over 
by  the  Property  Section,  Administrative  Division  of  the  Ordnance 
Department.  Col.  T.  L.  Ames,  chief. 

PROPERTY  SECTION,  GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  BUREAU,  ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT.  . 

Created  January  14,  1918,  to  handle  all  matters  relating  to  prop- 
erty accountability  for  ordnance  material  issued  to  the  military 
forces,  depots,  arsenals,  and  the  bureaus  and  divisions  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department.  The  section  also  audited  and  directed  the  ad- 
justment of  nil  property  accounts  and  returns.  A  property  manager 
was  appointed  for  each  ordnance  district.  The  section  functioned 
through  the  following  branches:  Property  Auditing  and  Property 
Accountability,  Lieut.  Col.  F.  W.  Harris,  chief,  succeeded  by  Maj. 
R.  M.  Broadwell. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       363 
PROVING  GROUND,  LAKEHTJRST,  N.  J.,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

This  plant  had  charge  of  the  proving  of  gas  shells  and  conducted 
experiments  with  gas  and  gas  shells  after  they  had  been  turned 
over  by  the  Research  or  Gas  Offense  Production  Division.  It  was 
transferred  to  Chemical  Warfare  Service  June  28,  1918,  with  Lieut, 
Col.  W.  S.  Bacon  as  commanding  officer. 

PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Maj.  Gen.  Enoch  H.  Crowder,  Judge  Advocate  General  of  the 
Army,  was  detailed  as  Provost  Marshal  General  on  May  2,  1917, 
and  was  charged  with  the  execution  of  the  Selective  Service  Act  of 
May  18,  1917.  In  organizing  the  machinery  for  this  task,  the  prin- 
ciple of  supervised  decentralization  was  applied,  whereby  the  work 
was  performed  through  certain  agencies,  the  local  and  district  boards. 
The  task  of  creating  and  maintaining  the  necessary  organization 
was  delegated  to  the  executives  of  the  48  States  and  the  3  Terri- 
tories of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Kico,  and  to  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Through  them  the  Provost 
Marshal  General  regulated  the  activities  of  some  4,600  local  and  160 
district  boards.  The  State  executives  made  recommendations  cov- 
ering the  appointment  of  members  of  the  local  and  district  boards, 
though  the  appointments  were  actually  made  by  the  President. 
Cooperating  with  the  local  and  district  boards  were  industrial  ad- 
visers, Government  appeal  agents,  legal  and  medical  advisory  boards, 
and  boards  of  instruction.  Broadly  speaking,  it  was  the  function  of 
the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  direct  the  process  of  selecting  men 
for  induction  into  the  military  service,  from  the  initial  registration 
to  the  actual  delivering  of  the  men  in  camp.  This  included  the  ex- 
amination of  registrants;  their  classificaton  in  groups  to  be  sum- 
marity  called;  the  rendering  of  decisions  in  cases  involving  claims 
for  exemption;  appeals  from  the  rulings  of  local  boards;  the  en- 
training of  men  for  the  mobilization  camps;  and  all  the  details  in- 
cident to  these  steps.  The  Office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General 
did  not  concern  itself  with  details  to  any  greater  extent  than  was 
absolutely  necessary  in  order  to  secure  the  efficient  operation  of  the 
machinery  functioning  under  it.  It  formulated  selective  service 
regulations  and  made  general  rulings,  but  did  not  concern  itself  with 
rulings  in  industrial  cases.  The  scope  and  nature  of  its  activities 
may  be  judged  from  an  enumeration  of  the  divisions  into  which  the 
office  was  divided,  which  were  as  follows:  Administrative,  Alien, 
Appeals,  Auxiliary  Agencies  and  Statistics,  Classification,  Finance, 
Information,  Inspection  and  Investigation,  Law,  Medical  Mobili- 
zation, Publication,  and  Registration.  The  first  registration  pur- 
suant to  the  act  of  May  18,  1917,  included  males  between  the  ages  of 
21  and  30,  and  was  held  on  June  5,  1917.  On  May  20,  1918,  Con- 
gress passed  a  joint  resolution  requiring  the  registration  of  all  males 
who  had  attained  the  age  of  21  since  June  5,  1917.  This  second  reg- 
istration was  held  June  5,  1918.  On  August  31,  1918,  a  bill  was 
passed  extending  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  May  18,  1917,  by  sub- 
jecting to  military  service  all  male  citizens  and  declarants  between 
the  ages  of  18  and  45,  inclusive.  The  total  number  of  persons  reg- 
istered on  these  three  dates  was  24,234,021.  Between  April  2,  1917, 


364       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917. 

and  November  11,  1918,  a  total  of  2,810,296  men  were  inducted  under 
the  selective  service  act.  The  average  per  capita  cost  of  the  draft 
per  man  inducted  was  $7.90,  as  against  $227.71  in  the  Civil  War. 
The  lowest  cost  per  capita  was  in  Florida,  $2.64,  and  Oklahoma, 
$2.65;  the  highest  in  Arizona,  $10.49,  and  Delaware,  $10.94.  (From 
Second  Report,  Provost  Marshal  General.) 

PROVOST    MARSHAL    GENERAL,    STATE,    TERRITORIAL,    AND     DISTRICT 
HEADQUARTERS. 

The  selective  service  act  authorized  the  President  "to  utilize  the 
services  of  any  or  all  departments  and  any  or  all  officers  or 
agents  of  the  States,  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia," in  carrying  out  its  provisions.  Section  27  of  the  Selec- 
tive Service  Regulations  drawn  up  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  charged  the  governors  of  the  various  States  with  general 
supervision  over  all  matters  arising  in  the  execution  of  the  selective 
draft  within  the  respective  jurisdictions.  In  accordance  with  this 
plan  there  was  built  up  an  organization  based  upon  the  principles 
of  "  supervised  decentralization."  In  practice  the  governors  of 
the  States  delegated  the  performance  of  their  duties  to  the  adju- 
tant generals  of  their  respective  States,  each  of  whom  was 
assisted  by  a  military  aide  and  an  Army  medical  officer.  The 
principal  duty  of  State  headquarters  was  the  creation,  estab- 
lishment, and  maintenance  of  registration,  selection,  and  auxil- 
iary boards.  In  theory  these  boards  were  appointed  by  the 
President,  although  the  actual  selection  of  personnel  was  made  by 
the  governors.  The  State  and  territorial  headquarters  had  many 
other  miscellaneous  functions,  however,  which  included  the  handling 
of  delinquency  cases,  distribution  of  supplies,  apportionment  of 
quotas,  the  preparation  of  reports  called  for  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General,  and  the  interpretation  of  regulations.  Under  the  direction 
of  the  State  executives  were  the  local  district  boards,  the  legal 
advisory  boards,  medical  advisory  boards,  and  Government  appeal 
agents.  Their  activities  were  supervised  and  coordinated  by  State 
inspectors.  There  were  52  of  these  executive  headquarters,  one  for 
each  of  the  48  States,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  territories 
of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico. 

PSYCHOLOGY,  DIVISION  OF;   SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Establishment  authorized  January  19,  1918.  From  August  17, 
1917,  until  January  19,  1918,  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Psychology 
had  been  carried  on  by  the  Section  of  Psychology,  which  reported  to 
the  Division  of  Neuropsychiatry  of  the  Surgeon  General's  Office. 
The  Division  of  Psychology  devised  a  plan  for  examining  and  rat- 
ing the  commissioned  and  enlisted  personnel  of  the  Army  with  a  view 
to  determining  the  mental  qualities  and  general  intelligence  of  indi- 
vidual officers  and  enlisted  men.  Psychological  examiners  were 
trained  in  methods  of  examination  and  were  assigned  to  the  various 
camps  where  they  carried  on  the  work  of  the  division.  The  data  thus 
obtained  proved  invaluable  to  the  work  of  the  Committee  on  the 
Classification  of  Personnel  of  the  Adjutant  General's  Department. 
The  division  also  cooperated  with  the  Psychology  Committee  of  the 
National  Research  Council.  The  chief  of  the  division  was  Robert  M. 
Yerkes. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       365 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  NURSING,  COMMITTEE  ON;    COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

Under  Mary  Beard,  chairman,  cooperating  with  the  National  Or- 
ganization for  Public  Health  Nursing,  it  submitted  a  plan  to  manu- 
facturers' associations  and  trade  organizations  which  increased  the 
number  of  public  health  and  industrial  nurses  to  meet  war  industry 
needs  and  to  conform  with  the  aims  of  the  "  Children's  Year  "  pro- 
gram. 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  NURSING,   NATIONAL   ORGANIZATION   FOR;    WAR   PRO- 
GRAM COMMITTEE. 

Created  December  15,  1917,  to  educate  the  people  of  the  United 
States  in  the  use  and  value  of  public  health  nursing,  to  increase  the 
membership,  to  secure  funds,  and  to  increase  the  importance  of  the 
organization.  Mrs.  Chester  C.  Bolton,  chairman. 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  civilian  medical  and  sanitary  service  of  the  Government, 
operating  under  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
Its  primary  activities  are  the  study  and  prevention  of  communicable 
and  epidemic  diseases,  the  promotion  of  public  health  and  sanitation 
education,  the  enforcement  of  national  and  interstate  quarantine 
regulations,  the  examination  of  alien  immigrants  and  seamen,  the 
treatment  of  discharged  sick  and  disabled  members  of  the  military 
and  naval  forces,  and  the  maintenance  of  marine  hospitals.  The  war 
gave  added  scope  and  importance  to  the  activities  of  the  service.  It 
developed  upon  the  service  to  safeguard  the  health  of  soldiers  and 
sailors  in  territory  beyond  the  control  of  the  Army  and  Navy  medi- 
cal services,  whose  jurisdiction  is  confined  to  territory  under  mili- 
tary control.  To  effect  this  object  the  service  established  43  extra 
cantonment  zones  around  the  military  cantonments,  posts,  and  sta- 
tions. Within  the  zones  all  possible  measures  for  the  promotion  of 
hygiene  and  sanitation  were  taken.  Special  attention  was  given  to 
control  of  venereal  diseases,  the  work  being  directed  by  the  Bureau 
of  Venereal  Diseases  established  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  9, 
1918.  It  was  the  policy  of  the  service  to  operate  to  the  maximum 
extent  possible  through  and  with  local  police  and  health  services. 
The  work  was  vitally  aided  by  the  American  National  Red  Cross, 
which  supplied  funds  to  the  amount  of  $500,000  to  maintain  sani- 
tary units  in  the  extra  cantonment  zones.  By  the  presidential  order 
of  July  1,  1918,  the  control  of  all  Government  activities  for  civilian 
health  was  given  to  the  public  health  service.  By  virtue  of  this  order 
the  service  took  over  the  health  and  sanitation  control  of  all  com- 
munities engaged  in  war  industry,  especially  those  engaged  in  ship- 
building and  munitions  manufacture.  The  task  of  stemming  the 
influenza  scourge  of  the  fall  of  1918  devolved  upon  the  service.  With 
funds  provided  by  act  of  Congress  the  service  mobilized  the  medical 
profession,  the  Red  Cross  personnel  voluntarily  offered,  and  the  local 
forces  available,  for  fighting  the  spread  of  the  epidemic.  The  chief 
of  the  Public  Health  Service  during  the  war  period  was  Surg.  Gen. 
Rupert  Blue.  The  assistant  surgeon  generals  in  charge  of  bureau 
divisions  were  as  follows:  J.  C.  Perry,  Personnel  and  Accounts;  W. 
G.  Stimpson,  Marine  Hospitals  and  Relief ;  J.  W .  Schereschewsky, 


366       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Scientific  Research;  A.  J.  McLaughlin,  Domestic  Quarantine;  R* 
H.  Creel,  Foreign  Quarantine  and  Immigration;  and  B.  S.  Warren, 
Sanitary  Reports  and  Statistics. 

PUBLIC  INFORMATION,  DIRECTORS  OF;  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

See  States  Section,  Public  Information  Division,  United  States 
Food  Administration. 

PUBLIC   INFORMATION   DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    FOOD    ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

Organized  in  June,  1917.  This  division  had  charge  of  the  dis- 
semination of  conservation  literature,  of  the  preparation  for  publi- 
cation of  pamphlets,  press  releases  and  pictures.  The  literature 
for  use  in  the  States  was  prepared  by  the  division  and  sent  out 
through  the  States  section.  The  name  of  the  division  was  changed 
in  February,  1918,  to  the  Educational  Division.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  sections:  Copy  Desk,  Press  Clipping,  Publi- 
cations, Magazine  and  Feature,  Illustrations,  Trade  and  Technical 
Journals,  Farm  Journal,  Advertising,  Retail  Stores,  States  Public 
Information,  Library,  Religious  Journals,  and  Negro  Press.  Ben  £L 
Allen,  director. 

PUBLIC  ROADS,  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

All  the  war-time  activities  of  the  bureau  were  carried  on  as  "  con- 
tinuing activities "  under  the  congressional  appropriations  for  the 
regular  work  of  the  bureau.  Engineers  were  assigned  to  assist  the 
Construction  Division  of  the  Army  in  planning  and  constructing 
roads  in  the  various  camps  and  cantonments.  A  number  of  public 
roads  serving  military  reservations  were  also  placed  under  con- 
struction, in  whole  or  in  part,  as  Federal-aid  road  projects  under 
cooperative  agreements  between  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
represented  by  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads,  and  the  highway  depart- 
ments of  the  States  in  which  the  work  was  done.  Representatives 
were  assigned  to  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  and  to  the  United 
States  Housing  Corporation  to  assist  in  the  street  and  paving  work 
involved  in  their  respective  housing  programs.  Highway  maps  were 
prepared,  of  particular  importance  being  the  Army  truck  route  maps 
from  Detroit  to  Baltimore,  which  were  prepared  in  cooperation  with 
the  Geological  Survey  and  the  Engineer  Corps  for  the  Motor  Trans- 
port Corps.  Certain  technical  investigations  connected  with  the 
use  of  concrete  in  ship  construction  were  made  at  the  request  of  the 
Concrete  Ship  Division  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  Logan 
Waller  Page,  director. 

PUBLIC  SEATING  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  29,  1918,  with  Subcommittees  on  School  Room 
and  Auditorium  Seating  Industry,  Church  Furniture  Industry,  and 
Opera  and  Assembly  Seating  Industry.  The  committee  cooperated 
with  the  Building  Materials  Section  and  the  Conservation  Division 
of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Wayne  Wills,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      367 

PUBLIC  SERVICE  AND  ACCOUNTING,  DIVISION  OF;  UNITED  STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  organization  of  this  division  was  announced  on  February  9, 
1918,  under  C.  A.  Prouty  as  director.  The  activities  of  the  division 
divided  themselves  into  two  groups  as  follows:  (1)  Those  relating  to 
the  service  rendered  the  public,  i.  e.,  the  character  of  the  service  ren- 
dered by  the  roads,  together  with  questions  involving  rates,  mainte- 
nance of  property,  as  well  as  considerations  of  safety  to  the  public, 
(2)  those  relating  to  the  accounts  of  the  Director  General  and  the 
individual  roads  under  his  control.  The  latter  included  the  super- 
vision of  the  accounting  departments  of  all  railroads  and  the  issuing 
of  instructions  looking  to  the  economical  unification  of  accounting 
methods  and  practices.  The  central  office  of  the  division  kept  the 
records  relating  to  the  disbursement  of  the  revolving  fund  appro- 
priated by  Congress,  including  the  purchase  of  equipment  for  the 
railroads  under  Federal  control.  Beginning  with  January  1,  1919, 
the  accounts  of  the  division  showed  the  operating  results  of  the  Fed- 
eral controlled  carriers,  including  the  assets  and  liabilities  connected 
therewith.  Under  the  director  of  public  service  and  accounting 
were  an  Accounting  Committee,  an  Auditing  Section,  a  Traffic  Sec- 
tion, and  a  Short  Line  Section.  Effective  February  1, 1919,  the  divi- 
sion was  reorganized  and  the  two  Divisions  of  Public  Service  and  of 
Accounting  were  created  separately,  each  taking  over  the  appropriate 
functions  of  the  former  organization.  The  Traffic  and  Short  Line 
Sections  were  placed  under  the  Division  of  Public  Service,  of  which 
Max  Thelen  became  director.  The  Accounting  Committee  and  the 
Auditing  Sections  were  placed  under  the  Division  of  Accounting,  of 
which  C.  A.  Prouty  was  appointed  director. 

PUBLIC  SERVICE  RESERVE,  UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Created  June  14,  1917,  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor.  It  was  planned 
as  a  registration  agency  for  patriotic  citizens  who  were  desirous  of 
doing  war  work,  either  directly  for  the  Government  or  for  enterprises 
engaged  in  Government  work.  It  at  first  reported  directly  to  the 
Office  of  the  Secretary,  and  served  as  a  filing  agency  to  supplement 
the  work  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service.  Upon  the  crea- 
tion of  the  permanent,  independent  Employment  Service  the  Public 
Service  Reserve  became  part  of  that  service.  The  Public  Service 
Reserve  was  in  immediate  charge  of  a  national  director.  A  Federal 
director  was  appointed  for  each  State,  who  in  the  majority  of  cases 
was  the  same  official  who  held  the  position  of  Federal  director  of  the 
United  States  Employment  Service.  In  addition  there  was  built  up  a 
force  of  some  15,000  volunteer  enrollment  agents  under  the  Federal 
director  for  the  States  so  that  every  locality  might  be  reached  for 
the  purpose  of  recruiting  needed  war  workers.  In  the  early  months 
of  its  existence  it  confined  its  activities  to  the  indexing  and  classify- 
ing of  applicants  for  Government  service,  and  from  its  lists  thousands 
of  men,  mostly  of  the  higher  skilled  types,  such  as  engineers,  techni- 
cal experts,  and  skilled  mechanics,  were  furnished  to  the  Army  and 
Navy  and  Government  departments.  In  the  early  part  of  1918,  upon 
the  request  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  a  campaign  was 
undertaken  in  which  there  were  enrolled  270,000  skilled  workmen  in 


368       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  United  States  Shipyard  Volunteers  as  a  part  of  the  United  States 
Public  Service  Reserve,  The  State  and  local  councils  of  defense  and 
the  Four-Minute  Men  cooperated  in  this  campaign.  After  its  attach- 
ment to  the  United  States  Employment  Service  the  Public  Service 
Reserve  functioned  as  the  recruiting  branch  of  that  service.  Wil- 
liam E.  Hall,  director. 

PUBLIC   WORKS   AND    CONSTRUCTION    DEVELOPMENT    DIVISION,   INFOR- 
MATION AND  EDUCATION  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Created  in  January,  1919,  taking  over  and  enlarging  the  work  of 
the  Economics  Division.  Its  function  was  to  assist  in  restoring  in- 
dustry from  a  war  to  a  peace  basis.  For  this  purpose  it  undertook  a 
campaign  to  encourage  public  works  and  private  building  construc- 
tion. Its  activities  were  carried  on  through  the  following  sections: 
Collaboration  and  Policy,  Correspondence,  Economics,  Publicity, 
Advertising,  Speakers,  Poster,  Industrial  Plants,  Own-Your-Own- 
Home.  Franklin  T.  Miller,  director. 

PUBLICATION  BRANCH,  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

Prepared  and  printed  maps  and  other  highly  confidential  data  re- 
quired in  the  military  program,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
reprinting  of  maps  of  Belgium  and  parts  of  Germany,  index  map  to 
Army  activities,  numerous  reproductions  and  originals  required  by 
Army  services,  and  admiralty  charts  and  camouflage  designs  for  the 
Navy  Department.  It  translated  and  prepared  for  publication  the 
Manual  for  Artillery  Orientation  Officers.  It  functioned  through  the 
following  units :  Book  Publication ;  Texts,  George  McL.  Wood,  editor ; 
Distribution,  R.  C.  Shelse,  in  charge;  Map  Editing;  Engraving  and 
Printing,  S.  J.  Kubel  in  charge. 

PUBLICATION  DIVISION,  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 
See  Publicity  Division. 

PUBLICATIONS,  DIVISION  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Created  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  The  functions  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture — namely,  to  stimulate  the  output  of  agri- 
cultural products  and  to  promote  the  conservation  of  foodstuffs — 
were  of  great  importance  during  the  war.  From  April  1,  1917,  when 
the  Agricultural  Department  inaugurated  its  campaign  of  increased 
production  and  conservation  of  foodstuffs,  to  December  31,  1918,  the 
Division  of  Publications  supervised  the  editing,  printing,  and  distri- 
bution of  emergency  leaflets,  circulars,  bulletins,  posters,  placards, 
etc.,  to  the  number  of  49,429,283.  All  of  these  publications  were  pre- 
pared as  a  part  of  the  department's  war  program,  in  addition  to  the 
regular  activities  of  the  division.  Through  the  Motion  Picture  Sec- 
tion the  equivalent  of  about  600  reels  of  pictures  was  shown  in  the 
United  States  about  2,000  times  to  at  least  1,000,000  people.  Four 
important  campaigns  were  conducted.  A  large  number  of  lantern 
slides  dealing  with  the  preservation  of  perishable  fruits  and  vege- 
tables were  exhibited  in  States  where  an  emergency  existed.  A  forest- 
fire  prevention  campaign  through  motion  pictures  was  conducted  in 


.HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      369 

California  in  cooperation  with  State  agencies.  Commercial  motion 
picture  weeklies  carried  special  pictures  relating  to  the  raising  of 
backyard  poultry.  The  most  important  of  these  campaigns  dealt 
with  farm  labor,  appeals  being  made  through  motion  pictures  for  the 
enlisting  in  farm  work  of  people  from  the  cities.  Up  until  July  16, 
1918,  J.  A.  Arnold  was  chief  of  the  division,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  E.  B.  Reid. 

PUBLICATIONS   SECTION,  INSPECTION  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE   DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  August  15,  1918.  This  section  had  charge  of  the  prepara- 
tion, publication,  and  distribution  of  the  Inspection  Manual  and  of 
the  work  of  standardizing  methods  of  subsistence  inspection.  Capt. 
W.  H.  Warren  was  chief  until  August  24,  1918,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Lieut.  C.  R.  Housum. 

PUBLICATIONS  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

An  outgrowth  of  the  Division  of  Shipyard  Volunteers,  both  being 
under  the  direction  of  R.  D.  Heinl,  as  manager.  It  was  established 
on  April  3,  1918,  and  was  organized  to  edit  and  distribute  the 
Emergency  Fleet  News,  to  prepare  and  circulate  feature  stories, 
booklet  and  poster  advertising,  to  prepare,  circulate,  and  generally 
control  advertisments  and  periodicals  issued  under  the  corporation, 
and  in  general  to  inform  and  stimulate  the  public,  especially  the  ship- 
workers,  by  means  of  pictures  and  publications.  The  Emergency 
Fleet  News  as  the  official  organ  of  the  corporation,  published  weekly, 
ceased  in  January,  1919,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Shipbuilders'  Bul- 
letin. Other  publications  of  the  section  were  the  Shipyard  Bulletin 
(weekly)  and  the  Emergency  Fleet  Bulletin  (monthly),  both  broad- 
sides for  posting  in  the  yards  and  plants  engaged  on  work  for  the 
corporation.  R.  D.  Heinl,  executive  head,  resigned  December  20, 
1918,  succeeded  by  J.  S.  Hall,  who  was  succeeded  by  W.  C.  Mattox  on 
April  12,  1919.  On  May  28,  1919,  the  section  was  abolished  and  its 
work  continued  by  A.  G.  Brenton  as  assistant  in  charge  of  publica- 
tions attached  to  the  vice  president  in  charge  of  administration. 

PUBLICITY,  DEPARTMENT  OF;  AMERICAN  NATIONAL  RED  CROSS. 

This  department  was  the  main  channel  of  communication  and 
understanding  between  headquarters,  the  .great  body  of  Red  Cross 
workers,  and  the  public.  This  department  functioned  through  the 
following  bureaus:  News  Service,  Motion  Pictures,  Advertising, 
Speakers,  Translation  and  Information,  Red  Cross  Magazine,  Maga- 
zines, Reference  and  Clipping,  Photographic  Laboratory.  Ivy  L. 
Lee,  director  general. 

PUBLICITY  DIVISION,  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  division  whose  function  was  to  give  out  items  of 
current  interest  on  child-welfare  topics  and,  in  particular,  on  the 
work  of  the  Children's  Bureau.  During  the  war  the  division  was 
engaged  in  reading  and  summarizing  material  on  war-time  welfare 
in  certain  European  countries  and  British  dominions  and  also  in 
127232—19 24 


370       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  191*7. 

carrying  out  the  bureau's  cooperation  with  the  Child  Conservation 
Section  of  the  Field  Division  of  the-  Council  of  National  Defense  in 
the  "  Children's  Year  "  activities  from  April  6, 1918,  to  April  6, 1919. 
On  January  1, 1919,  the  name  of  the  division  was  changed  to  Publica- 
tion Division.  Miss  Anna  Rochester  was  director,  succeeded  by  Miss 
Harriet  Anderson. 

PUBLICITY  SECTION,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Organized  October  20,  1917.  It  was  charged  with  the  task  of  se- 
curing close  cooperation  between  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 
tration and  wholesale  and  retail  grocers.  To  this  end  pamphlets 
and  leaflets  giving  information  as  to  rules  and  regulations  and  ex- 
plaining the  necessities  of  a  situation  which  called  for  regulation  were 
circulated  to  wholesale  and  retail  distributors.  The  pledge  cam- 
paign was  instituted  and  carried  out  through  this  section,  retailers 
being  pledged  to  observe  rules  and  regulations  and  comply  with  Food 
Administration  requests.  Albert  N.  Merritt,  head  of  section. 

PUBLICITY,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;   COMMITTEE  ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

Composed  of  the  chairmen  of  the  eight  subcommittees  making  up 
the  Committee  on  Labor.  Dr.  E.  T.  Devine,  director  of  the  New 
York  School  of  Philanthropy,  was  appointed  chairman  by  Samuel 
Oompers,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor,  shortly  after  the 
formation  of  the  latter  committee  in  April,  1917.  Not  long  after 
this  Dr.  Devine  sailed  for  England  and  the  subcommittee  as  such 
never  functioned,  except  through  its  individual  members  acting  as 
chairmen  of  their  own  subcommittees. 

PULLMAN  CAR  LINES,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED   STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  17, 1918.  The  operating  department  of  the  Pull- 
man Co.  had  previously  been  placed  under  Federal  control.  The 
organization  of  the  department  under  the  name  of  the  Pullman  Car 
Lines  involved  simply  a  change  to  a  form  of  administration  under 
the  control  of  a  Federal  manager.  L.  S.  Taylor,  Federal  manager. 

PULP  AND  PAPER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Eeorganized  October  1,  1918,  to  continue  the  enlarging  functions 
of  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Section,  War  Industries  Board.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  five  sections:  Manufacturing,  Newspaper, 
Periodical,  Fiber  Board  and  Container,  and  Paper  Economies.  By 
its  regulations  it  brought  about  great  conservation  in  use  of  wrapping 
and  tissue  paper,  paper  bags  and  boxes,  and  office  stationery.  It 
ordered  textbook  publishers  to  cut  annual  production  50  per  cent. 
It  announced  on  August  27,  1918,  regulations  for  control  of  paper 
used  in  the  production  of  all  periodicals  entered  at  the  post  office 
as  second-class  mail  matter  except  newspapers  and  agricultural  pub- 
lications, which  were  subject  to  special  regulations.  The  lifting  of 
regulations  began  at  once  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  The 
division  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Thomas  E.  Donnelly, 
director. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      371 
PULP  AND  PAPER  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Organized  June  6,  1918,  with  William  B.  Colver,  chief,  succeeded 
July  2,  1918,  by  Thomas  E.  Donnelly. 

See  Pulp  and  Paper  Division,  War  Industries  Board. 

PURCHASE  BRANCH,  ENGINEERING  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

At  the  outbreak  of  war  the  Purchase  Branch  of  the  Engineering 
Division  had  charge  of  all  procurement  of  Signal  Corps  property, 
including  inspection  and  delivery.  It  did  not  supervise  traffic,  how- 
ever, which  was  handled  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps.  It  also  had 
supervision  of  Signal  Corps  Supply  Depots.  On  June  2  its  functions 
were  taken  over  by  the  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots  Branch  of  the 
Division  of  Finance  and  Supply.  The  chief  of  the  Engineering  Di- 
vision was  Maj.  Charles  Wallace,  and  of  the  Purchase  Branch,  Capt. 
A.  C.  Voris. 

PURCHASE  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  September  5,  1918,  to  formulate  and  supervise  the 
execution  of  the  War  Department  purchasing  policy,  to  study 
methods  of  purchase,  to  recommend  changes  and  improvements,  to 
supervise  and  coordinate  all  matters  involving  patents,  and  to  super- 
vise and  direct  the  operations  of  the  Board  of  Appraisal  and  the 
Board  of  Contract  Adjustment.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
sections :  Patents,  Purchase  Information,  and  Methods.  Max  Thelan, 
chief,  September  6,  1918,  to  December  6,  1918;  Lieut.  Col.  H.  H. 
Lehman,  December  6,  1918,  to  January  21,  1919 ;  Col.  L.  C.  Seherer, 
January  21, 1919,  to  January  31,  1919;  Col.  J.  L.  Knowlton,  January 
31,  1919,  to  April  28, 1919.  Col.  Frank  C.  Boggs,  April  28  to  date. 

PURCHASE,  DIRECTOR  OF;  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  September  12,  1918.  The  Director  of  Purchase  was 
charged  with  the  purchase,  production,  and  inspection  of  all  supplies 
for  the  Army  placed  under  his  jurisdiction.  It  functioned  through 
the  following  divisions:  Purchase,  Administrative,  Clothing  and 
Equipage,  Subsistence,  Motors  and  Vehicles,  Machinery  and  Engi- 
neering Materials,  Raw  Materials,  General  Supplies,  Remount, 
Medical  and  Hospital  Supplies.  Brig.  Gen.  W.  H.  Rose,  director. 

PURCHASE,  DIVISION  OF;  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Finance  and  Purchases,  Division  of  ;  United  States  Railroad 
A  dministration. 

PURCHASE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND   ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

During  the  war  the  personnel  of  this  division  was  expanded  to 
14  times  its  prewar  number  in  order  to  permit  of  specialization 
along  commodity  lines,  representatives  of  the  several  groups  serving 
upon  the  appropriate  bodies  grouped  within  the  War  Industries 
Board.  Navy  purchasing  remained  in  charge  of  a  separate  organiza- 
tion, but  was  conducted  through  these  commodity  sections  with  that 
of  other  agencies  of  the  Government,  The  Purchase  Division  re- 


372       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

tained  its  old  system  of  competitive  buying  but  enlarged  its  list  of 
bidders,  to  whom  schedules  were  sent.  Some  material  had  to  be  com- 
mandeered, and  other  contracts  were  let  on  a  cost-plus  basis,  the  set- 
tlements and  the  payments  on  the  cost-plus  contracts  being  deter- 
mined by  the  Accounting  Division.  With  an  increased  personnel  and 
enlargement  of  naval  operations,  the  Purchase  Division  was  able  to 
procure  for  the  Navy  all  necessary  supplies.  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  sections,  which  were  points  of  contact  with  the 
corresponding  sections  of  War  Industries  Board,  and  gave  technical 
aid  to  the  Navy  Department  on  the  purchase  of  these  commodities: 
Chemical,  Lieut.  Commander  Donald  Riley,  chief ;  Provisions,  Lieut. 
S.  I.  Marks,  chief,  succeeded  by  Lieut.  E.  E.  Rogerson;  Lumber,  C. 
M.  Morford,  chief;  Electrical,  Ensign  Guy  Ellis,  chief;  Cotton,  W. 
E.  Hooper,  succeeded  by  Ensign  C.  J.  Calloway,  chief;  Hardware 
and  Hand  Tool,  Lieut.  Brenninger,  chief;  Woolens  and  Uniform, 
Lieut.  Leo.  Kane,  chief;  Miscellaneous  Commodities,  Lieut,  A.  B. 
Peacock,  chief;  Cement  and  Building  Materials,  Lieut.  S.  I.  Marks, 
chief;  Non-Ferrous  Metals,  Lieut.  M.  A.  Marks,  chief;  Steel,  Lieut. 
Commander  S.  R.  Fuller,  jr.,  chief.  The  following  sections  also  re- 
ported directly  to  the  Purchase  Division  and  carried  on  portions  of 
its  activities:  Supply,  Open  Purchase,  Correspondence,  Legal, 
Award,  Contract,  Emergency  Purchase,  Navy  Order,  Priority,  and 
Mailing  List.  Commander  J.  M.  Hancock  was  chief  of  the  Purchase 
Division  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

PURCHASE  SECTION,  GUN  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  September  7,  1917,  for  the  purpose  of  centralizing 
all  the  purchasing  functions  of  the  Gun  Division  with  the  exception 
of  the  Cannon  Section.  It  had  control  of  all  matters  relating  to 
contractual  relations  between  contractors  and  the  Gun  Division.  It 
worked  in  cooperation  with  the  other  allied  sections  in  the  division, 
and  was  consulted  in  all  matters  which  involved  large  sums  of  money 
for  experimental  work.  The  internal  administration  of  the  section 
varied  from  time  to  time,  but  the  organization  in  its  first  stage  in- 
cluded the  following  branches:  General  Control,  Legal  Office, 
Finance,  Projectile,  Fuse,  Cartridge  Case,  Trench  Warfare,  Explo- 
sives, Loading,  Raw  Materials,  Packing  Container,  Miscellaneous, 
Administration,  and  Cannon.  By  an  order  dated  January  13,  1918, 
the  entire  Purchase  Section  was  transferred  to  the  Procurement 
Division  of  the  Ordnance  Department.  Maj.  C.  T.  Cook,  in  charge. 

PURCHASE     INFORMATION     SECTION,     PURCHASE     BRANCH,     PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  September  5,  1918,  to  assemble  and  distribute  to  the 
public  and  to  give  information  regarding  the  purchase  and  sale  of 
Government  commodities  for  the  Army,  and  to  direct  and  assist  in 
the  adoption  of  surplus  supplies  to  military  uses,  and  to  convert  exist- 
ing peace  industries  to  war  work.  During  hostilities  all  information 
given  out  was  subject  to  the  censorship  of  the  Military  Intelligence 
Division.  L.  H.  Pearsall,  chief,  September  5,  1918,  to  December  15, 
1918,  followed  by  Capt.  Maurice  Manderville. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      373 

PURCHASE,  DIVISION  OF  COORDINATION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

Created  November  27,  1917,  to  assist  the  Army,  Navy,  allied  and 
neutral  countries  in  securing  food  supplies  without  unduly  disturb- 
ing food  conditions  and  price  levels  in  America.  The  division 
worked  through  the  Food  Purchase  Board,  Allied  Provisions  Ex- 
port Commission,  and  the  Exports  Bureau  of  the  War  Trade  Board, 
which  handled  requests  for  neutral  purchases.  The  division  advised 
these  agencies  as  to  the  method  of  purchase  to  be  adopted  whereby 
the  market  conditions  would  be  the  least  disturbed  and  the  quan- 
tities desired  secured  so  far  as  possible.  William  S.  Thorne,  chief, 
until  January  16,  1918,  succeeded  by  Frederick  S.  Synder.  H.  L. 
Gutterson  was  directly  in  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  division. 

PURCHASE  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,   PUR- 
CHASE AND  STORAGE." 

Created  October  19,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  personnel,  methods, 
and  coordination  of  purchase  activities.  It  functioned  through  the 
following  branches :  Purchase,  Production,  Inspection,  Research  and 
Design,  External  Relations,  Purchase  Records,  Award  and  Con- 
tract, and  Office  Service.  G.  P.  Baldwin  and  Col.  H.  S.  Kilbourne 
successively  acted  as  chief. 

PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE,  DIRECTOR  OF;  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  September  12,  1918,  to  have  responsibility  and  authority 
over  the  purchase  of  such  articles  as  were  assigned  to  this  organiza- 
tion from  time  to  time  and  the  storage,  distribution,  and  issue  within 
the  United  States  of  all  supplies  for  the  Army.  The  office  was 
divided  into  the  following  four  main  divisions:  Administrative; 
Requirements;  Director  of  Purchase,  which  office  controlled  all  pro- 
curement of  rations;  Director  of  Storage,  which  office  had  charge  of 
all  storage  and  salvage.  Brig.  Gen.  R.  E.  Wood,  director,  September 
12,  1918,  succeeded  by  Maj.  Gen.  H.  L.  Rogers,  February  13,  1919. 

PURCHASE,    STORAGE    AND    TRAFFIC    DIVISION,    GENERAL    STAFF,    WAR 
DEPARTMENT. 

Created  by  General  Orders,  No.  36,  dated  April  16,  1918,  through 
the  consolidation  of  the  Purchase  and  Supply  and  the  Storage  and 
Traffic  Divisions.  The  division  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
abling the  Chief  of  Staff  to  exercise  effectually  his  supervisory  and 
coordinating  powers  in  respect  to  the  procurement,  storage,  and 
movement  of  supplies,  and  the  movement  of  troops.  General  Orders, 
No.  80,  dated  August  26,  1918,  stated  the  functions  of  the  division 
in  detail  and  showed  its  organization.  At  that  time  there  were  four 
branches:  Purchase  and  Supply,  Inland  Transportation,  Storage, 
and  Embarkation.  From  time  to  time  changes  of  organization  took 
place  within  the  division.  Supply  Bulletin  No.  29,  dated  November 
7,  1918,  showed  the  following  seven  branches  as  the  organization 
existing  at  the  signing  of  the  armistice:  Executive,  Statistics  and 
Requirements,  External  Relations,  Research,  Purchase,  Production, 
and  Inspection.  The  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division  did  not 
purchase  supplies,  but  directed  the  policy  of  the  various  supply  bu- 


374       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

reaus  with  reference  to  purchase  as  well  as  storage  and  traffic.  The  di- 
vision served  as  a  means  of  coordinating  the  purchasing  activities  of 
the  supply  bureaus  and  established  a  point  of  contact  where  bureaus 
might  obtain  information  in  regard  to  the  policy  and  procedure  to 
be  followed  in  supplying  the  Army.  Director  of  Purchase,  Storage 
and  Traffic,  Maj.  Gen.  George  W.  Goethals,  succeeded  by  Maj.  Gen. 
George  W.  Burr. 

PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Organized  as  of  June  20,  1918,  to  handle  all  matters  pertaining  to 
the  procurement  and  distribution  of  signal  material.  On  June  23, 
1918,  all  procurement  functions  properly  belonging  to  the  Signal 
Corps  were  separated  from  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  which 
was  given  exclusive  charge  of  the  production  of  airplanes  and  air- 
plane equipment.  A  Procurement  Section  was  created,  subordinate 
to  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division,  to  handle  the  purchase, 
production,  and  inspection  of  Signal  Corps  material.  The  Procure- 
ment Section  remained  practically  intact  until  the  end  of  the  war. 
Brig.  Gen.  C.  McK.  Saltzman.  chief  of  the  division;  Maj.  I.  D. 
Hough,  chief  of  the  Procurement  Section. 

PURCHASE    RECORDS   BRANCH,    PURCHASE   ADMINISTRATIVE    DIVISION, 
DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  June  14,  1918,  as  a  branch  of  the  Methods  Control  Divi- 
sion. It  was  transferred  to  Supply  Control  Division  July  16,  1918, 
and  to  Purchase  Administration  Division  November  1,  1918.  This 
branch  secured  data,  compiled  records,  reports,  and  statistics  relating 
to  purchases.  H.  L.  Carson,  Capt.  W.  M.  Angle,  Capt.  W.  R.  Buck- 
ley, successively  acted  as  chief. 

PURCHASE    AND    SUPPLY   DEPOTS    BRANCH,    EQUIPMENT    AND    FINANCE 
AND  SUPPLY  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

An  Equipment  Division  was  established  on  August  2,  1917,  and 
until  August  29  this  division,  together  with  the  Finance  and  Supply 
Division,  handled  the  procurement  of  Signal  Corps  material  through 
the  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots  Branch.  Subordinate  to  this 
branch  was  an  Overseas  Follow-Up  Section,  which  was  charged  with 
initiating  action  on  oversea  requisitions  and  making  recommenda- 
tion for  purchase  and  provision  for  export.  It  also  developed  a 
method  of  packing  and  marking  oversea  shipments.  On  August  29, 
1917,  all  procurement  duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Equipment  Divi- 
sion. Capt.  R.  M.  Jones,  chief. 

PURCHASE  AND  SUPPLY  DEPOTS  BRANCH,  FINANCE  AND  SUPPLY  DIVI- 
SION, SIGNAL  CORPS. 

The  Engineering  Division  was  named  the  Finance  and  Supply 
Division  on  June  2,  1917,  and  the  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots 
Branch  took  over  the  procurement  functions  which  had  formerly 
been  handled  by  the  Purchase  Branch  of  the  Engineering  Division, 
which  included  everything  connected  with  the  procurement  of  Signal 
Corps  property,  with  the  exception  of  traffic.  On  August  29,  1917, 
the  Purchase  and  Supply  Depots  Branch  became  subordinate  to  the 
Equipment  and  Finance  and  Supply  Divisions.  Capt.  A.  C.  Voris, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      375 

chief,  until  June  8,  1917;  succeeded  by  Lieut.  R.  M.  Jones.     Maj. 
Charles  Wallace  was  chief  of  the  Finance  and  Supply  Division. 

PURCHASING  AGENT,  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization  of  the  department.  It  had  charge  of 
the  purchase  of  supplies  for  the  postal  service  and  the  making  of  con- 
tracts for  all  franked  envelopes  used  by  the  various  departments  of 
the  Government.  It  is  estimated  that  approximately  1,500,000,000 
envelopes  were  purchased  during  the  period  of  the  war  for  use  in 
war  work.  In  order  to  meet  this  requirement  it  was  found  necessary 
to  take  steps,  in  cooperation  with  the  War  Industries  Board,  to  mo- 
bilize the  entire  envelope  industry.  James  A.  Edgerton,  purchasing 
agent,  reporting  to  the  Postmaster  General. 

PURCHASING  BRANCH,  CLOTHING  AND   EdUIPAGE   DIVISION,  QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Formed  January  26,  1918,  as  the  Purchasing  and  Control  Branch, 
changed  to  Purchasing  on  April  16.  It  was  under  the  Supplies  and 
Equipment  Division  prior  to  May  18,  and  after  that  date  to  the 
Clothing  and  Equipage  Division  until  June  14,  when  it  was  abolished 

r»n  reorganization  of  the  Clpthing  and  Equipage  Division.    It  had 
rge  of  purchases  and  contracts  for  materials  recommended  by  the 
procurement  branches.    Col.  H.  J.  Hirsch,  chief. 

PURCHASING  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER  GEN- 
ERAL. 

Created  April  16,  1918,  and  known  as  Procurement  Subdivision. 
On  June  14,  1918,  the  name  was  changed  to  Purchasing  Branch. 
This  branch  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of  subsistence  items  for 
troops  at  home  and  abroad.  Maj.  W.  K.  Nash  and  Maj.  P.  A.  Swift 
successively  acted  as  head  of  this  branch. 

PURCHASING  COMMISSION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  August  27,  1917,  through  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
to  arrange  with  the  governments  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Italy, 
Belgium,  Russia,  and  Serbia,  for  the  purchases  of  supplies  for  those 
governments  in  the  United  States.  The  members  of  the  commission 
were  Bernard  M.  Baruch,  Robert  S.  Lovett,  and  Robert  S.  Bropkings. 
As  of  date  December  14,  1918,  the  arrangements  made  with  me 
governments  were  identical,  and  all  are  yet  in  force  except  with 
Russia.  The  commission  became  a  part  of  the  War  Industries  Board 
March  4,  1918,  as  a  result  of  the  President's  letter  of  that  date  to 
Chairman  Baruch.  By  an  arrangement  with  the  War  Trade  Board 
on  May  15,  1918,  no  allied  government  would  make  purchases  in 
the  United  States  otherwise  than  through  or  with  the  approval  or 
consent  of  the  commission.  It  handled  all  requests  of  allied  gov- 
ernments for  material  and  supplies,  obtained  offers  at  the  best  obtain- 
able prices,  submitted  them  to  the  accredited  representatives  of  the 
allies,  and  finally  oversaw  and  directed  the  purchases,  the  allies 
themselves  determining  such  technical  details  as  contracts  and  inspec- 
tion. The  expenses  of  the  commission  were  prorated  among  the  sev- 
eral allied  governments  in  proportion  to  the  approximate  value  of 


376       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

application  filed  for  purchases.  At  the  date  of  organization  of  the 
Purchasing  Commission  the  allied  governments  already  had  large 
contracts  in  the  United  States,  and  those  contracts  made  with  the 
governmental  departments  for  explosives,  chemicals,  etc.,  were  not 
reported  to  the  commission,  but  the  total  amount  of  contracts  up  to 
September  30, 1918 — practically  a  year — less  cancellations,  was : 

Belgian   Government ._  $13,  640,  926.  59 

British    Government 414,  059,  780.  39 

French    Government 352,  336,  076.  24 

Italian    Government 143,  418,  546.  65 

Russian  Government 19,628,350.08 


Total I 943,  083,  679.  95 

The  activities  of  the  Purchasing  Commission  terminated  December 
14,  1918.  Alexander  Legge  was  appointed  business  manager  of  the 
commission,  and  was  succeeded  on  May  1,  1918,  by  James  A.  Carr. 

PURCHASING   COMMITTEE,   CENTRAL  ADVISORY;    DIVISION  OF  FINANCE 
AND  PURCHASES,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Creation  announced  March,  1918.  This  committee  assisted  the 
Director  of  the  Division  of  Finance  and  Purchases  in  the  coordina- 
tion and  supervision  of  purchases  by  the  railroads  of  equipment, 
materials,  and  supplies.  It  worked  to  a  very  large  extent  through  the 
purchasing  committees  which  were  organized  in  each  region.  Sub- 
ordinate to  the  committee  were  a  Procurement  Section,  Forest  Prod- 
ucts Section,  a  Fuel  Distributor,  and  later  a  Stores  Section.  It  was 
abolished  March  15,  1919,  upon  the  reorganization  of  the  Division 
of  Finance  and  Purchases.  Chairman,  H.  B.  Spencer. 

PURCHASING  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD   EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Established  about  June  1,  1917,  under  the  direction  of  Col.  R.  E. 
Wood,  general  purchasing  officer,  to  have  charge  of  the  actual  buying 
of  supplies  and  equipment  for  ships  built  under  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  division  to  purchase  certain 
machinery  and  equipment  for  ships  contracted  for  on  a  complete 
ship  basis,  to  purchase  lumber  for  wooden  ships,  steel  for  steel  ships,. 
raw  and  semifinished  materials  for  machinery  contracts,  to  inspect 
machinery  and  materials  in  process  of  manufacture,  and  to  arrange 
for  production  and  delivery  of  material  at  proper  places  and  times. 
The  organization  of  the  division  included  a  Dispatching  Sectionr 
Lumber  Administrator,  Logging  Officer,  and  assistant  purchasing 
officers  in  charge  of  raw  materials,  ship  outfitting,  mechanical  and 
electrical  questions  and  lumber,  and  branch  offices  in  New  Orleans r 
Seattle,  and  San  Francisco.  On  July  16,  1918,  the  division,  together 
with  the  Production  and  Transportation  Division,  was  consolidated 
into  the  Supply  Division,  which  had  been  created  June  12, 1918.  For 
a  brief  time  these  former  divisions  preserved  their  identity  under  the 
titles  of  Purchasing,  Production,  and  Transportation  Departments, 
but  the  Purchasing  and  Production  Departments  were  finally  merged 
under  the  title  of  the  Department  of  Purchase  and  Production,  the 
former  purchasing  officer  of  the  Purchasing  Division  becoming  the 
manager  of  the  consolidated  departments.  Col.  R.  E.  Wood,  general 
purchasing  officer,  in  charge  to  September  12,  1917;  F.  A.  Browne, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       377 

until  the  latter  part  of  1918;  F.  du  P.  Thomson  then  became  head  of 
the  Purchase  and  Production  Section,  Supply  Division. 

PURCHASING    AND    PRODUCTION    SECTION,    SUPPLY    DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Formed  from  the  Purchasing  and  Production  Department,  which 
was  established  soon  after  the  transfer  of  the  Purchasing  and  Pro- 
duction Division  to  the  Supply  Division  on  July  16,  1918.  The 
duties  of  the  section  included  inspection,  supervision  of  production 
of  equipment,  and  purchase  of  all  materials  for  the  corporation.  At 
the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  section  was  composed  of 
the  following  branches :  Inspection,  Schedules,  Engine  and  Propel- 
ling Machinery,  Boiler  and  Fittings,  Life  Boat  and  Chains,  Pipe  and 
Valve,  Miscellaneous  Equipment,  Auxiliary  and  Deck  Machinery, 
Electric  Equipment  and  Turbine,  Machinery  Tool  and  Priority,  Raw 
Metals  and  Lumber.  F.  A.  Browne,  manager  of  the  department, 
was  succeeded  by  F.  du  P.  Thomson  as  head  of  the  section. 

PYRITES  SUBCOMMITTEE,  CHEMICALS  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  A.  D.  Ledoux,  chairman,  but  transferred  to  the 
Chemical  Alliance,  Inc.,  as  its  Section  on  Foreign  Pyrites,  November, 
1917. 

QUARANTINE   DIVISION,   BUREAU   OF   ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,   DEPARTMENT 
OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  which,  in  addition  to  its  regular  work  of  ex- 
cluding contagion  from  abroad,  also  performed  war  work  of  a  spe- 
cific character  under  the  act  of  Congress  approved  August  10,  1917. 
Section  9  of  that  act  provided  for  the  importation  under  certain 
restrictions  of  tick-infested  cattle  from  Mexico,  South  America,  Cen- 
tral America,  the  islands  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Caribbean 
Sea.  Such  animals  were  to  be  permitted  to  be  imported  subject  to 
immediate  slaughter  at  ports  of  entry.  The  division  supervised  the 
administration  of  the  regulations  up  to  the  point  of  delivery  of  the 
cattle  to  the  official  abattoir  at  the  port  of  entry.  R.  W.  Hickman, 
chief. 

QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

The  functions  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war  were  briefly  as  follows:  Pay  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  in  the 
Army;  providing  transportation  of  various  kinds;  furnishing  all 
public  animals  employed  in  the  service  of  the  Army,  their  forage, 
wagons,  and  all  articles  for  their  use,  and  the  horse  equipment  for 
the  Quartermaster  Corps;  furnishing  clothing,  camp  and  garrison 
equipment,  storehouses  and  other  buildings ;  constructing  and  repair- 
ing roads,  railways  and  bridges ;  building  and  chartering  boats,  ships, 
docks,  and  wharves  needed  for  military  purposes;  supplying  sub- 
sistence for  enlisted  men  and  others  entitled  thereto;  supplying  the 
articles  of  authorized  sales  and  issues ;  giving  instructions  for  procur- 
ing, distributing,  issuing,  selling,  and  accounting  for  all  quartermaster 
and  subsistence  supplies  and  attending  to  all  matters  connected  with 
military  operations  which  were  not  expressly  assigned  to  some  other 


378       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  .1917. 

department  of  the  War  Department.  Shortly  after  the  beginning  of 
the  war  the  problem  of  construction  became  one  of  great  importance, 
and  on  May  16, 1917,  the  work  of  construction  became  an  independent 
function  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  was  subor- 
dinate to  the  Quartermaster  only  as  regards  appropriations  and  per- 
sonnel. On  April  22,  1918,  the  Water  Transport  Branch  of  the 
Transportation  Division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  was  transferred 
to  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division ;  and  on  June  15,  1918, 
the  Transportation  Division  was  abolished  and  its  functions  reas- 
signed to  other  divisions.  Under  date  of  August  15,  1918,  the  motor 
transportation  functions  were  taken  from  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
and  set  up  as  an  independent  function  under  the  Motor  Transport 
Corps.  The  Quartermaster  Corps  functioned  through  the  following 
divisions:  Administrative,  Finance  and  Accounting,  Supplies,  Con- 
struction and  Repair,  Transportation,  Clothing  and  Equipage,  Sub- 
sistence, Requirements,  Personnel,  Remount,  Conservation  and  Rec- 
lamation, Fuel  and  Forage,  Methods  Control,  Central  Disbursing, 
Vehicles  and  Harness,  Motor  Transport,  Hardware  and  Metals,  Sup- 
ply Control,  Warehousing,  Storage,  Operating  and  Depot.  During 
September  and  October,  1918,  the  procurement  and  storage  functions 
of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Army  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage ;  and  on 
October  21, 1918,  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  was  organ- 
ized with  the  following  branches :  Executive,  Department  Personnel, 
Commissioned  Personnel,  Civilian  Personnel,  Enlisted  Personnel, 
Bakery  Organization,  Labor  Organization,  Training,  Cemeterial,  Re- 
mount Operating,  and  Office  Service.  During  November,  1918,  these 
branches  were  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase 
and  Storage.  By  the  end  of  November,  1918,  the  old  Office  of  the  Quar- 
master  General  had  been  changed  and  altered  as  follows :  It  had  no 
control  over  transportation,  construction,  finance  and  accounting ;  and 
by  reason  of  the  centralization  of  control  of  procurement  and  distribu- 
tion within  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage,  it 
had  lost  its  supply  and  storage  functions.  The  following  acted  as 
Quartermaser  General:  Maj.  Gen.  H.  G.  Sharpe,  February  3  to  De- 
cember 19,  1917;  Maj.  Gen.  George  W.  Goethals,  acting,  December 
19,  1917,  to  May  9, 1918;  Brig.  Gen.  R.  E.  Wood,  acting,  May  9,  1918, 
to  February  13, 1919. 

QUARTERMASTER  STORES  SECTION,  SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

.  This  section  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  exercising  supervision 
over  the  sale  of  surplus  supplies  classed  as  quartermaster  stores,  in- 
cluding such  material  as  food,  clothing,  furniture,  leather  and  rub- 
ber goods,  fuel,  horses,  mules,  etc.  It  functioned  through  the  fol- 
lowing subsections:  Subsistence,  Clothing  and  Equipage,  General 
Supplies,  and  Miscellaneous.  Chief,  February  15,  1919,  to  March  1, 
L.  H.  Hartman ;  after  March  7,  E.  E.  Squier,  jr. 

QUARTERMASTER   SUBDIVISION,    OVERSEAS   DISTRIBUTION   DIVISION,   DI- 
RECTOR OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1, 1918.  It  handled  the  filling  of  requisitions 
for  quartermaster  supplies  for  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       379 

supervising  their  shipment  from  the  interior  to  ports  of  embarkation, 
and  designating  the  particular  ports  to  which  they  were  to  be  con- 
signed. The  subdivision  functioned  through  the  following  branches : 
Vehicles  and  Harness,  Salvage  Clothing  and  Equipage,  General  Sup- 
plies, Subsistence,  and  Fuel  and  Forage.  Maj.  F.  J.  Flach,  chief. 

QUARTERMASTER  SUPPLY  CONTROL  BUREAU,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918.  The  bureau  exercised  control  over 
the  several  divisions  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  matters  pertain- 
ing to  supply.  On  April  16,  1918,  upon  the  reorganization  of  the 
office  of  the  "Quartermaster  General,  the  bureau  was  abolished,  its 
functions  being  taken  over  by  the  Supply  Control  Division.  Robert 
J.  Thorne,  chief. 

QUARTERMASTER'S  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  CHAMBER  OF 
COMMERCE. 

Appointed  by  R.  G.  Rhett,  president  of  the  United  States  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  February  15, 1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  depot  quarter- 
masters, and  to  furnish  assistance  in  case  it  became  necessary  to  make 
purchases  in  unusually  large  quantities.  The  chairmen  met  in  Wash- 
ington, April  2,  1917,  and  made  suggestions  to  the  War  Department. 
The  committees  and  chairmen  were  as  follows:  Boston,  James  D. 
Richards;  Chicago,  H.  B.  Lyford;  Kansas  City,  Fred  L.  Dickey; 
New  Orleans,  Leon  C.  Simon;  New  York,  Edward  D.  Page;  Phila- 
delphia, Calvin  M.  Smyth;  Portland,  W.  D.  Wheelwright;  St.  Louis, 
W.  A.  Laymen;  San  Antonio,  Luther  B.  Clegg;  San  Francisco, 
Milton  S.  Essey ;  Seattle,  J.  D.  Lowman. 

QUESTIONNAIRE   SECTION,   PLANNING   AND   STATISTICS   DIVISION,   WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Established"  September  15, 1918.  It  worked  first  in  an  advisory  way 
in  the  framing  and  handling  of  questionnaires,  and  when  complaints 
of  duplication  became  burdensome  an  order  was  issued  on  August  12, 
1918,  that  all  questionnaires  sent  by  any  branch  of  the  board  should 
first  be  submitted  to  the  Division  of  Planning  and  Statistics.  This 
led  to  the  creation  of  the  section.  It  tabulated  and  classified  the  309 
forms  of  questionnaires  sent  out  by  the  War  Industries  Board. 
Arthur  J.  Abbott,  chief. 

RADIO  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  STEAM  ENGINEERING,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  division  had  charge  of  all  radio  stations  and  prescribed  radio 
equipment  for  use  on  naval  vessels.  Chief,  Commander  S.  C.  Hooper, 
succeeded  by  Lieut.  Commander  H.  P.  Le  Clair. 

RAG  AND  FIBER  SUBDIVISION,  WOOLEN  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  June  24, 1918,  because  of  speculation  on  rags  and  reworked 
wools,  to  see  that  the  prices  and  regulations  established  by  the  Price 
Fixing  Committee  were  observed.  Restrictions  on  rags  and  shoddy 
were  removed  upon  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  The  subdivision 
was  discontinued  December  21, 1918.  A.  L.  Gifford,  administrator. 


380       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAB  OF  1917. 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

By  proclamation  dated  December  26,  1917,  the  President  assumed 
possesssion  and  control  of  systems  of  transportation  located  wholly 
or  in  part  within  the  United  States,  including  railroads  and  all  sys- 
tems of  transportation  owned  or  controlled  by  the  railroads,  together 
with  all  equipment  and  properties  pertaining  thereto.    Street  electric 
passenger  railways,  including  interurbans,  were,  however,  excluded. 
Authority  for  this  action  was  derived  from  section  1  of  the  Army 
Appropriation  Act,  approved  August  29,  1916.    Federal  control  be- 
came effective  at  noon,  December  28,  1917,  though  the  operation  of 
the  roads  was  to  be  continued  as  heretofore  until  changed  by  order  of 
William  G.  McAdoo,  who  was  named  Director  General.    The  avowed 
object  of  the  President  in  assuming  control  was  to  facilitate  the 
transportation  of  troops,  war  material,  and  equipment.    During  the 
fall  and  early  winter  of  1917  serious  traffic  congestion  prevailed  and 
situations  developed  which  rendered  imperative  complete  unity  of  ad- 
ministration, impossible  under  private  control.     Director  General 
McAdoo  at  once  began  the  organization  of  a  system  of  control  which 
became  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration.    The  organiza- 
tion of  his  staff  together  with  the  various  departments  of  the  central 
administration  was  announced  on  February  9, 1918.      In  order  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  contained  in  the  President's  proclamation,  Con- 
gress passed  the  Federal  control  act,  which  was  approved  March  21, 
1918.    By  way  of  compensation  the  act  provided  that  each  road  under 
Federal  control  should  receive  an  annual  sum  equivalent  to  its  average 
annual  railway  operating  income  for  the  three  years  ended  June  30, 
1917 ;  and  it  was  also  provided  that  the  properties  taken  over  were  to 
be  maintained  in  as  good  repair  and  with  as  complete  equipment  as 
when  placed  under  Federal  control.    In  order  to  carry  out  these  pro- 
visions the  President  was  authorized  to  enter  into  contracts  with  the 
carriers.     The  act  expressly  stated  that  it  was  a  piece  of  emergency 
legislation,  and  provided  that  the  period  of  control  should  not  con- 
tinue longer  than  1  year  and  9  months  after  the  conclusion  of  peace.    By 
proclamation  of  April  11, 1918,  certain  coastwise  steamship  lines  wi'iv 
taken  over  and  placed  under  the  Director  General  of  Railroads,  and, 
in  like  manner  on  November  16,  1918,  the  President  took  possession 
of  the  American  Railway  Express  Co.    In  order  to  exercise  effective 
control  over  the  operation  of  the  railroads  under  Federal  control,  the 
country  was  on  January  18,  1918,  divided  into  three  regions  for  ad- 
ministrative purposes,  an  Eastern,  Western,  and  Southern  region, 
each  in  charge  of  a  regional  director  responsible  to  the  Director  Gen- 
eral.    Further  subdivision  becoming  necessary,  the  Allegheny  and 
Pocahontas  regions  were  created  on  June  1,  1918,  while  on  June  11. 
1918,  the  Western  region  was  divided  into  the  Northwestern,  Central 
Western,  and  Southwestern  regions.     Owing  to  the  elimination  of 
competition  and  the  introduction  of  more  efficient  operating  methods, 
the  congestion  which  prevailed  when  the  roads  were  taken  over  was 
cleared  up  and  by  May  1,  1918,  the  railroads  were  functioning  nor- 
mally again.    In  handling  the  enormous  traffic  involved  in  the  move- 
ment of  troops  and  supplies,  the  Railroad  Administration  accom- 
plished results  which  would  have  been  impossible  under  private  con- 
trol.   The  problem  as  to  the  future  policy  of  the  Government  with 
reference  to  the  railroads  had  not  yet  been  solved  in  May,  1919.    The 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.       381 

-central  organization  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration 
included  various  subdivisions  which  are  included  in  the  following 
list :  Law,  Labor.  Finance  and  Purchases,  Traffic,  Public  Service  and 
Accounting,  Transportation  (name  later  changed  to  Operation), 
Capital  Expenditures,  Inland  Waterways.  On  February  1,  1919, 
the  Division  of  Public  Service  and  the  Division  of  Accounting 
were  formed  by  a  reorganization  of  the  division  which  had  for- 
merly included  both  functions.  On  March  15,  1919,  the  Division 
of  Finance  and  Purchases  was  succeeded  by  a  Division  of 
Finance  and  a  Division  of  Purchases.  The  Director  General  was 
also  assisted  from  time  to  time  by  committees  which  served  in  an 
advisory  capacity,  among  the  more  important  of  which  were  the 
Committee  on  Inland  Waterways  and  the  Board  of  Railway  Wages 
and  Working  Conditions.  Walker  D.  Hines  succeeded  Mr.  McAdoo 
as  Director  General  of  Railroads  January  10,  1919.  On  May  1,  1919, 
the  staff  of  the  Director  General  included,  in  addition  to  the  directors 
of  the  various  divisions  given  elsewhere,  the  following :  Assistant  to 
Director  General,  Brice  Clagett;  general  assistant  to  Director  Gen- 
eral, H.  A.  Taylor ;  and  financial  assistant  to  Director  General,  G.  H. 
Parker. 

RAILROAD  TRANSPORTATION,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON,  COMMITTEE 
ON  TRANSPORTATION  AND  COMMUNICATION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

See  National  Defense,  Special  Committee  on,  American  Rail/way 
Association. 

RAILROAD  WAGE  COMMISSION. 

Created  January  18,  1918,  by  General  Order  No.  5,  issued  by  the 
Director  General  of  Railroads.  It  was  composed  of  four  members, 
as  follows:  Franklin  K.  Lane,  Charles  C.  McChord.  William  R. 
Wilcox,  and  J.  Harry  Covington.  Its  function  was  to  make  a  gen- 
eral investigation  of  the  compensation  of  persons  in  railroad  service, 
the  relation  of  railroad  wages  to  wages  in  other  industries,  the  con- 
ditions respecting  wages  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  the  special 
emergency  respecting  wages  which  existed  at  that  time,  owing  to  war 
conditions  and  the  high  cost  of  living,  and  the  relation  between 
different  classes  of  railroad  labor.  The  commission  spent  sev- 
eral months  conducting  investigation  along  these  lines.  On  April 
30,  1918,  a  report  was  made  to  the  Director  General  of  Railroads. 
It  established  broad  principles  dealing  with  the  labor  situation  and 
recommended  certain  basic  plans  of  increased  wages  aggregating  ap- 
proximately $300,000,000  additional  for  the  calendar  year  1918,  and 
affecting  nearly  2,000,000  employees.  The  recommendations  of  the 
commissions  were  in  the  main  embodied  in  General  Order  No.  27, 
issued  by  the  Director  General  on  May  25,  1918. 

RAILROAD  WAGES  AND  WORKING  CONDITIONS,  BOARD  OF. 

Created  by  Article  VII  of  General  Order  No.  27,  issued  on  May 
25,  1918,  by  the  Director  General  of  Railroads.  It  was  composed  of 
six  members,  three  representatives  of  labor  organizations,  and  three 
of  railroad  management.  It  was  the  function  of  this  body  to  in- 
vestigate matters  presented  by  railroad  employees  or  their  represen- 


382       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

tatives  affecting  wages  and  working  conditions.  The  board  was  a 
purely  advisory  body  and  submitted  its  recommendations  to  the 
Director  General  for  his  determination.  As  a  result  of  its  recom- 
mendations the  Director  General  issued  various  supplements,  amend- 
ments, addenda,  and  interpretations  to  General  Order  No.  27,  which 
had  provided  for  increased  wages  to  railroad  employees  and  laid 
down  broad  principles  regarding  working  conditions.  A  rule  of  ro- 
tation was  established  by  the  board  whereby  the  tenure  of  office  of 
the  chairman  expired  at  the  end  of  each  six  months'  period,  and  the 
vice  chairman  automatically  became  chairman.  G.  H.  Sines  was  the 
first  chairman,  and  was  succeeded  by  F.  F.  Gaines. 

RAILROADS'  POOL,  EASTERN. 

Organized  November  24,  1917.  The  pool  was  the  outcome  of  a 
series  of  conferences  between  Government  authorities  and  officials  of 
eastern  railroads,  relative  to  the  traffic  congestion,  initiated  by  the 
Railroads'  War  Board  on  November  19, 1917.  The  vice  presidents  of 
the  lines  concerned  were  called  into  conference  at  Washington  on 
November  22,  and  tentative  plans  for  the  proposed  pool  formulated. 
On  November  24  a  meeting  was  held  which  was  attended  by  Dr. 
H.  A.  Garfield,  United  States  Fuel  Administrator;  E.  H.  Hurley, 
chairman  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board;  Robert  S.  Lovettr 
Government  Priority  Director;  Edgar  E.  Clark,  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission;  and  the  Railroads'  War  Board.  The  traffic  re- 
striction was  discussed  in  detail  and  the  Government  officials  con- 
curred in  the  plans  proposed  by  the  roads.  On  the  same  day,  an 
understanding  having  been  reached,  the  Railroads'  War  Board  di- 
rected "  that  all  available  facilities  on  all  railroads  east  of  Chicago 
be  pooled  to  the  extent  necessary  to  furnish  maximum  freight  move- 
ment." The  action  of  the  roads  did  not  involve  a  pooling  of  freight 
tariffs  or  earnings  by  competing  railways,  which  would  have  been 
illegal,  but  merely  an  arrangement  for  the  use  of  physical  equip- 
ment in  common  to  such  an  extent  as  should  be  found  necessary  in 
order  to  enlarge  sufficiently  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  eastern 
lines  so  as  to  relieve  the  traffic  congestion.  A  car  pool  was  formed, 
which  was  administered  under  the  direction  of  the  Commission  on 
Car  Service  of  the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense,  Ameri- 
can Railway  Association.  The  Railroads'  Pool  was  administered  by 
a  General  Operating  Committee. 

RAILROADS'  WAR  BOARD,  OFFICIALLY  KNOWN  AS  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE, 
SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON  NATIONAL  DEFENSE,  AMERICAN  RAILWAY 
ASSOCIATION. 

It  was  organized  April  21,  1917.  The  Executive  Committee  was 
organized  under  authority  of  a  resolution  adopted  by  the  chief 
executive  officers  of  the  principal  railway  systems  of  the  United 
States  at  a  meeting  held  in  Washington  on  April  11,  1917.  Stated 
broadly,  its  function  was  to  direct  the  policies  of  the  Special  Com- 
mittee on  National  Defense  of  the  American  Railway  Associa- 
tion in  coordinating  the  operations  of  the  railroads  of  the 
United  States  in  a  continental  system  during  the  period  of  the 
war,  merging  their  individual  and  competitive  activities  in  an 
effort  to  produce  the  maximum  degree  of  efficiency.  The  com- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       383 

mittee  consisted  of  five  members  selected  from  the  Special  Commit- 
tee on  National  Defense  and  two  ex  officio  members  from  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  and  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  Its 
authority  to  direct  the  railroad  activities  of  the  country  was  derived 
from  the  ratification  of  the  resolution  above  referred  to  by  the  indi- 
vidual corporate  action  of  some  693  roads.  The  committee  held  its 
first  meeting  in  Washington  on  April  23,  1917,  and  thereafter  sat  in 
frequent  session  until  its  dissolution.  Its  activities  were  carried  on 
largely  through  the  medium  of  the  following  subcommittees:  The 
Commission  on  Car  Service,  and  Committees  on  Military  Transpor- 
tation Accounting,  Military  Equipment  Standards,  Materials  and 
Supplies,  Military  Passenger  Tariffs,  Military  Freight  Tariffs,  and 
Express  Transportation.  Through  its  ex  officio  members  the  com- 
mittee worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Council  of  National  Defense 
and  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Daniel  Willard  repre- 
senting the  former  and  Edgar  E.  Clark  the  latter.  Like  the  Special 
Committee  on  National  Defense,  of  which  it  was  a  part,  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  ceased  to  function  on  December  28,  1917,  when  the 
President  assumed  control  of  the  railroads,  though  it  was  not  for- 
mally dissolved  until  December  31,  1917,  by  authority  of  Director 
General  McAdoo.  Fairfax  Harrison  acted  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee throughout  the  entire  period  of  its  existence.  During  the 
period  from  April  to  December,  1917,  the  Railroads'  War  Board  suc- 
ceeded in  attaining  a  unity  of  operation  and  a  degree  of  efficiency 
which  had  not  previously  been  achieved  in  the  history  of  American 
railroads. 

RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION,  AMERICAN. 

The  American  Railway  Association  was  a  private  organization 
which,  both  before  and  after  the  outbreak  of  war,  did  much  to  organ- 
ize the  transportation  facilities  of  the  country  in  the  interests  of 
national  defense.  The  purpose  of  the  association,  as  stated  in  the 
articles  of  organization,  was  the  discussion  and  recommendation  of 
methods  for  the  management  and  operation  of  American  railways. 
Its  membership  consisted  of  common  carriers  operating  American 
steam  railways,  no  carrier  operating  less  than  100  miles  being  eligible 
for  membership.  Each  member  was  entitled  to  one  vote  for  each 
thousand  miles  of  road  operated.  At  the  head  of  the  organization 
was  an  Executive  Committee  consisting  of  9  elected  members,  includ- 
ing the  president  and  vice  president  of  the  association.  There  were 
also  Committees  on  Nominations,  Transportation,  Maintenance,  Rela- 
tions between  Railroads,  Safe  Transportation  of  Explosives  and 
other  Dangerous  Articles,  and  a  Committee  on  Electrical  Working. 
The  association  held  regular  meetings  in  May  and  November  of  each 
year,  at  which  a  great  variety  of  matters  relating  to  railroad  trans- 
portation were  discussed.  In  January  of  1919  a  reorganization  took 
place  at  the  instance  of  the  Director  General  of  Railroads,  and  the 
American  Railroad  Association  came  into  existence,  which  included, 
besides  the  American  Railway  Association,  the  following  related 
organizations:  The  American  Railway  Master  Mechanics'  Associa- 
tion; the  Association  of  Railway  Telegraph  Superintendents;  the 
Association  of  Transportation  and  Car  Accounting  Officers;  the 
Freight  Claims  Association;  the  Master  Car  Builders'  Association; 


384       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  Railway  Signal  Association ;  and  the  Railway  Storekeepers'  Asso- 
ciation .  Under  the  new  association  five  sections  were  organized :  Oper- 
ating, Engineering,  Mechanical,  Traffic,  Transportation.  All  rail- 
roads under  Federal  control  were  declared  to  be  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation. The  purpose  of  the  new  organization  was  similar  to  that  of 
the  former  American  Railway  Association.  The  most  import  ant  war 
activities  of  the  American  Railway  Association  were  carried  on  by 
the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense,  formed  pursuant  to  reso- 
lutions adopted  by  the  Associations'  Executive  Committee  on  Feb- 
ruary 16, 1917.  The  Railroads'  War  Board,  which  directed  the  opera- 
tion of  the  roads  prior  to  Federal  control,  was  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense. 

RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION,  AMERICAN;  SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Organized  pursuant  to  resolutions  adopted  by  Executive  Com- 
mittee, American  Railway  Association,  February  16,  1917.  It  in- 
included  the  body  formerly  known  as  the  Special  Committee  on 
Cooperation  with  the  Military  Authorities,  to  which  was  added  14 
members,  bringing  the  total  up  to  18,  the  name  at  the  same  time  being 
changed  to  that  of  the  Special  Committee  on  National  Defense  of  the 
American  Railway  Association.  By  resolution  of  April  11,  1917, 
adopted  by  the  railway  executives,  the  membership  was  increased  to 
25,  and  still  later  it  was  increased  to  33.  The  membership  of  the 
committee  was  representative  of  the  four,  and  later,  six,  military 
departments  into  which  the  country  was  divided.  The  committee 
was  organized  at  the  suggestion  of  Daniel  Willard,  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Transportation  and  Communication  of  the  Ad- 
visory Commission,  Council  of  National  Defense,  in  order  to  assist 
in  the  work  of  the  Council.  By  the  resolutions  adopted  April  11, 
the  Special  Committee  was  authorized  "  to  formulate  in  detail  and 
from  time  to  time  a  policy  of  operation  of  all  or  any  of  the  railways, 
which  policy,  when  and  as  announced  by  such  temporary  organiza- 
tion, shall  be  accepted  and  earnestly  made  effective  by  the  several 
managements  of  the  individual  railroad  companies  here  represented." 
The  agreement  contained  in  the  resolution  was  signed  by  the  execu- 
tives of  nearly  700  railroads.  By  the  resolutions  of  April  11  the 
direction  of  the  activities  of  the  committee  was  delegated  to  an  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  five,  selected  from  the  Special  Committee  and 
usually  referred  to  as  the  Railroads'  War  Board.  The  essential  func- 
tion of  the  Special  Committee  was  to  coordinate  the  activities  of  the 
roads  subscribing  to  the  agreement,  with  those  of  the  Committee  on 
Transportation  and  Communication  of  the  Advisory  Commission, 
Council  of  National  Defense.  The  members  of  the  committee,  being 
located  throughout  the  country  and  organized  into  departmental 
groups,  were  charged  with  the  task  of  carrying  out  the  policies  formu- 
lated by  the  Executive  Committee  of  five.  The  chairmen  of  the 
various  departmental  groups  of  the  Special  Committee  were  as 
follows:  Northeastern  Department,  J.  H.  Hustis;  Eastern  Depart- 
ment, L.  F.  Loree;  Southeastern  Department,  W.  J.  Harahan;  Cen- 
tral Department,  R.  H.  Aishton;  Southern  Department,  W.  B.  Scqtt; 
and  Western  Department,  William  Sproule.  The  Special  Commit- 
tee ceased  to  function  on  December  28, 1917,  when  the  operation  of  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       385 

railroads  was  taken  over  by  the  President,  and  was  dissolved  Decem- 
ber 31,  by  authority  of  Director  General  McAdoo  contained  in  a  letter 
to  the  Railroads'  War  Board.  Fairfax  Harrison  acted  as  chairman 
of  the  Executive  Committee  of  five. 

RAILWAY  BOARD  OF  ADJUSTMENT  NO.  1. 

Created  March  22,  1918,  through  the  issuance  by  the  Director 
General  of  Railroads  of  General  Order  No.  13,  which  was  a  "  Memo- 
randum of  Understanding"  reached  between  the  Regional  Directors 
and  the  representatives  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers, 
Order  of  Railway  Conductors,  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Trainmen, 
and  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen  and  Enginemen.  The 
board  superseded  the  so-called  Commission  of  Eight  and  was  made 
up  in  a  similar  manner,  consisting  of  eight  members,  four  appointed 
by  the  Regional  Directors  to  represent  management,  and  four  to  rep- 
resent employees,  one  appointed  by  each  of  the  four  labor  organiza- 
tions. The  function  of  the  board  was  to  adjust  all  controversies 
growing  out  of  the  interpretation  or  application  of  existing  wage 
schedules  or  agreements  between  officials  of  a  railroad  and  employees 
in  the  group  embraced  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  four  unions  which 
could  not  be  settled  in  the  usual  manner  by  the  committee  of  the 
employees  and  officials  of  the  railroads.  The  Memorandum  of 
Understanding  made  it  obligatory  to  submit  such  disputes  to  the 
board.  The  agreement  provided  that  a  majority  vote  of  the  board 
should  be  decisive  and  that  in  case  of  a  deadlock  the  matter  should 
be  referred  to  the  Director  General  for  decision.  Up  to  January  1, 
1919,  not  only  had  there  been  no  necessity  for  referring  a  case  to  the 
Director  General,  but  in  each  of  the  331  cases  decided  up  to  that  time 
the  vote  had  been  unanimous.  Charles  P.  Neill  was  the  first  chair- 
man of  the  board,  and  on  January  1,  1919,  was  superseded  by  F.  A. 
Burgess  in  pursuance  of  the  adopted  policy  of  rotating  the  chair- 
manship. 

See  Division  of  Labor,  United  States  Railroad  Administration. 

RAILWAY  BOARD  OF  ADJUSTMENT  NO.  2. 

Created  May  31,  1918,  through  the  issuance  by  the  Director  Gen- 
eral of  Railroads  of  General  Order  No.  29,  which  was  a  "  Memoran- 
dum of  Understanding  "  reached  between  the  Regional  Directors  and 
the  representatives  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists, 
International  Brotherhood  of  Boilermakers,  Iron  Ship  Builders  and 
Helpers  of  America,  International  Brotherhood  of  Blacksmiths  and 
Helpers,  Brotherhood  of  Railway  Carmen  of  America,  Amalga- 
mated Sheet  Metal  Workers'  International  Alliance,  and  Interna- 
tional Brotherhood  of  Electrical  Workers.  It  performed  the  same 
functions  for  the  group  of  workers  embraced  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  above-mentioned  unions  as  were  performed  by  Railway  Board 
of  Adjustment  No.  1  for  the  employees  embraced  within  its  juris- 
diction. The  board  was  composed  of  12  members,  6  representing 
management  and  6  representing  employees.  E.  F.  Potter  was  elected 
chairman  of  the  board.  Up  to  January  1,  1919,  147  controversies 
had  been  presented  to  it,  and  decisions  had  been  rendered  in  128 
cases. 

See  Division  of  Labor,  United  States  Railroad  Administration. 
127232—19 25 


386       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
RAILWAY  BOARD  OF  ADJUSTMENT  NO.  3. 

Created  November  13,  1918,  through  the  issuance  by  the  Director 
General  of  Railroads  of  General  Order  No.  53,  which  was  a  "  Memo- 
randum of  Understanding  "  reached  between  the  Regional  Directors 
and  representatives  of  the  Order  of  Railroad  Telegraphers,  Switch- 
men's Union  of  North  America,  Brotherhood  of  Railway  Clerks,  and 
United  Brotherhood  of  Maintenance-of-Way  Employees.  Its  func- 
tions in  connection  with  the  group*  of  workers  embraced  within  its 
jurisdiction  were  the  same  as  those  of  Boards  Nos.  1  and  2.  It  was 
composed  of  eight  members,  four  representing  management  and  four 
representing  employees.  H.  A.  Kennedy  was  elected  chairman. 
Up  to  December  1,  1918,  only  one  case  had  been  submitted  to  the 
board.  Upon  this  no  action  had  been  taken. 

See  Division  of  Labor,  United  States  Railroad  Administration. 

RAILWAY  CAR  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

An  organized  association  which  during  the  war  mobilized  its 
members  for  war  work.  The  manufacturers  engaged  in  special  war 
work,  such  as  the  forging  and  finishing  of  shells,  construction  of 
gun  mounts,  and  the  design  and  construction  of  camp  equipment 
for  the  War  Department  and  United  States  Railroad  Administra- 
tion. W.  F.  M.  Goss  was  president  during  the  war. 

RAILWAY  EQUIPMENT  AND  SUPPLY  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  July  30,  1918.  It  coordinated  the  demands  of  the  differ- 
ent branches  of  the  Government  and  the  allies  for  railroad  equip- 
ment and  supplies;  it  insured  the  distribution  of  all  orders  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  secure  the  greatest  and  most  efficient  production  and 
assisted  the  manufacturers  of  railroad  equipment  and  supplies  in 
securing  their  material  and  in  bringing  their  productive  capacity  up 
to  the  highest  efficiency.  J.  Rogers  Flannery,  chief. 

RAILWAY  MAIL  SERVICE,  DIVISION  OF;  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization  of  the  Post  Office  Department.  Its 
service  was  considerably  expanded  by  the  war,  owing  to  the  increase 
in  the  mails  incidental  to  all  Government  war  activities,  the  in- 
crease in  parcel-post  business  because  of  embargoes  on  express  ship- 
ments, and  the  necessity  for  carrying  great  quantities  of  mail  to  and 
from  camps  and  cantonments.  Under  the  supervision  of  this  division 
of  the  Post  Office  Department  there  were  established  at  New  York 
City  a  terminal  post  office  with  a  maximum  number  of  1,072  em- 
ployees and  another  office  at  Chicago  with  160  employees.  These 
offices  handled  all  the  mail  for  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
in  Europe  and  prepared  it  for  delivery  by  military  units,  as  far  as 
practicable,  before  placing  on  board  the  vessel  at  New  York,  so  it 
could  go  through  to  destination  without  further  distribution.  Rail- 
way postal  clerks  rendered  assistance  in  the  sale  of  War  Savings 
Stamps  and  Thrift  Stamps.  William  I.  Denning,  superintendent 
of  the  Division  of  Railway  Mail  Service,  reporting  to  Otto  Praeger, 
Second  Assistant  Postmaster  General. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       387 
RAILWAY  SURGEONS,  COMMITTEE  ON. 

See  Committee  on  Industrial  Medicine  and  Surgery,  General  Med- 
ical Board,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

RAILWAY  AND  UTILITIES  COMMISSIONERS,  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF; 
WAR  COMMITTEE. 

This  committee  was  created  pursuant  to  a  resolution  adopted  by 
the  National  Association  of  Railway  Commissioners  in  session  at 
Washington  November  16  to  19,  1917.  It  consisted  of  five  members 
and  an  ex-officio  member,  the  president  of  the  association.  The 
chairman  of  the  committee  was  Max  Thelen.  Its  functions,  as 
stated  in  the  language  of  the  resolution,  were  that  it  "  shall  be 
charged  with  the  duty  of  conferring  with  the  appropriate  Federal 
and  'State  authorities  and  with  each  State  commission  and  of  giving 
advice  and  suggestions  as  to  what  each  commission  can  do  affirma- 
tively and  constructively  to  help  the  Nation  in  the  present  emergency, 
and  to  select  agents  to  carry  out  its  objects,  and  to  make  effective 
the  offers  of  cooperation  made  by  the  president  and  the  executive 
committee.  At  the  same  meeting  the  name  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Railway  Commissioners  was  changed  to  that  of  the  National 
Association  of  Railway  and  Utilities  Commissioners. 

RANGE  BOILERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  26,  1918,  by  the  Range  Boiler  Exchange.  The 
committee  conferred  with  the  Priorities  Board  and  the  Conserva- 
tion Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  number  of  sizes  and 
styles  of  boilers  was  reduced.  Victor  Mauck,  chairman. 

RATCHETS  AND  HYDRAULIC  JACKS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  4,  1918,  at  the  request  of  the  Hardware  and 
Hand  Tool  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  E.  Z.  Stillman, 
chairman. 

RAW   MATERIALS    DIVISION,    DIRECTOR    OF    PURCHASE;    PURCHASE    AND 
STORAGE. 

Created  October  19,  1918,  in  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase 
as  the  Raw  Materials  and  Paints  Division.  Its  name  was  changed 
to  Raw  Materials  Division  on  October  28.  It  took  over  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Fuel  and  Forage  Division,  Quartermaster  General's 
Office,  and  was  assigned  the  duty  of  procurement  of  metals,  fuels, 
paints,  and  chemicals,  through  branches  designated  as  Administra- 
tive, Ferrous,  Non-Ferrous,  Oils  and  Paints,  and  Chemicals.  The 
complete  transfer  of  functions  had  not  been  effected  on  November  11, 
1918.  Col.  George  E.  Warren,  chief. 

RAW  MATERIALS  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  October  28,  1918,  to  supersede  the  Fuel  and  Forage 
Division,  taking  over  the  Administrative,  Oil,  and  Fuel  Branches 
of  that  division.  It  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of  all  fuels,  oils, 
and  paints  required  for  the  Army.  The  division  functioned  through 


388       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  following  branches :  Fuel,  Administrative,  Oils,  Paints.  A  con- 
templated organization  of  Ferrous,  Non-Ferrous,  and  Chemical 
Branches  was  never  completed.  Col.  George  E.  Warren,  chief. 

EAW  MATERIALS  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPART- 
MENT. 

Established  immediately  after  the  creation  of  the  Procurement 
Division  on  January  14,  1918,  taking  over  the  functions  of  what  was 
known  as  the  Cheniical  Control  of  the  Raw  Materials  Branch  of  the 
Gun  Division.  The  section  supervised  all  negotiations  in  connection 
with  the  purchase  of  raw  materials  of  all  kinds  covered  by  the 
Procurement  Division,  including  ferrous  and  nonferrous  materials, 
chemicals,  lumber,  cement,  leather,  glass,  rubber,  textiles,  oils,  paints, 
etc.  The  term  "  raw  material  "  covered  all  fundamental  raw  ma- 
terials proper,  and  certain  semifinished  materials  which  had  not 
passed  beyond  a  certain  stage  in  the  manufacture  into  the  final 
product.  The  Raw  Materials  Section  was  subdivided  into  the  Fer- 
rous, Non-Ferrous,  and  Chemical  Branches.  The  section  also 
handled  the  purchase  of  structural  steel,  steel  cars,  railway  tracks, 
etc.  Lieut.  Col.  Douglas  I.  McKay  was  acting  head  from  January 
17  to  26,  1918,  when  Lieut.  Col.  R.  P.  Lamont  became  head.  On 
September  13,  1918,  Lieut.  Col.  Lamont  was  succeeded  by  Maj.  W. 
M.  MacCleary. 

RAW  MATERIALS,  MINERALS,  AND  METALS  COMMITTEE,  ADVISORY  COM- 
MISSION, COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

One  of  the  seven  committees,  with  Bernard  M.  Baruch,  chairman, 
formed  on  the  Advisory  Commission,  one  under  each  commissioner, 
to  assume  supervision  over  a  special  field  of  industry.  The  absorp- 
tion of  surplus  stocks  of  raw  materials  during  the  years  of  the  war 
before  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  and  the  contracts  for  future 
supplies  made  immediately  necessary  a  survey  of  primary  products 
necessary  for  the  conduct  of  the  war.  The  study  of  those  which  had 
to  be  imported  was  first  made.  Supply  therefore  having  fallen  short 
of  demand,  and  competitive  buying  being  an  imminent  threat,  co- 
ordination was  imperative.  To  facilitate  and  control  supply,  pro- 
duction, increase,  and  substitution,  cooperative  committees  of  in- 
dustry, drawn  from  men  in  high  standing  in  their  respective  indus- 
tries, were  appointed,  subordinate  to  which  were  appointed  advisory 
committees  to  cover  special  fields.  Although  the  Raw  Materials  Com- 
mittee was  not  a  purchasing  body,  it  did  almost  at  the  outset  of  the 
Avar  make  arrangements  whereby  the  Army  and  Navy  bought  45,000,- 
000  pounds  of  copper  at  sixteen  and  two-thirds  cents  when  the  mar- 
ket price  was  about  thirty-five  cents,  and  also  arranged  for  large 
purchases  of  steel,  zinc,  and  lead  at  from  thirty-three  and  one-third 
to  fifty  per  cent  below  market  price.  It  acted,  both  directly  and  by 
representation  on  the  General  Munitions  Board,  as  a  medium  of 
clearance  between  producer  and  consumer.  The  committee  func- 
tioned through  the  following  cooperative  committees:  Alcohol, 
Aluminum,  Asbestos,  Magnesia  and  Roofing,  Brass.  Cement,  Chemi- 
cals. Copper,  Lead,  Lumber,  Mica,  Nickel,  Oil,  Rubber,  Steel  and 
Steel  Products,  Wool,  and  Zinc.  The  wcrk  of  these  committees  was 
continued  with  changed  personnel  and  varying  functions  under  the 
War  Industries  Board. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       389 

EAW  MATERIALS  AND  SCRAP  SECTION,  SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  for  the  purpose  of  supervising  the  sale  of  surplus  raw 
and  scrap  materials  on  hand  in  the  War  Department,  including  pig 
iron,  lead,  brass,  copper  nitrates,  acids,  chemicals,  etc.  The  section 
obtained  reports  of  surplus  material  on  hand  in  the  several  War  De- 
partment bureaus,  issued  price  sheets  showing  the  prices  at  which 
they  would  be  disposed  of,  and  conferred  with  trade  representatives 
for  the  purpose  of  determining  policies  with  reference  to  sales.  It 
functioned  through  the  Chemical  and  Oils,  Ferrous  Metals,  and  Non- 
Ferrous  Metals  Subsections.  Maj.  A.  T.  Mercer,  chief. 

REAL  ESTATE  BOARDS,  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF;  WAR  SERVICE 
BOARD. 

Appointed  by  the  president  of  the  association,  June,  1918.  The 
board  reported  upon  the  adaptability  of  real  estate  and  appraised 
property  for  governmental  departments  cooperating  with  the  Real 
Estate  Division  of  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  and  the  War  De- 
partment Board  of  Appraisers.  A  survey  of  available  storage  space 
was  made  through  local  board  Government  appraisal  committees. 
Effective  service  was  rendered  to  the  United  States  Housing  Corpo- 
ration in  the  appraisal  of  sites  for  building  operations.  W.  M.  Gar- 
land, president,  ex  officio ;  J.  C.  Nichols,  chairman. 

REAL  ESTATE  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANS- 
PORTATION, UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  LABOR. 

This  division  acquired  the  real  estate  required  for  the  projects  of 
the  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  Scouts  were  first  sent  out 
to  make  a  report  on  possible  sites  and  estimates  of  cost.  Appraisals 
on  sites  under  consideration  were  secured  from  committees  of  five 
each  from  the  local  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Rotary  Club,  and  five 
members  of  the  National  Real  Estate  Association;  also  the  mayor, 
tax  assessor,  or  other  officials.  From  these  appraisals  and  the  esti- 
mated tax  returns  the  price  to  be  offered  was  determined.  When 
property  could  not  be  secured  without  material  delay,  the  negotiator 
for  the  corporation  was  authorized  to  commandeer  it.  If  the  owner 
objected  to  the  price  offered,  he  was  paid  75  per  cent  of  the  amount, 
with  permission  to  sue  for  more.  William  E.  Shannon,  manager; 
succeeded  on  February  28,  1919,  by  Barney  J.  Treacy. 

REAL  ESTATE  SERVICE,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  by  General  Orders,  No.  43,  on  April  1,  1919.  This  service 
had  charge  of  the  procurement  by  purchase,  lease,  rental,  condemna- 
tion, requisition,  or  donation  of  all  real  estate ;  the  granting  and  re- 
newing of  all  leases,  licenses,  permits,  or  privileges  authorizing  the 
use  of  any  real  estate ;  the  sale  or  other  disposition  of  all  real  estate, 
including  the  cancellation,  extension,  or  modifications  of  all  leases, 
licenses,  permits,  and  privileges,  and  the  filing  and  recording  of  all 
grants,  deeds,  abstracts,  leases,  and  other  instruments  pertaining  to 
real  estate.  Acquisition  of  real  estate  for  fortifications  and  seacoast 
defenses  remained  under  the  direction  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers. 
The  Real  Estate  Service  functioned  through  the  following  branches : 
Procurement,  Disposal,  and  Records.  Gilbert  F.  Woods,  chief. 


390       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

REAL  ESTATE  AND  FINANCE  BRANCH,   PURCHASE,    STORAGE   AND   TRAF- 
FIC DIVISION. 

Created  May  17,  1919,  to  supervise  and  coordinate  the  operating 
activities,  conducting  the  lease,  purchase,  and  disposition  of  real  es- 
tate for  the  Army ;  to  direct  the  activities  of  the  Board  of  Valuation 
and  Review,  and  to  exercise  coordinating  and  supervisory  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  Finance  and  Accounting  Service  of  the  Army.  Col.  J. 
S.  Fair,  chief. 

RECLAMATION  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

See  Salvage  Division,  Director  of  Storage,  Purchase,  Storage  and 
Traffic  Division. 

RECLAMATION    SERVICE,    UNITED    STATES,    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE    INTE- 
RIOR. 

The  United  States  Reclamation  Service,  while  a  permanent  organi- 
zation, performed  certain  functions  bearing  an  intimate  relation  to 
the  war  program.  One  of  its  most  important  services  was  the  devot- 
ing of  every  effort  to  stimulating  crop  production  on  the  various 
reclamation  projects  under  way.  All  construction  work  was  sus- 
pended which  did  not  promise  increased  crop  production  within  the 
probable  duration  of  the  war.  Farmers  cultivating  land  included 
in  reclamation  projects  were  supplied  with  seed,  and,  in  cases  where 
transportation  was  lacking,  storage  cellars  were  built  for  the  han- 
dling of  perishable  crops.  The  United  States  Reclamation  Service 
also  undertook  a  reclamation  program  in  connection  with  the  plan 
to  provide  work  and  homes  for  returning  soldiers.  The  Sundry 
Civil  Act,  approved  July  1,  1918,  made  provisions  for  an  appropria- 
tion of  $100,000  for  the  investigation  of  this  plan.  Surveys  were 
made  in  all  the  States  for  the  purpose  of  locating  feasible  projects. 
Definite  steps  in  the  direction  of  cooperation  with  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment were  taken  by  many  of  the  States.  When  this  article  was 
written,  a  large  number  of  questionnaires  had  been  distributed  in. 
various  camps  and  some  50,000  reply  cards  had  been  received  from 
men  interested,  and  filed.  The  Reclamation  Record,  a  monthly  pub- 
lication, is  issued  by  the  service.  Director,  United  States  Reclama- 
tion Service,  A.  P.  Davis. 

RECONSTRUCTION  CONGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  INDUSTRIES. 

Held  in  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  December  3-6,  1918,  at  the  call  of  the 
United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce.  It  was  attended  by  repre- 
sentatives of  the  nearly  400  war  service  committees  that  had  been 
formed  under  the  direction  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  The  gen- 
eral sessions  of  the  conference  wTere  also  participated  in  by  the 
national  councilors  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  by  the  presi- 
dents an  dsecretaries  of  commercial  and  trade  organizations  making 
up  the  chamber's  organization  membership.  The  purpose  of  the  con- 
gress was  to  consider  questions  of  immediate  adjustment  necessary 
in  transition  from  Avar  to  peace.  Resolutions  were  adopted  outlining 
the  positions  of  the  conference  on  the  major  problems  of  readjust- 
ment. It  was  decided  that  the  war  service  committees  should  remain 
in  existence  and  that  they  should  be  federated  into  an  association  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       391 

industry  whose  energies  were  to  be  turned  to  the  solution  of  the 
problems  of  readjustment. 

RECONSTRUCTION  AND  AFTER- WAR  ACTIVITIES,  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE 
ON;  NATIONAL  CATHOLIC  WAR  COUNCIL. 

A  standing  committee  of  the  Committee  on  Special  War  Activities. 
It  studied  the  problems  of  reconstruction  and  cooperated  with  the 
Departments  of  Labor  and  the  Interior,  the  Federal  Board  for  Voca- 
tional Education,  the  United  States  Employment  Service,  and  other 
Government  agencies.  It  developed  a  program  for  community  wel- 
fare work,  civic  centers,  and  social  service  which  was  put  into  effect 
in  various  industrial  centers.  In  cooperation  with  the  American  Na- 
tional Red  Cross,  it  established  ten  clinics  in  hospitals  throughout  the 
country  for  the  after-care  of  wounded  or  disabled  soldiers  and  their 
families.  Rt.  Rev.  Monsignor  M.  J.  Splaine,  chairman. 

RECONSTRUCTION    RESEARCH    DIVISION,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL    DE- 
FENSE. 

The  readjustment  and  reconstruction  research  activities  of  the 
council,  which  were  commenced  in  May,  1918,  expanded  to  such  pro- 
portions that  on  February  3,  1919,  the  Reconstruction  Research  Divi- 
sion was  created  by  act  of  the  Director  of  the  Council.  It  has  made 
careful  record  of  all  Federal  readjustments  of  the  reconstruction 
activities  of  all  Federal  Government  agencies,  of  all  State  govern- 
ments and  of  many  local  governments.  It  had  a  very  extensive  file 
of  the  activities  of  foreign  governments  and  also  of  nongovernmental 
agencies  from  local  to  international.  Information  concerning  the 
problems  and  conditions  of  readjustment  and  reconstruction  through- 
out the  country  was  collected  through  an  elaborate  system  of  re- 
search and  through  contacts  made  by  the  Field  Division  of  the 
council.  A  special  file,  digest,  and  study  of  the  opinions  of  the  most 
prominent  men  of  affairs  throughout  the  country  concerning  the 
most  vital  problems  of  reconstruction  and  readjustment  was  con- 
stantly kept  up  to  date.  Particular  attention  was  paid  to  read- 
justment in  terms  of  its  relation  to  mobilization  of  resources  for  na- 
tional defense,  with  a  view  to  recommendations  for  future  mobiliza- 
tion in  terms  of  difficulty  of  readjustment.  It  has  facilitated  the 
clearing  of  readjustment  and  reconstruction  information  between 
all  governmental  agencies  at  a  time  when  speed  in  clearing  was  of 
vital  importance  to  provision  for  readjustment.  Herbert  N.  Shen- 
ton,  chief. 

RECORD  SECTION,  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Record  Section,  as  it  existed  in  December,  1917,  prepared  and 
maintained  records  having  to  do  with  sources  of  supply,  stock  and 
production,  specifications  and  costs,  purchase  orders  and  contracts, 
etc.  Complete  files  were  maintained,  giving  sources  of  supply  for  all 
items  purchased  by  the  division.  The  information  kept  by  the 
Record  Section  served  as  a  guide  for  the  formulation  of  equipment 
purchasing  plans  and  also  served  as  a  guide  to  the  situation  with 
reference  to  requirements  and  the  steps  taken  to  meet  those  require- 
ments. The  section  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of  the  Equipment 
Division  after  January  14,  1918.  Lieut.  Brehm,  chief. 


392       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

RECORDS  BRANCH,   REAL   ESTATE   SERVICE,   PURCHASE,   STORAGE   AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  April  1,  1919,  to  have  charge  of  the  filing  and  recording 
of  all  grants,  deeds,  abstracts,  leases,  and  other  instruments  pertain- 
ing to  real  estate.  It  functioned  through  the  following  sections: 
Correspondence,  Deeds  and  Leases,  and  Map.  Lieut.  Col.  George  R. 
Somerville,  chief. 


RECREATION,  SECTION  ON;    SUBCOMMITTEE  ON  WELFARE  WORK,  COM- 
MITTEE ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organization  started  shortly  after  the  formation  of  the  Committee 
on  Labor  in  April,  1917.  The  membership  of  the  section  grew  to 
about  one  dozen,  made  up  of  representatives  of  labor  and  experts  on 
recreation.  All  members  were  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers,  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Labor.  The  section  made  some  preliminary 
surveys  of  recreation  facilities  in  industrial  plants  and  communities 
in  shipbuilding,  aeroplane-making,  and  munition-making  centers  and 
issued  a  report  containing  recommendations  in  regard  to  adequate 
recreation  programs.  Dr.  George  J.  Fisher,  chairman. 

RECRUITING  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  MARINE  CORPS. 

A  continuing  organization  of  the  Marine  Corps  which  reports 
directly  to  the  major  general  commandant.  The  service  had  charge 
of  the  recruiting  of  men  for  the  Marine  Corps.  It  functions  through 
thirty-two  district  offices  with  subdistrict  headquarters  in  each.  Col. 
Albert  S.  McElmore  was  in  charge  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

RECRUITING  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Authorized  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  on  May  29,  1917, 
to  recruit  and  train  officers  and  crews  for  the  Merchant  Marine.  Re- 
cruiting was  carried  on  through  the  medium  of  drug  stores  in  6,970 
cities  and  towns  of  the  country,  and  training  was  given  in  navigation 
and  engineering  schools  for  officers,  and  on  training  ships  on  the 
Great  Lakes,  Atlantic,  and  Pacific  coasts  for  crews.  Up  to  Novem- 
ber 9,  1918,  the  Officers'  Schools  had  graduated  a  total  of  6,2G1 
students,  and  the  Sea  Training  Bureau  had  recorded  over  32,000  ap- 
plications for  training  as  sailors,  firemen,  cooks,  etc.  Other  func- 
tions of  the  service  were  performed  by  a  Sea  Service  Bureau  which 
placed  graduates  of  the  training  schools  and  ships  in  positions  on  the 
Merchant  Marine,  a  Selective  Service  Law  Bureau,  which  arranged 
for  deferred  classification  of  the  men  recruited,  a  Social  Service 
Bureau,  and  the  Merchant  Mariner,  a  weekly  journal  for  conveying 
information  on  the  work  of  the  service  and  stimulating  interest  in 
the  merchant  marine.  Henry  Howard  was  director. 

RECRUITING  PUBLICITY  BUREAU,  UNITED  STATES  MARINE  CORPS. 

A  continuing  branch  of  the  Marine  Corps  which  reports  to  the 
major  general  commandant  through  the  Recruiting  Service.  This 
bureau  handles  all  matters  of  publicity  for  the  Marine  Corps,  sends 
out  the  new  releases,  photographs,  makes  posters,  and  publishes  the 
pamphlets  dealing  with  Marine  Corps  activities.  Maj.  T.  G.  Sterrett, 
in  charge  during  the  war. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.       393 
RED   CEOSS,  AMERICAN  NATIONAL. 

Founded  in  July,  1881,  and  reincorporated  January  5,  1905.  The 
constituent  parts  of  the  American  National  Red  Cross  are  the  14  divi- 
sions, 13  in  United  States  and  one  in  the  insular  possessions  and 
foreign  countries.  These  divisions  are  divided  into  chapters  to  which 
branches  and  auxiliaries  report.  The  general  activities  of  the  Na- 
tional Headquarters  of  the  Red  Cross  were  military  and  civilian 
relief,  nursing,  hospital,,  ambulance,  medical,  food,  and  general  sup- 
ply requirements  abroad,  at  home,  in  mobilization  centers,  on  trans- 
ports and  troop  trains.  The  divisional  headquarters  developed  the 
chapter  activities  and  carried  on  relief  work  in  local  fields.  On  No- 
vember 11,  1918,  16,776  persons  were  employed  in  Red  Cross  work  in 
the  United  States  and  Europe,  and  8,000.000  women  workers  were 
employed  in  the  Red  Cross  workrooms;  the  total  membership  was 
19,928,022,  and  the  value  of  supplies  produced  was  $75,864,177.  It 
functioned  through  a  central  committee,  an  executive  committee,  and 
a  war  council,  and  through  advisory  committees:  Medical  Advisory 
Committee,  Dr.  Simon  Flexner,  chairman ;  Woman's  Advisory  Com- 
mittee, Mrs.  William  K.  Draper,  chairman;  National  Committee  on 
Red  Cross  Nursing  Service,  Miss  Jane  O.  Delano,  chairman;  Com- 
mittee on  Cooperation,  Charles  A.  Coffin,  chairman;  Insurance  Ad- 
visory Committee,  Herndon  Chubb,  chairman.  The  departments  of 
the  Red  Cross  are:  Law  and  International  Relations,  Accounts,  De- 
velopment, Military  Relief,  Civilian  Relief,  Nursing,  Foreign  Relief, 
Supplies,  Publicity,  Personnel.  During  the  war  President  Woodrow 
Wilson  was  president  of  the  Red  Cross. 

REFERENCE,  DIVISION  OF;   COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Formed  November  12,  1917,  to  conduct  reference  work  along  gov- 
ernmental matters,  and  to  furnish  "complete  records  of  Government 
activities.  It  was  merged  with  the  Service  Bureau  May  1,  1918. 
William  Churchill,  director. 

REFINING,  BUREAU  OF;    OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

This  bureau  considered  all  technical  refining  subjects  and  was  con- 
cerned with  the  efficiency  of  refineries,  production  of  aviation  gaso- 
line, and  the  supply  of  kerosene.  G.  W.  Gray,  director. 

REFRACTORIES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  25,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacture "  of 
refractories.  J.  J.  Brooks,  jr.,  chairman. 

REFRACTORIES  AND  NATIVE  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  July,  1918,  with  Charles  Catlett,  chief,  to  handle  all 
matters  in  connection  particularly  with  clays,  flourspars,  and  fire 
and  chrome  brick. 

REFRIGERATOR  DEPARTMENT,  CAR  SERVICE  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Established  July  1,  1918,  at  Chicago,  under  the  supervision  of 
W.  L.  Barnes.  This  office  collected  data  from  all  agencies  owning 


394       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

or  controlling  refrigerator  cars  concerning  the  movement  and  dis- 
tribution of  such  cars.  It  was  an  office  of  record,  and  on  the  basis 
of  the  information  contained  therein  the  regional  directors  issued 
the  necessary  instructions  with  regard  to  the  allocation  of  this  type 
of  car.  The  Refrigerator  Department  and  the  Tank  Car  Record 
Office  were  administered  together  under  the  managership  of  W.  L. 
Barnes. 

REFRIGERATOR  MANUFACTURERS'   WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Formed  by  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce,  August  22, 
1918,  to  represent  the  industry  with  the  War  Industries  Board  and 
the  United  States  Food  Administration.  B.  F.  Hall,  chairman. 

REFRIGERATOR  AND  TANK  CAR  DEPARTMENT,  CAR  SERVICE  SECTION, 
DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Established  July  1,  1918,  at  Chicago.  This  office  collected  data 
concerning  tank  cars,  including  those  privately  owned  and  those 
owned  by  the  railroads.  Reports  were  required  from  roads  covering 
available  supply  of  carSj  interchange  between  lines,  average  number 
of  miles  per  car  per  day,  average  detention  on  switching  lines,  etc., 
the  object  being  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  cars  then  presently 
available,  and  thus  to  avoid  constructing  additional  cars.  Informa- 
tion was  submitted  to  regional  directors,  who  adopted  corrective  meas- 
ures when  necessary.  The  Refrigerator  Department  acted  as  a  cen- 
tral organization  for  the  handling  of  all  refrigerator  cars,  both  of 
railroad  and  private  ownership.  This  office  collected  data  from  all 
agencies  owning  or  controlling  refrigerator  cars  concerning  the 
movement  and  distribution  of  such  cars.  It  was  an  office  of  record, 
and  on  the  basis  of  the  information  obtained  the  necessary  instruc- 
tions were  issued  with  regard  to -the  distribution  of  this  type  of  car. 
The  administration  was  thus  enabled  to  utilize  all  such  cars,  whether 
in  normal  home  territory  or  elsewhere,  for  moving  the  Nation's 
entire  crop  of-  perishable  foodstuffs.  W.  L.  Barnes,  in  charge. 

REGIONAL  ADMINISTRATION,   UNITED   STATES   RAILROAD   ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

With  the  idea  of  creating  the  most  efficient  and  economical  operat- 
ing organization  possible,  the  Director  General  of  the  railroads 
adopted  a  policy  of  decentralized  control  for  the  railroads  taken  over 
by  the  President  in  matters  pertaining  to  operation,  though  all  such 
activities  were  directed  and  coordinated  by  the  central  administra- 
tion. On  January  18,  1918,  the  Director  General  issued  an  order 
classifying  the  railroads  of  the  United  States  in  three  regional 
groups,  Eastern,  Western,  and  Southern,  with  headquarters  at  New 
York,  Chicago,  and  Atlanta,  respectively.  Later  it  became  appar- 
ent that  a  further  division  of  control  was  necessary,  and  on  June  1, 
1918,  two  new  regional  groups  were  formed  of  lines  detached  from 
the  Eastern  region,  which  were  known  as  the  Allegheny  and  Poca- 
hontas  Regions,  with  headquarters  at  Philadelphia,  and  Roanoke, 
Va.  On  June  11,  1918,  the  Northwestern  and  Southwestern  Re- 
gions were  formed,  including  lines  detached  from  the  Western  Re- 
gion. The  remaining  territory  was  called  the  Central  Western  Re- 
gion, and  had  its  headquarters  at  Chicago.  The  main  office  of  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      395 

Northwestern  Region  was  located  at  Chicago,  and  of  the  Southwest- 
ern, at  St.  Louis.  In  charge  of  operating  activities  within  the 
various  regions  were  district,  Federal,  and  general  managers.  The 
district  managers  were  placed  over  certain  larger  subdivisions  of 
the  region,  known  as  districts.  The  Federal  managers  were  in 
charge  of  more  important  single  divisions  of  road  or  groups  of 
smaller  lines,  while  the  general  managers  operated  individual  roads. 
There  were  also  managers  in  control  of  the  terminals  at  the  more  im- 
portant railways  and  ports.  Each  regional  director  appointed  a  gen- 
eral staff,  including  traffic,  operating,  mechanical,  and  engineering 
assistants,  the  last  named  being  sometimes  replaced  by  an  assistant 
for  capital  expenditures.  There  were  also  in  each  region  committees 
which  acted  under  the  direction  of  the  various  divisions  of  the  cen- 
tral administration.  For  example,  each  region  had  a  purchasing 
committee  working  under  the  supervision  of  the  Director  of  Finance 
and  Purchases  and  later  of  the  Director  of  Purchases.  There  were 
also  numerous  subcommittees  which  performed  duties  in  connection 
with  special  traffic  movements.  In  order  to  strengthen  the  authority 
of  the  Director  General  the  regional  directors  and  the  Federal  and 
general  managers  were  required  to  sever  any  relations  which  they 
may  have  had  with  the  railroad  corporations  either  as  officers  or  di- 
rectors, and  in  everything  pertaining  to  the  operation  of  the  railroads 
they  were  made  directly  responsible  to  the  Director  General.  The 
regional  directors  furnished  the  point  of  contact  between  the  rail- 
roads and  the  central  administration,  and  were  responsible  to  the 
Director  General  for  the  entire  operating  situation  upon  the  lines 
under  their  control.  They  were  directed  to  make  every  effort  to  clear 
away  traffic  congestion  and  to  operate  the  roads  under  their  jurisdic- 
tion from  the  point  of  view  of  a  national  system,  in  order  to  attain 
the  maximum  of  efficiency  and  the  minimum  of  waste.  They  were 
also  to  make  studies  and  submit  recommendations  concerning  cer- 
tain matters  involving  broad  questions  of  policy,  as  for  example,  re- 
ductions in  passenger  service,  increased  efficiency  in  freight  transpor- 
tation, unification  of  purchases,  standardization,  etc. 

REGISTER  OF  THE  TREASURY,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

An  official  of  the  Treasury  Department,  charged  with  the  duty  of 
signing  all  bonds  and  currency  issues  of  the  United  States  and  record- 
ing and  certifying  his  audit  of  all  public  debt  accounts  to  the  auditor 
for  settlement.  The  war-time  register  was  H.  B.  Teehee. 

HEGISTERED  MAILS,  DIVISION  OF;  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization.  During  the  war  it  handled  through 
the  registry  system  large  quantities  of  money,  Liberty  bonds,  war 
savings  stamps,  etc.,  its  normal  activities  thus  being  considerably 
augmented.  Many  confidential  communications  were  also  handled 
for  various  Government  agencies.  Superintendent,  Leighton  V.  B. 
Marschalk,  reporting  to  Alexander  M.  Dockery,  Third  Assistant 
Postmaster  General. 

REGISTRATION   DEPARTMENT,   WOMAN'S   COMMITTEE,   COUNCIL   OF   NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

Registration  of  women  to  determine  the  kind  of  service  and  the 
amount  of  time  that  they  could  devote  to  war  work  was  undertaken 


396       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

in  24:  States  under  the  direction  of  this  department.  Regis- 
tration  was  voluntary  except  in  Louisiana.  A  day  was  set  aside  by 
governor's  proclamation  or  in  some  other  manner  and  the  matter 
was  given  extensive  publicity,  registration  being  conducted  at  booths 
or  by  a  house-to-house  canvass.  The  information  gained  was  used 
in  various  ways,  but  in  every  case  registration  resulted  in  a  means 
of  supplying  an  increased  number  of  workers  for  the  American 
National  Red  Cross  and  various  social  service  agencies,  and  of  filling 
emergency  calls  for  paid  and  volunteer  workers.  The  problem  of 
training  women  for  the  new  fields  of  work  opening  to  them  was 
taken  up,  and  courses  were  offered  covering  45  lines  of  work,  and 
varying  from  high  school,  business  college,  and  university  classes  to 
emergency  classes  and  evening  groups.  The  placement  of  women 
desiring  service,  either  paid  or  volunteer,  was  carried  on  in  22  State 
divisions,  usually  in  close  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Em- 
ployment Service.  Mrs.  Hannah  J.  Patterson,  chairman. 

REGULATION,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Authorized  to  regulate  the  rates  and  practices  of  commerce  carriers 
by  water  in  the  foreign  and  interstate  commerce  of  the  United  States. 
The  work  consisted  of  filing  tariffs  of  interstate  water  carriers,  mak- 
ing investigations,  and,  if  necessary,  holding  hearings  in  cases  of 
complaints  of  unreasonable  and  discriminate  rates  and  practices,  and 
advising  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  in  its  policy  of  modify- 
ing the  rates  and  practices  in  question.  In  cases  of  foreign-water 
carriers  the  division  exercised  similar  investigatory  powers  with  a 
view  to  the  restraint  of  unfair  rates  and  practices.  It  also  kept  a 
record  of  the  statements  of  all  carriers  by  water  regarding  agree- 
ments as  to  pooling  and  other  special  privileges,  and  recommended 
to  the  board  the  abrogation  of  these  privileges  if  they  were  found 
unjustly  discriminatory.  Examiner  H.  E.  Manghum,  in  charge. 

REMOUNT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  remount  service  was  operated  as 
the  Remount  Branch,  Transportation  Division.  In  September,  1917, 
the  branch  developed  into  a  separate  and  distinct  division  known  as 
the  Remount  Division,  which  reported  directly  to  the  Quartermaster 
General  until  after  the  creation  of  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic 
Division,  when  it  reported  directly  to  the  Director  of  Purchase  and 
Storage.  The  division  had  charge  of  the  procurement  of  public 
animals  (horses  and  mules)  and  of  the  shipment  of  them  to  depots 
to  be  trained  and  put  in  condition  for  issue  to  organizations  or  ship- 
ment overseas.  It  had  supervision  in  the  United  States  over  the  con- 
struction, organization,  administration,  and  personnel  at  permanent 
remount,  auxiliary  remount,  and  animal  embarkation  depots;  and 
it  cooperated  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  the  breeding  of 
suitable  horses  for  the  military  service.  Prior  to  February  13,  1918, 
the  division  was  also  charged  with  the  purchase,  manufacture,  and 
issue  of  animal-drawn  vehicles,  spare  parts,  and  accessories,  includ- 
ing harness  and  leather  equipment.  On  February  13  this  function 
was  transferred  to  the  Supply  and  Equipment  Di vision,  Quarter- 
master General.  The  division  in  the  course  of  its  history  operated 
through  the  following  branches:  Vehicles  and  Leather  Equipment; 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      397 

Animal  Purchasing;  Animal  Issue  and  Inspection;  Animal  Purchas- 
ing and  Issue;  Animal  Purchase,  Issue,  and  Sales;  Remount  De- 
pot ;  Administrative  and  Personnel ;  and  Central  Office  Service.  Col. 
John  S.  Fair  was  assigned  as  chief  of  the  Remount  Branch  on  April 
12,  1917.  On  April  22,  1918,  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Matt  C. 
Bristol,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Letcher  Hardeman  on 
October  10,  1918. 

REMOUNT  DEPOT  BRANCH,  REMOUNT  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GEN- 
ERAL. 

This  branch  had  supervision  in  the  United  States  over  the  con- 
struction, organization,  and  administration  of  permanent  remount, 
auxiliary  remount,  and  animal  embarkation  depots.  It  had  charge  of 
the  care  and  training  of  public  animals  prior  to  their  issue  to  or- 
ganizations. Lieut.  Col.  William  W.  West,  jr.,  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  branch  on  August  25,  1917.  On  June  21,  1918,  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Maj.  William  P.  Stewart,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by 
Maj.  Hay  den  Channing  on  August  1, 1918. 

RENT  PROFITEERING,  COMMITTEES  ON. 

These  committees  were  established  in  about  60  cities  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Homes  Registration  Service  of  the  Department  of 
Labor  to  eliminate  rent  profiteering  by  means  of  organized  public 
opinion.  They  were  composed  of  representatives  of  organized  labor, 
of  the  property  owners,  and  the  general  public,  and  were  subdivided 
into  groups  of  three  which  took  turns  in  hearing  the  complaints  of 
tenants.  When  the  complaint  appeared  to  be  just,  the  landlord  was 
requested  to  reduce  his  rent  to  a  figure  set  by  the  committee.  If  he 
did  not,  or  did  not  adjust  matters,  the  facts  were  published  without 
comment  in  the  local  papers. 

REPAIR  BRANCH,  RECLAMATION  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918.  The  branch  was  in  charge  of  the 
repair  of  clothing,  hats,  and  shoes,  and  other  supplies  at  camps  and 
other  places  where  the  Reclamation  Division  operated.  Subordinate 
to  the  Repair  Branch  was  the  Shoe  Repair  and  the  Hat  and  Clothing 
Repair  Sections.  The  branch  was  abolished  April  16,  1918,  when  its 
duties  were  taken  over  by  the  Shoe  Repair,  Hat  Repair,  and  Clothing 
Repair  Branches.  Maj.  Herbert  W.  Hardman,  chief. 

REPAIRS  BRANCH,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL 
HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORA- 
TION, DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  branch  was  organized  to  attend  to  repairs  to  houses  in  Wash- 
ington commandeered  for  war  workers  during  and  after  August, 
1918.  It  was  under  the  control  of  a  superintendent,  employed  its 
own  labor,  and  acted  as  a  contracting  agent  to  the  Construction 
Division.  Capt.  A.  T.  Moore,  chief. 

REPARATION  OF  DAMAGES  COMMISSION,  COUNCIL  OF  GREAT  POWERS, 
PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Appointed  with  not  more  than  three  representatives  apiece  from 
ch  of  the  five  great  powers,  and  not  more  than  two  representatives 


398       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

apiece  from  Belgium,  Greece,  Poland,  Roumania,  and  Serbia,  to 
examine  and  report  on  the  amount  which  enemy  countries  ought  to 
pay  by  way  of  reparation,  on  what  they  were  capable  of  paying,  and 
by  what  method,  in  what  form,  and  within  what  time  payment  should 
be  made.  Bernard  M.  Baruch,  Norman  H.  Davis,  Vance  McCormick, 
American  members.  M.  L.  L.  Klotz  (France),  president. 

REQUIREMENTS  BRANCH,  SUPPLY  CONTROL  BUREAU,  QUARTERMASTER. 
GENERAL. 

See  Requirements  Division,  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage. 

REQUIREMENTS  BRANCH,  WAREHOUSING  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER, 
GENERAL. 

See  Requirements  Division,  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage. 

REQUIREMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE  AND   STORAGE. 

The  functions  of  the  Requirements  Division  were  originally  per- 
formed by  the  Requirements  Branch,  which  was  created  in  the  Ware- 
housing Division  in  accordance  with  an  order  dated  November  8,. 
1917.  On  January  26,  1918,  the  personnel  and  records  of  the  Require- 
ments Branch  were  transferred  to  the  Quartermaster  Supply  Control 
Bureau;  and  on  September  18,  1918,  they  were  taken  over  by  the 
Requirements  Division,  which  first  reported  to  the  Quartermaster 
General,  and  later  to  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Storage.  This 
work  was  carried  011  under  the  direction  of  the  following  chiefs: 
Maj.  T.  L.  Smith,  appointed  in  November,  1917;  Maj.  F.  L.  Devereux, 
appointed  February,  1918;  Maj.  J,  R.  Orion,  September,  1918;  Capt. 
H.  S.  Osborne,  January,  1919  (acting  chief)  ;  and  Col.  W.  S.  Wood, 
appointed  February,  1919.  The  duties  of  the  division  were  as  fol- 
lows: To  determine  requirements  for  supplies  secured  under  the 
direction  of  the  Acting  Quartermaster  General  and  Director  of  Pur- 
chase and  Storage,  and  chargeable  against  funds  under  the  control  of 
the  Director  of  Finance ;  to  issue  authorization  directing  the  procure- 
ment of  such  supplies  and  to  provide  for  setting  aside  funds  in  the 
office  of  the  Director  of  Finance  for  the  payment  thereof.  The  divi- 
sion functioned  through  the  Commodities  Requirements  Branch, 
Capt.  A.  F.  Wagner;  Raw  Material  Requirements  Branch,  Capt. 
H.  S.  Robertson;  and  the  Emergency  Requirements  Branch,  Capt. 
H.  S.  Osborne.  All  three  were  established  in  September,  1918.  The 
Emergency  Requirements  Branch  followed  up  cables  forwarded  to 
the  Requirements  Division  for  action  and  reported  the  action  taken 
by  the  division  on  such  cables. 

REQUIREMENTS  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  BU- 
REAU OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  LABOR. 

The  functions  of  this  division  were:  (1)  To  cooperate  with  the 
Building  Materials  Section,  War  Industries  Board,  on  matters  re- 
lating to  standardization,  conservation,  and  centralized  control  of 
building  materials;  (2)  to  investigate  relative  merits  of  various 
building  materials,  and  to  secure  for  each  branch  of  the  industry  its 
fair  apportionment  of  orders;  (3)  to  estimate  costs  of  materials  for 
housing  projects;  (4)  to  secure  priority  orders  for  building  mate- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       399 

rials  for  private  concerns  erecting  housing  accommodations  for  war 
workers.  The  division  worked  through  the  Materials  Information, 
Estimating,  and  Private  Housing  Sections.  N.  Max  Dunning, 
manager. 

REQUIREMENTS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  March  27,  1918,  to  be  the  central  directing  agency  for  the 
War  Industries  Board,  and  to  coordinate  all  Government  purchasing 
and  allocation  of  orders  under  threatened  shortage.  It  was  furnished 
information  regarding  all  contracts,  purchases,  and  needs  of  the  sup- 
ply departments  of  the  Government,  and  then  either  directly  or 
through  the  commodity  sections  of  the  board  advised  concerning,  or 
directed,  departmental  purchase  in  pursuance  with  established  prac- 
tices. Its  functions  at  all  times  were  closely  interrelated  with  those 
of  the  Purchase  and  Supply  Branch  of  the  Purchase,  Storage  and 
Traffic  Division,  General  Staff.  The  division  was  discontinued  De- 
cember 9,  1918.  Alexander  Legge,  chairman. 

REQUIREMENTS  SECTION,  EXTERNAL  RELATIONS  BRANCH,  PURCHASE, 
STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  September  5,  1918.  This  section  represented  the  War 
Department  in  the  Eequirements  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board.  It  was  disbanded  immediately  after  the  signing  of  the 
armistice.  Lieut.  Col.  C.  C.  Bolton,  chief. 

REQUIREMENTS  SECTION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY 
FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Organized  April  5,  1918,  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  to 
analyze  and  determine  requirements  for  ship  material  and  equipment, 
and  extensions  to  plants  and  yards,  and  to  maintain  liasion  and  co- 
operative relations  with  the  War  Industries  Board  in  its  control  of 
the  sources  of  supply  and  facilities  for  production.  Head  of  section 
acted  as  a  point  of  contact  between  the  corporation  and  other  Gov- 
ernment agencies.  The  section  ceased  activities  January  1,  1919. 
G.  M.  Brill,  head. 

REQUIREMENTS  SUBSECTION,  STATISTICS  SECTION,  ADMINISTRATIVE 
BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  September  20, 1918,  to  ascertain  the  total  Army  require- 
ments in  articles  of  issue  and  to  furnish  statistical  data  relative  to 
requirements  to  the  War  Industries  Board  and  to  commodity  com- 
mittees. It  functioned  through  the  Raw  Materials  Unit  and  Articles 
of  Issue  Unit.  Lieut.  Col.  F.  L.  Devereux,  chief. 

REQUISITIONED  HOUSES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA,  COMMITTEE  ON; 
BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  when  the  housing  shortage  in  Wash- 
ington was  the  most  serious.  It  commandeered  vacant  houses  in  the 
city,  leased  them  from  the  owners  at  a  price  decided  upon  by  an 
appraisal  committee  of  real  estate  men,  and,  after  the  houses  had 
been  repaired,  put  them  at  the  disposal  of  war  workers.  Of  the 
houses  taken  over,  64  were  released  to  owners  upon  agreement  that 


400       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

all  unoccupied  bedrooms  should  be  rented  to  war  workers,  21  were 
leased  to  persons  appointed  by  the  bureau  for  the  purpose  of  housing 
workers,  22  were  put  in  charge  of  salaried  matrons,  and  32  were 
turned  back  to  the  owners  as  unsuitable  or  not  needed  after  the 
signing  of  the  armistice.  Approximately  1,386  people  were  housed 
in  this  manner.  James  Ford,  chairman. 

RESEARCH,    COMMITTEE    ON;    GENERAL   MEDICAL    BOARD,    COUNCIL    OF 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Cooperating  with  the  National  Eesearch  Council  it  instituted  in- 
vestigation of  conditions  under  which  canned  foods  became  dele- 
terious, made  tests  of  devices  to  protect  the  ear  from  injuries  by 
explosives  and  of  devices  for  preparations  for  sterilizing  wounds, 
proved  that  chlorine  was  the  best  means  of  sterilizing  drinking  water, 
was  instrumental  in  having  the  University  of  Minnesota  grow  a 
supply  of  digitalis  adequate  to  replace  the  supply  hitherto  obtained 
from  Germany,  and  examined  and  card  indexed  antiseptics  and  disin- 
fectants. Its  work  was  eventually  transferred  to  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's Office.  Dr.  Victor  C.  Vaughan,  chairman. 

RESEARCH  COUNCIL,  NATIONAL. 

Organized  in  1916  by  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  at  the 
request  of  the  President,  to  coordinate  and  stimulate  scientific  re- 
search. By  a  resolution  February  28,  1917,  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  requested  the  council  to  cooperate  with  it  in  matters  pertain- 
ing to  scientific  research  for  national  defense,  and  soon  after  that 
date  it  began  to  serve  as  the  Department  of  Science  and  Rersearch, 
Council  of  National  Defense.  Its  members  included  representatives 
of  Government  bureaus  (those  appointed  by  the  President)  and  of 
private  research  agencies.  It  initiated  the  sound-ranging  service  of 
the  Army;  developed  the  psychological  tests  for  Army  recruits; 
organized  research  on  submarine  problems,  cooperative  investigations 
in  agriculture^  medical  researches;  new  instruments  and  devices  for 
use  by  the  Army  and  Navy.  Its  organization  as  of  October  31,  1918, 
was  composed  of  Executive  Board,  Eesearch  Information  Committee, 
and  eight  divisions:  General  Relations;  Military;  Engineering; 
Physics,  Mathematics,  Astronomy,  and  Geophysics:  Chemistry  and 
Chemical  Technology;  Geologv  and  Geography:  Medicine  and  Re- 
lated Sciences;  Agriculture,  Botany,  Forestry,  Zoology,  and  Fish- 
eries. George  Ellery  Hale,  chairman. 

RESEARCH  DIVISION,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

Organized  June  25,  1918.  This  division  was  in  charge  of  all  re- 
search work  in  chemical  warfare  having  to  do  with  poisonous  gases, 
gas  masks,  hand  grenades,  smoke  screens,  etc.  This  work  had  been 
carried  on  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines  since  the  declaration  of  war,  and 
the  activities  were  transferred  to  this  division.  Col.  G.  A.  Burrell, 
chief. 

RESEARCH   SECTION,   ADMINISTRATIVE   DIVISION,   PURCHASE,   STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

See  Bureau  of  Industrial  Research,  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic 
Division. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917.      401 
RESEARCH  INFORMATION  COMMITTEE. 

Created  March,  1918,  by  the  National  Research  Council,  with  offices 
in  Washington,  London,  and  Paris.  It  worked  with  the  Military  and 
Naval  Intelligence  Services  to  secure,  classify,  and  disseminate  scien- 
tific material  relating  to  war  problems. 

RESEARCH  AND  SPECIFICATIONS  SECTION,  PLANNING  BRANCH,  CLOTHING 
AND  EQUIPAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  June  14, 1918,  with  Maj.  W.  H.  Endicott,  chief.  It  studied 
clothing  and  equipage  in  use,  advised  inspection  sections  as  to  re- 
risions  in  specifications,  and  kept  samples  of  all  materials. 

RESEARCH  AND  STATISTICS,  BUREAU  OF;  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Under  the  general  supervision  of  Edwin  F.  Gay,  after  June,  1918, 
and  directed  for  him  by  Arthur  E.  Swanson,  who  had  been  formerly 
director  of  the  Division  of  Planning  and  Statistics  of  the  Shipping 
Board.  The  bureau  made  investigations  of  the  trade  and  economic 
conditions  of  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries.  It  included 
Divisions  of  Tabulation  and  Statistics  (after  September,  1918)  and 
Compilation.  Allan  A.  Young  was  in  charge  until  December.  1917; 
and  W.  M.  Adriance  until  June,  1918. 

RESOURCES  AND  CONVERSION  SECTION,  FINISHED  PRODUCTS  DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  May  27,  1918,  to  assemble  and  utilize  the  industries  not 
directly  engaged  in  war  production.  It  functioned  through  20 
regional  advisers  who  cooperated  with  local  war  resources  committees 
which,  erected  through  the  activity  of  the  United  States  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  became  in  effect  local  war  industries  boards.  The  section 
acted  as  a  clearing  house  for  gathering  and  disseminating  informa- 
tion, helped  to  convert  plants  to  war  uses  without  unnecessary  loss 
to  manufacturers,  and  by  assisting  manufacturers  became  finally  a 
mobilizing  point  of  industrial  productive  capacity.  The  section  was 
discontinued  December  21,  1918.  Charles  A.  Otis^  chief. 

RESPONSIBILITY  FOR   THE  WAR  AND  ITS  AUTHORIZATION   COMMISSION, 
COUNCIL  OF  GREAT  POWERS,  PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Created  at  the  second  plenary  session  of  the  Peace  Conference, 
January  25,  1919,  with  two  members  from  each  of  the  five  great 
powers,  and  five  representatives  to  be  elected  by  the  other  powers. 
Its  duties  were  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  responsibility  for 
originating  the  war,  the  acts  committed  during  the  war  in  violation 
of  the  laws  of  nations,  the  responsibility  of  individuals  for  the  per- 
formance of  these  acts,  and  the  constitution  and  procedure  of  a  tri- 
bunal appropriate  to  the  trial  of  these  offenses.  It  created  three 
subcommittees,  two  for  the  examination  of  questions  of  law  involved 
in  the  responsibility  for  the  war  and  for  war  crimes,  and  one  for 
the  examination  of  facts  connected  with  responsibilities  for  the  vio- 
lation of  the  laws  and  customs  of  war.  The  American  members 
were  Robert  Lansing  and  Maj.  James  Brown  Scott.  Robert  Lansing, 
president. 

127232—19 26 


402       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

RETAIL  DRY  GOODS  AND  DEPARTMENT  STORES,  NATIONAL  WAR  SERVICE 
COMMITTEE  OF. 

Created  in  the  early  part  of  October,  1918,  at  the  instance  of  the 
United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  War  Industries  Board 
to  provide  organized  methods  by  which  the  Government  could  effec- 
tively present  to  the  retail  dry  goods  and  department  stores  of  the 
country  its  needs  in  dealing  with  questions  of  retail  distribution, 
and  to  secaire  for  the  Government  dependable  information  as  to  how 
these  needs  could  be  met.  The  organization  of  the  committee  in- 
cluded State,  county,  and  city  organizations,  and  special  subcom- 
mittees composed  of  members  of  the  main  committee  in  cooperation 
with  special  experts.  The  committee  Avas  active  in  disseminating 
the  governmental  rulings,  and  in  organizing  the  cooperation  of  the 
retailers  in  the  enforcement  of  the  regulations  and  recommendations 
promulgated  by  the  War  Industries  Board  and  other  governmental 
bodies.  Upon  the  cessation  of  hostilities  it  became  the  Committee  on 
Plan,  Scope,  and  Expansion  of  the  National  Retail  Dry  Goods  Asso- 
ciation. The  organization  of  the  war  committee  was  continued 
until  the  association  was  reorganized  for  carrying  on  its  duties  and 
functions.  Herbert  J.  Tily,  chairman. 

RETAIL  STORES  SECTION,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  August  10,  1917.  The  problem  of  retail  stores  was 
never  covered  by  license  regulations,  but  many  staple  commodities 
such  as  sugar,  coffee,  and  rice  were  distributed  in  accordance  with 
regulations.  The  section  conducted  a  national  pledge  campaign  for 
retailers  and  suggested  the  formation  of  local  price  interpreting 
boards  in  many  cities  of  the  country.  These  fair-price  lists  were 
uniformly  successful  and  prevented  speculation.  George  E.  Lichty, 
chief. 

RETURNING  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS,  BUREAUS  FOR. 

On  December  5,  1918,  at  a  conference  held  in  Washington  com- 
posed of  representatives  of  the  various  welfare  and  Government 
organizations  a  plan  of  cooperative  action  was  worked  out  providing 
for  linking  the  national  and  local  machinery  of  the  welfare  organiza- 
tions with  that  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  reabsorption  of  returning  soldiers,  sailors, 
and  war  workers  in  industry.  Under  this  plan  cooperative  local 
Bureaus  for  Returning  Soldiers  and  Sailors  were  organized  through-- 
out the  country.  They  served  as  local  clearing  houses  of  employment 
opportunities,  and  as  agencies  for  the  coordination  of  the  work  of 
the  United  States  Employment  Service  and  of  the  employment 
activities  of  local  bodies  such  as  churches,  lodges,  draft  boards,  and 
trade  unions,  or  the  various  welfare  organizations  such  as  the  Red 
Cross,  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Young  Women'n  Chris- 
tian Association,  National  Catholi'c  ,War  Council,  Jewish  Welfare 
Board,  Salvation  Army,  and  War  Camp  Community  Service.  The 
central  control  of  the  bureaus  resided  in  the  United  States  Employ- 
ment Service,  with  a  National  Superintendent  of  Bureaus  for  Return- 
ing Soldiers  and  Sailors  in  charge  of  the  administrative  details.  In 
each  city  or  town  the  bureau  was  controlled  by  a  Board  of  Manage- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      403 

ment  composed  of  representatives  of  the  community  labor  board, 
wherever  such  a  board  existed,  of. the  community  council  of  defense, 
of  the  k>:al  branches  of  the  organizations  participating  in  the  cooper- 
ative scheme,  and  also  a  representative  of  labor  and  other  representa- 
tive citizens.  On  June  20,  1919,  there  were  2,255  local  bureaus  in 
existence  in  addition  to  the  486  branch  offices  of  the  United  States 
Employment  Service.  Harold  Stone  served  as  National  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Bureaus  up  to  March  1,  1919,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Edward  Easton,  jr. 

KEVIEW,  BOARD  OF;  SUPPLY  AND  ACCOUNTS  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Established  July  22, 1918.  This  board,  which  consisted  of  six  mem- 
bers, was  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  reviewing  the  awarding  of 
orders  and  contracts  for  signal  material,  and  to  assist  in  formulating 
policies  with  reference  to  purchases  and  related  matters  in  order  that 
the  interests  of  the  Government  might  be  protected.  After  Septem- 
ber 7,  1918,  the  Board  of  Review  was  under  the  Procurement  Division 
of  the  Signal  Corps.  Maj.  R.  A.  Klock,  chief. 

RICE  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointed  July  26,  1918,  by  United  States  Food  Administration 
to  carry  out  agreements  between  Food  Administration  and  rice 
millers.  The  committee  supervised  'the  grading  and  classification  of 
rough  rice.  Subcommittees  were  established  in  various  southern 
cities.  J.  R.  Leguenac,  chairman. 

RICE  MILLERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  United  States  Food  Administration  to  cooperate 
with  the  Rice  Division  and  the  Rice  Committee  which  represented 
that  division.  J.  R.  Leguenac,  chairman. 

ROAD  MACHINERY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  17,  1918.  The  committee  cooperated  with 
the  Priorities  Committee  and  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War 
Industries  Board.  W.  R.  Wilson,  chairman. 

ROENTGENOLOGY,   DIVISION  OF;    SURGEON  GENERAL'S   OFFICE. 

Established  July  10,  1918.  On  December  1,  1918,  a  reorganization 
took  place  and  the  Division  of  Roentgenology  became  the  Section  of 
Roentgenology  under  the  Division  of  Surgery.  It  exercised  super- 
vision over  all  matters  having  to  do  with  the  employment  of  the 
X-ray  in  the  military  service,  including:  the  obtaining  of  equipment 
through  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division,  General  Staff,  secur- 
ing and  training  of  commissioned  personnel,  and  the  organization  of 
the  X-ray  service  throughout  the  Military  Establishment.  Lieut. 
Col.  Arthur  C.  Christie  was  chief  until  August  1,  1918,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  George  C.  Johnston. 

ROLLFT)  GOLD  PLATE  AND   SEAMLESS  WIRE  AND  TUBING   WAR  SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  18.  1918.  The  committee  met  with  the  Brass 
Section  and  the  Gold  and  Silver  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board 


404       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

and  took  up  the  matter  of  conservation  and  surplus  of  materials. 
C.  M.  Dunbar,  chairman. 

ROOFING  FELT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December  1,  1917,  by  the  Dry  Saturating  Felt  Manu- 
facturers' Association.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Felt  Sec- 
tion, Pulp  and  Paper  Section,  and  the  Priorities  Committee  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  W.  A.  Forman,  chairman. 

ROPE  PAPER  AND  ROPE  PAPER  SACKS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  July,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  rope 
paper  and  rope  paper  sacks.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the 
Pulp  and  Paper  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  L.  K.  South- 
land, chairman. 

ROTARY  CUT  LUMBER,  SOUTHERN  MANUFACTURERS  OF;   WAR  SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  4,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  with 
the  Vehicle  Implement  and  Wood  Products  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board.  W.  B.  Morgan,  chairman. 

RUBBER  AND  KINDRED  PRODUCTS,  COMMITTEE  ON. 

A  special  committee,  appointed  by  the  Rubber  Association  of 
America,  Inc.,  which  worked  under  the  direction  of  the  United 
States  Government,  and  affiliated  with  the  War  Service  Committee 
of  the  Rubber  Industry  of  the  United  States.  This  committee  suc- 
ceeded the  Rubber  Control  Committee  and  the  Rubber  Advisory 
Committee,  which  supervised  rubber  importations  from  the  British 
Empire  under  the  direction  of  the  British  Government  from  Jan- 
uary, 1915,  to  December,  1917.  Charles  T.  Wilson,  chairman. 

RUBBER  ASSOCIATION  OF  AMERICA  (INC.). 

A  trade  association  founded  in  Boston  in  1900  and  continued 
under  various  names  until  incorporated  in  Connecticut  February  10, 
1917,  under  the  above  name.  Its  War  Service  Committee  entered 
into  direct  cooperation  with  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  Rub- 
ber Association,  after  April  13,  1918,  acted  as  consignee  for  crude 
rubber  imports,  under  the  Bureau  of  Imports,  War  Trade  Board. 
The  Government  took  an  option  on  all  imports;  what  was  left  was 
allocated  by  the  Rubber  Association. 

RUBBER  CONTROL  COMMITTEE. 

See  Crude  Rubber  and  Kindred  Products  Committee. 

RUBBER  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Announced  April  13,  1917,  by  B.  M.  Baruch,  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Raw  Materials,  to  have  charge  of  securing  for  the  Govern- 
ment a  speedy  and  adequate  supply  of  rubber.  The  work  was  con- 
tinued, after  the  resignation  of  the  cooperative  committee  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  by  the  Rubber  War  Service  Committee. 
H.  Stuart  Hotchkiss,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      405 
RUBBER  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  on  December  18,  1917,  to  take  over  the  work  of  the  earlier 
Kubber  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  to  act  as  a 
point  of  contact  between  the  rubber  industry  and  the  Government,  to 
supply  information  and  statistics  to  the  Government,  to  cooperate  in 
the  standardization  of  specifications  and  products,  and  to  bring  about 
speedy  production  of  Government  requirements.  The  committee  held 
various  meetings,  bringing  together  the  manufacturers  and  repre- 
sentatives of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Production  was  curtailed 
in  August,  1918,  and  in  general  the  committee  worked  to  the  end  of 
making  restrictions  equitable  to  all  manufacturers.  The  committee 
cut  down  the  sizes  of  tires  from  287  to  9 ;  about  5,500  styles  of  foot- 
wear were  eliminated;  and  water  bottles  were  cut  down  from  455 
styles  and  sizes  to  4.  The  committee  operated  through  a  central 
committee,  B.  G.  Work,  chairman,  and  the  following  divisions :  Air- 
craft, P.  W.  Litchfield,  chairman,  succeeded  by  F.  A.  Seiberling; 
Boots  and  Shoes,  H.  E.  Sawyer,  chairman,  succeeded  by  G.  H.  Mayo ; 
Clothing,  N.  Lincoln  Greene,  chairman ;  Crude  Rubber  and  Kindred 
Products,  C.  T.  Wilson,  chairman;  Foreign  Trade,  E.  H.  Huxley, 
chairman;  Gas  Defense,  W.  C.  Geer,  chairman;  Hard  Rubber,  H. 
Weicla,  chairman;  Insulated  Wire  and  Cable,  Wallace  S.  Clark, 
chairman;  Mechanical  Goods,  E.  S.  Williams,  chairman;  Medical 
and  Sundries,  A.  W.  Warren,  chairman;  Pneumatic  Tires,  G.  M. 
Stadelman,  chairman ;  Railway  Supplies,  H.  E.  Raymond,  chairman ; 
Reclaimed  Rubber,  F.  H.  Appleton,  chairman;  Solid  Tires,  H.  S. 
Firestone,  chairman,  succeeded  by  J.  W.  Thomas. 

RUBBER    SECTION,    TEXTILE    AND    RUBBER    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Organized  August  5,  1918,  to  regulate  rubber  industry,  crude  rub- 
ber importation  and  production,  and  to  see  that  all  available  capacity 
of  the  industry  was  devoted  to  filling  Government  requirements  first. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  21,  1918.  Harry  T.  Dunn, 
chief. 

RUSSIAN  BUREAU  (INC.).,  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

A  corporation  organized  by  the  War  Trade  Board  to  aid  in  sta- 
bilizing the  economic  situation  in  Russia.  All  of  its  capital  stock  of 
$5,000,000  was  owned  by  the  United  States  Government.  It  was  in- 
tended to  trade  in  American  exports  and  Siberian  raw  materials  in 
the  interests  of  the  Russian  people,  but  became  inactive  because  of 
the  armistice.  Its  exports  were  to  be  upon  emergency  licenses  issued 
by  the  Exports  Control  Committee. 

RUSSIAN  TRANSPORTATION  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  October,  1915,  by  the  Russian  Supply  Commission 
to  look  after  the  transportation  of  Government  war  orders  from  the 
United  States  to  Russia.  C.  T.  Medzikhovsky,  in  charge. 

SADDLERY  HARDWARE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  September,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  with  the 
Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
George  B.  Shepard,  chairman. 


406       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
SAFES  AND  VAULTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  12,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacture  of 
safes  and  vaults.  S.  F.  Laucks.  chairman. 

SAFETY,  BUREAU  OF;  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

During  the  period  from  January  1  to  March  14,  1918,  42  of  the 
inspectors  of  the  Bureau  of  Safety  were  engaged  in  conducting  an 
extensive  investigation  with  reference  to  railroad  traffic  congestion 
and  the  causes  which  were  responsible  for  it.  They  studied  condi- 
tions in  all  of  the  principal  railroad  terminals  east  of  Cleveland, 
Pittsbugh,  and  Cincinnati  and  north  of  Cincinnati,  Richmond,  and 
Norfolk.  They  also  investigated  the  movement  of  oil  and  empty 
tank  cars  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Oklahoma.  Daily  reports  were 
submitted,  which  were  summarized  and  communicated  to  the 
Director  General  of  Railroads.  W.  P.  Borland,  chief. 

SAFETY  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF   OPERATION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  February  19,  1918.  It  had  general  supervision  of  the 
saiety  work  of  all  railroads  under  Federal  control.  It  directed  the 
establishment  of  safety  committees  on  all  roads,  and  it  became  the 
duty  of  each  carrier  to  designate  an  officer  or  employee  who  should 
be  responsible  for  the  organization  of  the  safety  work  on  his  own 
road.  An  effort  was  made  to  educate  employees  along  safety  lines 
and  to  locate  dangerous  practices  and  to  devise  effective  remedies. 
The  original  manager  was  Hiram  W.  Belnap,  chief  of  the  Bureau 
of  Safety  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  A.  L.  Duffy 
was  appointed  chief  of  the  section  December  30,  1918. 

SAFETY  ENGINEERING,   DIVISION  OF;    WORKING   CONDITIONS   SERVICE, 
DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  division  cooperated  with  the  Bureau  of  Standards  in  the 
formulation  of  standards  for  mechanical  safety.  The  work  was  un- 
der the  immediate  direction  of  Grant  Hamilton,  director  general  of 
the  Working  Conditions  Service. 

SAFETY     ENGINEERING     SECTION,     INDUSTRIAL     RELATIONS     DIVISION, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  safety  engineering  work  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation 
was  organized  in  January,  1918,  as  a  branch  of  the  Insurance  De- 
partment of  the  Auditing  Division.  In  May  it  was  transferred  to  the 
Industrial  Relations  Division  and  on  June  26,  1918,  it  became  the 
Safety  Engineering  Section  of  that  division.  The  purpose  of  the 
section  was  the  conservation  of  industrial  man  power  by  the  creation 
and  maintenance  of  better  and  safer  plant  working  conditions.  It 
acted  in  an  advisory  relation  with  the  safety  organizations  in  ship- 
building plants;  administered  supervisory  inspection  of  plant  condi- 
tions, occupational  practices,  new  construction  and  equipment  installa- 
tion; and  carried  on  educational  campaigns  through  safety  rallies  and 
literature.  Each  shipbuilding  district  had  a  safety  engineer  who 
supervised  and  promoted  safety  engineering  in  that  district.  H.  A. 
Schultz,  executive  head. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      407 
SAFETY  PINS  WAK  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  War  Industries  Board  October  24, 
1918,  to  take  up  the  question  of  conservation  of  material.  George  A. 
Driggs,  chairman. 

SAFETY  RAZORS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Brass  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  to 
represent  the  industry  in  the  conservation  of  brass  and  to  supply  the 
Government  with  needed  supplies  of  safety  razors.  Henry  J.  Gais- 
man,  chairman. 

SAFETY  AND  SANITATION  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION,  ORD- 
NANCE DEPARTMENT. 

Created  March  4,  1918.  It  made  studies  of  safety,  sanitation,  and 
health  in  industrial  establishments  and  made  recommendations  of 
standards  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  action  in  the  case  of  plants  engaged 
in  ordnance  work.  Capt.  A.  D.  Reiley,  chief. 

SAILING  VESSEL   BRANCH,   TRADES  AND  ALLOCATIONS   DIVISION,   SHIP- 
PING CONTROL  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

In  conjunction  with  the  Sailing  Vessel  Department,  Division  of 
Operations,  it  had  charge  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  sailing  vessels 
chartered  or  owned  by  the  Shipping  Board.  It  also  followed  up  the 
dispatch  of  sailing  tonnage  and  kept  a  complete  record  of  all  sailing 
vessels,  irrespective  of  flag.  The  branch  had  under  its  direct  control 
in  September,  1918,  185  sailing  vessels  and  4  steamers,  the  latter  to 
tow  French  sailors  in  the  nitrate  trade.  J.  F.  Andrews,  in  charge. 

SAILING   VESSEL   SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    OPERATIONS,   UNITED    STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  Sailing  Vessel  Section  maintained  general  supervision  over  all 
sailing  vessel  traffic,  through  its  right  to  approve  charters  granted  by 
the  Chartering  Committee.  It  worked  in  conjunction  with  the 
Shipping  Control  Committee  and  directed  all  sailing  vessels,  includ- 
ing French  vessels,  time  chartered  to  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board,  neutral  vessels  controlled  by  the  board,  American  vessels 
requisitioned  or  owned  by  the  board,  and  former  German  vessels 
seized  by  the  United  States.  J.  F.  Andrews,  N.  D.  Cunningham, 
and  F.  J.  Donovan,  successive  managers. 

SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVIVSION. 

Established  December  17,  1917.  The  duties  of  the  Director  of 
Sales  were  as  follows:  To  supervise  the  selling  of  surplus  supplies, 
material,  equipment,  buildings,  plants,  factories,  etc.,  embraced 
within  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  9, 1918,  making  appropria- 
tions for  the  support  of  the  Army  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1919;  to  supervise  the  sale,  in  accordance  with  existing  regulations, 
of  other  supplies  not  embraced  in  this  act,  but  the  sale  of  which  was 
considered  desirable  in  the  public  interest ;  and  to  supervise  the  com- 
pilation of  funds  covering  all  SIK  h  sales.  It  was  the  policy  of  the  War 
Department  to  dispose  of  surplus  materials  to  other  bureaus  of  the 
department  or  to  other  departments  of  the  Government,  where  prac- 


408       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ticable.  Wherever  possible,  material  not  disposed  of  in  this  way 
was  sold  to  the  contractor  supplying  it,  at  a  fair  price,  or  it  was 
disposed  of  through  ordinary  channels  in  the  open  market.  A  par- 
ticular effort  was  made  to  disturb  industrial  conditions  as  little  as 
possible.  The  Sales  Branch  functioned  through  the  following  sec- 
tions :  Administrative ;  Machine  Tools ;  Building  Materials ;  Quarter- 
master Stores;  Legal;  Ordnance  and  Ordnance  Stores;  Raw  Ma- 
terials and  Scrap ;  Motors,  Vehicles,  and  Aircraft ;  and  Sales  Promo- 
tion. Brig.  Gen.  C.  C.  Jamieson,  director  of  sales,  succeeded  by  C. 
W.  Hare,  on  January  4,  1919. 

SALES  DEPARTMENT,  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL 
HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORA- 
TION, DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

This  department  was  formed  to  dispose  of  material  left  on  several 
United  States  Housing  Corporation  projects  upon  abandonment  of 
operations  at  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  It  formulated  policies, 
made  recommendations,  and  kept  a  record  of  sales.  H.  McDonald, 
chief  until  January  31,  1919 ;  succeeded  by  L.  W.  White. 

SALES,  DIRECTOR  OF. 

See  Sales  Branch,  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division. 

SALES  PROMOTON  SECTION,  SALES  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Established  April  15,  1919.  This  section  endeavored  to  find  mar- 
kets for  surplus  material,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  and  to  this 
end  planned  publicity  and  advertising  campaigns.  The  chief  of 
the  section  was  T.  R.  Elcock,  jr. 

SALMON  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Appointed  July  15,  1918,  composed  of  the  Federal  food  adminis- 
trators for  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Alaska  and  a  rep- 
resentative of  the  Canned  Foods  Division  of  the  United  States  Food 
Administration  to  determine  reasonable  prices  for  raw  salmon  in 
the  various  streams.  Their  recommendations  were  adopted  as  the 
basis  of  prices  for  canned  salmon.  An  investigation  of  costs  was 
made  by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  and  prices  for  the  1918 
pack  adopted  which  were  the  same  as  those  of  the  1917  pack. 

SALVAGE  BRANCH,  CONSERVATION  AND  RECLAMATION  DIVISION,  QUAR- 
TERMASTER GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918,  and  responsible  to  Reclamation  Di- 
vision prior  to  April  22,  1918.  The  branch  was  in  charge  of  collect- 
Ing,  assorting,  packing,  storing,  and  selling  all  waste  products,  and 
performed  its  functions  through  the  Cotton,  Woolen,  Rubber  and 
Leather,  Metal,  Waste  Paper,  Fertilizer  and  Garbage,  and  Traffic 
Sections.  It  was  abolished  June  14,  1918,  its  duties  being  taken  over 
by  the  Salvage  and  Gardening  Branch.  Louis  Birkenstein,  chief. 

SALVAGE  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

The  work  of  this  division  was  originally  performed  by  the  Con- 
servation Division,  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  established 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      409 

November  8,  1917.  On  January  21,  1918,  the  name  was  changed  to 
Keclamation  Division,  and  on  April  22,  1918,  to  Conservation  and 
Reclamation  Division,  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General;  and  on 
October  28,  1918,  to  Salvage  Division,  Office  of  Director  of  Storage. 
Under  the  various  designations  enumerated  above,  it  functioned  suc- 
cessively under  the  following  chiefs:  Lieut.  Col.  James  Canby;  Maj. 
Irwin  S.  Osborn ;  and  Philip  W.  Wrenn.  The  duties  of  the  division 
included  the  work  of  organization  and  the  making  of  regulations  for 
salvage  service ;  care  and  repair  of  shoes ;  care  and  repair  of  clothing ; 
dry  cleaning;  laundering  of  clothing;  care 'and  repair  of  hats;  care 
and  repair  of  canvas  fabrics  and  cots;  collection  and  disposal  of 
kitchen  waste,  garbage,  manure,  and  dead  animals;  collection  and 
preservation  of  waste  material;  regulations  for  the  cultivation  of 
land  and  the  selling  of  farm,  garden,  mineral,  and  forestry  products 
at  Army  camps,  cantonments,  and  posts.  The  Salvage  Division 
operated  through  the  Administrative,  Laundries,  Waste  Materials, 
Farms,  and  Repair  Shops  Branches.  The  last  named  performed 
the  duties  formerly  pertaining  to  the  Clothing  Renovation,  Shoe  and 
Harness,  and  Canvas  Repair  Branches.  At  various  times  there  also 
functioned  under  the  Salvage  Division,  or  under  a  corresponding 
division,  prior  to  October  28,  1918,  the  following  branches :  Hat  Re- 
pair, Contract  and  Purchasing,  Dry  Cleaning,  Clothing  Repair,  Sal- 
vage and  Gardening,  Salvage,  Shoe  Repair,  Laundries,  Waste  Ma- 
terials, Shoe  and  Harness  Repairs,  Clothing  Renovation,  Farms, 
Gardening,  and  Inspection. 

SALVAGE  AND  GARDENING  BRANCH,  CONSERVATION  AND  RECLAMATION 
DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  June  14,  1918.  This  branch  collected  and  disposed  of 
all  waste  products  and  supervised  all  agricultural  activities  on  lands 
owned  or  leased  by  the  Government.  Abolished  October  28,  1918. 
Louis  Birkenstein,  chief. 

SALVATION  ARMY,  NATIONAL  WAR  WORK  COUNCIL. 

Created  in  April,  1917,  to  act  as  the  directing  body  of  all  war  work 
for  the  Salvation  Army.  A  National  War  Board  was  later  organized, 
with  headquarters  at  New  York  and  Chicago,  to  direct  the  work  in 
the  United  States.  The  efforts  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  this  coun- 
try were  directed  to  the  cities  and  towns  adjacent  to  camps.  In 
these  places  huts  and  hotels  with  canteen  service  were  established 
with  rooms  for  soldiers  and  their  friends,  writing  paper  was  dis- 
tributed, and  religious  services  held.  In  brief,  every  effort  was  made 
to  serve  men  of  all  faiths  and  to  provide  a  place  to  stay  while  on 
pass.  At  debarkation  points  the  same  accommodations  were  pro- 
vided, and  the  sending  of  telegrams  to  friends  of  returning  soldiers 
became  an  important  part  of  the  work.  During  the  demobilization 
period,  the  employment  agencies  of  the  Salvation  Army  coop- 
erated with  the  other  employment  agencies.  The  work  in  the  Ameri- 
can Expeditionary  Forces  was  almost  entirely  within  the  military 
lines.  The  work  of  the  Salvation  Army  overseas  included  the  dis- 
tribution of  various  articles  of  food  to  the  soldiers,  the  transmission 
of  money  to  dependents  of  soldiers,  inquiries  for  missing  men,  am- 
bulance service,  decoration  of  graves,  and  all  work  which  was  con- 


410       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

cerned  with  the  welfare  of  the  men  in  uniform.  Over  $4,000,000 
was  expended  in  this  relief  work.  Commander  Evangeline  C.  Booth, 
the  commander  in  chief  of  the  Salvation  Army,  was  president  of 
the  War  Work  Council  during  the  period  of  the  war;  Col.  William 
Peart,  chairman  of  the  Eastern  National  War  Board;  Commander 
Thomas  Estill,  chairman  of  the  Western  National  War  Board; 
Lieut.  Col.  William  S.  Barker,  director  of  war  work  in  France. 

SAN    FRANCISCO    DISTRICT    ORGANIZATION,    DIVISION    OF    OPERATION, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  San  Francisco  Agency  of  Operations  was  established  to  look 
after  the  interests  of  the  United  'States  in  its  trade  with  the  Orient 
and  Australia.  It  was  not  analagous  to  the  agencies  at  other  ports, 
but  was  rather  a  supervising  office  formed  to  span  the  distance  be- 
tween the  main  office  at  Washington  and  the  important  district  on 
the  Pacific  coast.  It  had  branch  offices  in  Seattle,  Portland,  and  Los 
Angeles,  through  which  it  supervised  the  operation  work  for  the 
Alaskan,  Hawaiian,  Philippine,  Calcutta,  and  Australian  trade.  It 
reallocated  the  vessels  on  the  coast  in  order  to  make  the  limited 
number  meet  the  demand  of  trade,  replaced  the  steel  steamers,  wher- 
ever possible,  by  the  emergency  wooden  vessels,  made  reports  on 
the  tonnage  construction  on  the  coast,  and  recruited  labor  and  seamen 
for  the  service.  C.  W.  Cook  was  assistant  director  of  the  Division 
of  Operations,  at  San  Francisco,  succeeded  by  H.  H.  Ebey. 

SAND,  LIME,  BRICK  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  to  represent  the  manufacturers  in  their  dealing  with 
governmental  departments.  William  Crume,  chairman. 

SANITATION,  DIVISION  OF;  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

The  Division  of  Sanitation  has  been  coexistent  with  the  Surgeon 
General's  office.  During  the  war  it  was  concerned  with  all  matters 
relating  to  the  health  of  troops,  including  physical  examinations, 
selection  of  recruits,  sanitation  of  camps,  sanitary  inspections,  vital 
statistics,  etc.  Subordinate  to  the  division  were  the  following  eight 
sections :  Sanitary  inspection ;  medical  records  of  si:k  and  wounded ; 
current  statistics;  communicable  diseases;  sanitary  engineering;  food 
and  nutrition;  student  army  training  corps;  and  a  mis  ellaneous  sec- 
tion, which  supervised  physical  examinations,  prescribed  physical 
standards,  supplied  administrative  medical  department  personnel, 
etc.  During  the  period  of  hostilities  the  division  was  under  the 
supervision  of  the  following  officers:  Col.  H.  P.  Birmingham,  Col. 
T.  P.  Keynolds,  and  Col.  D.  C.  Howard. 

SANITATION,  SECTION   ON;    SUBCOMMITTEE    ON   WELFARE   WORK,   COM- 
MITTEE ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organization  started  shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Labor  in  April,  1917.  The  sectional  committee  had  about 
sixty  members,  experts  in  sanitation,  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers, 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor.  It  was  controlled  by  an  exec- 
utive committee  of  seven  members,  and  carried  on  its  activities 
through  the  following  so-called  divisions :  Shop  and  industrial  sani- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      411 

tation,  village  and  public  sanitation,  industrial  fatigue,  lighting, 
drinking  water,  heating  and  ventilation,  lunch  rooms,  industrial  dis- 
eases and  poisons,  medical  supervision,  diagnostic  clinics,  abnormal 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  home  nursing.  Investigations  of  sanitary 
conditions  were  conducted,  and  a  number  of  pamphlets  were  issued 
dealing  with  industrial  fatigue,  lighting,  ventilation,  and  other  mat- 
ters affecting  the  health  and  efficiency  of  workers.  The  organiza- 
tion of  the  Working  Conditions  Service  in  the  Department  of  Labor 
in  July,  1918,  lessened  the  need  for  further  activities  of  this  section, 
but  its  work  has  continued.  Chairman,  Dr.  William  A.  Evans,  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Public  Health  Association.  Headquarters, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

SAVINGS  DIVISION,  WAR  LOAN  ORGANIZATION,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  division  of  the  Treasury  War  Loan  Organization,  created  in 
October,  1918,  to  take  over  the  functions  of  the  National  War  Sav- 
ings Committee.  In  the  reorganization  of  the  war  savings  adminis- 
tration the  governors  of  the  Federal  reserve  banks  supervised  the 
sale  of  savings  stamps  in  their  respective  districts,  with  a  director  of 
war  savings  for  each  district  in  immediate  charge.  Working  through 
these  organizations,  through  the  Post  Office  Department,  and 
through  the  subordinate  State  and  local  organizations,  the  Savings 
Division  supervised  the  sale  of  savings  stamps,  conducted  publicity 
and  educational  campaigns,  and  worked  out  the  details  of  war  sav- 
ings policy.  The  director  was  Harold  Braddock. 

SCALES  AND  BALANCES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  26,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
beam,  automatic  dial,  store  and  counter,  spring,  automatic  dumping 
and  recording,  and  scientific  scales.  Henry  J.  Fuller,  chairman. 

SCHOOL    BOARD    SERVICE    STATION,    BUREAU    OF    EDUCATION,    DEPART- 
MENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

The  recommendation  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  School  Board  Service  Station  was  approved  by  the 
President  as  of  September  30,  1918.  For  the  expenses  of  this  divi- 
sion the  President  set  aside  $25,000  from  the  National  Security  and 
Defense  Fund.  A  director  was  appointed  on  November  4,  1918, 
although  considerable  preliminary  work  had  already  been  clone. 
The  primary  object  of  the  School  Board  Service  Station  was  to  fur- 
nish to  school  officers  names  and  data  concerning  available  teachers 
for  vacancies  in  public  schools,  colleges,  and  universities.  For  this 
purpose  an  extensive  registration  and  index  file  of  teachers  of  the 
entire  country  was  made,  about  13,000  teachers  being  registered  on 
April  15,  1919.  Up  to  April  1,  1919,  the  division  had  made  about 
5.000  nominations  of  teachers  to  1,581  reported  vacancies.  James  R. 
Hanna,  director. 

SCHOOL    AND     COLLEGE     SECTION,     CONSERVATION     DIVISION,     UNITED 
STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  section  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  the  Bureau  of  Education,  prepared  books  and  pamphlets  that 


412       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

were  used  as  guides  in  schools,  normal  schools,  and  colleges  for 
instruction  concerning  the  food  problem.  The  work  of  college 
women  was  directed  by  the  secretary  of  volunteer  college  students  in 
each  State.  The  section  was  organized  in  March,  1918,  with  Dean 
O.  Templin  as  chief. 

SCHOOL    GARDEN    ARMY,    UNITED    STATES,    BUREAU    OF    EDUCATION,    DE- 
PARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

The  name  was  adopted  in  March,  1918.  The  work  of  the  organi- 
zation was  an  expansion  of  the  work  undertaken  by  the  Bureau  of 
Education  in  1914.  The  expansion  was  made  possible  through  an 
appropriation  by  the  President  on  February  24, 1918,  of  $50,000  from 
his  National  Security  and  Defense  Fund.  The  President  later  made 
a  second  appropriation  of  $200,000  to  continue  the  work  until  July, 
1919.  The  function  of  the  organization  was  to  promote  home  and 
vacant-lot  gardening  by  school  children.  The  children  were  organ- 
ized into  companies  officered  by  captains  and  lieutenants  and  guided 
by  garden  teachers  and  supervisors.  Members,  officers,  and  teachers 
were  designated  by  distinctive  insignia.  For  purposes  of  administra- 
tion and  direction  the  country  was  divided  into  five  districts,  for 
each  of  which  a  regional  director  was  appointed.  His  duties  in- 
cluded the  preparation  of  garden  leaflets  containing  lessons  in  gar- 
dening adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  various  localities.  -Up  to  July 
10,  1918,  about  1,500,000  boys  and  girls  had  enlisted  in  the  United 
States  School  Garden  Army,  and  20,000  acres  of  unproductive  home 
and  vacant  lots  had  been  converted  into  productive  land.  J.  H. 
Francis  was  director. 

SCHOOL  TEXT  BOOKS  PUBLISHERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  May,  1918,  by  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration 
and  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  to  dis- 
cuss methods  of  conserving  the  fuel  and  paper  supply.  Charles 
Scribner,  chairman. 

SCIENCE  AND  RESEARCH,  DEPARTMENT  OF;   COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DE- 
FENSE. 

See  National  Research  Council. 

SCIENCE  AND  RESEARCH  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Formed  October  22,  1917.  The  scientists  of  this  division,  in  co- 
operation with  the  Bureau  of  Standards,  worked  upon  technical 
aeronautical  problems.  With  the  establishment  of  the  Bureau  of 
Aircraft  Production,  this  division  was  transferred  May  20,  1918,  and 
became  a  department  of  the  Airplane  Engineering  Division.  It 
functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Aeronautic  Instruments, 
Executive,  Signaling,  Bomb  Sights,  Trajectories  and  Stabilizers,  De- 
sign and  Chemical.  Lieut.  Col.  R.  A.  Millikan,  chief. 

SCRAP  IRON,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL 
AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  June,  1917.  Its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the  War 
Industries  Board,  when  it  was  dissolved  in  November,  1917.  Eli 
Joseph,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1917.       413 
SCRAP  IRON  DEALERS,  AMERICAN  BOARD  OF. 

Organized  May  15,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  Government  for 
the  period  of  the  war  only.  Membership  was  open  to  all  dealers, 
who  were  represented  by  an  executive  committee  of  officers  and 
elected  members.  The  board  worked  in  cooperation  with  the  Steel 
Supplies  Committee,  War  Industries  Board,  in  procurement  and 
allocation  of  scrap  iron.  William  J.  Shroder,  president. 

SCRAP  IRON  AND  STEEL  SUBCOMMITTEE,   AMERICAN  IRON  AND   STEEL 
INSTITUTE. 

Created  with  Eli  Joseph,  chairman,  shortly  after  the  organization 
of  the  American  Board  of  Scrap  Iron  Dealers  to  act  as  a  subsidiary 
of  the  Steel  and  Steel  Products  Committee.  Price  schedules  were 
put  into  effect  November  5  and  December  27,  1917,  but  were  inade- 
quate. This  led  to  the  formation  of  a  new  subcommittee  January  22, 
1918,  with  W.  .Vernon  Phillips,  chairman,  which  produced  a  price 
schedule  which  was  announced  on  February  21,  1918,  which  after  a 
reduction  of  $1  per  ton  by  presidential  announcement,  April  1,  1918, 
held  until  the  end  of  the  war. 

SCREW  THREAD   COMMISSION,  NATIONAL. 

Authorized  by  act  of  Congress  July  18,  1918,  to  be  composed  of 
nine  commissioners,  the  director  of  the  Bureau  of  Standards  as  chair- 
man, two  commissioned  officers  of  the  Army,  two  commissioned  of- 
ficers of  the  Navy,  two  from  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  and  two  from  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers.  The 
last  four  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Commerce.  The 
commissioners  were  appointed  September  21,  1918.  The  duties  were 
to  ascertain  and  establish  standards  for  screw  threads  which  were  to 
be  used  in  manufacturing  plants  under  the  control  of  the  War  and 
Navy  Departments.  Hearings  were  held  in  various  cities  to  deter- 
mine the  best  threads  to  be  used.  S.  W.  Stratton,  chairman. 

SEA  SERVICE  BUREAU,  RECRUITING  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING 
BOARD. 

Established  in  July,  1917,  to  act  as  an  employment  bureau  for  the 
merchant  marine,  securing  officers  and  crews  for  positions,  and  posi- 
tions for  officers  and  crews.  It  established  offices  in  every  large  city 
and  port  of  the  country  to  carry  on  this  work,  and  by  December, 
1918,  had  arranged  positions  for  a  total  of  6,114  men,'  graduates  and 
nongraduates  of  the  training  ships  and  schools  of  the  Kecruiting 
Service.  It  also  carried  on  systematic  inspection  of  merchant  ships 
for  proper  living  conditions.  In  January,  1919,  the  bureau  was  re- 
organized under  the  same  name  by  combining  with  its  former  duties 
those  of  the  existing  shipping  agencies  of  the  Division  of  Operations 
and  centralizing  all  in  one  bureau  under  the  supervision  of  Capt.  I. 
L.  Evans. 

SEA  TRADE  SCHOOL,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

A  commercial  course  to  fit  men  in  the  merchant  marine  for  posi- 
tions with  firms  doing  export  and  shipping  business.  The  school  was 
opened  by  the  United  State  Shipping  Board  at  Georgetown  Univer- 


414       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

sity,  Washington,  D.  C.,  on  February  17,  1919,  with  a  class  of  45- 
students  who  were  furnished  by  the  Sea  Service  Bureau  of  the  Re- 
cruiting Service  on  a  basis  of  ability,  character,  and  a  year's  experi- 
ence at  sea.  The  course  was  four  months  long  with  most  of  the  in- 
struction in  the  evenings.  The  students  were  paid  $80  a  month 
while  at  the  school  and  were  employed  in  the  daytime  in  the  offices 
of  the  Shipping  Board.  Dr.  E.  A." Walsh,  regent  of  the  School  of 
Foreign  Service  at  the  university,  was  head  of  the  faculty. 

SEA  TRAINING  BUREAU,   RECRUITING  SERVICE,  UNITED   STATES   SHIP- 
PING BOARD. 

Authorized  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  on  December  1%2, 
1917,  to  establish  and  maintain  various  training  stations  and  ship? 
for  the  purpose  of  training  crews  for  the  merchant  marine.  The  ap- 
plicants for  training  were  obtained  through  recruiting  stations  in 
the  drug  stores  of  6,970  cities  and  towns  of  the  country  and  were 
given  an  intensive  course  of  from  1  to  6  months  in  which  they  were 
allowed  to  select  their  own  line  of  work,  entering  (1)  the  deck  de- 
partment for  sailors,  (2)  the  fire  room  for  coal  passers  of  firemen,  or 
(3)  the  stewards'  department  for  cooks,  bakers,  or  stewards.  Each 
man  was  paid  $30  a  month  while  serving  his  apprenticeship,  and 
upon  graduation  was  placed  on  a  vessel  through  the  Sea  Service 
Bureau.  Of  the  13  training  ships,  with  a  total  capacity  of  4.500 
men,  7  were  in  the  Atlantic  Squadron,  4  in  the  Pacific,  and  1  each  at 
New  Orleans  and  Cleveland.  By  November  8,  1918,  the  bureau  had 
received  a  total  of  32.104  applications  for  training.  Capt.  I.  N. 
Hibbard,  general  superintendent. 

SECONDARY  METALS  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  October  19, 1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  Government  for  the 
duration  of  the  war  in  the  conservation  of  scrap  metals  essential  for 
military  purposes.  All  metal  dealers  pledged  their  cooperation 
through  this  committee  and  adopted  the  policy  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  coordinating  with  its  Non-Ferrous  Metal  Section.  A 
maximum  price  of  23 J  cents  was  placed  on  new  or  old  copper  on 
October  30,  1917.  Louis  Birkenstein,  chairman. 

SECRET  SERVICE  AND  POLICE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATION,  UNITED 
STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Established  January  1,  1918.  The  \vork  of  this  section  had  pre- 
viously been  carried  on  bv  the  Secret  Service  Branch  of  the  Claims 
and  Property  Protection  Section  of  the  Division  of  Law,  under  the 
direction  of  William  J.  Flynn.  The  branch  was  reorganized  and 
became  a  section  of  the  Division  of  Operation,  Mr.  Flynn  continuing 
in  charge  as  chief.  The  function  of  the  section  was  to  supervise 
matters  affecting  the  police  service  of  the  various  railroads,  acting 
through  the  regional  directors. 

SECRETARY  OF  WAR,  THIRD  ASSISTANT. 

A  position  created  by  Congress  to  which  the  President,  on  April 
19,  1918,  appointed  Frederick  Paul  Keppel.  By  designation  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  he  was  director  of  civilian  relations,  and  under 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      415 

General  Orders  No.  81  was  responsible  for  all  matters  affecting  the 
nonmilitary  life  of  the  soldier,  functioning  also  as  the  point  of  artic- 
ulation between  the  work  of  the  Commission  on  Training  Camp 
Activities  and  the  War  Department.  Under  General  Orders  No. 
94  his  close  relations  with  the  Morale  Branch  of  the  General  Staff 
were  defined.  He  also,  by  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  or  as 
his  representative,  had  charge  of  correspondence  regarding  delays  in 
mail,  the  treatment  of  sick  and  wounded,  matters  relating  to  pass- 
ports, in  so  far  as  the  War  Department  was  concerned,  and  the  con- 
sideration of  recommendations  for  clemency,  etc.,  made  by  the  Judge 
Advocate  General. 

SEEDS  STOCKS  COMMITTEE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  Seeds  Stocks  Committee,  composed  of  representatives  of  differ- 
ent bureaus  of  the  department,  was  organized  in  the  spring  of  1918. 
This  committee  had  charge  of  matters  of  policy  and  administration, 
including  the  purchase  and  distribution  of  seed  under  the  special 
appropriation  made  by  Congress  for  that  purpose.  The  original 
appropriation  of  $2,500,000,  made  August  10,  1917,  was  supplemented 
March  28,  1918,  by  $4,000,000.  This  committee  made  no  attempt  to 
furnish  seed  except  in  drought  areas  where  it  was  clearly  shown  that 
the  commercial  agencies  could  not  handle  the  situation.  All  seed 
purchased  was  carefully  inspected,  tested,  cleaned,  and  graded  before 
it  was  offered  for  sale.  These  seeds  were  offered  for  sale  at  cost, 
and  the  sale  was  confined  to  the  Middle  West  and  to  Texas,  where 
oats,  flax,  wheat,  corn,  cotton,  sorghum,  barley,  Sudan  grass,  and 
peanuts  were  furnished.  State  officials  in  these  States  cooperated 
with  the  committee  in  the  work.  R.  A.  Oakley,  chairman.  , 

SEEDS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  October  25,  1917,  by  the  American  Seed  Trade  Asso- 
ciation. The  committee  formed  the  point  of  contact  between  Govern- 
ment authorities  and  the  seed  trade.  The  work  of  the  committee 
was  done  in  connection  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the 
United  States  Food  Administration.  John  L.  Hunt,  chairman. 

SELECTIVE     SERVICE    LAW    BUREAU,     RECRUITING     SERVICE,    UNITE!/ 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

The  Selective  Service  Law  Bureau  arranged  for  the  exemption 
from  military  service  of  men  enrolled  through  the  Eecruiting  Serv- 
ice for  training  and  subsequent  sea  duty  in  the  merchant  marine. 
H.  G.  Vaughan  was  in  charge. 

SEMIPORCELAIN  AND  CHINA  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  29,  1918.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Re- 
fractories Section,  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section,  and  the 
Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  W.  E.  Wells, 
chairman. 

SERVICE  BRANCH,  SUBSISTENCE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  in  January,  1918,  as  Administrative  Branch,  having 
charge  of  civilian  personnel,  all  matters  of  office  management,  pub 


416       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

licity  and  historical  matters.  The  branch  functioned  through  sec- 
tions on  Mail  and  Files,  Office  Property,  and  Publicity.  Capt.  S.  B. 
Johnson,  chief. 

SERVICE  BUREAU,  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Maintained  at  Fifteenth  and  G  Streets,  Washington,  a  public 
office  "  to  give  accurate  information  and  personal  direction  regarding 
Government  officials  "  to  visitors  to  Washington.  It  was  established 
upon  order  of  the  President  of  May  1,  1918.  On  July  8,  1918,  it  took 
over  the  numerous  Government  information  bureaus  at  Union  Sta- 
tion. Frederick  W.  McReynolds  in  charge  until  February  1,  1919, 
succeeded  by  Martin  A.  Morrison. 

SERVICE  DIVISION,  MOTOR  TRANSPORT  CORPS. 

Established  by  order  of  the  Chief  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
dated  August  30,  1918.  It  was  responsible  for  determining  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps  throughout  its  various  branches, 
for  compiling  general  information  and  statistics,  and  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  tables  of  organization  and  requirements.  All  contemplated 
changes  in  policy  and  methods  of  administration  were  referred  to 
this  division  in  order  to  secure  proper  coordination.  It  functioned 
through  the  Requirements,  Statistics,  Planning  and  Efficiency,  His- 
torical and  Morale  Branches.  Lieut.  Col.  Edward  Orton,  chief. 

SERVICE  SUBDIVISION,  DOMESTIC   OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF 
STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Organized  November  1,  1918,  to  coordinate  the  activities  of  the 
branches  sporting  to  it.  These  were  Operation  Service,  Warehous- 
ing Handling  Methods,  Accounting  Methods,  Fire  and  Accident, 
Packing  Service,  Space  Allotment.  Lieut.  Col.  F.  K.  Espenhain, 
chief. 

SETTLEMENTS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  FINANCE. 

Created  November  22,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  expedition  of 
payments  of  contracts  and  award,  of  examining  contracts  to  de- 
termine if  they  had  been  executed  in  conformity  with  law,  of  pre- 
paring all  claims  for  property  lost,  damaged,  or  destroyed  in  the 
military  service  and  of  maintaining  correct  lists  of  firms  bidding  on 
War  Department  contracts.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  Executive,  Contract  Adjustment,  Contract  Examining, 
Claims,  and  Credits.  Lieut.  Col.  L.  W.  Blythe,  chief,  succeeded 
February  28,  1919,  by  Lieut.  Col.  John  L.  Butler. 

SHADE  ROLLERS  AND  WINDOW  SHADES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  25,  1918.  The  committee  cooperated  with 
the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Harold  W. 
Hack,  chairman. 

SHEEPSKIN    AND     GLOVE    LEATHER    SECTION,    HIDES,    LEATHER    AND 
LEATHER  GOODS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

This  section  was  organized  in  March,  1918,  to  establish  immediate 
control  of  sheepskins  and  horsehides,  inasmuch  as  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  authorizations  for  sheepskin  jerkins  and  horsehide  gloves 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      417 

were  in  excess  of  available  supply  of  raw  material.  Agreement  with 
the  wool  pullers  was  reached  March  20,  1918,  and  maximum  prices 
for  sheep  and  lamb  skin  raw  stock  were  fixed  on  June  7,  1918,  which 
with  changes  and  renewals  ran  until  January  31,  1919.  This  section 
had  charge  of  sheepskin  used  by  the  Ordnance  Department  in  sad- 
dles, by  the  Signal  Corps  for  aviators'  boots,  and  by  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  for  coats.  By  means  of  trade  reports  and  sales  in- 
voices this  section  was  able  to  arrive  at  its  allocations  so  that  supply 
was  increased  and  conserved  and  transportation  eliminated.  The 
functions  of  this  section  wTere  taken  over  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
October  1,  1918.  E.  C.  Shotwell,  chief. 

SHEET  METAL  CONTRACTORS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  March  25,  1918,  by  the  National  Association  of  Sheet 
Metal  Contractors.  It  represented  the  whole  industry  and  prepared 
lists  of  contractors,  submitting  them  to  Government  departments  so 
that  contracts  might  be  secured  quickly.  W.  A.  Fingles,  c  hairman. 

SHEET  METAL  WARE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  December,  1917,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
sheet  metal  ware.  Bulletins  were  issued  to  keep  the  trade  informed 
of  rulings.  Sidney  Detmers,  chairman. 

SHEET  STEEL,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    AMERICAN  IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTI- 
TUTE. 

Organized  in  September,  1917,  by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute  to  succeed  the  Sheet  Steel  Subcommittee  of  the  Steel  and 
Steel  Products  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The 
subcommittee  had  charge  of  the  allocation  of  all  sheet  steel  require- 
ments and  to  it  the  various  sheet-steel  manufacturers  were  respon- 
sible. W.  S.  Horner,  chairman. 

SHEET  STEEL,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;   COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL 
AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  June,  1917.  -Its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the  War 
Industries  Board  when  it  was  dissolved  in  November,  19i7.  W.  S. 
Horner,  chairman. 

SHELLAC  IMPORTERS'  ASSOCIATION,  INC.,  UNITED  STATES. 

Organized  in  June,  1910,  and  incorporated  in  New  York  June  15, 
1917,  to  foster  trade  and  commerce  in  shellac  and  other  allied  prod- 
ucts: to  facilitate  importation  and  to  promote  the  interests  of  im- 
porters; to  collect  and  give  out  accurate  and  reliable  information 
about  importers  and  dealers.  The  association  acted  as  consignee  for 
the  Bureau  of  Imports,  War  Trade  Board,  of  shellac,  button  lac, 
garnet  lac,  seed  lac,  stick  lac,  and  refuse  lac.  H.  S.  Chatfield, 
secretary. 

SHIP  CHARTERING  COMMITTEE,  OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD. 

See  Chartering  Committee,  Operations  Division,  United  States 
Shipping  Board. 

127232—19 27 


418       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

SHIP  CHARTERING  AND  REPORTS  SECTION,  LOGISTICS  AND  FUEL  DIVISION, 
BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  section  in  charge  of  the  chartering  of  tankers,  col- 
liers, and  barges  for  transportation  of  fuel  and  reports  of  availa- 
bility of  vessels.  Benjamin  Young,  chief,  succeeded  by  Chief  Yeo- 
man J.  M.  O'Connor. 

SHIP  CONSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Appointed  about  May,  1917,  to  advise  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board  as  to  the  types  of  steamers  that  should  be  built.  Committee 
completed  work  and  resigned  about  November,  1917. 

SHIP  PROTECTION  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

A  committee  appointed  by  Gen.  Goethals  in  May,  1917,  to  consider 
every  suggestion  received  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation,  and  Naval  Consulting  Board,  which  in  any 
way  concerned  the  defensive  side  of  merchant  ship  protection,  and  to 
make  recommendations  thereon  to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board. 
Some  of  the  recommendations  immediately  approved  by  the  board 
were:  The  arming  of  merchantmen,  the  provision  of  smoke-produc- 
ing apparatus,  low-visibility  or  camouflage,  smokeless  coal  in  the  war 
zone,  consideration  of  means  of  throwing  depth  bombs,  and  the 
installation  of  excess  buoyancy  devices.  During  the  latter  part  of 
1917  the  committee  began  some  experimental  work  in  cooperation 
with  the  United  States  Naval  Engineering  Experiment  Station  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  and  in  the  spring  of  1918,  with  the  coopera- 
tion of  the  Navy  Department,  it  established  an  experimental  depart- 
ment at  New  London,  Conn.,  to  carry  on  this  work  of  experi- 
mentation. To  obtain  compliance  with  its  safeguards  and  precau- 
tions, it  worked  through  the  medium  of  the  Shipping  Control  and 
Chartering  Committees,  the  War  Trade  Board  export  licenses,  and 
the  War  Risk  Insurance  premium  rates.  Soon  after  its  establish- 
ment the  executive  committee  of  three  was  merged  into  the  larger 
Ship  Protection  General  Committee,  which  was  composed  of  various 
members  from  different  Government  departments.  Eear  Admiral 
H.  H.  Rousseau  was  in  charge  of  the  activities  of  the  committee,  suc- 
ceeded by  Rear  Admiral  A.  R.  Couden.  J.  A.  Donald,  of  the  Ship- 
ping Board,  was  chairman. 

SHIPBUILDING  BOARD  OF  REVIEW  AND  APPEAL. 

Provided  for  by  the  agreement  entered  into  on  December  8,  1917, 
by  representatives  of  the  Navy,  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation, 
and  various  unions  engaged  in  the  construction  of  ships.  This  agree- 
ment was  a  revision  of  the  memorandum  of  August  20,  1917,  creat- 
ing the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment  Board.  The  agreement  of 
December  8  provided  that  if  either  employers  or  employees  should  be 
dissatisfied  with  the  decision  of  the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment 
Board,  appeal  might  be  taken  to  a  Board  of  Review  and  Appeal  to 
be  made  up  in  each  case  as  follows:  Three  members  to  be  named 
jointly  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  and  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment, and  three  to  be  named  by  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 
An  appeal  board  was  formed  to  review  the  awards  of  the  Shipbuild- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      419 

ing  Labor  Adjustment  Board  rendered  on  October  24,  1918.  These 
awards  determined  shipbuilding  wages  for  the  entire  country.  The 
appeal  board  divided  evenly,  the  three  representatives  of  the  Fleet 
Corporation  and  the  Navy  voting  to  uphold  the  adjustment  board, 
and  the  three  representatives  of  labor  voting  to  amend  its  decisions 
and  grant  greater  increases  in  wages.  The  rulings  of  the  adjustment 
board  were  therefore  not  reversed. 

SHIPBUILDING  FACILITIES,  YARD  DEVELOPMENT  AND  STORAGE  SECTION, 
BUREAU  OF  YARDS  AND  DOCKS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

This  division  was  responsible  for  the  design  and  construction  of 
the  shore  facilities  provided  for  the  Navy  Department,  to  be  used 
for  shipbuilding  and  repair,  including  shipbuilding  ways,  marine 
railways,  shops,  foundries,  piers,  storehouses,  etc.  Commander  C.  D. 
Thurber,  chief. 

SHIPBUILDING  LABOR  ADJUSTMENT  BOARD. 

The  labor  troubles  impending  in  many  shipyards  in  the  summer  of 
1917  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment 
Board,  generally  known  as  the  "Macy  Board,'7  after  its  chairman, 
V.  Everit  Macy.  The  board  was  created  as  the  result  of  a  memoran- 
dum signed  August  20,  1917,  by  representatives  of  the  Navy,  United 
States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and  the  presi- 
dents of  the  principal  international  unions  having  to  do  with  ship- 
building. The  agreement  provided  for  a  board  of  three  members, 
one  appointed  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  one  by  the 
President,  and  one  by  Mr.  Gornpers  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor.  In  addition  to  these,  however,  the  Navy  was  entitled  to  a 
separate  representative  when  matters  affecting  it  were  raised,  and 
local  employers  and  employees  were  each  entitled  to  a  seat  on  the 
board  in  the  adjustment  of  matters  in  the  localities  affected.  More- 
over, there  were  really  two  representatives  of  labor,  one  to  sit  when 
steel  ships  and  the  other  when  wood  ships  were  considered.  This 
agreement  was  unsatisfactory,  and  a  second  memorandum  was  signed 
on  December  8,  1917,  limiting  the  membership  of  the  board  to  the 
three  mentioned  above,  except  that  the  first  member  was  appointed 
jointly  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  and  the  Navy.  The 
agreement  provided  practically  for  the  determination  of  wages  ac- 
cording to  union  rates  and  the  cost  of  living,  and  also  made  provi- 
sion for  a  Board  of  Review  to  which  appeals  against  the  decisions  of 
the  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment  Board  might  be  taken  either 
by  employers  or  employees.  The  board's  jurisdiction  covered  the 
adjustment  of  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  of  labor  (1)  in  the  con- 
struction or  repair  of  those  shipbuilding  plants  for  which  funds 
were  being  provided  by  the  Fleet  Corporation  or  the  Navy,  and  (2) 
in  the  construction  and  repair  of  ships  which  were  carried  on  under 
contract  with  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  or  the  Navy,  exclu- 
sive of  work  done  in  the  navy  yards.  By  a  group  of  decisions  ren- 
dered in  the  latter  part  of  1917  and  the  early  part  of  1918,  the  board 
established  two  sets  of  standard  wages,  one  for  the  Pacific  Coast,  and 
one  for  the  Atlantic  Coast,  Gulf,  and  Great  Lakes  Districts.  By  de- 
cisions rendered  in  October,  1918,  shipbuilding  wages  were  standard- 
ized for  the  entire  country.  On  March  31,  1919,  the  agreement 
creating  the  board  was  terminated,  and  the  board  was  dissolved. 


420       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

SHIPPERS'   COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEES,   NATIONAL   INDUSTRIAL   TRAFFIC 
LEAGUE. 

Organized  at  a  meeting  of  the  executive  committee  and  nearly  150 
members  of  the  National  Industrial  Traffic  League,  held  at  Wash- 
ington on  May  25,  1917.  The  meeting  was  called  at  the  suggestion 
of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Special  Committee  on  National 
Defense  of  the  American  .Railway  Association,  which  desired  to  se- 
cure the  cooperation  of  the  shippers  in  meeting  the  transportation 
problem.  The  result  was  that  the  league  authorized  its  president  to 
appoint  both  central  and  regional  committees ;  and  it  was  also  pro- 
vided that  the  president,  vice  president,  and  secretary  of  the  league, 
together  with  the  chairman  of  the  executive  committee,  should  be 
ex  officio  members  of  each  committee  so  appointed.  The  Central 
Committee  was  composed  of  seven  members  of  the  league,  in  whose 
hands  was  placed  general  supervision  of  the  movement  looking  to- 
ward cooperation  with  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and  the 
Railroads'  War  Board.  The  regional  committees  were  located  at 
each  of  the  points  where  the  Commission  on  Car  Service  had  estab- 
lished its  subcommittees.  In  the  beginning  there  were  23  such  points, 
but  the  number  was  afterwards  increased.  It  was  the  purpose  of 
these  regional  committees  to  report  to  and  cooperate  with  the  Com- 
mission on  Car  Service.  Specifically,  they  were  directed  (1)  to 
cooperate  with  the  subcommittees  of  the  Commission  on  Car  Service 
in  adjusting  strictly  local  transportation  problems;  (2)  to  report 
to  the  Central  Committee  any  action  taken;  (3)  to  make  recom- 
mendations to  the  Central  Committee. 

SHIPPING  BOARD,  UNITED  STATES. 

The  United  States  Shipping  Board  was  created  under  the  Federal 
shipping  act  of  September  7.  1916,  for  the  purpose  of  regulating  for- 
eign and  domestic  shipping  and  promoting  the  development  of  an 
American  merchant  marine.  It  was  organized  on  January  30,  1917, 
primarily  for  peace-time  activity,  but  after  the  declaration  of  war 
by  the  United  States  in  April,  1917,  it  actually  functioned  as  a  war 
board  under  emergency  powers  tgraated.to.it  ,by.  presidential  procla- 
mation and  Avar  legislation.  The  most  fundamental  of  these  powers 
were  contained  in  an  Executive  order  dated  July  11,  1917,  wherein 
the  President  delegated  to  the  Shipping  Board  all  the  power  and 
authority  vested  in  him  by  the  emergency  shipping  fund  provision 
of  the  urgent  deficiencies  act  of  June  15,  1917,  to  acquire  vessels 
already  constructed,  and  to  operate,  manage,  and  dispose  of  all  ves- 
sels theretofore  and  thereafter  acquired  by  the  United  States,  and 
granted  to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergenc}^  Fleet  Cor- 
poration all  the  power  and  authority  vested  in  him  relating  to  the 
construction  of  vessels.  The  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation,  whose  trustees  included  all  the  members 
of  the  Shipping  Board,  was  formed  by  the  board  under  the  author- 
ity of  the  shipping  act  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  April  16,  1917.  It  was  the  most  important  of  the 
agencies  through  which  the  Shipping  Board  performed  its  war 
activities,  and  was  charged  with  the  purchase,  construction,  equip- 
ment, lease,  charter,  maintenance,  and  operation  of  ships  for  the 
United  States  during  the  war.  It  acted  in  some  respects  as  a  cor- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      421 

poration,  but  at  the  same  time  benefited  from  its  character  as  a  Gov- 
ernment agency.  Besides  the  operation  and  construction  of  ships 
the  Shipping  Board  was  concerned  with  every  other  phase  of  the 
shipping  problem  which  confronted  the  United  States  during  the 
war,  e.  g.,  the  allocation  of  ships  to  cargoes  and  trade  routes,  recruit- 
ing and  training  men  for  the  merchant  marine,  questions  of  just  com- 
pensation, insurance  claims,  regulation  of  rates,  port  and  harbor 
development  and  utilization,  etc.  These  problems  were  bandied  for 
the  board  by  the  following  divisions  and  committees  whose  names 
indicate  in  a  general  way  the  function  performed:  The  Recruiting 
Service,  Chartering  Committee,  Shipping  Control  Committee,  Divi- 
sion of  Planning  and  Statistics,  Port  and  Harbor  Facilities  Commis- 
sion, Insurance  Division,  Law  Division,  Board  of  Survey  and  Con- 
sulting Engineers,  Ocean  Advisory  Committee  on*  Just  Compensa- 
tion, Division  of  Regulation,  Marine  and  Dock  Industrial  Re- 
lations Division,  Lake  Committee.  Shipping  Mission  in  London, 
Division  of  Transfer  and  Private  Construction,  and  the  Information 
Bureau.  The  Board  was  composed  of  five  commissioners  appointed 
by  the  President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate. 

William  Denman,  Bernard  N.  Baker,  John  A.  White,  Theodore 
Brent  (appointments  confirmed  Jan.  19,  1917),  and  John  A. 
Donald  (appointment  confirmed  Jan.  23,  1917)  composed  the 
board  as  first  appointed.  Commissioner  Baker  resigned  January  26, 
1917,  and  was  succeeded  by  Raymond  B.  Stevens,  March  15,  1917. 
Chairman  Denman  and  Commissioner  White  resigned  July  24,  1917, 
followed  by  E.  N.  Hurley  and  Bainbridge  Colby,  whose  nominations 
were  confirmed  July  25  and  August  8,  1917,  respectively.  Commis- 
sioner Brent  resigned  July  26,  1917,  succeeded  by  Charles  R.  Paa:e, 
and  the  board  as  thus  constituted  served  throughout  the  war  under 
Mr.  Hurley  as  chairman. 

SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

A  Government-owned  corporation  established  by  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  under  authority  of  the  Federal  shipping  act  of 
September  7,  1916,  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the.  District 
of  Columbia  on  April  16,  1917,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50.000.000, 
all  of  which  was  subscribed  for  by  the  Shipping  Board  on  behalf  of  the 
United  States  except  the  qualifying  shares  of  the  board  of  trustees. 
The  corporation  was  created  for  the  "  purchase,  construction,  equip- 
ment, lease,  charter,  maintenance,  and  operation  of  merchant  vessels 
in  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,"  and  was  intended  to  serve 
the  board  as  a  business  corporation  for  prompt  and  direct  action, 
but  with  the  power  and  authority  of  a  Government  agency.  Under 
the  original  shipping  act  it  was  not  authorized  to  operate  vessels 
under  its  jurisdiction,  unless,  after  buna  fide  effort  it  was  unable  to 
secure  their  operation  under  suitable  terms  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States;  but  under  Executive  order,  July  11,  1917,  this  power  to 
operate  and  acquire  vessels,  which  had  been  vested  in  the  President 
by  the  Emergency  Shipping  Board  provision  of  June  15,  1917,  was 
delegated  to  the  board,  and  later  by  it  to  the  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration. The  problems  of  operation  were  handled  for  the  cor- 
poration by  its  Division  of  Operations  through  an  extensive  home 
and  field  organization,  and  included  all  matters  pertaining  to 


422       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

finances  of  operation,  requisitioned  ships,  chartering  of  ships,  rate 
making,  contracts  with  owners,  assignments  to  managers  or  opera- 
tors, and  actual  management  of  all  vessels  with  Shipping  Board 
crews.  The  construction  of  ships,  the  other  principal  activity  of 
the  corporation,  included  problems  of  design,  supply,  production, 
purchase,  standardization,  labor,  equipment  of  vessels,  and  contract 
administration.  Full  power  in  the  construction  of  ships  was  delegated 
directly  to  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  by  the  President  in  his 
proclamation  of  July  11,  1917,  and  later  administered  under  a  di- 
rector general  who  retained  control  of  the  policy  of  the  corporation, 
but  placed  control  of  the  management  in  the  hands  of  the  general 
manager.  The  general  duties  and  activities  of  the  corporation  were 
divided  into  two  groups,  one  covering  actual  production,  the  other 
administration.  -The  Ship  Production  Group,  under  Vice-President 
Piez,  included  a  District  Manngement  Group,  National  Service  Sec- 
tion, Planning  and  Statistics  Section,  Requirement  Section,  and  the 
following  divisions :  Steel  Ship  Construction,  Wood  Ship  Construc- 
tion, Supply,  Shipyard  Plants,  and  Passenger  Transportation  and 
Housing.  The  Administrative  Group  under  Vice  President  Coonley 
included  an  Industrial  Relations  Division,  Contract  Division,  Publi- 
cations and  Plant  Protection  Sections,  and  Comptroller's  and  Audi- 
tors Offices.  The  Legal  Division,  in  charge  of  the  legal  affairs  of 
the  corporation,  was  distinct  from  either  of  these  groups.  While 
the  above  agencies  composed  the  working  organization  of  the  cor- 
poration at  the  time  of  the  armistice,  they  do  not  form  an  exact 
picture  of  the  corporation  for  the  entire  period  of  the  war,  as  that 
organization  was  constantly  growing  and  changing,  and  upon  the 
cessation  of  hostilities  was  again  reorganized  for  peace-time  per- 
formance. Under  the  old  by-laws,  the  general  manager  was  chief 
executive  officer  of  the  corporation,  elected  by  the  trustees  and  with 
full  authority  over  the  business  affairs  of  the  corporation,  but  as 
the  chairman  of  the  Shipping  Board  was  also  president  of  the  cor- 
poration, a  dual  executive  responsibility  existed.  On  November  15, 
1917,  the  by-laws  were  amended,  making  the  general  managership 
an  appointive  office  under  the  president  and  giving  the  latter  officer 
full  executive  authority  with  power  to  delegate  that  authority.  In 
April,  1918,  the  office  of  director  general  was  created  and  delegated 
complete  power  in  matters  of  construction.  The  first  president  of 
the  corporation,  William  Denman,  resigned  July  24,  1917,  and  was 
succeeded  by  E.  N.  Hurley,  who  served  throughout  the  war.  The 
first  general  manager.  Ma].  Gen.  G.  W.  Goethals,  appointed  by  the 
President  April  26,  1917,  resigned  July  27,  1917.  He  was  followed 
by  Rear  Admiral  W.  L.  Capps,  who  resigned  December  1,  1917,  suc- 
ceeded by  Rear  Admiral  F.  R.  Harris,  who  resigned  December  15, 

1917,  and  was  succeeded  by  Vice  President  Charles  Piez.    In  April, 

1918,  C.  M.  Schwab  was  selected  by  the  trustees  to  fill  the  newly 
created  office  of  director  general.    Mr.  Piez  continued  as  general  man- 
ager for  the  administration  of  problems  of  construction,  and  the  plac- 
ing of  contracts.    In  December,  1918,  Mr.  Schwab  resigned  and  Mr. 
Piez  became  director  general,  and  on  May  1,  1919,  he  resigned  and 
the  exercise  of  his  duties  was  temporarily  put  in  the  hands  of  J.  L. 
Ackerson. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      423 
SHIPPING  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  in  April,  1917,  to  advise  with  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board  and  report  through  the  chairman  of  that  board  to  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  as  to  the  best  methods  of  increasing  tonnage 
available  for  shipment  to  the  Allies.  It  later  lost  its  original  function 
and  served  only  to  keep  the  Council  of  National  Defense  in  touch 
with  ^ the  shipping  situation.  William  penman,  as  chairman  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board,  was  chairman  of  the  committee,  fol- 
lowed by  E.  N.  Hurley,  with  P.  A.  S.  Franklin  as  vice  chairman. 
The  committee  resigned  about  November  20,  1917. 

SHIPPING  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE. 

Appointed  by  the  Executive  Committee,  United  States  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  May  31,  1917,  as  a  result  of  a  conference  with  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board.  The  committee  appointed  subcom- 
mittees in  the  various  shipbuilding  districts  to  increase  the  morale  of 
laborers  and  workmen.  Thomas  Filene,  chairman. 

SHIPPING  CONTROL  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  February  7,  1918,  and  by  a 
resolution  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  February  11,  1918. 
For  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  it  allocated  vessels  under  the 
control  of  the  board  to  cargoes  and  routes,  and  for  the  War  Depart- 
ment it  controlled  the  operation  of  the  fleet  of  cargo  carriers  trans- 
porting material  to  the  American  Army  abroad.  The  need  for  the 
creation  of  this  committee  arose  from  a  serious  shortage  of  tonnage  for 
war  purposes  and  the  lack  of  scientific  direction  of  existing  tonnage. 
Its  main  purpose  was  to  centralize  control  of  shipping,  to  unify  the 
shipping  resources  of  the  allied  nations  and  the  United  States,  and 
to  make  existing  shipping  as  liquid  as  possible.  Before  the  creation 
of  the  committee  the  Division  of  Operations  of  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  carried  on  certain  of 
the  functions  of  the  committee,  but  after  its  establishment  the  duties 
of  the  two  were  distributed,  in  general,  as  follows:  The  committee 
allocated  vessels  to  trades,  supervised  the  operation  of  vessels  thus 
allocated,  and  controlled  port  activities  in  connection  with  the  move- 
ment of  ships,  engagement,  loading,  and  disrharging  of  cargoes.  The 
Division  of  Operations  had  charge  of  all  matters  pertaining  to 
finances,  requisitioned  ships,  chartering  of  ships,  rate-making,  con- 
tracts, assignments  to  managers  or  operators,  actual  management  of 
all  vessels  with  Shipping  Board  crews,  and  records  of  operation 
under  the  direction  of  the  Shipping  Control  Committee.  Through 
the  centralized  control  of  shipping,  the  employment  of  the  "marine 
skip-stop  system,"  which  involved  direct  routing,  unification  of 
cargoes,  full  loading,  and  reduction  of  time  in  port,  and  the  use  of 
progress  charts  and  tabulations  of  vessel  movements,  the  committee 
was  enabled  to  double  the  efficiency  of  the  available  shipping.  The 
most  important  of  the  administrative  divisions  of  the  committee 
were  the  Division  of  Trades  and  Allocations,  and  the  Division  of 
Dispatch.  The  committee,  composed  of  P.  A.  S.  Franklin,  chair- 
man ;  Sir  Connop  Guthrie,  representative  of  the  British  Ministry  of 
Shipping,  and  H.  H.  Raymond,  resigned  December  31,  1918,  and  its 


424       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

functions  were  transferred  to  the  Shipping  Board  Division  of  Oper- 
ations, and  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

SHIPPING  MISSION  IN   LONDON,   AMEKICAN;    UNITED   STATES   SHIPPING 
BOARD. 

Functioned  during  1918  as  the  point  of  contact  between  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board  and  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council. 
Its  recommendations  served  to  guide  the  policy  of  the  board  with 
reference  to  the  chartering  of  vessels  and  the  allocation  of  tonnage. 
In  the  early  part  of  1919,  when  the  functions  of  the  Maritime  Trans- 
port Council  were  taken  over  by  the  Supreme  Economic  Council,  the 
mission  continued  to  exist,  but  with  more  restricted  functions  and  a 
smaller  personnel.  R.  B.  Stevens,  vice  chairman  of  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board,  was  in  charge  of  the  office. 

SHIPS'   REPAIR   DIVISION,   BUREAU  OF   STEAM   ENGINEERING,   NAVY   DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Established  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  This  division  had  charge  of 
all  repairs  to  vessels,  including  the  maintenance  of  repair  parts,  such 
as  propellers,  shafting,  and  spiral  material  necessary  for  effecting 
repairs,  its  location,  shipment,  etc.  Com.  W.  A.  Smead,  chief. 

SHIPYARD    PLANTS   DIVISION.   UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING   BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Organized  August  19,  1917,  to  supervise  the  construction  of  ship- 
yards, industrial  plants,  dry  docks  and  marine  railways,  and  storage 
yards,  with  particular  attention  to  that  part  of  the  ship  contracts 
applying  to  grounds,  waterfronts,  ways,  shops,  cranes,  etc.  Its  en- 
gineers examined  and  passed  on  plans  for  plant  construction,  fire 
protection,  and  power  facilities;  and,  when  called  upon,  they  exam- 
ined establishments  at  which  contracts  were  proposed  to  be  placed, 
with  reference  to  their  existing  facilities,  proposed  necessary  exten- 
sions, and,  in  some  cases,  investigated  estimates  of  cost.  Resident 
and  district  engineers  controlled  the  work  in  plants  and  districts.^  In 
order  to  simplify  and  expedite  the  building  of  ships,  the  work  of 
the  division  was  gradually  organized  under  the  following  sections: 
Plant  Construction,  Concrete  Yard,  Dry  Docks  and  Marine  Rail- 
ways, Progress.  Fire  Protection,  Power,  and  Property  Inventory  and 
Custody.  On  November  1,  1918,  the  number  of  yards  building  for 
the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  numbered  198  with  1,083  ways. 
in  comparison  with  01  yards  and  215  ways,  building  vessels  of  over 
3.000  tons,  in  April,  1917.  For  convenience  in  administration  these 
yards  were  divided  into  groups  of  (1)  Government  agency  plants, 
(2)  investment  plants,  (3)  contract  yards,  and  (4)  requisition  yards. 
Rear  Admiral  H.  H.  Rousseau  was  manager  of  the  division. 

SHIPYARD  VOLUNTEERS,  UNITED  STATES. 

Organized  about  January  1,  1918,  as  a  result  of  the  acute  shortage 
of  workers  in  the  shipyards.  Prior  to  this  the  United  States  Public 
Service  Reserve  had  started  a  publicity  campaign  in  the  Northwestern 
States  for  the  purpose  of  enrolling  volunteer  workers  for  the  ship- 
yards. The  United  States  Shipping  Board  was  not  satisfied  with 
the  results  obtained,  however,  and  started  its  own  movement.  By 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       425 

agreement,  the  two  campaigns  were  combined  under  the  title  of  the 
United  States  Shipyard  Volunteers  of  the  Public  Service  Reserve. 
The  enrollment,  which  began  February  11,  1918,  finally  amounted  to 
about  280,000  men.  The  actual  placing  of  the  men  in  employment 
was  put  in  charge  of  the  United  'States  Employment  Service.  On 
May  0,  1918.  the  Shipyard  Volunteers  were  placed  under  the  Indus- 
trial Service  Department  of  the  Fleet  Corporation. 

SHOE    SECTION,    LEATHER   AND   RUBBER   BRANCH,   CLOTHING    AND   EQTJI- 
PAGE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  October  8,  1918.  In  addition  to  having  charge  of  procure- 
ment, production,  and  inspection,  it  also  designed  leather  shoes,  made 
research  in  tariff  of  sizes,  and  negotiated  for  shoe-repairing  machin- 
ery, etc.,  used  by  Salvage  Division  repair  shops.  G.  R.  Harsh,  chief. 

SHOE  AND  HARNESS  REPAIR  BRANCH,  SALVAGE  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF 
STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  October  28,  1918,  under  P.  H.  Fraher.  This  branch 
supervised  the  repairing  and  reclaiming  of  shoes  and  harness  at 
camps,  cantonments,  posts,  and  depots. 

SHOE  AND  LEATHER  ASSOCIATION,  NEW  ENGLAND;   WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Appointed  soon  after  the  declaration  of  war  to  cooperate  with  the 
various  national  and  sectional  organizations  of  the  allied  shoe  and 
leather  trades  and  with  Government  departments  in  an  effort  to 
further  war  demands.  Harry  I.  Thayer,  chairman. 

SHOE    AND   LEATHER    INDUSTRIES    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE,    SUPPLIES 
COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

The  Shoe  and  Leather  Committee  was  appointed  by  the  National 
Boot  and  Shoe  Manufacturers  Association  at  the  request  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  shortly  after  the  declaration  of  war.  It 
acted  in  an  advisory  and  cooperative  capacity  to  the  Committee  on 
Supplies  of  the  council.  The  principal  work  of  the  committee  was 
to  insure  to  the  Government  an  adequate  and  reasonably  priced  sup- 
ply of  shoes  for  the  Army.  The  committee  arranged  with  packers 
for  maximum  prices  on  hides  for  Government  contracts.  Specifica- 
tions were  sent  to  manufacturers  and  contracts  let  through  the 
Quartermaster  Department  to  the  lowest  bidders.  Similar  assist- 
ance was  given  to  the  British  and  Russian  Governments.  The  pas- 
sage of  the  food  and  fuel  act  and  the  decision  of  the  council  to  abolish 
its  Cooperative  Industrial  Committee  resulted  in  the  resignation  of 
the  Shoe  and  Leather  Committee.  Its  work  was  continued  in  the 
Supplies  Committee,  transferred  in  January  to  the  Quartermaster 
Department,  and  by  the  Boot  and  Shoe  War*  Service  Committee.  It 
was  also  known  as  the  Shoes  and  Leather  Section  of  the  Advisory 
Commission.  J.  F.  McElwain,  chairman. 

SHOE  AND  LEATHER  INDUSTRIES  COUNCIL  FOR  NATIONAL  SERVICE. 

Formed  September  28,  1917.  The  committee  embraced  manu- 
facturers, wholesalers,  retailers,  last  manufacturers,  finding  dealers, 
tanners,  and  other  allied  industries.  The  purpose  of  this  council 


426       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

was  to  have  an  organization  which  could  represent  the  industry  be- 
fore the  Commercial  Economy  Board  of  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense. Andrew  C.  McGowan,  chairman. 

SHOE  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December  4,  1917,  to  serve  as  a  point  of  contact  be- 
tween the  Government  and  the  industry.  The  object  was  to  coordi- 
nate the  industry  with  a  view  to  standardizing  the  product  in  order 
that  there  might  be  conservation  of  capital,  materials,  and  man 
power.  John  S.  Kent,  chairman,  December  4,  1917,  to  August  21, 
1918,  succeeded  by  J.  H.  McElwain. 

SHOE    REPAIR    BRANCH,    CONSERVATION    AND    RECLAMATION    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  April  16,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  repairing  and  re- 
claiming shoes  at  camps,  cantonments,  posts,  and  depots.  Prior 
to  April  22,  1918,  it  was  responsible  to  the  Reclamation  Division. 
The  branch  was  discontinued  on  October  28,  1918,  and  its  functions 
taken  over  by  the  Shoe  and  Harness  Repair  Branch,  Salvage  Divi- 
sion. P.  H.  Fraher,  chief. 

SHOE  RETAILERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  to  represent  the  shoe  retailers  of  the  country  in  their  rela- 
tion to  the  Government  during  the  war  emergency.  By  a  volun- 
tary agreement  with  the  War  Industries  Board  in  October,  1918,  the 
shoe  retailers,  together  with  the  tanners,  manufacturers,  and  jobbers, 
established  a  standard  schedule  of  prices  on  retail  shoes,  with  the 
object  of  saving  labor  and  materials,  and  of  stabilizing  the  prices 
of  shoes.  A.  H.  Geuding,  chairman. 

SHOE  WHOLESALERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  24,  1918,  to  represent  the  National  Associa- 
tion, which  was  composed  of  four  divisional  associations — New 
England,  Middle  States,  Southern,  and  Western.  The  committee 
was  required  by  the  War  Industries  Board  to  represent  all  whole- 
salers. The  wholesalers  had  been  represented  by  a  committee  on 
the  National  Service  Council  of  the  Shoe  and  Leather  Industries, 
but  that  committee  was  disbanded  at  this  time.  The  funct:on  of 
the  committee  was  to  have  the  wholesaler  recognized  as  an  essential 
factor  in  the  distribution  of  shoes.  The  committee  worked  out  with 
the  Boot  and  Shoe  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  the  price 
classifications  issued  October  14,  and  discontinued  one  month  later. 
Byron  S.  Watson,  chairman. 

SHOES,  LEATHER,  AND   RUBBER  BRANCH,   CLOTHING  AND  EQUIPAGE  DI- 
VISION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

See  Leather  and  RiiUber  Branch. 

SHOES   AND   LEATHER   SECTION,   SUPPLIES   COMMITTEE,   COUNCIL   OF  NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

See  Shoe  and  Leather  Industries  Cooperative  Committee. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1017.       427. 

SHORE  ESTABLISHMENT  DIVISIONS,  BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND  RE- 
PAIR, NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  work  of  this  division  included  the  development  and  design  of 
plants,  including  navy  yards,  naval  stations,  repair  bases  for  subma- 
rines and  aircraft,  etc.  It  also  had  charge  of  machine  tools  and 
equipment,  maintenance  of  material  stocks,  costs,  and  records,  and 
manufacturing  processes.  Capt.  S.  M.  Henry,  head. 

SHORT  LINE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  PUBLIC  SERVICE  AND  ACCOUNTING, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Creation  announced  August  7,  1918,  effective,  however,  July  29, 

1918.  This  section  was  charged  with  the  task  of  seeing  that  short- 
line  railroads,  whether  operating  under  Federal  or  private  control, 
received  a  fair  division  of  rates,  fair  treatment  in  the  routing  of 
traffic,  and  a  reasonable  share  of  the  available  car  supply,  and  such 
cooperation  and  assistance  from  the  United  States  Railroad  Admin- 
istration as  was  consistent  with  war  conditions.     On  February  1, 

1919,  this  section  was  transferred  to  the  newly  created  Division  of 
Public  Service.     Edward  C.  Niles,  manager. 

SIGNAL  BRANCH,  MACHINERY  AND  ENGINEERING  MATERIALS  DIVISION, 
DIRECTOR  OF  PURCHASE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  purchase  negotiations, 
purchase  specifications,  and  selection  of  line  construction  materials, 
wire  and  cable,  chests,  kits,  mechanical  signal,  and  miscellaneous 
supplies.  Maj.  I.  D.  Hough,  chief. 

SIGNAL  CORPS,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  corps  of  the  Army  which  had  charge  of  supplying  the  equip- 
ment for  the  means  of  communication  in  the  Army,  the  training  of 
personnel  and  the  organization  of  units  for  field  service  at  home  and 
abroad.  On  July  1,  1916,  its  commissioned  personnel  embraced  63 
officers  in  the  Signal  Corps  proper  and  77  in  its  Aviation  Section. 
This  personnel  was  greatly  increased  at  the  outbreak  of  war  and 
a  steady  increase  took  place  after  that  time.  In  September,  1917, 
the  Signal  Corps  was  reorganized  and  included  the  following  divi- 
sions: Administration,  Air,  Land,  Equipment,  Construction,  Radio, 
and  Photographic.  The  development  of  aviation  in  the  Signal  Corps 
was  a  very  important  phase  of  its  activities.  The  general  policy 
followed  was  to  use  allied  flying  schools  as  much  as  possible,  to  pur- 
chase combat  planes  of  the  French  for  the  use  of  our  aviators,  to 
establish  schools  and  to  build  flying  fields  in  this  country,  to  provide 
training  planes,  to  build  various  types  of  combat  planes  in  this  coun- 
try, and  to  supply  aviation  equipment.  The  Liberty  motor  was 
developed  and  a  start  made  in  the  production  of  these  engines. 
These  aviation  activities  were  developed  by  the  Signal  Corps  up 
to  May  20,  1918.  On  this  date,  by  presidential  proclamation,  the 
Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  and  the  Department  of  Military 
Aeronautics  were  established  and  took  complete  charge  of  all  avia- 
tion matters.  The  work  of  the  Signal  Corps  included  the  training 
of  all  personnel  and  the  supply  of  all  material  used  by  field  signal 
battalions,  telegraph  battalions,  fire-control  stations,  and  photo- 
graphic material.  The  Science  and  Research  Division  was  estab- 


428       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

lished  in  October,  1917,  and  its  work  contributed  largely  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Signal  Corps  in  supplying  scientific  apparatus  for  the 
various  departments.  On  August  8,  1918,  the  organization  which 
functioned  under  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  comprised  the  following 
divisions:  Executive,  Administration,  Personnel,  Supply,  Procure- 
ment, Special  Service,  and  Engineering  and  Research.  Maj.  Gen. 
George  O.  Squier  was  chief  signal  officer  during  the  period  of  the 
war. 

For  the  agencies  which  were  concerned  in  the  production  and  pur- 
chase of  Signal  Corps  material,  see  Procurement  Agencies,  Signal 
Corps. 

SIGNAL   SUBDIVISION,   DOMESTIC   DISTRIBUTION   DIVISION,   DIRECTOR   OF 
STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Organized  November  25,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  distribution 
of  signal  material  to  the  Army  and  the  allotment  of  surplus  prop- 
erty. It  functioned  through  the  following  branches :  Traffic,  Requi- 
sition, Surplus  Property  and  Stock  Record.  Capt.  E.  O.  Schairerr 
chief. 

SILICA  AND  GRAY-IRON  HOLDERS'  SAND  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  American  Sand  Association  to  represent  pro- 
ducers of  silica  and  gray  molding  sand  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
steel  and  cast-iron  molding.  A.  P.  Rowland,  chairman. 

SILK  ASSOCIATION  OF  AMERICA   (INC.). 

An  old-established  trade  association  which  formed  a  war-service 
committee  to  cooperate  wTith  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the 
Allied  Silk  Trading  Corporation  which  worked  with  the  Ordnance 
Department.  After  September  13,  1918,  the  association  acted  as 
consignee  for  all  imports  of  silk  into  the  United  States.  This  was 
done  at  the  request  of  the  Bureau  of  Imports,  War  Trade  Board. 
Charles  Cheney  was  president  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

SILK  SECTION,  TEXTILE  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  August  2,  1918.  It  acted  as  intermediary  between  the 
departments  of  the  Government  and  the  silk  and  allied  industries 
;>nd  was  the  clearing  house  for  all  matters  regarding  imports,  ex- 
ports, customs  complaints,  and  licenses  affecting  the  silk  trade. 
The  section  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  William  Skinner> 
<-hief. 

SILK  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  December  12,  1917,  by  the  Silk  Association  of  America, 
in  order  to  effect  coordination  between  the  Government  and  the  silk 
industry.  It  worked  with  the  Silk  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  and  the  Bureau  of  Imports  of  the  War  Trade  Board  in  secur- 
ing the  necessary  supplies  of  silk  and  silk  products  and  in  outlining 
conservation  measures.  The  Allied  Silk  Trading  Corporation  was 
organized  and  functioned  in  the  securing  of  silk  for  Government 
contracts.  Charles  Cheney,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      429 

SILK  TRADING  CORPORATION,  ALLIED. 

Organized  in  November,  1917,  at  a  conference  of  representatives 
of  silk  spinners  (of  whom  there  are  seven  in  the  United  States)  and 
of  the  Ordnance  Department,  at  the  request  of  the  Government,  to 
get  silk  cartridge  cloth  for  smokeless  powder  retainers.  It  took  the 
responsibility  of  securing  the  raw  materials  used  in  manufacture 
of  cartridge  cloth,  distributed  contracts,  and  procured  deliveries  of 
'26,900,000  yards  of  cloth.  It  cooperated  with  the  S;lk  Section,  War 
Industries  Board,  and  the  War  Service  Bureau  of  the  Silk  Associa- 
tion in  stabilizing  prices. 

SISAL  AND  BINDER  TWINE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Collateral  Commodities  Division  of  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  to  represent  the  industry  with  the  Sisal 
and  Textile  Food  Containers  Section.  H.  L.  Daniels,  chairman. 

SISAL  AND  TEXTILE  FOOD  CONTAINERS  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  COLLATERAL 
COMMODITIES,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  sisal  and  binder  twine  problem  was  taken  over  by  the  Division 
of  Chemicals,  January  15, 1918,  and  the  name  of  that  division  became 
Division  of  Chemicals,  Sisal,  and  Jute.  The  Sisal  and  Textile  Food 
Container  Section  was  organized  October  15,  1918.  The  principal 
functions  were  the  handling  of  the  distribution  of  sisal  to  manufac- 
turers of  binder  twine,  handling  of  jute  and  burlap,  and  textile  food 
containers.  Henry  Wolfer,  chief. 

SITES,  COMMITTEES  ON;  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION, 
BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

When  a  housing  project  was  definitely  undertaken  by  the  United 
States  Housing  Corporation,  a  Committee  on  Sites,  composed  of  a 
town  planner,  an  engineer,  an  architect,  and  a  real  estate  expert,  was 
sent  to  the  community  in  question  to  make  investigations.  The  four 
members,  taking  all  factors  into  consideration,  made  recommenda- 
tions as  to  the  sites  to  be  purchase^!.  Upon  approval  by  the  corpora- 
tions, the  Real  Estate  Division  undertook  to  acquire  the  property. 

SLATE,  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE  ON. 

At  a  meeting  of  slate  manufacturers  held  in  New  York  June  17, 
1918,  at  the  request  of  Richard  L.  Humphrey,  chief,  Building  Ma- 
terials Section,  War  Industries  Board,  a  war  service  committee  was 
appointed.  The  functions  of  the  committee  were  to  keep  a  record  of 
slate  stocks  available  for  Government  requirements,  to  assist  the 
departments,  including  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation  and 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  in  placing  orders  to  best  advantage. 
The  committee  continued  its  functions  until  January  1,  1919. 
Thomas  S.  Nelson,  chairman. 

SMALL  ARMS  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  April  15,  1917,  when  it  was  separated  from  the  Small 
Arms  and  Equipment  Division,  which  had  been  in  existence  prior 
to  the  war.  This  division  had  charge  of  small  arms,  small  arms 


430       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  \VAB  OF  1017. 

ammunition,  target  materials,  and  grenades,  and  the  issue  of  this 
material  to  schools,  rifle  clubs,  and  civilian  training  camps.  This 
division  functioned  through  the  following  sections :  Administration, 
Planning,  Finance,  Property,  Purchase,  Contract,  Production,  and 
Inspection.  On  January  14,  1918,  the  Ordnance  Department  was 
reorganized  and  the  Small  Arms  Division  was  abolished.  Col.  John. 
T.  Thompson,  chief. 

SMALL    ARMS    SECTION,    PROCUREMENT    DIVISION,    ORDNANCE    DEPART- 

MENT. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Avar  there  existed  as  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  Ordnance  Department  the  Small  Arms  and  Equipment  Division. 
It  was  divided  into  the  Small  Arms  and  Equipment  Divisions  on 
May  23, 1917.  The  Small  Arms  Division  was  organized  as  the  Small 
Arms  Section  of  the  Procurement  Division  in  January,  1918.  Th& 
section  supervised  the  purchase  of  small  arms,  and  the  ammunition 
and  accessories  used  in  connection  therewith.  It  functioned  origi- 
nally through  the  Rifle,  Pistol,  Bayonets  and  Sabers,  Accessories, 
Ammunition,  and  Machine  Gun  Branches.  At  the  signing  of  the 
armistice  there  were  the  Ammunition,  Arms,  Machine  Gun,  and  Mis- 
cellaneous Branches.  Maj.  C.  E.  Warren  was  section  head  from 
January  17  to  February  1, 1918;  Maj.  E.  A.  Shepherd  from  February 
I  to  August  10, 1918 ;  and  Capt.  H.  B.  Johnson  after  August  10, 1918. 

SMALL  ARMS  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  January  14,  1918,  to  supervise  and  regulate  the  produc- 
tion of  rifles,  pistols,  revolvers,  other  side  arms,  and  accessories.  It 
functioned  through  the  Administration,  Statistical,  Material,  and 
Manufacturing  Branches.  Maj.  H.  Fames,  chief. 

SMALL  ARMS  AND  AMMUNITION,  COMMITTEE  ON;  MUNITIONS  STANDARDS 
BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  March  10,  1917,  of  representatives  of  concerns  manu- 
facturing machine  guns,  pistols,  revolvers,  rifles,  and  cartridges,  to 
discuss  facilities  and  to  recommend  to  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense programs  of  preparedness  and  preparatory  demands  as  re- 
gards designs  and  specifications.  It  brought  about  cooperation  of 
manufacturers  pending  the  formation  of  a  governmental  organiza- 
tion, known  as  the  Forgings,  Guns,  Small  Arms,  and  Small  Arm 
Ammunition  Section,  War  Industries  Board.  J.  E.  Otterson,  chair- 
man. 

SMALL  TOOLS  AND  CHESTS  BRANCH,  HARDWARE  AND  METALS  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  July  17,  1918,  to  succeed  the  Tool  and  Hardware  Sundries 
Branch.  The  branch  was  in  charge  of  the  procurement  of  small  tools 
and  chests.  The  branch  was  transferred  to  General  Supplies 
Division  October  28,  1918.  W.  F.  Fusting,  chief. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

See  National  Museum,  United  States;  and  Astro  physical  Ob~ 
servatory. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       431 
SOAP  AND  CANDLE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  May  23,  1918,  at  a  conference  of  soap  manufacturers 
with  the  United  States  Food  Administration,  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, and  War  Industries  Board..  The  committee  took  up  dyna- 
mite glycerin  prices  and  provided  for  allied  requirements  of  this 
commodity.  Sidney  M.  Colgate,  chairman. 

SOCIAL  HYGIENE  DIVISION,  WAR  DEPARTMENT   COMMISSION  ON  TRAIN- 
ING CAMP  ACTIVITIES. 

Created  on  October  30,  1917,  as  the  Social  Hygiene  Instruction 
Division,  which  undertook  to  combat  venereal  disease  in  the  Army 
and  the  Navy  through  various  means  of  educational  propaganda.  It 
functioned  through  the  Army  and  Navy  Sections,  the  Section  on 
Men's  Work,  the  Section  on  Women's  Work,  and  the  Motion  Picture 
Section.  The  Section  on  Men's  Work  was,  broadly  speaking,  the 
publicity  department  of  the  Government's  campaign  against  venereal 
disease.  It  sought  to  arouse  the  citizens  in  communities  contiguous 
to  military  and  naval  centers  to  the  necessity  for  suppressing  prosti- 
tution and  venereal  disease  and  sought  their  cooperation  in  the  en- 
forcement of  regulations  for  the  suppression  of  vice  in  civilian  com- 
munities. The  Social  Hygiene  Division  worked  in  cooperation  with 
tho  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army  and  with  such  agencies  as  the  Sex 
Educational  Department  of  the  International  Committee  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the  American  Social  Hygiene 
Association,  and  State  and  local  organizations  interested  in  social 
hygiene.  Walter  Clarke,  director,  October  30.  1917,  to  March  26, 
1918 ;  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Col.  W.  T.  Snow. 

SOCIAL  SERVICE  BUREAU,   RECRUITING  SERVICE,   UNITED   STATES   SHIP- 
PING BOARD. 

Established  February  1,  1918,  to  provide  for  the  men  in  training 
by  the  Sea  Training  Bureau  of  the  Recruiting  Service  along  the  lines 
that  the  Red  Cross  Home  Service  Section  provided  for  soldiers  and 
sailors ;  and  to  provide  further  for  the  moral  and  spiritual  welfare  of 
the  apprentices  of  the  service  in  training  at  all  the  stations  and  train- 
ing ships,  and  to  befriend  these  men  and  their  families  during  the 
period  of  training  and  when  they  had  gone  to  sea.  Mrs.  Henry 
Howard,  appointed  February  4,  1918,  was  chief  of  the  bureau,  which 
continued  as  a  part  of  the  service  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

SOCIAL  SERVICE  DIVISION,  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

A  permanent  division  whose  function  is  to  investigate  and  report 
on  matters  pertaining  to  dependent,  defective,  and  delinquent  chil- 
dren, and  to  give  information  in  regard  to  methods  of  care  and  pre- 
ventive measures  undertaken  in  various  States  and  communities. 
Miss  Emma  O.  Lundberg,  director. 

SOILS,  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  Bureau  of  Soils,  through  two  of  its  permanent  divisions, 
assisted  in  the  economic  mobilization  of  the  Nation's  resources  for 
Avar.  These  were  the  Soil  Survey  Division  and  the  Division  for  the 
Investigation  of  Fertilizer  Resources.  The  former  supplied  maps  and 


432       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

assisted  in  the  collection  of  certain  information  desired  by  the  War 
Department  in  connection  with  cartographic  work.  The  latter  coop- 
erated in  experimental  work  on  the  fixation  of  atmosphere  nitrogen. 
Milton  Whitney,  chief. 

SOLE  AND  BELTING   LEATHER   SECTION,  HIDES,   LEATHER  AND  LEATHER 
GOODS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  March  2,  1918,  to  see  that  suitable  sole  leather  was  pro- 
vided for  the  military  branches  of  the  Government  and  for  theuillies. 
The  section  kept  a  field  force  which  visited  the  tanners  for  the  pur- 
pose of  guiding  the  manufacture  of  leather  of  proper  quality.  It 
brought  about  in  May,  1918,  a  restriction  on  tanners,  sole  cutters, 
strip  and  block  cutters,  and  shoe  manufacturers  to  sell  to  and  use  for 
civilian  trade  only  such  leather  as  was  not  suitable  for  Government 
shoes.  Maximum  prices  on  sole  and  belting  leather  were  fixed  on 
August  8,  1918,  by  the  Price  Fixing  Committee,  and  discontinued 
December  8,  1918,  upon  joint  recommendation  of  this  section  and 
representatives  of  the  trade.  The  section  was  discontinued  Dec-em- 
ber 31,  1918.  Henry  W.  Boyd,  chief,  succeeded  in  August.  191 S.  by 
Thomas  Cover,  jr. 

SOLICITOR,  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization.  The  war  activities  of  the  solicitor  con- 
sisted mainly  in  the  enforcement  of  those  provisions  of  the  espionage 
and  trading  with  the  enemy  act  which  related  to  the  use  of  the 
mails,  though  he  was  frequently  called  upon  by  the  administrative 
officers  of  the  department  for  advice  in  connection  with  other  war 
activities  of  the  department.  Under  the  terms  of  the  espionage  act, 
approved  June  15,  1917,  and  amended  May  16,  1918,  certain  kinds 
of  matter,  the  purpose  of  which  was  to  obstruct  the  Government  in 
its  prosecution  of  the  war.  were  declared  nonmailable.  Matter  sus- 
pected by  postmasters  of  coming  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  was 
held  from  the  mails  and  submitted  to  the  solicitor  for  examination, 
and  many  newspapers.,  periodicals,, pamphlets,  circulars,  etc.,  in  many 
languages  were  excluded  from  the  mails.  It  was  also  the  duty  of 
the  solicitor  to  institute  proceedings  before  the  Third  Assistant  Post- 
master General  looking  to  the  revocation  of  second-class  mailing 
privileges  for  repeated  violation  of  the  espionage  act.  The  trading 
witli  the  enemy  act  was  approved  on  October  6,  1917.  and  became 
effective  on  October  16.  It  was  declared  unlawful  to  print  and  dis- 
tribute in  any  foreign  language  any  ki  news  item,  editorial  or  other 
printed  matter  respecting  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or 
of  any  nation  engaged  in  the  present  war,  or  any  matter  relating 
thereto  "  unless  a  translation,  supported  by  affidavit,  had  been  filed 
with  the  postmaster  at  the  place  of  publication.  However,  the  Presi- 
dent might  cause  to  be  issued  special  permits  to  publishers,  which 
would  free  them  from  this  restriction.  The  Postmaster  General  was 
charged  with  the  enforcement  of  these  regulations,  and  was  author- 
ized to  issue  the  permits  for  which  provision  had  been  made,  The 
Postmaster  General  delegated  to  the  solicitor  the  duty  of  examining 
material  printed  in  foreign  languages  and  making  recommendations 
concerning  the  issuance  of  permits.  More  than  400  volunteer  trans- 
lators were  organized  in  groups  at  various  colleges  and  universities 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      433 

throughout  the  country  and  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  the  ex- 
amination of  this  matter.  Numbers  of  important  suits  to  enjoin 
orders  excluding  such  matter  from  the  mail  were  defended  by  the 
solicitor  jointly  with  various  United  States  attorneys.  The  solicitor 
worked  in  cooperation  with  other  Government  agencies,  particularly 
the  Military  and  Naval  Intelligence  services,  the  Bureau  of  Investi- 
gation of  the  Department  of  Justice,  and  the  Committee  on  Public 
Information.  William  H.  Lamar  was  solicitor  of  the  Post  Office  De- 
partment. 

SOLID  TIRES  DIVISION,  RUBBER  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  February  6,  1918,  by  Rubber  War  Service  Committee. 
The  committee  standardized  solid  tires  and  steel  bases  for  the  same, 
eliminated  unnecessary  or  obsolete  sizes  and  types  of  solid  tires,  and 
recommended  specifications  for  solid  tires  for  Government  standard 
trucks.  A  Special  Technical  Committee  reported  to  the  Solid  Tires 
Division.  H.  S.  Firestone  was  chairman  until  August  15,  1918,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  John  W.  Thomas. 

SOUTH  AMERICAN  AND  WEST  INDIES  TRADE  BRANCH,  TRADES  AND  ALLO- 
CATIONS DIVISION,  SHIPPING  CONTROL  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Formed  to  handle  the  United  States  trade  with  South  America  and 
the  West  Indies.  Its  duties  involved  recording  the  movements  of  all 
vessels  in  this  trade,  reporting  their  arrival  at  various  ports,  making 
provisions  for  their  future  movements,  issuing  general  instructions 
to  operators  regarding  the  class  of  cargo  that  should  be  lifted  on  indi- 
vidual ships,  and  caring  for  transportation  of  coal  to  the  Panama 
Canal  by  steamers  assigned  to  load  nitrates  from  the  west  coast  of 
South  America.  Up  to  September  30,  1918,  the  branch  had  allocated 
vessels  for  and  recorded  the  movement  of  1,274,976  tons  of  nitrate, 
120,000  tons  of  copper,  and  1,350,000  tons  of  coal,  besides  various 
amounts  of  less  important  commodities.  V.  K.  Hull,  in  charge. 

SOUTHERN  EXPORT  COMMITTEE,  REPORTING  TO  REGIONAL  DIRECTOR  OF 
SOUTHERN  AND  SOUTHWESTERN  REGIONS,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  as  a  part  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration 
in  January,  1918,  with  headquarters  at  Atlanta.  It  was  the  duty 
of  the  committee  to  issue  permits  covering  freight  shipments  through 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  and  to  see  that  freight  originating  in 
southern  territory  was  sent  through  those  ports  and  distributed- 
among  them  in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent  congestion  and  attain  the 
greatest  possible  efficiency.  C.  T.  Airey,  chairman. 

SOUTHERN  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  January  18,  1918.  The  Southern  Region  included  the 
railroads  in  that  portion  of  the  United  States  south  of  the  Ohio  and 
Potomac  Rivers,  and  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  excepting  the 
Chesapeake  &  Ohio,  Norfolk  &  Western,  and  Virginian  railroads, 
also  those  railroads  in  Illinois  and  Indiana  extending  into  those 
States  from  points  south  of  the  Ohio  River.  The  principal  lines 
included  therein  were  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line,  the  Seaboard  Air 
127232—19 28 


434       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

Line,  the  Southern,  the  Norfolk  Southern,  the  Louisville  &  Nashville, 
the  Florida  East  Coast,  the  Central  of  Georgia,  the  Alabama  Great 
Southern,  and  parts  of  the  Illinois  Central  lines.  Reporting  to  the 
regional  director  was  the  Southern  Export  Committee.  C.  H.  Mark- 
ham  was  originally  director  of  the  Southern  Region,  but  upon  his 
transfer  to  the  Allegheny  Region  he  was  succeeded  on  June  1,  1918, 
by  B.  L.  Winchell.  The  regional  offices  were  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 

SOUTHWESTERN  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  June  11,  1918,  by  a  division  of  what  had  previously  been 
known  as  the  Western  Region.  The  region  included  most  of  the  lines 
south  of  the  Missouri  River  running  generally  southwest  and  travers- 
ing the  States  of  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  Texas,  and  Louis- 
iana west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  principal  roads  included  were  the 
International  &  Great  Northern,  the  Kansas  City  Southern,  the 
Missouri-Pacific  System,  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas;  a  portion 
of  the  Rock  Island  lines,  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco,  the  Texas  & 
Pacific,  the  Wabash  lines  from  St.  Louis  to  Kansas  City  and  Omaha, 
the  Gulf,  Colorado  &  Santa  Fe,  the  Fort  Worth  &  Denver  City,  the 
Southern  Pacific  lines  east  of  El  Paso,  and  the  Texas  &  New  Orleans 
lines.  The  regional  director  was  B.  F.  Bush.  Regional  headquarters 
were  located  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Reporting  to  the  southwestern  re- 
gional director  was  the  Southern  Export  Committee. 

SPEAKERS'  SECTION,  FIELD  DIVISION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  October  1,  1919.  It  had  charge  of  the  obtaining,  or- 
ganizing, and  routing  of  speakers  throughout  the  country  to  carry 
on  the  propaganda  work  of  the  division.  Frederick  L.  Allen,  head 
of  section. 

SPEAKING,  DIVISION  OF  PUBLIC;   COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMATION. 

Organized  by  Arthur  E.  Bestor,  with  the  approval  of  the  Presi- 
dent, September  25,  1917,  and  continued  by  John  J.  Petti  John,  after 
July,  1918,  to  coordinate  patriotic  speaking  campaigns  throughout 
the  country.  It  was  created  upon  recommendation  of  M  conference 
of  Government  publicity  agencies  held  September  6,  1917.  It  filled 
requests  for  speakers,  routed  distinguished  speakers,  and  conducted 
State  conferences.  It  maintained  an  advisory  committee  represent- 
ing Government  departments  interested  in  speaking  campaigns.  On 
August  22,  1918,  it  was  absorbed  in  the  Division  of  Four  Minute 
Men,  and  on  December  1.  1918,  it  was  disbanded. 

SPEAKING  SECTION,  CONSERVATION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  AD- 
MINISTRATION. 

This  section  was  organized  during  the  Voluntary  Food  Adminis- 
tration. It  directed  the  efforts  of  and  furnished  materials  for  the 
volunteer  public  speakers  who  preached  the  doctrine  of  food  conser- 
vation in  the  community  centers,  public  schools,  churches,  fraternal 
orders,  pntriotic  societies,  and  other  already  organized  forces  of 
society.  The  section  was  "disbanded  April  12,  1918,  and  the  work 
was  put  in  the  hands  of  the  State  food  administrators.  W.  A.  Milne, 
chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       435 
SPECIAL  COMMISSIONER  OF  FINANCE  IN  EUROPE,  UNITED  STATES. 

An  official  appointed  by  the  President  in  June,  1918,  to  represent 
the  United  States  on  the  Inter- Ally  Council  of  War  Purchases  and 
Finance,  to  cooperate  with  the  associated  and  allied  nations  in  the 
negotiation  of  loans  from  the  United  States,  and  to  keep  the  United 
States  Treasury  Department  informed  as  to  the  financial  situation  of 
the  allied  nations.  Oscar  T.  Crosby,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  was  the  commissioner. 

SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  OF  FIVE,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  by  presidential  order  November  12,  1918,  to  facilitate 
movement  of  foodstuffs  for  relief  in  Europe.  This  committee  was 
composed  of  two  representatives  of  the  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration and  one  each  from  the  War  Department,  War  Trade 
Board,  and  United  States  Shipping  Board.  Theodore  Whitmarsh, 
chairman. 

SPECIAL    HOSPITALS    AND    PHYSICAL    RECONSTRUCTION,    DIVISION    OF; 
SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Created  August  22,  1917.  Name  changed  later  to  Division  of 
Physical  Reconstruction.  It  undertook  the  physical  reconstruction  of 
the  disabled  soldiers  in  the  general  and  base  hospitals  of  the  Army. 
The  work  was  accomplished  through  education,  curative  work  in 
wards,  schools,  shops,  fields,  play,  calisthenics,  etc.,  and  through  vari- 
ous forms  of  treatment.  Subordinate  to  the  division  were  a  Depart- 
ment of  Education,  a  Department  of  Physio-Therapy,  and  a  number 
of  convalescent  centers.  Lieut.  Col.  Edgar  King  chief  until  March 
15,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Frank  Billings. 

SPECIAL  SERVICE   BRANCH,   FIELD   OPERATIONS  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR   OF 
FINANCE. 

This  branch  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Administrative  Division 
of  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Finance,  having  been  established  on 
October  16,  1918.  It  was  transferred -to  the  Field  Operations  Divi- 
sion, however,  after  its  organization  in  March,  1919.  The  branch 
handled  all  questions  of  foreign  exchange,  war  loans,  and  other  spe- 
cial cases  not  properly  belonging  to  any  other  branch.  For  example, 
it  handled  delayed  payments  and  claims  resulting  from  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  the  National  Guard  in  the  Federal  service.  Chief,  Capt. 
Robert  W.  Daniel,  followed  by  Capt.  Harry  C.  Gardner. 

SPECIFICATIONS  COMMITTEE,  MECHANICAL  GOODS  DIVISION,  RUBBER  IN- 
DUSTRY WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  3,  1918,  from  the  Mechanical  Goods  (Technical) 
Division.  The  functions  of  the  old  committee  were  continued.  The 
committee  developed  specifications  for  all  rubber  goods  used  by  the 
Army,  and  cooperated  with  the  Specifications  Committee,  United 
States  Army,  and  the  Bureau  of  Standards.  The  committee  was 
formally  disbanded  January  16,  1919.  W.  C.  Geer,  chairman. 

SPRING  KNITTING  NEEDLES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  31,  1918,  by  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board.  A.  W.  Breedon.  chairman. 


436       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
SPRUCE  PRODUCTION  CORPORATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

A  Government-owned  company,  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the 
State  of  Washington,  August  20,  1918,  pursuant  to  power  granted  in 
the  Army  appropriation  act,  July  9,  1918,  at  the  request  of  John  D. 
Iiyan,  director  of  Aircraft  Production.  The  corporation  was  or- 
ganized "  for  the  purchase,  production,  manufacture,  and  sale  of  air- 
craft equipment  or  materials  therefor,  and  to  build,  own,  and  operate 
railroads  in  connection  therewith,"  and  was  intended  to  serve  two 
ends;  viz.,  (1)  to  facilitate  the  strictly  business  functions  of  lumber 
production  and  the  sale  of  the  product  to  the  airplane  factories  of  the 
United  States  and  to  the  allied  governments,  through  the  more  direct 
business  methods  of  a  civil  corporation;  and  (2)  to  afford  convenient 
means  of  requiring  the  allies  to  share  in  the  cost  of  the  capital  ex- 
penditure involved  through  the  sale  of  the  securities  of  the  corpora- 
tion to  those  governments,  who  were  obtaining  in  all  about  65  per 
cent  of  the  output.  In  the  sale  of  securities  of  the  corporation,  how- 
ever, the  United  States  retained  a  majority  of  the  voting  stock  for 
purposes  of  control.  The  corporation  took  over  the  activities  of  the 
Spruce  Production  Division  with  its  board  of  directors  composed  of 
the  officials  of  the  division,  but  this  change  in  the  legal  aspect  of  the 
conduct  of  the  business  did  not  effect  any  substantial  change  in  the 
actual  conduct  of  operations  as  before  conducted  by  the  division.  It 
was  not  until  November  1,  1918,  that  the  corporation  actually  took 
over  and  began  carrying  on  the  production  activities,  but  a  little  later 
on  in  the  month  the  signing  of  the  armistice  cut  short  these  activities. 
Gen.  B.  P.  Disque,  president ;  Lieut.  Col.  C.  P.  Stearns,  vice  president. 

SPRUCE  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  AIRCRAFT  PRODUCTION,  WAR 
DEPARTMENT. 

In  October,  1917,  Lieut.  Col.  (later  Brig.  Gen.)  Brice  P.  Disque 
was  sent  into  the  Pacific  northwest  to  survey  the  situation  in  the 
spruce  and  fir  industry  for  the  acceleration  of  the  American  and 
allied  aircraft  programs,  and  after  reporting  the  conditions  to  Wash- 
ington, was  returned  to  the  northwest  with  instructions  to  take  over 
the  whole  spruce  program.  As  a  result,  the  Spruce  Production  Divi- 
sion was  formally  created  on  November  15,  1917.  Brig.  Gen.  Disque, 
commanding,  later  became  president  of  the  United  States  Spruce 
Production  Corporation.  Under  him  the  work  was  divided  into  two 
parts,  military  and  production.  On  the  military  side  was  Maj.  (later 
Lieut.  Col.)  C.  P.  Stearns,  chief  of  staff,  in  charge  of  10  depart- 
ments, and  on  the  spruce  production  side  a  similar  organization 
existed.  Ultimately,  thesa  activities  of  the  division  took  shape  in  a 
Government-owned  corporation  formed  for  commercial  purposes  in 
August,  1918,  called  the  United  States  Spruce  Production  Corpora- 
tion. The  division  worked  to  increase  the  output  of  aircraft  timber, 
and  its  problems  fell  roughly  under  eight  headings.  The  first  of 
these  was  (1)  labor.  At  the  time  the  Government  entered  on  the  task 
of  spruce  production,  the  labor  turnover  in  the  lumber  industry  of 
Washington  and  Oregon  was  about  GOO  per  cent,  and  this  the  divi- 
sion reduced  to  about  25  per  cent,  through  the  efforts  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  of  Loggers  and  Lumbermen,  food  conservation  and  camp 
sanitation  officers,  and  the  use  of  soldier  labor  which  was  employed 
with  civilian  labor  and  at  the  same  wages.  The  difficulty  of  (2) 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      437 

logging  enough  lumber  to  meet  the  aircraft  needs  of  the  United 
States  and  the  allies  was  met  by  the  division  in  the  practice  of  riv- 
ing, selective  logging,  and  the  establishment  of  13  railroads.  The 
third  problem  was  the  (3)  milling  of  lumber  in  a  particular  manner 
demanded  in  the  construction  of  airplanes,  and  the  Government  met 
this  problem  by  authorizing  mills  and  cut-up  plants  which  were 
established  by  the  division  at  Vancouver  and  Port  Angeles  in  Wash- 
ington, and  Toledo,  Greg.  The  problem  of  (4)  delivery  was  met  by 
a  Traffic  Section  by  means  of  uniform  shipping  instruction  and 
priority,  and  the  other  four  problems,  namely,  (5)  legal  matters, 
(6)  medical,  (7)  business,  and  (8)  miscellaneous,  were  solved  in  the 
usual  administrative  way.  The  organization  of  the  division  was  to 
a  very  considerable  extent  rearranged  first  before  the  signing  of 
the  armistice,  but  this  change  was  largely  on  paper  for  purpose  of 
better  classification  and  administration  and  most  of  the  work  was 
done  under  the  first  hastily  oiganizcd  regime.  The  division  was  first 
a  part  of  the  Signal  Corps  and  later  transferred  to  the  Bureau  of 
Aircraft  Production. 

STAMPS,  DIVISION  OF;  POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  permanent  organization.  It  served  as  the  agency  through  which 
thrift  stamps,  war  savings  stamps,  and  internal  revenue  stamps  were 
sold  to  the  public.  The  work  involved  in  the  issue,  sale,  account- 
ing for,  and  redemption  of  these  stamps  was  performed  by  the  fol- 
lowing sections:  War  Savings  Section,  created  January,  1918;  Rev- 
enue Section,  created  December,  1917;  and  War  Savings  and  Revenue 
Subsection  (reporting  to  Account  Section),  created  January,  1918. 
Superintendent,  W.  C.  Fitch,  reporting  to  Alexander  M.  Dockery, 
Third  Assistant  Postmaster  General. 

STANDARDIZATION  SECTION,  ENGINEERING  AND  STANDARDIZATION 
BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  January  24,  1919,  to  review  and  standardize  all  War  De- 
partment specifications,  to  assign  code  numbers  to  all  specifi  ations, 
and  to  standardize  nomenclature  of  all  articles  of  equipment  and 
supply  of  the  War  Department.  Maj.  N.  J.  Newell,  chief,  succeeded 
by  Maj.  H.  W.  T.  Eglin. 

STANDARDIZATION  SECTION,  PURCHASE  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  September  5,  1918,  and  reorganized  January  24,  1919,  as 
the  Engineering  and  Standardization  Branch.  For  functions  see 
Standardization  Section  of  that  branch.  Lieut.  Col.  W.  R.  Roberts, 
chief. 

STANDARDIZATION  OF  MEDICAL  AND  SURGICAL  SUPPLIES  AND  EQUIP- 
MENT COMMITTEE,  GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Authorized  February  2.  1917.  After  agreement  upon  minimum 
number  of  essential  articles  it  invited  the  leading  manufacturers  to 
Washington  to  consider  the  problem  of  production.  Nine  subcom- 
mittees called  Cooperative  Committees  of  Manufacturers  were  se- 
lected by  the  manufacturers  themselves,  and  cooperation  in  service 


438       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

resulted  in  an  increase  in  production  of  staple  articles,  in  standardiza- 
tion of  types,  and  in  the  issuance  of  four  catalogues  of  staple  medical 
and  surgical  instruments  and  supplies  for  use  of  Army,  Navy,  and 
Red  Cross.  The  manufacturers'  committees  in  the  fall  of  1917  were 
recognized  as  committees  of  their  respective  trades.  The  activities  of 
the  committee  with  respect  to  articles  used  in  explosives  were  taken 
over  in  May,  1918,  by  the  Medical  Industry  Section,  War  Industries 
Board.  The  committee  formed  20  subcommittees:  Chemistry,  Con- 
tagious Diseases,  Dentistry,  Dermatology,  General,  Pathology, 
Genito-urinary,  Gynecology,  Hospital  Administration.  Internal 
Medicine,  Laryngology  and  Rhinology,  Neurology,  Nursing,  and  Ob- 
stetrics, Ophthalmology.  Orthopedic  Surgery,  Pharmacy,  Physiology, 
Surgery,  Surgical  Pathology,  and  X-ray.  Dr.  F.  F.  Simpson,  chair- 
man. 

STANDARDS,  COMMITTEE  ON;  DIVISION  OF  OPERATIONS,  UNITED  STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  committee,  which  consisted  of  more  than  a  dozen  members, 
most  of  whom  had  been  connected  with  the  mechanical  departments 
of  various  railroad  lines,  made  a  study  of  the  subject  of  equipment 
standards,  recommending  changes  in  existing  standards  applying  to 
cars  and  locomotives  and  on  their  special  parts  and  on  occasion  de- 
veloping new  standards.  Frank  McManamy,  chairman. 

STANDARDS,  NATIONAL  BUREAU  OF;  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

While  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards  had  been  in  existence 
since  1901,  its  activities  were  greatly  extended  upon  the  outbreak  of 
war.  Its  normal  functions  included  the  custody  of  standards  and 
standardization;  carrying  on  researches  on  materials,  instruments, 
and  appliances  used  in  physics,  chemistry,  and  related  fields,  and  the 
development  and  use  of  standards  of  measurement  in  science  and 
industry.  The  unprecedented  use  of  new  technical  devices  in  the 
war  of  1917,  together  with  the  new  and  difficult  problems  involved 
in  the  supplying  of  the  necessary  material  for  modern  warfare,  af- 
forded practically  an  unlimited  field  for  the  activities  of  the  bureau. 
Its  work  ranged  from  the  improvement  of  aeroplane  design  and  con- 
struction to  the  devising  of  methods  for  detecting  invisible  writing. 
Among  its  activities  may  be  mentioned  research  concerning  methods 
for  the  detection  of  submarines;  the  development  of  sound  ranging 
for  the  location  of  enemy  guns;  determination  of  the  displacement 
and  storage  of  commodities  for  shipment  overseas;  the  development 
of  methods  for  the  production  of  optical  glass  used  in  military  opti- 
cal instruments;  manufacture  of  such  glass  for  war  purposes  in  its 
own  laboratories,  and  extensive  assistance  to  manufacturers  in  the 
building  of  an  American  optical  glass  industry;  the  development  of 
new  methods  of  casting  glass  pots;  studies  in  visibility  and  camou- 
flage ;  researches  in  military  photography ;  investigations  concerning 
working  temperatures  of  machine-gun  barrels,  structure  of  gun 
forgings,  suitability  of  metal  for  various  uses,  and  the  causes  of  fail- 
ure of  aeroplane  motors ;  and  the  consideration  of  ship  construction 
problems.  One  of  the  largest  tasks  of  the  bureau  in  the  field  of  war 
production  was  the  testing  of  the  master  gauges  required  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  guns  and  munitions.  Prior  to  the  war  only  one  member 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      439 

of  the  staff  was  engaged  in  this  work,  but  it  was  later  necessary  to 
increase  the  number  to  140,  when  gauges  were  tested  at  the  rate  of 
over  5,000  a  month.  The  bureau  functioned  through  the  following 
sections :  Electrical,  Weights  and  Measures,  Heat  and  Thermometry, 
Light  and  Optical  Instruments,  Chemistry,  Engineering  Instruments, 
Engineering,  Structural  and  Miscellaneous,  Metallurgy,  and  Ceram- 
ics. There  was  a  branch  laboratory  at  Pittsburgh.  S.  W.  Stratton 
was  director  of  the  bureau. 

STAPLE  GROCERIES  SECTION,  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  October,  1917.  The  section  had  charge  of  rice,  coffee, 
and  grocery  specialties.  In  February,  1918,  coffee  was  put  under  a 
separate  section.  Distribution  problems  only  were  handled,  the 
problem  of  control  of  retail  stores  being  taken  care  of  as  a  separate 
problem.  Dana  T.  Ackerly,  chief. 

STATE  ADVISORY  BOARDS,  UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE. 

Organized  in  each  State  according  to  instructions  issued  by  the 
Director  General  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service  on  July 
17,  1918,  to  enable  the  employers  and  workers  of  the  States  to  share 
with  that  service  the  administration  of  and  responsibility  for  its  war- 
labor  supplying  program.  The  boards  were  composed  of  the  State 
director  of  the  Employment  Service  as  chairman  and  two  repre- 
sentatives of  labor  and  two  of  management,  appointed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  Labor.  Where  the  State  director  of  the  United  States  Public 
Service  Reserve  was  not  the  same  person  as  the  State  director  of  the 
United  States  Employment  Service,  the  former  official  was  ex  officio 
a  member  of  the  board.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  State  Advisory  Board 
to  assist  the  State  director  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service 
in  choosing  members  of  his  own  staff  and  the  officers  to  be  placed  in 
charge  of  the  main  local  offices,  to  determine  the  allotment  of  the 
quota  of  unskilled  laborers  to  be  raised  by  the  various  localities  of 
the  State  for  war  work,  and  to  advise  the  State  directors  of  the 
Employment  Service  and  of  the  Public  Service  Reserve  in  regard  to 
matters  of  general  policy. 

STATE  COUNCILS  SECTION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Established  April  6,  1917;,  under  the  name,  Section  on  Cooperation 
with  States.  The  title  was  changed  to  State  Councils  Section  De- 
cember 13,  1917.  A  conference  in  Washington  ]^ay  2  and  3,  1917, 
outlined  how  State  defense  activities  were  to  be  coordinated  through 
this  section  as  a  clearing  house.  It  assisted  the  creation  of  a  system 
of  State  Councils  of  Defense  and  the  promotion  of  county  or  other 
subsidiary  councils.  Its  organization  extended  through  all  States 
and  Territories,  and  it  was  finally  merged  into  the  Field  Division  of 
the  council.  George  F.  Porter,  chief,  succeeded  on  January  4,  1918, 
by  Arthur  H.  Fleming. 

STATE    DISTRIBUTION,    BUREAU    OF;     DISTRIBUTION    DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  in  May,  1918.  This  bureau  was  concerned  with  State 
organizations  only  as  regards  distribution.  The  director  was  re- 

JM 


440       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

sponsible  that  the  general  plans  for  distribution  of  coal  were  carried 
out  uniformly  in  the  different  States.  It  coordinated  the  work  of 
the  State  fuel  administrators  with  district  representatives  and  other 
agencies  and  saw  that  their  work  was  properly  meshed  with  other 
work.  A.  M.  Ogle,  director. 

STATE    DIVISIONS,    WOMAN'S    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL    OF    NATIONAL    DE- 
FENSE. 

Following  the  first  meeting  of  the  Woman's  Committee,  May  '2. 
1917,  divisions  were  organized  in  all  States,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and 
Porto  Rico,  to  direct  the  efforts  of  the  women  to  be  of  service  to  the 
country.  The  State  committee,  through  its  chairman  and  executive 
committee,  carried  cut  the  subdivision  of  its  organization  to  the 
smallest  unit  In  31  States  the  chairman  of  the  State  committee  wa< 
a  member  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  and  several  means  of 
coordination  were  effected  in  other  States.  In  Colorado  the  Woman's 
Committee  was  of  equal  rank  with  the  Governor's  War  Council. 
Appropriations  for  the  work  were  made  in  28  States:  in  the  other 
States  the  women  raised  the  necessary  funds  by  earning  money  and 
contributing  services.  The  State  committees  worked  through  depart- 
ments corresponding  to  those  of  the  national  committee,  as  follows: 
Registration,  Food  Production  and  Home  Economics,  Food  Adminis- 
tration, Women  in  Industry,  Child  Welfare.  Maintenance  of  Existing 
Social  Service  Agencies,  Health  and  Recreation,  Education,  Liberty 
Loan,  Home  and  Foreign  Relief,  News. 

STATE     ORGANIZATION     COMMITTEES,     UNITED     STATES     EMPLOYMENT 
SERVICE. 

Organized  in  each  State  according  to  instructions  issued  by  the 
Director  General  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service  on  July 
17,  1918.  The  committees  were  composed  of  three  members,  the  State 
director  of  the  United  States  Public  Service  Re-serve,  one  repre- 
sentative of  labor  appointed  by  the  State  Federation  of  Labor, 
and  one  representative  of  management  appointed  through  the  coop- 
eration of  representative  organizations  of  employers.  It  was  the 
function  of  these  committees  to  inaugurate  community  labor  boards 
and  State  advisory  boards. 

STATE    ORGANIZATION    DEPARTMENT,    WOMAN'S    COMMITTEE,    COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  department  carried  out  the  organization  of  divisions  in  every 
State,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico,  following  the  meeting  of  the 
Woman's  Committee  May  2,  1917.  A  temporary  State  chairman, 
appointed  by  the  committee,  called  a  meeting  of  the  heads  of  State- 
wide women's  organizations  and  representatives  of  women  not  con- 
nected with  clubs,  when  a  chairman  and  executive  committee  were 
elected.  Divisions  were  organized  in  all  States,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and 
Porto  Rico  to  direct  the  efforts  of  the  wcmen  to  be  of  service  to  the 
country.  The  State  committee,  through  its  chairman  and  executive 
committee,  carried  out  the  subdivision  of  its  organization  to  the 
smallest  unit.  In  31  States  the  chairman  of  the  State  committee  was 
a  member  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  and  several  means  of 
coordination  were  effected  in  other  States.  In  Colorado  the  Woman's 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       441 

Committee  was  of  equal  rank  with  the  Governor's  War  Council.  The 
work  was  financed  entirely  from  State  funds  in  19  States,  and  par* 
tially  in  25.  Where  necessary  funds  from  the  State  were  lacking, 
money  was  raised  through  contributions  and  various  other  means. 
The  State  committees  worked  through  departments  corresponding  to 
those  of  the  national  committee,  as  follows :  Registration,  Food  Pro- 
duction and  Home  Economics,  Food  Administration,  Women  in  Indus- 
try, Child  Welfare.  Maintenance  of  Existing  Social  Service  Agencies, 
Health  and  Recreation.  Education,  Liberty  Loan,  Home  and  Foreign 
Relief,  News,  Mrs.  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  chairman  of  the  department. 

STATE  ORGANIZATIONS,  BUREAU  OF;  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  bureau  was  organized  in  September,  1917,  under  the  director- 
ship of  Walter  E.  Hope.  Federal  fuel  administrators  were  appointed 
for  every  State.  This  organization  was  completed  during  November, 
1917,  and  several  meetings  were  held  at  which  the  powers  and  duties 
of  the  State  administrators  were  outlined.  The  bureau  was  charged 
with  coordinating  the  work  of  the  State  agencies  and  the  Federal 
Food  Administration.  The  State  fuel  administrator,  with  his  State 
and  local  organization,  was  the"  basic  unit  for  the  allocation  of  fuel 
and  the  agency  for  the  distribution  when  it  reached  his  State.  He 
made  a  survey  of  State  fuel  requirements,  keeping  in  touch  with 
essential  demands  for  fuel,  and  saw  that  the  allotments  were 
equally  distributed.  The  plan  was  put  in  operation  May  25,  1918, 
at  which  time  the  responsibility  and  authority  vested  in  State  fuel 
administrators  for  this  particular  program  were  outlined.  Special 
emergency  powers  had  been  given  in  the  winter  of  1917-18,  but  these 
were  later  recalled.  The  responsibilities  of  the  State  administrator 
were  large.  He  maintained  the  broad  national  point  of  view, 
while  keeping  in  intimate  touch  and  sympathy  with  the  individual 
problems  of  his  State.  His  actual  powers  of  initiative  were  limited 
and  in  the  main  discretionary.  The  carrying  out  of  national  cam- 
paigns— conservation,  technical,  and  educational — was  an  important 
function.  In  many  States  local  campaigns  suited  to  the  needs  of 
the  State  were  initiated.  The  'State  organization  was  divided  into 
various  branches,  and  in  each  county,  city,  or  district,  determined 
by  the  State  administrator,  there  was  a  local  committee  with  a  chair- 
man, who  acted  as  county  fuel  administrator.  The  cities  also  had 
an  organization  suited  to  their  needs.  The  important  functions  of 
city  and  county  administrators  were  the  recommendation  of  local 
retail  margins  to  the  State  administrator;  local  distribution  in  dines 
of  emergency;  representation  of  the  State  administrator  in  carry- 
ing out  national  or  State  programs;  and  the  supervision  over  the 
local  coal  trade  in  general.  The  bureau  of  State  organizations  was 
thus  decentralized  and  reached  out  to  the  smallest  community  in 
the  country.  Evans  Woolen  became  acting  director  on  July  S,  J918. 
In  November,  1918.  N.  S.  Schroeder  tock  over  the  work  and  con- 
tinued it  until  the  Fuel  Administration  ceased  to  function. 

STATE  WAR  BOARDS,  STATE  COUNCILS  SECTION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

A  concise  term  Driven  to  the  conferences  of  the  State  representatives 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and  the  following  Federal  de- 


442       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

partments  and  administrations :  Treasury,  Agriculture,  Labor,  Food, 
Fuel,  Four-Minute  Men,  and  American  National  Red  Cross.  They 
correlated  the  activities  of  the  States  along  educational,  defense,  con- 
servation, and  production  lines.  They  were  more  generally  known 
as  State  Councils  of  Defense  or  State  Committees  of  Public  Safety. 

STATES   ACTIVITIES    COMMITTEE,   GENERAL   MEDICAL   BOARD,    COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Earlier  known  as  Committee  on  States  Activities  and  Examina- 
tions. It  classified  the  medical  profession  according  to  availability 
for  service  in  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  and  nonavailability  because 
of  age  or  home  community  need.  For  those  of  the  latter  class 
it  organized  the  Volunteer  Medical  Service  Corps.  It  surveyed 
the  country  and  made  recommendations  along  nearly  every  line  of 
medical  activity.  Dr.  Edward  Martin,  chairman. 

STATES  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

Organized  August  10,  1917,  to  be  the  connecting  link  between 
the  Federal  food  administrators  and  the  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration, a  Federal  food  administrator  being  appointed  for 
every  State.  The  staff  of  each  State  administrator  included  an  edu- 
cational director,  a  library  director,  a  home  economics  director,  and 
a  State  merchant  representative,  who  usually  functioned  through 
their  own  sections  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  The 
work  was  further  decentralized  by  the  appointment  of  district  and 
county  food  administrators,  and  at  the  signing  of  the  armistice  there 
were  approximately  3,200  at  work.  The  actual  execution  of  detailed 
programs  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration  were  in  the 
hands  of  the  State  agencies.  The  enforcement  of  regulations,  con- 
servation schemes,  and  the  administration  of  any  distribution  plan, 
such  as  the  sugar  certificate  plan,  were  a  part  of  their  functions. 
The  division  kept  in  close  touch  with  the  State  administrators,  ad- 
vised them  as  to  actfvities  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration 
and  the  work  in  other  States,  and  informed  the  various  divisions 
of  the  United  States  Food  Administration  of  the  work  of  the  State 
agencies.  J.  W.  Hallowel,  chief. 

STATES   CONSERVATION   SECTION,   BUREAU    OF   CONSERVATION,   UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  to  take  care  of  conservation  in  the  States.  This  sec- 
tion worked  through  State  directors  of  Fuel  Conservation.  It  was 
the  point  of  contact  of  Bureau  of  Conservation  and  Bureau  of  State 
Organizations  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration.  A.  S. 
Cobb,  chief. 

STATES  RELATIONS  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Established  in  June,  1915.  Its  function  was  to  represent  the  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture  in  his  relations  with  State  agricultural  colleges 
and  experiment  stations  and  to  administer  all  matters  pertaining  to 
farmers'  cooperative  demonstration  work,  home  economics,  and  in- 
vestigations relating  to  agricultural  schools  and  farmers'  institutes. 
The  war  activities  of  the  service  were,  for  the  most  part,  its  peace- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      443 

time  activities  intensified  along  special  lines.  Between  July  1,  1917, 
and  July  1,  1918,  the  number  of  counties  with  men  agents  increased 
from  1,434  to  2,435  and  with  women  agents  from  537  to  1,715,  while 
the  total  number  of  persons  engaged  in  extension  work  increased 
from  4,100  to  7,000.  It  was  the  function  of  these  county  and  home 
•demonstration  agents  to  organize  the  farmers  into  clubs  in  order  to 
reach  them  most  effectively  with  problems  of  increased  food  con- 
servation and  production,  and  in  order  that  the  farmers  might  effec- 
tively solve  their  own  problems.  They  also  set  up  community 
demonstration  kitchens,  canneries,  and  drying  centers,  encouraged 
war  gardens  and  the  raising  of  live  stock,  and  cooperated  with  the 
Food"  Administration  in  popularizing  principles  of  conservation. 
It  functioned  through  Offices  of  Experiment  Stations,  Home  Eco- 
nomics, Extension  Work  in  the  South,  and  Extension  Work  in  the 
North  and  West.  A.  C.  True,  director. 

STATES  SECTION,  PUBLIC  INFORMATION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD 
ADMINISTRATION. 

This  section  had  charge  of  the  publicity  of  the  United  States 
Food  Administration  through  the  States.  This  publicity  was 
handled  by  State  directors  of  public  information,  who  were  attached 
to  the  office  of  State  food  administrator.  T.  A.  Ellis,  director. 

STATIONARY  GAS  ENGINES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December  15,  1917,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
the  internal  combustion  engines  and  motors  of  all  kinds.  O.  H. 
Fischer  was  chairman  until  April  16,  1918;  H.  G.  Diefendorf,  April 
16  to  November  6,  1918;  C.  Heer  was  elected  November  6,  1918. 

STATIONERY  INDUSTRY  WAR   SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Created  October  17, 1917,  by  the  National  Association  of  Stationers 
and  Manufacturers  as  official  representatives  of  the  industry.  Wil- 
liam Pitt,  chairman. 

STATISTICAL    BRANCH,     GENERAL    CONTROL     SECTION,     PROCUREMENT 
DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  March  4,  1918.  It  performed  the  following  duties: 
Issued  procurement  information  cards  covering  every  procurement 
order  and  contract  placed  by  the  Division  of  Procurement,  showing 
number,  date,  firm,  place  of  manufacture,  unit  price,  cost,  quantity, 
use,  deliveries,  etc. ;  issued  data  sheets  showing  analysis  of  "  compo- 
nent contracts  " ;  procured  information  requested  by  other  divisions 
concerning  contract  quantities,  deliveries,  etc.;  issued  semimonthly 
"  Serial  Lists  of  Contracts " ;  and  supervised  the  preparation  of 
graphic  charts  for  the  division.  In  October  the  Project  Analysis 
and  Contract  Abstracting  Branches  of  the  Credit  Section  of  the 
Division  of  Procurement  were  transferred  to  the  Statistical  Branch. 
Capt.  E.  B.  Stern  was  head  of  the  branch  when  the  armistice  was 
signed. 

STATISTICAL  CLEARING  HOUSE. 

See  Central  Bureau  of  Planning  and  Statistics. 


444       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
STATISTICAL  DIVISION,   CHILDREN'S  BUREAU,   DEPARTMENT   OF  LABOR., 

A  permanent  division  whose  function  is  to  prepare  statistical 
material,  including  the  tabulation  of  original  investigations,  and  to 
carry  out  statistical  research  upon  problems  connected  with  child 
welfare.  Robert  M.  Woodbury,  director. 

STATISTICAL  DIVISION,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Organized  October  28,  1918.  to  supersede  the  Statistics  Branch  of 
the  Administrative  Division,  Quartermaster  General.  It  functioned 
through  the  following  branches:  Administrative,  Purchase  Sum- 
maries, Storage  Summaries,  Publicity  Service,  Reports.  Maj.  E.  <L 
Fowler,  chief. 

For  functions  see  Statistics  Branch,  Administrative  Division, 
Quartermaster  General. 

STATISTICAL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  June  11,  1917,  bv  Dr.  Frank  M.  Pearl  and  Dr.  Frank 
M.  Surface,  who  came  to  Washington  at  the  request  of  Herbert 
Hoover.  The  function  of  the  division  was  to  furnish  statistical  in- 
fo rmation  to  Mr.  Hoover  and  other  executives  of  the  United  States 
Food  Administration  regarding  crops,  production,  consumption,  im- 
ports, and  exports  of  foods.  The  division  wyas  organized  into  sec- 
tions to  handle  statistics  on  commodities.  Dr.  Surface  became  act- 
ing chief  of  the  division  when  Dr.  Pearl  went  to  Europe  to  study 
food  conditions. 

STATISTICAL    SECTION,    PLANNING    BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPAGE 
DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  January  26,  1918.  with  Gershom  Smith,  chief.  It 
kept  all  records,  and  maintained  files  showing  status  of  requisitions. 

STATISTICAL   SECTION,   UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING   BOARD    EMERGENCY 
FLEET.CORPORATION. 

The  statistical  work  of  the-  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  was 
begun  in  July,  1917,  bv  a  newlv  organized  Statistical  Department 
under  the  direction  of  J.  E.  Spaulding.  It  was  principally  occupied 
with  the  preparation  of  tables  and  charts  showing  programs  in  con- 
struction, progress,  and  cost.  It  also  acted  as  a  sort  of  service  bureau 
for  the  other  departments  of  the  corporation  in  the  way  of  supply- 
ing them  with  men  to  handle  their  statistical  and  Graphic  work.  On 
May  6,  1918,  it  was  reorganized  into  a  Statistical  Se  lion  under 
F.  J.  Warne  for  the  purpose  of  centralizing  the  work  and  avoiding 
duplication.  Under  the  new  organization  it  was  authorized  to  super- 
vise all  the  agencies  in  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  engaged  in 
statistical  work,  and  to  maintain  local  statisticians  in  each  district 
and  yard.  The  work  of  the  section  centered  around  the  delivery  of 
vessels,  securing  of  data  on  the  factors  interfering  in  ship  construc- 
tion, preparation  of  progrecs  charts,  and  the  adoption  of  uniform 
and  standard  statistical  methods.  Chief  Statistician  F.  J.  Warno 
was  followed  by  S.  M.  Evans. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      445 

STATISTICAL  AND  RECORDS  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE  SUBDIVISION, 
OVERSEAS  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PUR- 
CHASE AND  STORAGE. 

Established  November  1,  1918.  This  branch  compiled  statistics 
covering  the  supplies  shipped  overseas.  Chief,  until  January  1, 1919, 
J.  Atwood  Walker. 

STATISTICS  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Organized  April  16,  1918,  to  obtain  statistical  data  from  the  oper- 
ating divisions  of  the  Quartermaster  General  and  to  compile  these 
data  in  proper  form  for  presentation  to  the  Quartermaster  General 
and  the  General  Staff.  It  acted  as  a  clearing  house  for  statistical 
information.  This  branch  reported  to  the  Methods  Control  Divi- 
sion until  September  14,  1918,  when  it  was  transferred  to  the  Ad- 
ministrative Division.  On  October  28,  1918,  it  became  known  as 
the  Statistical  Division  upon  the  organization  of  Purchase  and 
Storage.  Maj.  E.  J.  Fowler,  chief. 

STATISTICS  BRANCH,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Organized  March  11,  1918,  under  authority  of  General  Orders,  No. 
14,  1918,  which  established  the  Executive  Division  of  the  General 
Staff,  an  office  whose  functions  included  the  collection,  compilation, 
and  maintenance  of  statistical  information  relating  to  the  war  pro- 
gram for  transmission  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Chief  of  Staff, 
the  War  Council,  the  General  Staff,  and  the  several  divisions  there- 
of. The  Statistics  Branch  was  originally  under  the  Executive  Di- 
vision, but  later  reported  to  the  executive  assistant  to  tlie  Chief  of 
Staff.  The  branch  prepared  a  weekly  statistical  report  on  War  De- 
partment activities  for  the  Secretary  of  War  and  Chief  of  Staff.  It 
prepared  wall  charts  of  statistical  information  concerning  the  war, 
which  were  explained  by  one  of  its  officers  before  the  War  Council, 
the  Congressional  Military  Affairs  Committees,  the  Shipping  Con- 
ference, and  the  Weekly  Conference  of  Bureau  Chiefs.  It  secured 
standardized  progress  reports  and  requirements  figures  from  the 
various  War  Department  bureaus,  maintained  a  center  of  statistical 
information  for  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  General  Staff,  and 
assisted  other  War  Department  agencies  in  their  statistical  work  and 
problems.  On  May  31. 1918,  a  statistical  unit,  organized  in  the  branch, 
left  for  France  to  perform  similar  functions  for  the  American  Ex- 
peditionary Forces.  Close  connections  were  maintained  by  the 
branch  with  statistical  organizations  at  General  Headquarters, 
American  Expeditionary  Forces,  the  Services  of  Supply  Headquar- 
ters, American  Expeditionary  Forces,  the  Services  of  Supply,  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  the  Inter- Allied  Statistical  Bureau,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Peace  Commission.  Personnel  was  furnished  to  these  organiza- 
tions as  Avell  as  to  the  statistical  units  in  the  Purchase,  Storage  and 
Traffic  Division  of  the  General  Staff  and  the  War  Industries  Board. 
In  addition  to  the  Weekly  Statistical  Report  for  the  Secretary  of 
War  and  Chief  of  Staff,  the  branch  published  a  weekly  summary  for 
the  President  and  regular  bulletins  on  tonnage,  personnel,  nitrate  of 
soda,  explosives  and  propellants.  and,  after  the  armistice,  on  the 
registration  and  placement  of  soldiers  for  employment.  A  bulletin 


446       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

on  noiiferrous  metals  was  published  jointly  with  the  War  Industries 
Board.  Col.  (later  Brig.  Gen.)  George  H.  Estes,  chief  of  branch, 
March  11  to  September  4,  1918;  Lieut.  Col.  Frederick  C.  Test,  chief, 
September  4  to  October  24,  1918;  Col.  Leonard  P.  Ayers,  chief, 
October  24.  1918;  Maj.  W.  R.  Burgess,  acting  chief,  December,  1918, 
to  May  7,  1919. 

STATISTICS   BRANCH,  WAREHOUSING  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER   GEN- 
ERAL. 

Organized  October  16,  1917.  The  functions  of  this  branch  were 
to  receive,  calculate,  and  chart  in  accordance  with  scientific  statisti- 
cal methods  all  data  pertaining  to  amount  of  supplies  needed,  con- 
tracted for,  in  process  of  delivery,  on  hand,  and  issued.  Capt.  R.  H« 
Hess,  chief. 

STATISTICS,  BUREAU  OF;  DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL. 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  November,  1917,  by  C.  E.  Lesher,  who  had  furnished 
from  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  statistics  for  the  Fuel 
Administration  up  to  that  time.  The  bureau  had  charge  of  the  collec- 
tion, compilation,  and  presentation  in  tabular  and  graphic  form  of 
statistics  of  production,  factors  limiting  production,  distribution, 
conservation,  consumption,  and  stocks  of  coal  and  coke  in  periodical 
and  special  reports ;  preparation  of  maps,  zone  modifications,  budgets, 
and  allotments. 

STATISTICS,  BUREAU  OF;  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

Under  the  Federal  control  act  of  March  21,  1918,  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  ascertaining 
the  average  annual  railway  operating  income  of  the  railroads  under 
Federal  control  and  certifying  it  to  the  President.  The  task  of  com- 
piling this  information  was  performed  by  the  commission's  Bureau 
of  Statistics.  The  work  of  the  bureau  was  also  considerably  increased 
by  the  preparation  of  many  special  statistical  statements  upon  the 
request  of  various  officials  of  the  United  States  Railroad  Administra- 
tion. M.  O.  Lorenz,  chief. 

STATISTICS,  BUREAU  OF;   OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

This  bureau  was  in  charge  of  collection  and  tabulation  of  statistics 
and  other  general  information  on  petroleum  and  its  products,  relat- 
ing to  field  development,  production,  pipe  line  transportation,  crude 
stocks,  manufacturing,  distribution,  imports,  and  exports.  Frank  J. 
Siisbee,  director. 

STATISTICS,  DIVISION  OF;  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  on  April  9,  1917.  Its  activities  gradually  expanded  so  as 
to  embrace  the  following  functions:  The  collection  and  tabulation  of 
information  in  regard  to  Army  and  Navy  requirements,  contracts 
and  deliveries;  the  furnishing  to  the  War  Industries  Board  of  sta- 
tistics on  raw  materials;  the  compilation  of  tonnage  statistics;  the 
collection  of  information  concerning  industrial  experience  abroad, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      447 

In  April,  1918,  a  considerable  portion  of  the  staff  of  the  division  was 
transferred  to  the  recently  organized  Statistics  Branch  of  the  General 
Staff.  Upon  the  separation  of  the  War  Industries  Board  from  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  the  rest  of  the  division  was  transferred 
to  the  War  Industries  Board.  Dr.  Leonard  P.  Ayres  was  the  original 
director  of  the  division.  He  was  succeeded  as  director  by  Mills  E, 
Case. 

STATISTICS    SECTION,    ADMINISTRATIVE    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE 
AND  TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Organized  September  5,  1918,  to  compile  and  maintain  such  statis- 
tical records  as  might  be  necessary  in  the  Office  of  the  Director  of 
Purchase,  Storage,  and  Traffic.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
sections:  Requirements,  Classification,  and  Progress  Reports.  Lieut. 
Col.  Rodney  Hitt,  chief. 

STATISTICS    AND    REQUIREMENTS    BRANCH,    PURCHASE,    STORAGE    AND 
TRAFFIC  DIVISION. 

Created  November  T,  1918,  to  compile  and  maintain  statistical 
records  and  studies,  to  make  analysis  and  compilation  of  require- 
ments of  the  Army  in  accordance  with  the  information  furnished  by 
the  Chief  of  Staff  as  to  the  organization  and  strength  of  the  military 
forces,  and  the  equipment  tables  prepared  by  the  Operations  Divi- 
sion, General  Staff.  It  functioned  through  the  following  sections: 
Paw  Materials,  Articles  of  Issue,  and  Executive.  Lieut.  Col.  Rodney 
Hitt,  chief,  November  7  to  December  14,  1918;  Maj.  L.  S.  Keith,  De- 
cember 14,  1918,  to  April  3,  1919;  Col.  C.  G.  Harvey,  April  3,  1919. 

STEAM  ENGINEERING,  BUREAU  OF;  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  July  5,  1862.  The  duties  of  this  bureau  included  every- 
thing relating  to  designing,  building,  fitting,  and  repairing  machin- 
ery used  for  the  propulsion  of  naval  vessels  and  for  auxiliary  uses. 
It  also  inspected  all  fuel  used  by  the  fleet.  Subordinate  to  it  were 
the  Clerical,  Design,  Aeronautic,  Electrical,  Ships  Repair,  Radioy 
Supply,  Inspection,  Logs  and  Records,  and  Fuel  and  Personnel  Di- 
vision. Rear  Admiral  Robert  S.  Griffin,  Engineer  in  Chief,  United 
States  Navy,  chief. 

STEAM  AND  POWER  PUMPS  AND  AIR  COMPRESSORS  WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  September  20,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
these  products  with  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  committee  had 
no  special  functions,  as  the  industry  was  supplying  fully  all  needed 
requirements.  J.  W.  Gardiner,  chairman. 

STEAMBOAT  INSPECTION  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

Established  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war.  The  ordinary  duties  of 
the  Steamship  Inspection  Service  consist  in  administration  of  laws 
and  regulations  providing  for  the  security  of  lives  and  property  on 
board  steamships.  Early  as  1917  the  service  adopted  special  meas- 
ures to  protect  vessels  on  the  Great  Lakes  and  to  prevent  damage 
from  being  inflicted  upon  the  Great  Lake  traffic  routes.  Shortly 


448       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

after  the  outbreak  of  war,  steps  were  taken  to  prevent  any  interrup- 
tion to  traffic  through  the  Cape  Cod  Canal.  When  the  German  and 
Austrian  vessels  interned  in  American  ports  were  taken  over  by  the 
United  States,  extensive  repairs  were  necessary  as  a  result  of  the 
damage  which  had  been  done  to  their  machinery  in  order  to  prevent 
their  use  by  our  Government,  and  the  Steamboat  Inspection  Service 
finally  passed  upon  these  repairs  and  the  seaworthiness  of  the  vessels. 
Valuable  aid  was  also  rendered  the  United  States  Shipping  Board 
in  the  task  of  inspecting  the  numerous  vessels  which  came  under  the 
board's  jurisdiction.  The  local  official  of  the  Steamboat  Inspection 
Service  performed  the  task  of  licensing  officers  needed  in  greatly 
increased  numbers  for  the  growing  merchant  marine.  An  important 
service  was  also  rendered  in  the  inspection  of  boiler  plates  for  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  At  the  head  of  the  service  was 
George  Uhler,  supervising  inspector  general,  under  whom  were  su- 
pervising inspectors,  in  charge  of  the  11  districts  into  which  the 
United  States,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico  were  divided.  Mr. 
Uhler  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  Ship  Production  Executive 
Committee  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board. 

STEEL  CORPORATION  PLANT,  UNITED  STATES,   BOARD   ON   CONSTRUCTION 
OF;  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Appointed  June  25,  1918,  to  represent  the  Ordnance  Department 
in  the  preparation  and  approval  of  plans  for  the  construction  of  the 
Neville  Island  plant  for  heavy  cannon  and  projectiles.  This  plant 
was  to  be  constructed  by  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  under 
contract  between  the  corporation  and  the  Ordnance  Department. 
The  board  consisted  of  seven  officers,  with  Col.  C.  C.  Jamieson  as 
president.  It  was  dissolved  July  1,  1918. 

STEEL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  October,  1917,  to  regulate  production  and  distribution 
of  iron  and  steel  products,  with  the  following  seven  sections:  Iron 
and  Steel  Scrap,  Permit,  Pig  Iron,  Projectile,  Steel  Rails,  Alloy  Steel 
and  Cold  Drawn  Steel,  Statistics,  Steel  Products,  and  Warehouse. 
It  created  new  facilities,  restricted  use  of  steel  in  certain  industries, 
and  cooperated  in  the  fixing  of  prices.  The  division  was  discon- 
tinued December  21,  1918.  J.  Leonard  Replogle,  director  of  steel 
supply. 

STEEL  DISTRIBUTION,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON 
STEEL  AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  in  June,  1917.  This  committee  worked  through  the 
Committee  on  Raw  Materials  of  the  Advisory  Commission.  It  was 
dissolved  in  November,  1917,  and  the  functions  taken  over  by  the 
War  Industries  Board.  J.  A.  Farrell,  chairman. 

STEEL  FABRICATORS  WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Created  November  27,  1917,  at  the  time  the  Steel  Fabricators  of 
the  United  States  were  permanently  organized.  An  office  was  opened 
in  Washington  and  the  committee  functioned  by  keeping  manufac- 
turers in  touch  with  Government  requirements,  and  cooperated  with 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      449 

the  War  Industries  Board.    John  S.  Deans,  chairman,  later  succeeded 
by  Thomas  Earle. 

STEEL-FILING   DEVICES   AND    OFFICE   EQUIPMENT   WAR   SERVICE    COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  August  29,  1918,  by  the  National  Association  of  Steel 
Furniture  Manufacturers  with  H.  A.  Rock  as  chairman,  to  cooperate 
with  the  War  Industries  Board. 

STEEL  LOCKERS  AND  SHELVING  WAR  SERVICE   COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1918,  representing  the  Steel  Locker  and  Shelv- 
ing Manufacturers'  Association,  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the 
industry's  assistance  to  the  Government  through  the  War  Industries 
Board,  and  of  preserving  the  industry.  W.  B.  Brown,  chairman. 

STEEL  PENS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  April,  1918,  by  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War 
Industries  Board,  with  H.  C.  Sharp  as  chairman. 

STEEL  PRODUCTS  SECTION,  STEEL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Also  called  Finished  Steel  Section.  Its  functions  were  clearances, 
allocations,  requirements,  and  schedules  covering  plates,  shapes, 
merchant  bars,  sheets,  seamless  tubes,  tubular  products,  wire  rope, 
and  wire  products.  It  was  discontinued  December  31,  1918.  Frank 
E.  Thompson,  chief. 

STEEL  SHIP  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  Division  of  Construction,  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  was 
separated  into  the  Division  of  Steel  Ship  Construction  and  the 
Division  of  Wood  Ship  Construction  on  December  5,  1917,  for  the 
purpose  of  expediting  the  shipbuilding  program  by  separating  the 
supervision  of  the  two  kinds  of  construction.  The  Steel  Ship  Con- 
struction Division  was  charged  with  the  supervision  of  technical 
matters  in  steel  ship  construction,  all  original  designing  work,  ques- 
tions arising  under  contracts  after  they  had  been  executed,  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  requisitioned  vessels  under  construction,  accelera- 
tion of  production  of  steel  ships,  development  of  management  meth- 
ods, and  the  operation  of  three  large  fabricating  shipyards.  The 
supervision  of  concrete  ship  construction  was  transferred  to  the  di- 
vision in  June,  1918,  from  the  Wood  Ship  Division  and  administered 
by  a  Concrete  Ship  Section.  An  Engineering  Section  was  in  charge 
of  matters  of  design,  an  Inspection  and  Production  Section  super- 
vised production  and  inspection,  and  a  Camouflage  Section  estab- 
lished in  February,  1918,  supervised  the  application  of  marine  camou- 
flage painting.  The  division  also  maintained  a  field  organization  in 
10  shipbuilding  districts,  with  district  officers,  under  whom  were  local 
inspectors  in  each  yard  building  steel  ships.  Upon  the  cessation  of 
hostilities  the  number  of  steel  ships  delivered  by  the  shipyards  of 
the  country,  under  date  of  November  23,  1918,  totaled  410,  of  which 
285  of  1,826,201  deadweight  tons  were  requisitioned  ships,  and  125 
of  705,090  deadweight  tons  were  contract.  Besides  these  deliveries 

127232—19 29 


450       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

the  yards  had  launched  110  and  laid  the  keels  of  387  others.  On 
January  16,  1919,  the  Steel  Ship  Division  and  the  Wood  Ship  Di- 
vision were  again  consolidated  into  a  Ship  Construction  Division. 
Adm.  F.  T.  Bowles,  first  manager  of  the  division,  was  transferred  to 
Hog  Island  and  O.  H.  Cox  named  in  his  place,  January  30,  1918. 

STEEL  AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON;  COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  in  May,  1917,  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  to 
serve  under  Bernard  Baruch,  who  had  charge  of  raw  materials, 
minerals,  and  metals.  The  committee  was  selected  by  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute  with  Elbert  H.  Gary  as  chairman.  An 
earlier  committee  of  the  Institute  had  taken  up  requirements  of 
steel  for  the  Navy  and  a  clearing-house  committee  under  Elbert  H. 
Gary  had  arranged  for  distribution  of  orders  to  manufacturers.  xVll 
this  work  was  taken  over  by  the  new  committee  which  functioned 
through  subcommittees  on  Steel  Distribution,  Alloys,  Pig  Iron  and 
Lake  Transportation,  Sheet  Steel,  Scrap  Iron  and  Steel,  Pig  Tin, 
Tin  Plate,  Tubular  Goods,  Wire  Rope,  Wire  Products,  and  Cold 
Rolled  and  Cold  Drawn  Steel.  The  chief  functions  of  these  sub- 
committees were  the  distribution  of  orders,  acceleration  of  produc- 
tion and  deliveries.  After  the  passage  of  the  act  of  August  10,  1917, 
which  provided  for  the  dissolution  of  the  committees  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  the  Steel  Committee  suspended  its  activities; 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  September  the  members  of  this  committee 
and  its  subcommittees  severed  their  connections  with  the  Council  of 
National  Defense.  They  were  then  appointed  committees  of  the 
American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute. 

STEREOPTICONS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1918.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the 
Priorities  Board  and  the  Military  and  Optical  Glass  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  A.  E.  Rose,  chairman. 

STERILIZERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  4,  1918,  with  J.  E.  Hall  as  chairman.  The  com- 
mittee cooperated  with  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board. 

STERLING  SILVER  AND  SILVER  PLATEWARE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  January  25,  1918,  as  a  joint  committee  of  the  Sterling 
Silver  Committee  and  Silver  PI  ate  ware  Committee  that  had  been 
organized  in  December,  1917.  The  joint  committee  cooperated  with 
the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  George  H. 
Wilcox,  chairman. 

STOCK  RECORDS  BRANCH,    OPERATING  DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER   GEN- 
ERAL. 

Organized  August  10,  1918,  to  receive  reports  from  depots,  camps, 
posts,  and  other  stations  concerning  stocks  of  quartermaster  supplies* 
on  hand.  This  branch  was  abolished  November  1,  1918,  and  its  duties 
were  transferred  to  the  Domestic  Operations  Division,  Director  of 
Storage. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       451 

STOKER   WAR   SERVICE    COMMITTEE,   MANUFACTURERS'    ASSOCIATION    OF 
AMERICA. 

Organized  in  July,  1918,  by  the  Electric  and  Power  Equipment 
Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  with  P.  Albert  Poppenhusen  as 
chairman.  Its  object  was  to  assist  the  United  States  Fuel  Adminis- 
tration in  the  conservation  of  fuel  and  labor. 

STONE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  to  represent  the  industry  with  that  section  and 
the  United  States  Housing  Corporation.  James  G.  Shaw,  chairman. 

STONEWARE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration. 
The  committee  cooperated  with  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the 
United  States  Food  Administration.  F.  M.  Ransbottom,  chairman. 

STORAGE    BRANCH,    WAREHOUSING    DIVISION,    (JUARTERMASTER    GEN- 
ERAL. 

Created  August  15,  1917,  as  a  branch  of  the  Supplies  Division.  It 
was  transferred  to  Warehousing  Division  October  16,  1917,  and  abol- 
ished February  13,  1918. 

STORAGE  COMMITTEE,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Took  over  work  of  Subcommittee  on  Storage  Facilities  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  but  with  the  reorganization  of  the 
General  Staff  February  9,  1918,  most  of  the  agencies  through  which 
it  operated  were  practically  absorbed  by  the  regular  organization  of 
the  Army.  Under  James  Inglis,  chairman,  the  work  became  almost 
entirely  confined  to  civilian  storage  activities. 

STORAGE,  DIRECTOR  OF;  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Established  September  12,  1918.  Inasmuch  as  the  organization 
of  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  of  April  2,  1917,  made  no 
provision  for  a  branch  in  charge  of  storage,  the  Director  of  Purchase 
and  Storage  caused  five  storage  divisions  and  a  Salvage  Division  to 
be  organized  under  the  control  of  the  Director  of  Storage,  who  was 
made  responsible  for  the  storage,  distribution,  and  issue  within  the 
United  States  of  all  supplies  for  the  Army.  The  five  divisions 
above  referred  to  were  the  Storage  Administrative,  the  Domestic 
Distribution,  the  Domestic  Operations,  the  Overseas  Distribution, 
and  the  Port  Operations  Divisions.  Col.  F.  B.  Wells,  chief. 

STORAGE  ADMINISTRATIVE  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE 
AND  STORAGE. 

Created  November  1,  1918.  The  division  was  responsible  for  the 
entire  personnel  under  the  supervision  of  the  Director  of  Storage, 
all  statistical  records  and  reports  required  by  the  director,  and  all 
matters  pertaining  to  office  administration.  It  performed  its  func- 
tions through  the  Administrative,  Mail  and  Files,  Statistical  and 
Records,  Office  Service,  and  Special  Service  Branches.  The  Special 


452       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Service  supervised  the  establishment  of  sales  stores  for  the  purpose 
of  providing  for  the  sale  of  clothing  and  other  supplies  to  officers 
at  reasonable  prices.  William  R.  DeField,  in  charge. 

STORAGE  AND  ISSUE  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVI- 
SION. 

Created  March  13,  1919,  to  supervise  and  coordinate  all  activities 
and  is* ue  of  supplies  and  equipment  for  the  Army,  and  to  initiate 
the  storage  program  necessary  to  the  needs  of  the  Army.  Col.  F.  B. 
Wells,  chief,  March  13,  1919,  to  March  IT,  1919,  succeeded  by  Col. 
H.  C.  Smither. 

STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  BRANCH,  ADMINISTRATIVE  SUBDIVISION,  OVER- 
SEAS DISTRIBUTION  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND 
STORAGE. 

Established  November  1.  1918.  This  branch  handled  the  assign- 
ment and  recording  of  space  for  the  storage  of  supplies  at  the  Aimy 
reserve  depots  and  regulated  the  movement  of  cars  so  cis  to  avoid 
congestion.  After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  assignment  of 
space  to  the  different  divisions  was  discontinued  and  representatives 
were  sent  to  junction  points  throughout  the  country  to  divert  all  ship- 
ments not  desired  overseas  to  certain  designated  Army  reserve  depots. 
Maj.  J.  C.  Yocum,  chief. 

STORAGE  FACILITIES,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  GENERAL  MUNITIONS  BOARD, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  to  cover  such  functions  as  warehousing,  distribution,  traffic 
control,  cooperating  with  Government  agencies  in  an  advisory  and 
supplementary  way.  Its  recommendations  and  actions  covered  the 
acquisition  of  storage  areas,  the  extension  of  transportation  methods, 
and  the  training  of  personnel  for  storage  service.  It  became  the 
Storage  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Morris  L.  Cook, 
chairman. 

STORAGE  SUMMARIES  BRANCH,  STATISTICAL  DIVISION,  PURCHASE  AND 
STORAGE. 

Created  October  28,  1918,  to  prepare  the  Statistical  Questionnaire, 
reports  on  interbureau  requisitions,  surplus  supplies,  salvage  and 
training,  and  data  on  domestic  and  oversea  distribution  and  on 
priority  and  clearances.  T.  J.  Walsh,  chief. 

STORE  FIXTURES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  8,  1918,  with  S.  D.  Young  as  chairman,  to  rep- 
resent the  manufacturers  of  store  fixtures. 

STORED  MATERIALS  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  in  January,  1918,  as  the  Stored  Materials  Division.  It 
secured  lists  and  inventories  of  all  privately  owned  commodities  in 
warehouses  for  the  benefit  of  Government  war  purchasing  and  com- 
mandeering agencies.  It  also  cleared  lists  of  Government  inactive 
supplies  on  hand  for  the  use  of  all  other  Government  purchasing 
agencies.  John  F.  Wilkins,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      453 

STORES  AND  SCRAP  SECTION,  ADMINISTRATION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE 
DEPARTMENT. 

Created  as  a  branch  of  the  Finance  Division,  October  22,  1917. 
It  was  made,  a  separate  section  October  25,  1918.  This  section  had 
charge  of  the  sales  of  all  scrap,  the  supervision  of  the  storage  of 
all  scrap  at  plants  operating  under  cost-plus  contracts.  A  District 
Stores  Manager  was  appointed  for  each  district  to  have  charge  of 
surveys  and  sale  of  scrap  and  salvaged  material.  Capt.  F.  W. 
Pritchett,  chief. 

STORES  SECTION,  CENTRAL  ADVISORY  PURCHASING  COMMITTEE,  DIVISION 
OF  FINANCE  AND  PURCHASES,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

Establishment  announced  November  27,  1918.  The  Stores  Section 
supervised  the  distribution  of  stocks  of  railway  supplies  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  various  roads,  placing  them  where  they  appeared  to 
be  most  needed,  the  idea  being  to  attain  the  greatest  possible  degree 
of  conservation  in  the  use  of  this  class  of  material.  The  section  main- 
tained contact  with  the  roads  through  the  various  regional  organiza- 
tions. The  section  reported  to  the  director,  Division  of  Purchases, 
after  March  15,  1919.  E.  J.  Koth,  manager. 

STOVE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  May,  1917,  to  assist  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  se- 
curing stoves  and  furnaces  for  cantonment  buildings.  The  com- 
mittee was  reorganized  July  15,  1918.  Frederick  Will,  chairman. 

SUBSISTENCE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Organized  January  2,  1918.  It  coordinated  and  supervised  all 
matters  connected  with  the  procurement,  distribution,  and  inspection 
of  food  supplies  required  by  the  Army.  After  October  28,  1918, 
it  reported  to  the  Director  of  Purchase.  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  branches:  Forage;  Planning;  Service;  In- 
spection; Dehydration;  Purchasing;  Accounts  and  Adjustments; 
Overseas  Subsistence;  United  States  Subsistence;  Bakeries;  Packing 
House  Products;  Controlled  Bids;  Uncontrolled  Bids;  Food  Allot- 
ments. Col.  W.  E.  Grove,  Col.  H.  E.  Wilkins,  Col.  J.  W.  Mclntosh, 
successively  acted  as  head  of  this  division. 

SUBSISTENCE  RETURNS  BRANCH,  FINANCE  AND  ACCOUNTING  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Audited  quartermasters'  returns  of  subsistence  stores  and  kept  rec- 
ords of  all  loss  and  gain  on  such  stores  and  also  records  of  issue  to 
persons.  From  January  26,  1918,  to  April  16,  1918,  its  duties  were 
performed  by  the  Finance  and  Accounts  Branch  of  the  Adminis- 
trative Division.  After  April  16  the  branch  became  part  of  the 
Finance  and  Accounts  Division,  which  was  transferred  to  the  Of- 
fice of  the  Director  of  Finance  on  October  21,  1918.  The  head  of  the 
branch  was  Lieut.  A.  P.  Christiansen,  who  was  succeeded  by  Capt. 
J.  A.  Hill. 

SUGAR  COMMITTEE,  INTERNATIONAL. 

Formed  September  20,  1917,  in  order  to  arrange  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  available  sugar  of  the  world.  It  was  composed  of  five 


454        HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

members — two  appointed  b}^  allied  governments  and  three  by  the 
United  States  Food  Administration.  The  activities  of  this  com- 
mittee were  confined  to  importation  of  sugar  from  the  West  Indies 
and  the  United  States  insular  possessions.  A  committee  of  Ameri- 
can refiners  cooperated  with  the  International  Committee  in  assist- 
ing in  the  distribution  of  sugar  brought  into  this  country.  George 
M.  Ralph,  chairman.  See  Sugar  Equalization  Board^  Sugar  Divi- 
sion, United  States  Food  Administration. 

SUGAR  DISTRIBUTING  COMMITTEE,  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  September  19,  1917,  under  the  provisions  of  the  food  and 
fuel  act  of  August  10, 1917,  and  in  pursuance  of  a  voluntary  agreement 
between  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  the  beet-sugar  pro- 
ducers of  the  country.  The  original  committee  of  seven  was  re- 
appointed  September  30,  1918,  and  the  agreement  renewed  for  an- 
other year,  so  the  committee  will  continue  to  function  until  that  date. 
The  function  of  the  committee  was  the  equitable  and  economic  dis- 
tribution of  all  beet  sugar  in  the  United  States.  TV.  L.  Petrikin, 
chairman. 

SUGAR  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  August,  1917,  to  have  general  supervision  over  the 
sugar  problems  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  The 
division  worked  through  the  International  Sugar  Committee,  and 
later  the  Sugar  Equalization  Board  and  the  Sugar  Distribution 
Committee.  The  administration  of  the  sugar  certificates  was  under 
the  direction,  of  the  division.  George  M.  Rolph,  chief. 

SUGAR  EQUALIZATION  BOARD   (INC.),  UNITED  STATES. 

A  corporation  subsidiary  to  the  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion, its  whole  capital  stock  of  $5,000,000  being  owned  by  the  Govern- 
ment. It  was  incorporated  July  12,  1918,  and  was  chiefly  engaged  in 
the  purchase  and  distribution  of  raw  and  refined  sugars.  After  Oc- 
tober 15,  1918,  it  acted  in  conjunction  with  the  War  Trade  Board  in 
approving  licenses  for  the  importation  of  coffee  into  the  United 
States.  The  Coffee  Advisory  Committee  assisted  in  allotment  and 
distribution  of  the  coffee.  George  M.  Rolph  resigned  as  chairman 
February  26,  1919,  and  was  succeeded  by  George  A.  Zabriskie. 

SUGGESTIONS   AND    COMPLAINTS,    BUREAU   FOR;    UNITED    STATES    RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Organization  announced  August  22,  1918.  The  bureau  was  placed 
under  the  direction  of  Theodore  H.  Price,  actuary  to  the  United 
States  Railroad  Administration.  Its  purpose  was  to  promote  the  ef- 
ficiency and  convenience  of  the  service  rendered  to  the  public  by  in- 
viting suggestions  for  improvements  and  expressions  of  appreciation 
for  faithful  services  rendered.  It  was  believed  that  the  inauguration 
of  the  policy  would  also  have  an  important  effect  upon  the  morale 
of  railroad  employees.  Later  the  bureau  was  placed  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Division  of  Public  Service.  Max  Thelen,  director. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      455 

SULPHUR,  ALCOHOL  AND  PYRITES  SECTION,  CHEMICALS  AND  EXPLOSIVES 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  after  March  4,  1918.    On  May  1,  1918,  alcohol  was  placed 
in  a  separate  section  called  Ethyl  Alcohol  Section,  and  later  this  sec 
tion  became  the  Sulphur  and  Pyrites  Section.    William  G.  Wool  fo IK, 
chief. 

SULPHUR   AND    PYRITES    SECTION,    CHEMICALS    DIVISION,    WAR   INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  April  15,  1918.  It  compiled  data,  copies  of  which  were 
given  to  interested  sections  of  the  Army  and  Navy ;  and  it  perfected 
plans  for  increasing  production  of  Louisiana  and  Texas  brimstone 
to  offset  the  restricted  imports  of  Spanish  sulphur-bearing  ores.  Re- 
sponsible to  this  section  was  the  Production,  Distribution,  and  Con- 
trol Committee  of  the  Chemical  Alliance  (Inc.).  The  section  was 
discontinued  December  31,  1918.  William  G.  Woolfolk,  chief. 

SULPHUR-BEARING   MATERIALS,    COMMITTEE    ON   PRODUCTION,    DISTRI- 
BUTION, AND  CONTROL  OF;  THE  CHEMICAL  ALLIANCE  (INC.). 

Created  June  7,  1918,  as  an  advisory  committee  to  the  Sulphur  and 
Pyrites  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  committee  worked 
out  a  comprehensive  and  general  plan  of  allocation  and  distribution 
of  sulphur  and  pyrites.  The  committee  was  composed  of  A.  D. 
Lecloux,  W.  D.  Huntington,  Horace  Bowker,  Henry  Howard,  and  C. 
G.  Wilson. 

SULPHUR  SUBCOMMITTEE,  CHEMICALS  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formed  with  Henry  Whiton,  chairman.  After  the  dissolution  of 
the  Chemicals  Committee  in  November,  1917,  the  Domestic  Pyrites 
and  Sulphur  Committee  and  the  Production,  Distribution,  and  Con- 
trol of  Sulphur  Materials  Committee  of  the  Chemical  Alliance 
(Inc.),  took  over  its  functions,  working  under  the  direction  of  the 
Sulphur  and  Pyrites  Commodity  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board. 

SUPERVISORY  FIELD  INSPECTION  SECTION,  INSPECTION   BRANCH,   SUB- 
SISTENCE  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  in  November,  1917.  This  section  had  charge  of  the  actual 
inspections  made  at  all  Army  stations  by  the  camp  subsistence  officer 
and  by  traveling  inspectors.  The  section  worked  through  subsections 
on  Fresh  Vegetables  and  Tobacco.  Capt.  W.  H.  Warren  was  chief 
until  April  1,  1918,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  John  F.  Earnshaw. 

SUPPLIES   COMMITTEE,   ADVISORY   COMMISSION,   COUNCIL   OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

One  of  the  seven  committees,  with  Julius  Rosenwald,  chairman, 
and  Charles  Eisenman  as  active  head,  formed  February  12,  1917,  in 
the  Advisory  Commission,  one  under  each  commissioner,  to  cooperate 
in  an  advisory  capacity  with  the  purchasing  officers  of  the  War  and 
Navy  Departments.  It  helped  to  bring  about  the  declaration  of  the 


456       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Secretary  of  War  April  12,  1917,  that  inasmuch  as  an  emergency 
existed,  "  until  further  orders  contracts  will  be  made  without  resort 
to  advertising  for  the  bids  in  the  letting  of  the  same."  This  sup- 
planted the  peace-time  method  of  advertising  for  proposals,  elimi- 
nated middlemen's  "  options  in  advance,"  succeeded  in  "  pegging " 
the  price  on  many  articles,  and  worked  to  avert  competition  between 
the  numerous  purchasing  branches  of  the  Government.  It  functioned 
through  seven  cooperative  committees :  Cotton  Goods,  Woolen  Manu- 
factures, Shoe  and  Leather  Industries,  Knit  Goods,  Leather  Equip- 
ment, Mattresses  and  Pillows,  and  Canned  Goods.  In  May,  1917, 
the  committee  was  reorganized  and  functioned  through  four  sections : 
Woolen  Goods.  Cotton  Goods,  Knit  Goods,  and  Shoes  and  Leather. 
The  majority  of  the  members  of  the  committee  and  its  functions  were 
transferred  to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  January,  1918,  the  War 
Industries  Board  at  the  same  time  forming  a  Supplies  Section  to 
represent  it  temporarily  with  regard  to  textiles.  Under  Spencer 
Turner  as  executive  director,  between  January  1  and  May  28,  1918, 
the  work  of  the  committee  was  almost  entirely  personal,  consisting 
in  preventing  confusion  as  the  result  of  the  transference  above  men- 
tioned. It  merged  into  the  Textile  and  Rubber  Division,  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  June  3,  1918. 

SUPPLIES  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Fuel  and  Forage, 
Conservation,  Supplies,  Contract,  Maintenance  and  Distribution,  and 
Requirements.  ,The  division  lost  its  identity  upon  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  January  26,  1918. 

SUPPLIES  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  as  a  temporary  expedient  to  represent  the  War  Industries 
Board  with  regard  to  textiles  until  a  more  elaborate  organization 
should  be  worked  out,  when  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the 
Committee  on  Supplies,  Council  of  National  Defense,  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  of  the  Army.  Representatives  of 
the  Quartermaster  Corps  were  attached  to  the  section  while  it  func- 
tioned, its  first  meeting  under  Spencer  Turner,  chief,  being  May  14, 
1918.  It  collated  and  analyzed  requirements  submitted  by  the  Re- 
quirements Division,  checked  purchases  against  same,  collected  and 
analyzed  sources  of  supply,  controlled  clearances  and  allocations,  and 
began  to  establish  uniform  prices  and  to  increase  production.  It 
ceased  functioning  about  May  28,  1918,  its  commodities  being  taken 
up  by  other  sections  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  BUREAU  OF;   NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  continuing  bureau  of  the  Navy  Department  which  had  complete 
charge  of  purchasing,  supply,  and  adjustment  of  contracts.  The 
bureau  was  expanded  enormouslv  during  the  war  to  take  care  of  the 
increased  personnel  and  the  enlarged  scheme  of  naval  operations. 
The  bureau  functioned  through  the  following  divisions:  Purchase, 
Inland  Traffic,  Supply,  Fleet,  Logistics  and  Fuel,  Allotment  and 
War  Risk,  Disbursing,  Accounting,  Inspection,  First  Lieutenants. 
Admiral  Samuel  McGowan,  paymaster  general. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      457 
SUPPLIES   AND   EaUIPMENT    DIVISION,   QUARTERMASTER    GENERAL. 

See  Clothing  and  Equipage  Division. 

SUPPLY  COMMITTEE,  GENERAL;   TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  in  1910  and  consisting  of  representa- 
tives from  the  executive  departments,  with  a  superintendent  of  sup- 
plies as  ex  officio  secretary,  its  function  being  to  negotiate  the  making 
of  contracts  for  supplies  and  equipment  in  use  by  two  more  executive 
departments.  By  presidential  executive  order  of  December  3,  1918, 
the  committee's  powers  were  extended  to  include  the  disposal  of 
surplus  equipment. 

SUPPLY  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  CONSTRUCTION  AND   REPAIR,  NAVY  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Responsible  for  obtaining  supplies  and  material  as  required  for 
new  construction.  It  handled  all  questions  of  priority  of  purchase 
and  delivery  and  had  charge  of  the  inspection  of  material.  Other 
divisions  requiring  materials  or  supplies  furnished  to  the  Supply  Di- 
vision the  technical  data  necessary  for  purchase.  Chief,  Commander 
J.  A.  Furer,  succeeded  by  Commander  R.  P.  Schlabach. 

SUPPLY   DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    STEAM   ENGINEERING,   NAVY    DEPART- 
MENT. 

Had  charge  of  procuring  and  supplying  material  pertaining  to  the 
Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering.  In  order  to  expedite  the  delivery  of 
this  material  during  the  war  the  following  sections  were  created, 
through  which  the  Supply  Division  functioned:  Priority,  Cost-plus 
Contracts,  Ships,  Allowance,  Requisitions,  Requisition  Follow-up, 
Contract  Follow-up,  and  Production.  Chief,  Lieut.  Commander  H. 
T.  Winston,  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Commander  C.  K.  Mallory. 

SUPPLY  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  SUPPLIES  AND  ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPART- 
MENT. 

See  Supply  Section,  Purchase  Division,  Bureau  of  Supplies  and 
Accounts,  Navy  Department. 

SUPPLY  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Supply  Division  was  created  on  May  23,  1917,  as  one  of  the 
10  divisions  of  the  Ordnance  Department  in  existence  at  that  time. 
It  had  charge  of  all  requisitions  for  ordnance  material,  and  was 
responsible  for  its  storage  and  distribution.  It  was  the  duty  of  the 
chief  of  the  division  to  keep  himself  informed  concerning  the  sup- 
plies which  would  be  required  by  the  military  forces,  the  orders  given 
for  the  securing  of  such  supplies,  the  time  when  the  supplies  would 
be  required,  and  the  probable  time  of  delivery.  He  was  to  give  due 
notice  to  the  production  division  concerned  whenever  a  failure  of 
supplies  was  imminent.  On  December  2,  1918,  the  duties  of  that  part 
of  the  Ordnance  Department  having  to  do  with  the  storage,  distribu- 
tion, and  issue  of  ordnance  material,  other  than  ammunition  and  its 
components,  were  taken  over  by  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Stor- 
age. The  Supply  Division  continued  to  furnish  information  concern- 
ing the  supply  of  ordnance  material  to  the  Army  as  well  as  esti- 


458       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

mates  of  requirements  for  tonnage  for  oversea  shipments.  The  Sup- 
ply Division  functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Construc- 
tion, General  Administration,  Auxiliary,  Operation,  American  Ord- 
nance, Base  Depot,  and  Planning  and  Control.  Brig.  Gen.  C.  B. 
Wheeler  was  chief  of  the  division  from  May  23  to  December  19, 1917. 
He  was  sue  eeded  in  time  by  Brig.  Gen.  Odus  C.  Horney,  Dacember 
19,  1917;  Brig.  Gen.  Colden  L.  H.  Ruggles,  March  2,  1918;  Col.  T.  L. 
Ames,  March  25,  1918,  and  Col.  J.  C.  Heckman,  October  23,  1918. 

SUPPLY  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET 
CORPORATION. 

Created  June  12,  1918,  "to  consolidate  under  one  head  the  func- 
tions of  purchasing,  producing,  dispatching,  and  transporting  of 
materials  and  equipment  purchased  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corpo- 
ration for  the  construction  of  ships  and  shipyards."  Its  jurisdiction 
also  embraced  the  negotiation  and  award  of  all  contracts  for  ship 
supplies  and  equipment;  general  supervision  and  production  of  all 
materials;  establishing,  operating,  and  controlling  intermediate  stor- 
age yards  and  storehouses;  and,  with  the  approval  of  the  vice  piesi- 
dent  in  charge  of  construction,  the  building  of  new  factories  or 
works,  increasing  the  facilities  of  those  already  engaged  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  ship  materials  for  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  the 
commandeering  of  manufacturing  facilities,  and  the  modification  or 
cancellation  of  contracts.  The  establishment  of  the  Supply  Division 
effected  the  consolidation  of  the  Purchasing,  Production,  and  Trans- 
portation Divisions,  the  actual  transfer  taking  place  July  16,  1918. 
The  administrative  organization  of  the  division  was  constantly 
changed  and  reorganized,  and  the  identity  of  each  of  the  three  di- 
visions forming  the  new  division  was  lost  in  the  reorganization.  At 
the  time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  following  subdivisions 
formed  the  Supply  Division:  The  Purchasing  and  Production,  Dis- 
tribution and  Warehouse,  Field  Organization,  and  Office  Supervisor 
Sections;  Research  and  Investigation,  and  Cancellation  Branches. 
M.  C.  Tuttle,  who  was  manager  of  the  Production  Division,  became 
manager  of  the  Supply  Division,  serving  until  January  8,  1919,  and 
was  followed  by  C.  A.  Goodwin  and  A.  E.  Pfeiffer,  successively. 

SUPPLY  SECTION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  MILITARY  AERONAUTICS. 

Created  May  21,  1918.  This  section  was  responsible  for  the  fur- 
nishing of  all  material  and  equipment  on  proper  requisition  from 
aviation  fields,  schools,  depots,  and  other  organized  units.  It  was 
responsible  for  the  purchase  and  payment  of  material  required  for 
the  maintenance  and  operation  of  all  aviation  fields,  schools,  and 
depots;  accepted,  stored,  and  delivered  such  airplanes  and  airplane 
parts  as  were  produced  by  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production; 
audited  all  accounts  and  was  responsible  for  all  disbursements:  had 
charge  of  the  transportation  of  equipment,  material,  and  personnel 
and  the  movement  of  units;  directed  all  construction  work;  supervised 
the  maintenance  of  all  mechanical  equipment,  including  airplane  and 
motor  transport  vehicles;  and  administered  the  supply  depots.  It 
functioned  through  the  following  branches:  Engineering,  Finance, 
and  Traffic  and  Storage.  Col.  C.  G.  Edgar,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      459 

SUPPLY     SECTION,     PURCHASE     DIVISION,     BUREAU     OF     SUPPLIES     AND 
ACCOUNTS,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Formed  September  1,  1918,  from  the  Supply  Division.  This  sec- 
tion passed  upon  all  requisitions  from  ships  and  shore  stations,  and 
designated  methods  of  obtaining  material,  having  charge  of  upkeep 
and  distribution  of  stock  at  all  navy  yards  and  naval  stations,  the 
preparation  of  schedules  for  the  purchase,  salvage,  and  sale  of  Navy 
materiel.  It  functioned  through  the  following  sections:  Schedule, 
W.  D.  Little,  chief,  succeeded  by  Lieut.  Commander  Ransdell ;  Stock, 
Lieut.  M.  D.  Stuart,  chief ;  Salvage  and  Salos,  Lieut.  C.  G.  Peterson, 
chief;  Requisition,  Lieut.  W.  H.  McKenna,  chief.  Commander  U.  S. 
Jackron,  Commander  H.  D.  Lamar,  Commander  H.  W.  Browning, 
successively  acted  as  chief  of  the  section. 

SUPPLY  AND  ACCOUNTS  DIVISION,  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Established  on  July  17,  1918.  The  work  of  supply  was  handled 
through  the  Procurement  Section,  which  was  taken  over  practi  ally 
intact  from  the  old  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic  Division  of  the 
Signal  Corps.  This  section  supervised  all  purchases  of  Signal  Corps 
equipment,  compiled  information  regarding  sources  of  supply, 
handled  packing,  shipment,  and  distribution  of  equipment,  and 
secured  the  necessary  manufacturing  priorities.  On  September  7, 
1918,  the  work  which  had  been  handled  by  the  Supply  and  Accounts 
Division  through  the  Procurement  Section  was  taken  over  by  the 
newly  established  Procurement  Division.  Chief  of  the  divis;on, 
Brigl  Gen.  C.  McK.  Saltzman;  and  of  the  Procurement  Section,  Maj. 
1.  D.  Hough. 

SUPPLY  CONTROL  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  April  16,  1918,  taking  over  the  duties  of  the  Quarter- 
master Supply  Control  Bureau,  which  was  abolished  on  the  same 
date.  Reporting  to  the  Supply  Control  Division  were  the  Liaison, 
General  Inspection,  Administration,  Distribution,  and  Requirements 
Branches.  The  division  was  abolished  October  28,  1918,  and  its 
functions  were  taken  over  by  the  office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase 
and  Storage.  Chief,  Maj.  R.  A.  Shaw,  succeeded  by  Col.  George  T. 
Downey. 

SUPREME  COUNCIL  OF  SUPPLY  AND  RELIEF. 

Created  January,  1918,  by  Great  Britain,  France,  Italy,  and  the 
United  States,  after  a  discussion  originating  in  the  Supreme  War 
Council,  in  order  to  give  to  revictualing  and  relief  work  "a  unity 
of  direction  similar  in  character  to  that  which  has  proved  so  suc- 
cessful under  French  and  British  chief  command  in  the  operations 
of  the  allies  on  the  land  and  on  sea,  respectively."  It  was  separate 
from  the  Supreme  War  Council  because  that  body  was  not  "a  mobile 
or  specialized  organization,"  and  it  included  two  members  each  from 
the  four  great  powers.  Herbert  C.  Hoover  and  Norman  H.  Davis 
were  the  American  members,  the  former  being  in  charge  of  the  coun- 
cil with  the  title  of  director  general  of  relief.  A  sum  of  $100,000,000 
was  appropriated  by  Congress  for  this  work. 


480       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

T 

SUPREME  ECONOMIC  COUNCIL,  SUPREME  WAR  COUNCIL,  PEACE  CON- 
FERENCE. 

Created  by  the  Supreme  War  Council  at  its  session  February  10y 
1919,  on  motion  of  President  Wilson.  It  was  made  up  of  not  more 
than  five  civilian  representatives  of  each  of  the  great  powers,  and 
was  empowered  to  deal  with  "such  questions  as  finance,  food,  block- 
ade control,  shipping,  and  raw  materials,"  for  the  period  of  the 
armistice.  It  had  power  "to  absorb  or  replace  all  such  Other  exist- 
ing (economic)  bodies."  On  February  15,  1918,  it  authorized  the 
resumption  of  trade  between  the  United  States  and  Bulgaria  and  the 
Turkish  Empire.  It  established  six  sections:  Raw  Materials,  B.  M. 
Baruch  (United  States),  president;  Blockade,  Vance  McCormick 
(United  States),  president;  Finance,  N.  H.  Davis  (United  States )y 
president;  Shipping,  H.  M.  Robinson  (United  States),  president; 
Food,  Herbert  Hoover  (United  States),  president;  Communications* 
Brig.  Gen.  H.  O.  Mance  (Great  Britain),  president.  Vance  Mc- 
Cormick, Herbert  Hoover,  Norman  H.  Davis,  H.  M.  Robinson,. 
American  representatives;  Lord  Robert  Cecil,  Great  Britain,  chair- 
man. 

See  Blockade  Section. 

SUPREME  WAR  COUNCIL. 

Included  the  premier  (or  president)  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
of  each  of  the  five  great  powers,  representing  the  powers  directly 
and  hot  through  the  Peace  Conference.  It  was  created  as  the  out- 
come of  deliberations  of  the  inter-allied  conference  at  Paris,  Novem- 
ber 30  to  December  3,  1917.  President  Wilson  attended  the  council 
for  the  first  time  February  12,  1919.  On  March  11,  1918,  the  Allied 
Maritime  Transport  Council  began  to  operate  as  its  agent.  It  also 
created  the  Supreme  Council  of  Supply  and  Relief  and  the  Supreme 
Economic  Council.  M.  Georges  Clemenceau,  president. 

SURGEON  GENERAL,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Surgeon  General  is  the  adviser  of  the  War  Department  upon 
all  medical  and  sanitary  affairs  of  the  Army,  the  outbreak  of  war 
resulting  in  a  great  increase  in  the  extent  of  his  duties.  He  exercised 
administrative  control  of  the  Medical  Department  and  was  respon- 
sible for  the  disbursement  of  its  appropriations;  the  supervision  of 
its  personnel,  including  commissioned  officers  and  civilians;  the  issu- 
ing of  orders  and  instructions  relating  to  their  professional  duties; 
and  the  control  of  the  enlisted  force  of  the  department  and  the  Army 
Xurse  Corps.  He  also  had  charge  of  the  procurement  and  distribu- 
tion of  medical  supplies  for  the  Army.  The  various  medical  supply 
depots  and  general  hospitals  were  also  under  the  direct  control  of  the 
Surgeon  General.  His  work  included  the  rehabilitating  and  recon- 
struction of  disabled  soldiers.  Under  the  Surgeon  General  were  the 
following  organizations  and  subdivisions:  Army  Medical  Museum, 
Veterinary  Division,  Division  of  Sanitation,  Library  Division,  Divi- 
sion of  Surgery,  Finance  and  Supply  Division,  Division  of  Medicine, 
Hospital  Division,  Personnel  Division,  Division  of  Food  and  Nutri- 
tion, Division  of  Neurology  and  Psychiatry,  Division  of  Roentgen- 
ology,  Division  of  Laboratories  and  Infectious  Diseases,  Division  of 
Physical  Reconstruction,  and  the  Division  of  Psychology.  Maj.  Gen. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       461 

William  C.  Gorgas  was  Surgeon  General  until  October,  1918,  when 
his  duties  were  taken  over  by  Maj.  Gen.  M.  W.  Ireland. 

SURGERY    COMMITTEE,    GENERAL    MEDICAL    BOARD,    COUNCIL    OF    NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

The  earlier  Committee  on  Surgical  Methods,  Dr.  George  W.  Crile, 
.chairman,  was  absorbed  in  this  committee,  with  Dr.  W.  J.  Mayo, 
chairman.  Upon  its  recommendation  the  records  of  the  members  of 
the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  were  classified,  and  the  information  was 
supplemented  by  confidential  information  on  appointments  from 
members  of  the  committee.  It  collected  data  in  connection  with 
reconstruction  work ;  devised  diagnostic  sheets  for  use  in  cantonment 
base  hospitals,  and  aided  in  standardization  of  instruments.  Its 
subcommittees  were:  Classification  of  Surgeons,  Dr.  C.  B.  Penrose, 
chairman;  Ophthalmology,  Dr.  James  Bordley,  chairman;  Otology, 
Rhinology,  and  Laryngology,  Dr.  C.  W.  Richardson,  chairman. 
The  committee  and  subcommittees  were  eventually  transferred  to 
the  Surgeon  General's  Office. 

SURGERY,  DIVISION  OF;  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

Created  June,  1917.  The  Division  of  Surgery  was  responsible  to 
the  Surgeon  General  for  providing  trained  surgical  personnel  for  the 
military  service;  for  the  maintenance  of  surgical  efficiency  in  hos- 
pitals ;  for  making  recommendations  concerning  the  purchase,  supply, 
and  installation  of  surgical  equipment,  etc.  The  division  functioned 
through  the  following  sections :  General  Surgery ;  Head  Surgery,  in- 
cluding Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryngology ;  Orthopedic  Surgery, 
and  Roentgenology.  It  was  directed  successively  by  the  following 
chiefs:  June  6  to  September  13,  1917,  Maj.  W.  J.  Mayo;  September 
13,  1917,  to  June  30, 1918,  Col.  William  H.' Monerief ;  July  1,  1918,  to 
February  26,  1919,  Col.  R.  P.  Sullivan;  since  February  2(5,  1919,  Col. 
William  H.  Monerief. 

SURGICAL  DRESSINGS  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  27,  1917,  to  cooperate  with  the  Medical  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board,  continuing  the  work  of  the  Surgi- 
cal Dressings  Cooperative  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  which  was  formed  April  10,  1917.  The  cooperative  com- 
mittee had  taken  over  the  work  relating  to  Surgical  Dressings  done 
by  the  Committee  on  Preparedness  of  the  American  Drug  Manufac- 
turers' Association.  Henry  C.  Lovis  was  chairman  of  the  three  or- 
ganizations. 

SURGICAL  INSTRUMENTS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Medical  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  t<7 
assist  the  Surgeon  General's  Office  to  secure  adequate  supplies  of  sur- 
gical instruments  for  use  in  the  United  States  and  overseas.  Charles 
J.  Pilling,  chairman. 

SURGICAL  INSTRUMENTS  AND  MEDICAL  TRADE  SUPPLIES  WAR  SERVICE 
COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  American  Medical  Trade  Association  in  June, 
1917,  to  assist  the  Government  during  the  war.  The  committee  coop- 


462       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

crated  with  the  Medical  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  tho 
Red  Cross.    William  Gibson,  chairman. 

SURGICAL  METHODS,  COMMITTEE  ON;  GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

See  Surgery  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense. 

SURPLUS  PROPERTY  DIVISION,  DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND 
STORAGE, 

Created  November  30,  1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  sale  of  all  surplus, 
property,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Director  of  Purchase  and 
Storage.  L.  H.  Hartman,  Capt.  Dan  H.  Foster,  chiefs. 

SURVEY  AND  CONSULTING  ENGINEERS,  BOARD  OF;  UNITED  STATES  SHIP- 
PING BOARD. 

Organized  April  7,  1917,  because  of  the  necessity  of  surveying  and 
repairing  enemy  vessels  seized  by  the  United  States  and  Cuba.  The 
first  duty  of  the  board  was  to  prepare  the  German  and  Austrian  ships 
which  had  been  damaged  by  their  crews  for  operation  as  speedily 
as  possible  and  without  unnecessary  expense.  In  addition  to  this 
work  it  assisted  the  Lake  Committee  in  cutting  and  bringing  twenty- 
one  lake  vessels  to  the  coast,  designed  and  rebuilt  these  vessels  for 
salt  water  service,  and  made  a  report  to  the  Shipping  Board  on  the 
value  of  requisitioned  vessels  taken  from  the  Great  Lakes.  It  had 
entire  charge  of  repairing  and  refitting  all  vessels  operated  by  the 
Shipping  Board,  except  those  assigned  to  the  Army  and  Navy, 
supervised  and  approved  repairing  and  remodeling  of  Shipping 
Board  vessels  operated  by  private  companies  on  the  bare  boat  basis, 
had  charge  of  refitting  vessels  for  various  services,  made  investiga- 
tions for  the  Shipping  Board,  and  acted  in  a  general  advisory 
capacity  on  all  questions  requiring  technical  knowledge  of  ship  con- 
struction and  repairing.  Capt.  Frank  S.  Martin,  chairman. 

SURVEYS  AND  STATISTICS  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING* 
AND  TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  LABOR. 

Organized  by  the  authority  of  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board  as 
the  Industrial  Service  Section  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  in 
the  fall  of  1918,  and  was  later  transferred  to  the  Bureau  of  Indus- 
trial Housing  and  Transportation  under  the  new  name.  It  had  a 
representative  on  the  Joint  Board  of  Industrial  Surveys  and  worked 
with  it  in  conducting  surveys  of  localities  in  which  the  Government 
was  letting  contracts.  Data  on  labor  thus  acquired  was  compiled 
by  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics;  that  on  industries,  transporta- 
tion and  other  public  utilities  by  this  division.  The  data  was  used 
by  the  bureau  to  determine  the  necessity  for  increased  housing  ac- 
commodations in  a  locality  and  to  aid  the  Government  to  place  con- 
tracts where  no  congestion  existed.  The  division  was  disbanded 
after  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  W.  E.  Guerin,  manager. 

SWEATER  COATS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  November,  1917,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
sweater  coats.  It  acted  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  the  Knit  Goods 
Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  W.  H.  Wye,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       463 
SWEATER  AND  KNITTED  TEXTILES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  representing  the  Sweater  and  Knitted 
Textiles  Manufacturers'  Association,  Knit  Goods  Manufacturers,  and 
Sweater  and  Fancy  Knit  Goods  Manufacturers'  Association.  The 
committee  cooperated  with  the  Knit  Goods  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board.  Sidney  Worms,  chairman. 

TABULATION  AND  STATISTICS,  DIVISION  OF;   WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

A  branch  of  the  Bureau  of  Research  and  Statistics,  War  Trade 
Board,  after  having  been  an  independent  bureau  until  September, 
1918.  Its  function  was  to  furnish  tabulations  and  statistics  upon 
(1)  exports  and  imports  of  all  commodities,  (2)  licenses  granted 
for  the  same,  (3)  conversion  factors  and  index  figures  for  previous 
years  showing  value  per  pound  or  per  ton  for  all  commodities,  and 
(4)  stowage  factors  showing  cubic  feet  of  space  occupied  per  ton  by 
commodities.  Studies  in  packing  methods,  with  the  aim  of  reduc- 
ing stowage  factors,  were  made  by  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Research 
of  the  General  Staff.  In  charge  of  Lowell  J.  Reed,  F.  W.  Powell, 
W.  C.  Sims. 

TAG  AND  DOCUMENT  MANILA  PAPER  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  July  24,  1918,  to  confer  with  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Sec- 
tion, War  Industries  Board,  in  regard  to  the  conservation  of  certain 
styles  and  sizes.  I.  C.  Blandy,  chairman. 

TAILORS  TO  THE  TRADE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  16,  1918,  to  represent  the  firms  that  made 
tailored-to-order  clothes.  An  informal  committee  had  represented 
the  trade  before  the  Commercial  Economy  Board,  Council  of  Na- 
tional Defense,  and  later  before  the  Conservation  Division,  War  In- 
dustries Board,  and  the  Woolens  Section.  The  forrrnl  committee  was 
organized  at  the  request  of  the  Woolens  Section.  William  M.  Calm, 
chairman. 

TALKING  MACHINES  AND  TALKING  MACHINE  PARTS  WAR  SERVICE  COM- 
MITTEE. 

Organized  April  30,  1918,  to  represent  the  industry  before  the 
Priorities  Board  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Raw  materials  were 
limited  to  the  manufacture  of  machines  for  necessary  uses.  H.  L. 
Willson,  chairman. 

TANK  CAR  RECORD  OFFICE,  CAR  SERVICE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  OPERA- 
TION, UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Established  July  1,  1918,  at  Chicago,  under  the  managership  of 
W.  L.  Barnes,  assistant  manager  of  the  Car  Service  Section.  This 
office  collected  data  concerning  tank  cars,  including  those  privately 
owned  and  those  owned  by  the  railroads.  Reports  were  required 
from  roads  covering  available  supply  of  cars,  interchange  between 
lines,  average  number  of  miles  per  car  per  day,  average  detention  on 
switching  lines,  etc.  Information  was  submitted  to  regional  direc- 
tors who  adopted  corrective  measures  when  necessary.  The  Tank 


464       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

Car  Record  Office  and  the  Refrigerator  Department  of  the  Car 
Service  Section  were  administered  as  a  single  organization,  W.  L. 
Barnes  being  manager  of  both. 

TANKER  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATIONS,  UNITED  STATES  SHIP- 
PING BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Worked  in  con  junction  with  the  Shipping  Control  Committee  and 
had  general  direction  over  all  bulk  oil  carriers.  R.  C.  Butler  in 
charge. 

TANNERS'  COUNCIL  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

Originated  in  the  necessity  of  the  Government  for  an  organization 
able  to  speak  for  the  whole  leather  industry.  It  was  created  October, 
1917,  by  the  leading  leather  trade  associations  and  completed  its 
organization  November  15,  1917,  at  Chicago.  It  was  subsequently 
incorporated  December  10,  1917;  and  in  June,  1918,  the  leather  asso- 
ciations were  actually  amalgamated  with  it.  It  bore  a  relation 
similar  to  that  of  the  Textile  Alliance  in  the  cloth  trades,  and  co- 
operated with  that  organization  in  cases  relating  to  hides  with  the 
hair  on  them.  On  December  5,  1917,  it  became  the  accredited  repre- 
sentative of  the  Bureau  of  Imports,  War  Trade  Board,  as  consignor 
and  administrator  of  trade  regulations.  It  also  worked  with  War 
Industries  Board  and  Price  Fixing  Committee.  In  this  capacity  it 
issued  many  bulletins  from  its  Washington  office.  The  divisions  rep- 
resenting the  various  activities  of  the  Tanners'  Council  were  the  Sale 
and  Belting  Division,  H.  F.  Lesh,  chairman ;  Patent  Upper  Leather 
Division,  organized  in  December,  1917,  C.  Q.  Adams,  chairman; 
Harness  Leather  Division,  Frank  C.  Hoffman,  chairman,  November, 

1917.  to  March,  1918,  succeeded  by  Frederick  Carlisle;  Upholstery 
Leather  Division,  R.  C.  Good,  chairman;  Sheep  and  Lamb  Leather 
Division.  W.  R.  Fisher,  chairman,  November,  1917,  to  September, 

1918,  L.  H.  Simon  to  February,  1919,  succeeded  by  C.  P.  Vaughan; 
Specialty   and    General   Utility   Division    (formerly   called    Fancy 
Leather  Group),  L.  J.  Robertson,  chairman,  November,  1917,  to  July, 
1918,  succeeded  by  Richard  Young;  Glove  Leather  Division,  organ- 
ized January,  1918,  R.  M.  Evans,  chairman;  Side  Upper  Leather 
Division,  T.  S.  Haight,  chairman,  November,  1917,  to  August,  1918; 
Calf  and  Kid  Leather  Division,  August  H.  Vogel,  chairman,  Novem- 
ber, 1917,  to  August,  1918.     In  August,  1918,  these  two  divisions  were 
consolidated   and   divided  into   geographical   groups,  Eastern   and 
Western  Upper  Leather  Division.     Harry  I.  Thayer  was  chairman 
of  the  Eastern  Division  since  August,  1918.     A.  H.  Vogel  was  chair- 
man of  the  Western  Division  since  August,  1918.     Y.  A.  Wallin  was 
president,  1917,  Fred  A.  Yogel,  1918. 

TANNING    MATERIAL    SECTION,    CHEMICALS    AND    EXPLOSIVES    DIVISION, 
WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  about  May  1,  1918,  becoming  on  June  1,  1918,  the  Tanning 
Materials  and  Natural  Dyes  Section  when  the  Chemicals  and  Explo- 
sives Division  changed  its  name  to  the  Chemicals  Division.  E.  J. 
Haley,  chief. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      465 

TANNING    MATERIALS   AND    NATURAL   DYES    SECTION,    CHEMICALS    DIVI- 
SION, WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  May  1,  1918,  superseding  the  Tanning  Material  Section. 
It  arranged  with  the  Shipping  and  War  Trade  Boards  in  regard  to  a 
maximum  importation  of  quebracho  extract  and  that  licenses  would 
be  granted  only  after  the  section's  approval.  It  allocated  the  im- 
ported wattle  bark,  divi-divi,  and  mangrove  bark,  and  by  cooperation 
with  the  Department  of  Labor  brought  about  an  increase  of  produc- 
tion of  chestnut- wood  extract  and  the  main  domestic  tanning  extracts. 
The  section  also  looked  after  the  importation  and  allocation  of 
inedible  oils,  fats,  and  waxes.  Vegetable  dyes  were  transferred  to  it 
from  the  Artificial  Dyes  and  Intermediates  Section,  and  it  handled 
67  commodities  in  all.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31, 
1918.  E.  J.  Haley,  chief. 

TARIFF  COMMISSION,  UNITED  STATES. 

Created  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  September  8,  1916,  to  investi- 
gate all  phases  of  the  customs  laws  and  to  put  the  results  of  ils 
studies  at  the  disposal  of  the  executive  and  legislative  branches  of 
the  Government.  Its  war  services  included  the  furnishing  of  infor- 
mation and  personnel  to  other  agencies  of  the  Government  and  tho 
preparation  of  material  for  the  peace  conference  organization.  The 
membership  of  the  commission  was  as  follows:  F.  W.  Taussig  (chair- 
man). D.  C.  Roper  (vice  chairman),  E.  P.  Costigan,  M.  S.  Culbert- 
son,  William  Kent,  and  D.  J.  Lewis.  The  vacancy  resulting  from 
the  resignation  of  Mr.  Roper  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  T.  W. 
Page. 

TAXPAYERS'  COOPERATION,  DIVISION  OF;   BUREAU  OF  INTERNAL  REVE- 
NUE, TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

An  organization  of  the  Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue,  created  to  con- 
duct a  campaign  of  public  education  in  connection  with  the  war- 
revenue  law  of  1917,  and  to  develop  among  taxpayers  an  understand- 
ing of  the  purposes  and  provisions  of  the  law.  The  work  was  accom- 
plished by  means  of  a  nation-wide  distribution  of  news,  advertising, 
information,  and  motion-picture  publicity. 

TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENT,   DIVISION  OF  CONSTRUCTION,   UNITED   STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  Technical  Department  was  specified  as  a  part  of  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Division  of  Construction  in  a  circular  letter  from  Admiral 
F.  T.  Bowles  on  August  13,  1917.  The  department  was  in  charge 
of  all  original  designing  work,  and  the  supervision  of  all  technical 
matters  connected  with  vessel  construction,  machinery,  and  equip- 
ment. Upon  the  creation  of  the  Steel  Ship  Construction  Division,  the 
Technical  Department  became  a  part  of  its  organization,  and  on 
June  26,  1918,  it  became  the  Engineering  Section  of  that  division. 
T.  E.  Ferris,  L.  N.  Pryor,  and  H.  C.  Sadler  successively  served  us 
head. 

TECHNICAL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE,  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

The  functions  of  this  division  pertained  to  the  design,  manufac- 
ture, purchase,  and  distribution  of  all  material  under  the  control 
127232—19 30 


466       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  and  the  investigation  of  scientific  ques- 
tions relating  to  ordnance  and  gunnery.  The  scope  of  the  activities 
of  the  division  are  shown  in  the  titles  of  the  subordinate  organiza- 
tions. Responsible  to  the  chief  of  the  division  were  the  following 
sections :  Gun ;  Turret  Mount ;  Powder,  Explosives,  and  Fuze ;  Tor- 
pedo; Arms  and  Projectile;  Supply;  Fire,  Control,  and  Optical; 
Gun  Mount;  Aviation  Ordnance;  Mines  and  Net;  Priorities;  Build- 
ings and  Grounds;  Experimental;  Nitrates  and  Acids;  Design;  and 
Ship  Protection.  There  was  also  a  cost  board  officer. 

TECHNICAL   SECTION,   CHEMICALS   AND   EXPLOSIVES   DIVISION,   WAE   IN- 
DUSTRIES BOARD. 

Work  of  this  section  was  originally  done  by  the  technical  advisers 
of  the  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Division,  War  Industries  Board, 
and  was  continually  modified  as  commodities  became  of  so  great 
importance  that  special  sections  were  created  for  them,  such  as  elec- 
trodes, abrasives,  caustic  soda,  chlorine,  electrolytic  cells,  dyes  and 
dyestuffs,  alcohol,  sulphur,  acid  brick  and  chemical  pottery,  pig- 
ments and  paints.  It  handled  any  mineral  or  chemical  compound 
not  called  a  "  heavy  chemical,"  working  in  general  on  such  problems 
as:  (1)  the  increase  of  yield;  (2)  finding  a  substitute  for  a  short 
or  commandeered  commodity;  (3)  the  development  of  a  more  eco- 
nomical process  of  production;  (4)  the  development  of  a  new 
source  for  a  short  commodity;  (5)  the  production  of  new  material; 
and  (6)  the  production  of  material  new  to  any  given  company.  The 
section  became  the  Technical  and  Consulting  Section  December  3. 
1917. 

TECHNICAL  SECTION,  DEPARTMENT  OF  MILITARY  AERONAUTICS. 

Created  May  21, 1918,  to  have  charge  of  the  passing  on  such  designs 
of  aircraft  and  accessories  as  should  be  submitted  to  it  by  the 
Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production.  The  responsibility  for  designs  rested 
on  that  bureau.  This  section  had  charge  of  design  of  airplane  arma- 
ment, instruments,  engines,  and  radiators.  Lieut,  Col.  T.  H.  Bane, 
chief. 

TECHNICAL   AND   CONSULTING   SECTION,   CHEMICALS   DIVISION,   WAR   IN- 
DUSTRIES BOARD. 

Formed  December  3,  1917,  with  Drs.  H.  R.  Moody,  E.  E.  Weid- 
lein,  T.  P.  McCutcheon,  and  Prof.  H.  F.  Staley  as  associate  staff, 
to  investigate  new  processes  of  production  and  substitution.  Studies 
and  surveys  were  made  of  bromine,  the  caustic,  chlorine,  and  bleach 
industry,  radium,  potassium  and  sodium  permanganate  and  silicate, 
arsenics,  glycerine,  phosphorus,  and  casein.  The  section  found  a  sub- 
stitute for  acetic  acid  in  lactic  or  formic  acid,  and  with  the  help  given 
by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  studied  the  process  there  used  of 
utilizing  perchlorates  for  nitrates  and  found  possibilities,  for  sub- 
stitution in  explosives.  The  section  was  discontinued  December  31, 
1918. 

TECHNICAL  SERVICE   COMMITTEE,  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION   OF  MASTER 
BAKERS. 

Appointed  in  February,  1918,  by  the  National  Association  of 
Master  Bakers,  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States  Food  Adminis- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      467 

tration  in  making  "victory  bread"  a  success.  Formulae  for  the  use 
of  cereals  as  substitutes  were  perfected,  and  practical  demonstrations 
were  made  in  all  the  States  by  bakers  who  had  successfully  used 
wheat  substitutes,  their  experience  being  given  to  the  trade.  A 
committee  was  appointed  for  each  State,  which  was  to  organize 
similar  committees  in  every  county  and  town.  William  M.  Camp- 
bell, chairman. 

TECHNICAL  SOCIETIES,  WAR  COMMITTEE  OF. 

Formed  June,  1917,  by  the  Engineering  Council,  with  two  mem- 
bers each  from  the  national  societies  of  civil,  electrical,  mechanical, 
mining,  gas,  electrochemical,  illuminating,  mining  and  metallurgical, 
refrigerating,  heating  and  ventilating,  chemical,  and  automotive  en- 
gineers. After  October  2,  1917,  it  worked  from  the  same  office  as  the 
Naval  Consulting  Board.  It  was  constantly  engaged  in  reviewing 
engineering  and  related  problems  together  with  suggestions  and  in- 
ventions for  their  solution.  Laboratory  tests  were  conducted  in  the 
Bureau  of  Standards  and  Bureau  of  Mines.  It  was  disbanded  De- 
cember 31, 1918.  Harold  W.  Buck  was  chairman  until  September  24, 
1917,  succeeded  by  Daniel  W.  Brunton. 

TECHNOLOGY,  BUREAU  OF;    OIL  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

The  work  of  this  bureau  consisted  in  giving  expert  or  technical 
advice  where  necessary,  in  matters  dealing  with  the  production,  re- 
fining, transportation,  distribution,  and  marketing  of  petroleum. 
The  bureau  cooperated  with  the  Bureau  of  Oil  Well  Supplies  in  pass- 
ing upon  application  for  priority  certificates,  to  prohibit  the  use  of 
essential  materials  for  nonessenfial  purposes.  It  also  worked  with 
the  Capital  Issues  Committee  in  passing  upon  applications  for  stock 
issues  made  to  that  committee  by  producing  and  refining  companies. 
William  A.  Williams,  director. 

TELEGRAPH   SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    OPERATION,    UNITED    STATES    RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  July  1,  1918,  with  headquarters  at  Washington,  D.  C.  The 
Telegraph  Section  undertook  the  general  supervision  of  all  telegraph 
and  telephone  lines  belonging  to  railroads  under  Federal  control.  A 
particular  effort  was  made  to  secure  greater  efficiency  by  using  tele- 
graph wire  facilities  of  the  railroads  in  interchanging  messages  be- 
tween the  railroads  and  the  Railroad  Administration,  the  combining 
of  telegraph  and  telephone  offices,  and  reducing  the  length  and  num- 
ber of  telegraphic  communications.  Martin  H.  Clapp,  manager. 

TELEGRAPH  AND  TELEPHONE  ADMINISTRATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

The  wire  and  cable  systems  taken  over  by  the  President  were  oper- 
ated by  the  Postmaster  General,  Albert  S.  Burleson,  under  the  title 
of  the  United  States  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Administration 
through  a  Wire  Control  Board.  The  telegraph  and  telephone  lines 
were  placed  under  Federal  control  by  a  proclamation  of  the  Presi- 
dent dated  July  22,  1918.  The  authority  for  this  act  was  derived 
from  a  joint  resolution  of  Congress  dated  July  16,  1918,  which  en- 


468       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

abled  the  President,  as  a  war  measure,  to  assume  possession  of  and 
to  operate  any  or  all  telegraph,  telephone,  marine  cable,  or  radio 
systems,  with  the  provision  that  such  control  should  not  be  extended 
beyond  the  date  of  the  proclamation  by  the  President  of  the  ex- 
change of  ratifications  of  the  treaty  of  peace.  By  the  terms  of  the 
proclamation,  Government  control  became  effective  at  midnight,  July 
31,  1918,  and  Albert  S.  Burleson,  Postmaster  General,  was  designated 
to  supervise  the  operation  of  the  lines  taken  over.  Only  telegraph  and 
telephone  lines  were  taken  over  at  this  time,  radio  control  already 
being  effectively  exercised  by  the  Navy  Department.  The  cable, 
lines  were  taken  over  by  proclamation  dated  November  2,  1918,  ef- 
fective at  midnight  of  that  date.  The  principal  systems  placed 
under  Government  control  were  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Co., 
the  Postal  Telegraph  Cable  Co.,  and  the  American  Telephone  &  Tele- 
graph Co.  More  than  9.000  telephone  lines  were  taken  over  by  the 
Government.  In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  joint  resolution, 
contracts  providing  for  compensation  were  drawn  up  between  the 
various  companies  and  the  Government.  The  Postal  Telegraph-Cable 
Co.  refused  to  enter  into  any  contract,  however,  and  was  awarded 
compensation  by  the  Government.  The  mar:ne  cable  systems  were  re- 
turned to  their  owners,  effective  at  midnight,  May  2,  1918.  By  an 
order  dated  June  5, 1919,  the  Postmaster  General  directed  that  all  tele- 
graph and  telephone  companies  whose  lines  were  taken  over  would 
thereafter  manage  their  properties  during  the  remainder  of  the  period 
of  Federal  control  free  from  direct  Federal  operation. 

TELEGRAPHS  AND  TELEPHONES,  COOPEKATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON,  COMMIT- 
TEE ON  TRANSPORTATION  AND  COMMUNICATION,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL 
DEFENSE. 

Organized  to  work  in  cooperation  with  the  Committee  on  Trans- 
portation and  Communication  under  the  chairmanship  of  Daniel 
Willarcl.  It  consisted  of  four  members  besides  the  chairman,  who 
were  the  vice  presidents,  respectively,  of  the  American  Telephone 
and  Telegraph  Co.,  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Co.,  the  Postal 
Telegraph  Co.,  and  the  United  States  Independent  Telephone  As- 
sociation. The  chairman  was  Theodore  N.  Vail,  president  of  the 
American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Co.  The  operations  of  the 
various  wire  systems  were  coordinated  in  such  a  way  as  greatly 
to  facilitate  Government  communication.  In  some  cases  new  lines 
were  erected  between  strategic  points  and  in  the  Official  Bulletin 
of  June  9,  1917,  it  was  announced  that  it  was  possible  for  the 
Government  to  communicate  by  long  distance  telephone  with  every 
section  of  the  United  States.  Arrangements  were  made  where- 
by all  Government  messages  were  handled  on  a  preferential  basis, 
taking  precedence  over  commercial  messages.  The  committee  also 
rendered  valuable  service  by  assisting  in  the  installation  of  com- 
munication systems  in  the  cantonments  and  camps  throughout  the 
country.  Special  service  was  rendered  the  railroads  in  order  to 
facilitate  the  huge  task  of  moving  troops  during  mobilization.  The 
organization  of  the  systems  of  communication  was  practically  com- 
pleted by  January  1,  1918,  and  the  committee,  as  such,  did  very  little 
after  that  date. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      469 

TELEGRAPHS  AND  TELEPHONES,  OPERATING  BOARD,  WIRE  CONTROL 
BOARD,  UNITED  STATES  TELEGRAPH  AND  TELEPHONE  ADMINISTRA- 
TION. 

From  the  date  when  the  Government  took  control  of  the  telegraphs 
and  telephones,  which  became  effective  August  1,  1918,  until  the 
creation  of  the  Operating  Board  the  properties  taken  over  were  op- 
erated by  the  owners  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  Wire  Con- 
trol Board.  All  officers,  operators,  and  employees  of  the  telegraph 
and  telephone  companies  were  to  continue  in  the  performance  of 
their  duties,  reporting  to  the  same  officers  as  heretofore  and  on  the 
same  terms  of  employment.  On  December  13,  1918,  an  Operating 
Board  was  appointed  which  on  January  1,  1919,  assumed  operation 
of  the  lines  under  Government  control.  The  Operating  Board,  which 
was  under  the  supervision  of  the  Wire  Control  Board,  included  the 
following:  Union  N.  Bethel,  of  the  American  Telephone  and  Tele- 
graph Co.,  chairman;  F.  A.  Stevenson,  also  of  the  American  Tele- 
phone and  Telegraph  Co.;  G.  M.  Yorke  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Co.;  and  A.  F.  Adams,  of  the  Kansas  City  Home  Tele- 
phone Co.  The  principal  systems  operated  by  the  beard  were 
the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Co.,  which  included  the 
Bell  System,  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Co.  and  the  Postal 
Telegraph-Cable  Co.,  as  well  as  all  independent  telephone  com- 
panies. The  Operating  Board  was  dissolved  by  the  effect  of  Post- 
master General's  order  of  June  5,  1919,  returning  thereafter  the 
operation  of  the  lines  to  the  companies,  whose  status  became  the 
same  as  it  had  been  between  August  1,  1918,  and  January  1,  1919. 

TENTS  AND  CANVAS  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  18,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
tents  and  awnings,  tarpaulins,  and  canvas  articles.  The  committee 
was  divided  into  five  regional  subcommittees  and  represented  the 
entire  industry  in  the  United  States.  F."  R.  Thorns,  chairman. 

TERRITORIAL  QUESTIONS  COMMISSION,  COUNCIL  OF  GREAT  POWERS, 
PEACE  CONFERENCE. 

Created  as  the  Central  Committee  on  Territorial  Questions  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Supreme  War  Council  February  27,  1919,  to  direct 
the  actions  of  the  minor  commissions  appointed  by  the  council  to 
study  and  report  on  questions  affecting  boundary  and  territorial 
adjustments,  which  were:  Czecho-Slovak,  Polish,  Roumanian  and 
Jugo-Slav,  Greek  and  Albanian,  Belgian  and  Dane.  Dr.  S.  E.  Mezes, 
American  member;  M.  Andre  Tardieu  (France), president. 

TEXTILE  ALLIANCE  (INC.). 

Organized  February  24,  1914,  as  a  membership  corporation  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York.  It  was  requested  and  instructed 
by  the  United  States  Government  through  the  War  Trade  Board 
to  perform  certain  services  covering  the  importation,  exportation, 
purchase,  and  sale  of  the  following  articles  from  foreign  countries: 
wool,  animal  hair,  woolen  rags,  crepe  fiber,  jute,  burlap,  cotton  and 
flannelette  raisings,  flax,  linen,  mica,  palm  oil.  kapok,  mnnila  fiber, 
castor  beans,  and,  jointly  with  the  Tanners'  Council,  skins  bearing 


470       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

wool  or  hair.  It  issued  bulletins  approved  by  the  War  Trade  Board 
covering  its  work  which  was:  (1)  to  act  as  consignee,  (2)  to  assist 
in  proper  cases  in  obtaining  the  required  United  States  licenses,  (3) 
to  endorse  bills  of  lading  for  customs  entry  and  transshipment,  or 
to  withhold  them  on  proper  authority,  (4)  to  obtain  transshipment 
bills  of  lading  when  required,  (5)  to  transmit  bills  of  lading  and 
documents  to  proper  foreign  representatives,  or  to  withhold  thorn 
on  proper  request.  A.  M.  Patterson,  president. 

TEXTILE  SUBDIVISION,   CLOTHING  AND   EQUIPAGE  DIVISION,   QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Formed  June  14,  1918,  and  abolished  September  21,  1918,  upon 
the  reorganization  of  the  Clothing  and  Equipment  Division  in  Pur- 
chase Division,  Purchase.  Storage  and  Traffic.  Harry  L.  Bailey, 
chief. 

TEXTILE  MACHINERY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  9,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  cot- 
ton, woolen,  and  worsted,  dyeing,  drying,  bleaching,  and  finishing 
machinery.  Edwin  H.  Marble,  chairman. 

TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  June  3,  1918,  to  arrange  for  cooperation  with  Government 
bureaus  in  furnishing  their  supplies  of  textiles  and  rubber  goods,  to 
establish  and  maintain  relations  between  the  board  and  the  industry, 
to  determine  with  the  industry  how  to  meet  civilian  requirements  and 
safeguard  civilian  interests.  The  division  absorbed  the  Committee  on 
Supplies  and  organized  its  work  by  the  decentralization  plan  adopted 
in  War  Industries  Board,  and  formed  the  following  10  sections :  Cot- 
ton and  Cotton  Linters,  Cotton  Goods,  Felt,  Flax  Products,  Knit 
Goods,  Rubber,  Silk,  Domestic  Wool,  Foreign  Wool,  and  Woolens. 
John  W.  Scott,  director. 

THERMOMETER  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  in  May,  1917,  as  an 
advisory  committee.  The  committee  was  reorganized  when  the  com- 
mittees of  the  council  were  abolished.  It  organized  the  thermometer 
industry  so  as  to  enable  it  to  take  care  of  the  large  demand  for  fever 
thermometers  and  other  mechanical  and  industrial  thermometers 
used  by  Army  and  Navy.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Medi- 
cal Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  M.  W.  Belton,  chairman. 

TICK  ERADICATION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division  organized  May  1,  1917,  having  been  before 
this  a  part  of  the  Field  Inspection  Division.  During  this  war  the 
division  made  special  efforts  in  its  campaign  to  eradicate  the  south- 
ern cattle  tick.  Its  regular  fund  was  supplemented  after  April  6. 
1917,  by  approximately  $200,000  from  the  appropriation  "  Stimulat- 
ing agriculture  and  facilitating  live-stock  production."  This  allot- 
ment made  it  possible  to  extend  cooperation  to  State  authorities  over 
a  greatly  increased  area.  The  eradication  of  the  cattle  tick  resulted 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      471 

in  stimulating  the  cattle  industry  and  in  improving  agricultural  con- 
ditions generally  over  the  area  affected.    R.  A.  Ramsay,  chief. 

TICKET  STANDARDIZATION  COMMITTEE,  DIVISION  OF  TRAFFIC,  UNITED 
STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Ticket  Standardization  Committee  was  appointed  on  June  14, 
1918,  for  the  purpose  of  devising  standard  passenger  ticket  forms  to 
be  used  for  all  roads  and  destinations.  A  report  was  submitted  and  cer- 
tain recommendations  contained  therein  were  put  into  effect.  O.  P. 
McCarthy,  chairman. 

TICKING  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  War  Service  Committee  of  the  National  Council 
of  American  Cotton  Manufacturers  and  cooperated  with  the  War 
Industries  Board,  Cotton  Goods  Section,  S.  R.  Glassford,  chairman, 
represented  the  manufacturers  of  woven  ticking.  Manufacturers  of 
printed  tickings  were  represented  by  a  separate  committee  with 
F.  H.  Pillsbury,  chairman. 

TIDEWATER  COAL  POOL. 

The  preliminary  organization  of  the  Tidewater  Coal  Pool  took 
place  May  31,  1917,  and  on  June  14,  at  a  meeting  of  operators  ship- 
ping coal  to  Atlantic  ports  with  the  Committee  on  Coal  Production 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
make  the  necessary  rules  and  regulations.  Rembrandt  Peale  was 
elected  commissioner,  and  a  deputy  commissioner  was  appointed  for 
each  port.  Pooling  actually  began  at  Baltimore  July  1(5,  1917,  and 
at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Hampton  Roards  on  August  1.  Coal 
shipments  were  standardized  and  the  number  of  classifications  re- 
duced from  1,165  to  45.  The  use  of  the  pool  became  mandatory 
November  11,  1917,  when  it  was  taken  over  by  the  United  States 
Fuel  Administration.  Compulsory  control  ended  March  1,  1919,  but 
the  question  of  voluntary  pooling  was  left  to  the  shippers. 

TILE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December  5,  1917,  by  the  Tile  Manufacturers'  Credit 
Association.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administration  in  regard  to  the  curtailment  of  fuel  for  nonessentials 
and  with  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
F.  W.  Walker,  chairman. 

TIMBER  COMMISSION. 

The  Timber  Commission  was  formed  in  January,  1918,  composed 
of  representatives  of  the  Aircraft  Production  Board,  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  the  Army,  and  the  Navy.  It  was  created 
for  the  purpose  of  unifying  control  of  all  Government  timber  require- 
ments from  the  Pacific  Northwest,  supervising  all  purchases,  and 
speeding  up  production. 

TIN  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  March  6,  1918,  to  regulate  the  import  and  distribution 
of  pig  tin  in  the  United  States,  followir^  the  agreement  August  28, 


472       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

1918,  with  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Italy,  which  set  up  an  inter- 
allied tin  executive  in  London.  The  section  arranged  the  issue  of 
licenses  to  purchase  the  United  States  allocation  of  tin,  the  United 
States  Steel  Products  Co.  being  the  medium  chosen  by  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute  which  the  War  Industries  Board  requested 
to  assums  charge  of  importation,  financing,  and  distribution  of  the 
commodity.  The  Subcommittee  on  Pig  Tin  of  the  American  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute  was  in  constant  cooperation  with  the  section. 
George  W.  Armsby,  chief. 

TIN  PLATE  COMMITTEE,  AMERICAN  IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTITUTE   (INC.). 

Organized  in  December,  1917,  to  continue  the  work  of  the  Tin 
Plate  Subcommittee  of  the  Steel  and  Steel  Products  Committee  of 
the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  committee  cooperated  with 
the  Tin  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  United  States 
Food  Administration,  working  with  the  Tin  Plate  Conservation 
Committee.  Sufficient  quantities  of  tin  plate  were  produced  to  sat- 
isfy the  requirements  of  the  canners.  J.  I.  Andrews,  chairman. 

TIN  PLATE,   SUBCOMMITTEE    ON;    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE    ON   STEEL 
AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  at  a  meeting  of  manufacturers  March  24,  1917,  at  the 
invitation  of  Secretary  Redfield.  The  committee  took  up  the  ques- 
tion of  conservation  of  tin  plate.  The  chairman,  J.  I.  Andrews,  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Tin  Plate  Conservation  Committee.  After  the 
passage  of  the  food  and  fuel  act  the  committee  ceased  to  function  and 
was  organized  in  December,  1917,  as  a  subcommittee  of  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute. 

TIN  PLATE  CONSERVATION  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  May  15, 1917,  by  the  Secretaries  of  Commerce  and  Agri- 
culture at  a  conference  of  tin  plate  manufacturers,  can  manufactur- 
ers, and  canning  industry.  The  committee,  representing  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Department  of  Commerce,  the  can  manufactur- 
ers, the  National  Canners'  Association,  and  the  meat-packing  industry 
and  the  wholesale  grocers,  submitted  recommendations  for  enocomy 
in  use  of  tin  cans.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  United  States 
Food  Administration  and  later  with  the  Tin  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board. 

TIN  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  28,  1918,  to  coordinate  the  industries  using  tin 
for  efficient  war  service.  Louis  D.  Conley,  chief. 

TOBACCO    SECTION,    FINISHED    PRODUCTS    DIVISION,    WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Created  April  26.  1918.  It  made  a  survey  of  United  States  and 
allied  requirements,  of  normal  and  war  abnormal  consumption  of 
tobacco  by  both  military  forces  and  civilians  in  the  United  States, 
Great  Britain,  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  and  some  neutral  countries, 
and  of  the  status  of  the  tobacco  industry,  especiallv  of  leaf-tobacco 
situation.  It  was  working  out  a  modus  operancli  of  purchasing  and 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      473 

marketing  when,  because  of  the  armistice,  the  section  was  discon- 
tinued December  17,  1918.     Alfred  I.  Esberg,  chief. 

TOBACCO  MANUFACTURERS,  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE   ON. 

Created  by  the  Tobacco  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board  as  an 
advisory  committee.  Subcommittees  were  appointed  on  Cigarette 
Conservation,  Snuff,  and  Conservation  of  Tin.  J.  B.  Duke,  chair- 
man. 

TOBACCO  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Tobacco  Manufacturers'  Association  of  the  United 
States.  The  committee  cooperated  with  the  Tobacco  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board.  Edward  Wise,  chairman. 

TOILET  PINS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  25,  1918,  tp  cooperate  with  the  Brass  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The  standardizations  adopted  were  in 
force  for  some  time  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  George  A. 
Driggs,  chairman. 

TOPOGRAPHIC  BRANCH,  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

This  branch  made  military  maps  of  areas  selected  by  the  War  De- 
partment, largely  with  reserve  officers  detailed  by  the  Engineer 
Corps  back  to  the  Geological  Survey  for  this  purpose  or  for  special 
training,  conducting  in  this  connection  a  training  school  for  topog- 
raphers; it  prepared  bases  for  special  route  maps  required  for  avia- 
tion, and  applied  the  adaptation  of  the  camera  to  mapping,  and  the 
transformation  of  photographs  to  maps  of  the  correct  scale  and 
orientation.  Maj.  II.  B.  Marshall,  chief  geographer. 

TOWN    PLANNING    DIVISION,    BUREAU    OF    INDUSTRIAL    HOUSING    AND 
TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION. 

This  division  was  responsible  for  the  general  site  planning  of  a 
housing  project,  which  was  frequently  a  whole  community  in  size  and 
scope.  A  member  of  the  division  was  on  the  committee  to  choose  the 
site,  and  a  town  planner  from  the  ranks  of  the  profession  was  ap- 
pointed to  take  charge  of  the  local  project.  The  town  planner,  whose 
work  was  checked  and  approved  by  the  division,  was  responsible  for 
the  supervision  of  the  arrangement  of  blocks,  lots,  streets,  parks, 
schools,  playgrounds,  stores,  and  neighborhood  services  of  a  public 
or  quasi  public  character.  F.  L.  Ormstead,  manager  until  April  1, 
1919;  succeeded  by  Carl  R.  Parker. 

TOYS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  metal, 
textile,  paper,  and  wood  toys,  and  allied  products.  A.  C.  Gilbert, 
chairman. 

TRADES  AND   ALLOCATIONS   DIVISION,   SHIPPING   CONTROL   COMMITTEE, 
UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

The  Trades  and  Allocations  Division  carried  on  the  greater  part 
of  the  work  of  the  Shipping  Control  Committee.  It  was  charged 


474       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

primarily  with  the  duty  of  assigning  tonnage  to  particular  cargoes 
and  trade  routes,  and  also  with  the  direction  of  ships,  tendered  to 
the  Shipping  Control  Committee  on  the  seas,  until  they  were  in  a 
position  to  take  care  of  a  useful  trade  movement.  The  four  branches 
•of  the  division,  known  as  the  Coastwise  Coal  Branch,  the  Sailing 
Vessel  Branch,  the  Trans-Atlantic  and  Trarfs-Pacific  Trade  Branch, 
and  the  South  American  and  West  Indies  Trade  Branch,  carried  oh 
the  actual  work  of  the  division  and  cooperated  in  this  work  with  the 
War  Trade  Board,  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council,  and  the 
Shipping  Board  Division  of  Planning  and  Statistics.  W.  J.  Love 
was  in  charge. 

TRAFFIC     BRANCH,    FUEL     AND     FORAGE     DIVISION,     QUARTERMASTER 
GENERAL. 

Organized  January  26,  1918.  This  branch  indicated  points  of 
origin  and  destination  for  coal,  fuel,  and  forage,  but  was  abolished 
June  14,  1918. 

TRAFFIC  DEPARTMENT,  DIVISION  OF  OPERATIONS,  UNITED  STATES  SHIP- 
PING BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

This  department,  in  charge  of  all  traffic,  had  to  do  with  the  fixing 
and  issuance  of  rates,  and  the  handling  of  claims  for  loss,  damage, 
and  overcharge.  It  functioned  under  the  direction  of  G.  W.  Sterling. 

TRAFFIC,  DIVISION  OF;   UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  creation  of  the  Division  of  Traffic  was  announced  on  February 
9,  1918.  It  was  the  function  of  the  division  to  handle  all  matters 
involving  traffic  relations  between  carriers  and  the  shipping  public, 
including  classification  of  traffic,  fixing  of  rates,  and  all  commercial 
questions  arising  in  connection  with  the  transportation  of  passengers, 
freight,  mail,  and  express.  Subordinate  to  the  Division  of  Traffic 
were  the  following :  Mail  and  Express  Section ;  Agricultural  Section ; 
Ticket  Standardization  Committee;  Advertising  Committee;  Com- 
mittee-on  Consolidated  Classification;  Managers  of  Inland  Traffic 
(assigned  to  Government  war  agencies)  ;  Passenger  Traffic  Commit- 
tees; and  Freight  Traffic  Committees  for  the  three  classification  ter- 
ritories; and  an  Interregional  Dining  Car  Committee.  There  was 
also,  from  February  9,  1918,  until  June  of  the  same  year,  an  Inter- 
regional Traffic  Committee  which  submitted  advisory  reports  to  the 
Director  General  and  to  the  Director  of  the  Division  of  Traffic. 
Under  unified  control,  the  Division  of  Traffic  effected  economies  in 
both  money  and  transportation  facilities  by  consolidation  of  ticket 
offices,  elimination  of  unnecessary  passenger  trains,  consolidation  of 
terminals,  curtailment  of  advertising,  rerouting  of  freight ;  etc.  Ed- 
ward Chambers,  director. 

TRAFFIC  EXECUTIVE,  ALLIED  GOVERNMENTS. 

During  the  latter  part  of  1917,  the  railroads  were  obliged  to  resort 
to  extensive  shipping  embargoes  in  order  to  prevent  the  accumulation 
of  freight  at  the  North  Atlantic  ports.  It  was  necessary  to  secure 
special  permit  to  move  certain  kinds  of  freight,  consigned  to  the  order 
of  the  allied  governments,  including  England,  France,  Russia,  and 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      475 

Italy,  and  the  result  was  that  the  railroads  were  deluged  with  thou- 
sands of  requests  from  shippers  for  permits  to  move  such  freight. 
About  December  1,  1917,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Railroads'  War 
Board,  it  was  arranged  to  centralize  these  requests  for  modification 
of  freight  embargoes  in  the  hands  of  an  organization  known  as  the 
traffic  executive,  representing  the  allied  governments,  with  offices  at 
'.New  York.  Under  the  new  system,  the  shippers,  instead  of  forward- 
ing their  requests  to  the  railroads,  made  application  directly  to  the 
traffic  executive,  which  consolidated  these  requests  and  made  applica- 
tion to  the  railroad  for  the  necessary  modification  of  the  embargo 
orders.  The  result  was  that  the  railroads  were  relieved  of  a  great 
<leal  of  useless  labor  while  the  railroad  and  commercial  telegraph 
systems  were  relieved  of  the  burden  involved  in  the  transmission  of 
numberless  requests  for  permits. 

TRAFFIC    SECTION,    DIVISION    OF    PUBLIC    SERVICE    AND    ACCOUNTING, 
UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Traffic  Section  began  operations  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
George  T.  Atkins,  jr.,  on  July  1,  1918.  In  order  to  settle  fairly  all 
•questions  affecting  freight  rates,  three  general  freight  traffic  com- 
mittees had  been  organized  under  the  Division  of  Traffic,  subordinate 
to  which  in  turn  were  district  freight  traffic  committees.  Upon  these 
various  committees  were  members  who  were  selected  by  shipping  in- 
terests, subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Director  of  Public  Service  and 
Accounting.  The  activities  of  these  members  were  coordinated  by  the 
Traffic  Section  of  the  Division  of  Public  Service  and  Accounting. 
Traffic  assistants  were  appointed  as  follows:  C.  B.  Heinemann,  Sep- 
tember 23,  1918 ;  M.  V.  Hardie,  February  25,  1919 ;  C.  B.  Stafford, 
March  20,  1919.  On  February  1,  1919,  upon  the  organization  sepa- 
rately of  the  Division  of  Public  Service  and  the  Division  of  Ac- 
counting, the  Traffic  Section  was  placed  under  the  former. 

See  Freight  Traffic  Committees,  Division  of  Traffic. 

TRAFFIC   SECTION,  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION,   ORDNANCE   DEPARTMENT. 

As  it  existed  in  December,  1917,  the  Traffic  Section  performed 
functions  of  an  advisory  nature  for  the  chief  of  the  division  and  the 
heads  of  the  various  procurement  sections.  It  assisted  in  the  plan- 
ning of  shipping  schedules  so  that  raw  material,  component  parts, 
and  completed  equipment  might  be  packed  and  shipped  as  expe- 
•ditiously  as  possible.  It  ceased  to  function  as  a  part  of  the  Equipment 
Division  after  January  14,  1918. 

TRAFFIC    AND    TRANSPORTATION,    BUREAU    OF;     ADMINISTRATIVE    DI- 
VISION, UNITED  STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  appointment  of  G.  N.  Snider  as  head  of  the  Transportation 
Department  of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  was  an- 
nounced October  26,  1917.  This  bureau  had  supervision  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  cars  and  their  movement  to  destination  when  loaded, 
direction  of  shipments  by  the  shortest  route,  and  diversion  of  coal 
to  places  of  need.  It  acted  as  consultant  and  adviser  on  transporta- 
tion problems.  Mr.  Snider  was  transportation  adviser  to  the  United 
States  Fuel  Administrator.  The  services  of  F.  M.  Whittaker  were 
lent  to  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  bv  the  United  States 


476       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

Railroad  Administration  in  February,  1918,  thus  bringing  about 
closer  cooperation  of  the  two  administrations.  Mr.  Whittaker  was 
known  $s  manager  of  inland  traffic. 

TRAFFIC   AND    TRANSPORTATION,    BUREAU    OF:    OIL    DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  FUEL  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  bureau  was  the  point  of  contact  between  the  Oil  Division  and 
the  United  States  Railroad  Administration  in  matters  of  traffic, 
transportation,  and  rate  adjustments.  Supervision  of  all  forms  of 
rail  transportation  necessary  to  the  production  and  prompt  move- 
ment of  petroleum  and  its  products,  oil-well  supplies,  and  materials 
for  refineries  was  the  principal  function  of  the  bureau.  J.  A.  Mid- 
dleton  was  inland  traffic  manager,  later  succeeded  by  O.  N.  Conley. 

TRAINING  DIVISION,  CHEMICAL  WARFARE  SERVICE. 

The  training  of  the  commissioned  and  enlisted  personnel  for  gas 
service  in  the  United  States  and  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
was  started  in  1917  under  the  Medical  Department  and  transferred 
early  in  1918  to  the  Engineer  Corps.  The  Training  Division  of  the 
Chemical  Warfare  Service  wTas  organized  June  28,  1918.  This  divi- 
sion and  the  earlier  organizations  had  charge  of  the  training  of 
troops  in  the  United  States,  the  organization  and  training  of  gas 
regiments  for  European  duty,  and  the  recruiting  and  training  of 
gas  officers.  Maj.  J.  H.  Walton  was  chief  of  the  division  until  July, 
1918,  when  Lieut.  Col.  E.  N.  Lewis  became  acting  chief. 

TRAINING  SERVICE,  UNITED  STATES,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Provided  for  in  the  war  labor  administration  act,  approved  July 
1,  1918,  which  appropriated  $150,000  for  this  service.  It  was  insti- 
tuted on  July  16,  1918.  Originally  it  was  known  as  the  Training 
and  Dilution  Service,  but  this  name  was  changed  to  the  present  one 
after  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  It  was  the  function  of  this 
service  to  ascertain  the  need  for  training  skilled  workers  in  industrial 
establishments,  to  ascertain  the  best  methods  in  use  for  such  training, 
to  provide  information  to  manufacturers  along  these  lines,  and  to 
promote  this  training  where  it  was  necessary  and  desirable.  A  field 
service  was  established  with  a  chief  and  superintendents  in  12  dis- 
tricts into  which  the  country  was  divided.  These  field  superintend- 
ents were  instrumental  in  promoting  the  organization  of  vestibule 
training  departments  in  numerous  industrial  establishments.  At  the 
time  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice  about  20  such  departments  were 
being  established  weekly.  It  was  originally  intended  that  this 
service  should  investigate  and  supervise  the  whole  problems  of 
dilution  of  the  ranks  of  skilled  workmen  with  unskilled  workmen 
and  women.  A  division  for  this  purpose  was  just  in  the  process  of 
formation  when  the  signing  of  the  armistice  made  such  a  division 
unnecessary  and  led  to  the  charging  of  the  name  of  the  service,  as 
mentioned  above.  Charles  T.  Clayton,  director. 

TRAINING  CAMP  ACTIVITIES,  WAR  DEPARTMENT  COMMISSION  ON. 

Established  in  accordance  with  a  letter  from  the  Secretary  of 
War  to  Raymond  B.  Fosdick,  dated  April  18,  1917.  As  stated  in 
this  letter,  it  was  the  duty  of  the  commission  to  act  as  a  clearing 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      477 

house  for  suggestions  relative  to  the  question  of  providing  recrea- 
tional and  other  facilities  for  men  in  training  camps.  Its  functions 
were  to  be  largely  advisory,  but  the  Secretary  of  War  stated  that  it 
"was  his  intention  to  consult  with  it  upon  the  whole  question  of 
police  regulations  outside  the  limits  of  military  camps.  'Thus,  it 
became  the  duty  of  the  commission  to  assist  in  the  enforcement  of 
sections  12  and  13  of  the  selective  service  act  of  May  18,  1917,  which 
prohibited  the  sale  of  liquor  and  the  maintenance  of  brothels  in  the 
vicinity  of  military  camps,  cantonments,  etc.  The  commission  car- 
ried on  its  work  through  the  Law  Enforcement  Division,  the  Ath- 
letic Division,  the  Post  Exchange  Committee,  the  ("amp  Music  Di- 
vision, the  Liberty  Theater  Division,  the  Social  Hygiene  Division, 
the  Accounting  Division,  and  the  Military  Entertainment  Council. 
There  was  also  an  Administrative  Office,  which  handled  routine  mat- 
ters, and  an  Executive  Officer,  who,  among  other  things,  sought  to 
coordinate  the  activities  of  the  following  affiliated  organizations: 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Young  Women's  Christian  As- 
sociation, Jewish  Welfare  Board,  National  Catholic  War  Council, 
American  Library  Association,  Salvation  Army,  and  War  Camp 
Community  Service.  Raymond  B.  Fosdick,  chairman. 

TRANS-ATLANTIC  AND  TRANS-PACIFIC  TRADE  BRANCH,  TRADES  AND 
ALLOCATIONS  DIVISION,  SHIPPING  CONTROL  COMMITTEE,  UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Organized  to  handle  the  allocation  of  tonnage  for  trans- Atlantic 
and  trans-Pacific  trade,  and  to  allocate  tankers  controlled  by  the 
Shipping  Board  for  maximum  use  in  the  oil  trade.  On  September 
30,  1918,  the  records  of  the  branch  showed  an  allocation  of  125  ves- 
sels, aggregating  928,901  tons  dead-weight,  and  a  monthly  average  of 
approximately  1,400.000  tons  dead- weight  in  tankers  handled.  A.  E. 
Clegg  was  in  charge. 

TRANSFER  AND  PRIVATE  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES 
SHIPPING  BOARD. 

Established  October  9,  1918,  to  pass  on  permits  to  construct  for 
private  account,  American  or  foreign.  Shortly  after  its  organiza- 
tion the  division  was  abolished  and  its  functions  wore  taken  over 
by  the  Law  Division  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  II.  V. 
Amberg,  head. 

TRANSPORTATION  BRANCH,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE  AND  TRAFFIC  DIVI- 
SION. 

Established  March  13,  1919.  Its  duties  included  the  supervision 
and  coordination  of  all  matters  connected  with  rail  and  water  trans- 
portation for  the  War  Department  and  all  activities  connected  with 
ports  of  embarkation  and  debarkation.  The  actual  administration 
of  business  pertaining  to  War  Department  traffic  was  handled  by  the 
Transportation  Service.  Brig.  Gen.  Frank  T.  Hines,  chief. 

TRANSPORTATION,  BUREAU  OF;  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Under  the  general  rules  of  the  War  Trade  Board  governing  the 
granting  of  licenses  for  bunker  fuel,  port,  sea,  and  ships'  stores  and 
supplies,  all  vessels,  irrespective  of  their  nationality,  leaving  ports 


478       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC!  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

of  the  United  States  or  its  possessions  were  required  to  secure  licenses 
for  all  such  supplies.  The  Bureau  of  Transportation  was  the  agency 
through  which  these  licenses  were  issued.  It  maintained  special 
agents  at  certain  of  the  larger  ports  to  handle  applications  for 
licenses,  this  duty  being  performed  by  collectors  of  customs  in  places 
where  there  were  no  special  agents.  This  system  of  licensing 
achieved  the  following  results:  (1)  It  enabled  the  board  to  secure 
accurate  and  detailed  information  concerning  all  vessels  sailing  from 
United  States  ports;  (2)  it  served  to  regulate  the  kind  and  quantity 
of  fuel  and  ships'  stores  used,  and  insured  their  conservation;  (3)  it 
insured  the  observance  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  War  Trade? 
Board  by  refusing  to  issue  licenses  for  stores  to  those  vessels  which 
violated  the  regulations.  Thus  indirectly  the  board  was  enabled 
to  govern  both  the  voyage  and  the  cargo  of  every  vessel  sailing  from 
a  United  States  port.  After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  certain 
relaxations  in  the  general  regulations  were  permitted.  L.  L.  Rich- 
ards, chairman. 

TRANSPORTATION  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Organized  to  handle  the  operation  of  vessels  under  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation.  It  was  later 
designated  as  the  Committee  of  Operations  and  was  authorized  to. 
organize  a  Transportation  Department  and  to  employ  agents.  With 
the  increasing  importance  of  this  phase  of  the  Shipping  Board's 
work  and  the  expansion  and  reorganization  of  some  of  its  branches, 
the  Transportation  Division  developed  into  the  Division  of  Oper- 
ations, which  was  formally  organized  on  September  29,  1917,  by  the 
trustees  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

TRANSPORTATION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  in  July,  1917,  with  Edward  Chambers  as  chief.  This 
division  worked  to  secure  for  food  distribution  the  highest  possible 
efficiency,  to  minimize  wastage  due  to  delays  in  transportation,  to 
guard  against  shortage  in  large  cities,  and  to  facilitate  movement  for 
expert.  On  February  26,  19i8,  C.  E.  Spens  was  made  inland  traffic 
manager,  and  the  division  became  a  branch  of  the  United  States 
Railroad  Administration.  The  division  cooperated  with  the  Car 
Service  Commission  in  securing  priority  for  transportation  of  food- 
stuffs to  the  Middle  West  and  tin  plate  for  the  Alaska  salmon  pack- 
ers. It  also  had  supervision  of  the  arrangements  for  inland  trans- 
portation of  foodstuffs  for  the  allies;  and  all  applications  for  ship- 
ment of  foodstuffs  and  collateral  commodities.  District  managers 
were  maintained  at  New  York,  Chicago,  and  Atlanta,  and  repre- 
sentatives in  other  cities. 

TRANSPORTATION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HOUSING  AND> 
TRANSPORTATION,  UNITED  STATES  HOUSING  CORPORATION,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  LABOR. 

The  function  of  this  division  was  to  secure  all  available  housing- 
in  and  about  a  congested  district  by  improving  and  extending  train, 
floclric  railway,  and  ferry  service.  It  installed  special  train  and 
electric  service,  rearranged  existing  schedules  to  enable  workers  to 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      479 

reach  plants,  and,  when  necessary,  financed  electric  railway  exten- 
sions and  additions.  The  United  States  Railroad  Administration 
granted  a  low  rate,  and,  in  certain  cases,  the  United  States  Housing 
Corporation  granted  a  lower  rate,  and  absorbed  the  differential. 
Money  was  loaned  to  transportation  companies,  where  necessary,  at 
5  per  cent;  in  most  cases  the  Government  agreeing  to  bear  the  excess 
over  cost,  to  be  determined  some  time  within  three  years  after  the 
declaration  of  peace.  Gardner  F.  Wells,  manager  until  December  31  ? 
1918,  succeeded  by  W.  A.  Mellen. 

TRANSPORTATION  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  prior  to  outbreak  of  war.  The  Transportation  Di- 
vision functioned  through  the  following  subordinate  branches :  Land 
Transport,  Miscellaneous,  Water  Transport,  and  Remount.  Tho 
division  was  abolished  June  15,  1918.  Col.  R.  J.  Burt,  chief. 

TRANSPORTATION,   DIVISION   OF;    UNITED   STATES   RAILROAD   ADMINIS- 
TRATION. 

See  Operation,  Division  of;  United  States  Railroad  Administra- 
tion. 

TRANSPORTATION    DIVISION,    UNITED    STATES    SHIPPING    BOARD    EMER- 
GENCY FLEET  CORPORATION. 

The  Transportation  Division  came  into  being  at  the  time  when  the 
Nation's  railways  were  handicapped  by  the  sudden  burden  caused  by 
the  entry  of  the  United  States  into  the  war.  It  was  organized  along 
the  same  lines  as  the  Traffic  Department  of  any  large  corporation 
and  was  charged  with  keeping  things  moving  for  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  shipbuilding  program  through  the  following 
program  of  functions:  (1)  Supply  of  cars  for  trains  of  shipbuilding 
materials,  (2)  expediting  the  movement  of  materials  already  loaded, 

(3)  checking  freight  bills  in  which  the  corporation  had  an  interest, 

(4)  quotation  of  freight  and  express  rates  for  various  departments^ 

(5)  collection  of  loss  and  damage  claims,  as  well  as  overcharge.  It  had 
an  Inland  Traffic  Section,  which  functioned  in  cooperation  with  the 
Railroad  Administration  in  handling  the  traffic  and  transportation 
of  the  corporation.    On  June  12,  1918,  the  division  was  consolidated 
with  the  Purchasing  and  Production  Divisions  into  the  Supply  Di- 
vision and  became  a  department  of  that  division  July  16,  1918.     It 
later  became  a  branch  of  the  Distribution  and  Warehouse  Section, 
and  still  later  a  branch  of  the  Material  Section  of  the  same  division, 
F.  C.  Joubert,  manager  of  the  division,  remained  chief  of  the  branch. 

TRANSPORTATION  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Inland  Traffic  Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

TRANSPORTATION  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPART- 
MENT. 

Created  January  30,  1918,  to  conduct  all  negotiations  with  the  Di- 
rector of  Inland  Traffic  and  all  transportation  bodies,  either  civilian 
or  official,  for  the  Production  Division.  Maj.  E.  B.  Johns,  chief. 


480       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
TRANSPORTATION  SERVICE,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

See  Inland  Traffic  Service,  War  Department. 

TRANSPORTATION   EQUIPAGE   BRANCH,   SUPPLIES  AND  EQUIPMENT  DIVI- 
SION, QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  January  26,  1918,  under  the  Supplies  and  Equipment 
Division,  to  recommend  specifications  for  and  procurement  of 
animal-drawn  vehicles.  It  was  abolished  April  16,  1918,  upon  re- 
organization of  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General. 

TRANSPORTATION  AND  COMMUNICATION,  COMMITTEE  ON;  ADVISORY  COM- 
MISSION, COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  "  to  supervise  and  direct  investigations  and  make 
recommendations  to  the  President  and  heads  of  executive  depart- 
ments as  to  the  location  of  railroads  with  reference  to  the  frontier 
of  the  United  States,  so  as  to  render  possible  expeditious  concentra- 
tion of  troops  and  supplies  to  points  of  defense,  the  coordination  of 
military,  industrial,  and  commercial  purposes  in  the  location  of  ex- 
tensive highways  and  branch  line  railroads;  the  utilization  of  water- 
ways." The  most  important  single  achievement  of  the  committee 
was  the  initiation  of  the  movement  toward  the  organization  of  the 
railroads  for  war  purposes.  The  Special  Committee  on  National 
Defense  of  the  American  Railway  Association  had  already  been 
organized  pursuant  to  resolutions  adopted  on  February  16,  1917,  but 
on  April  7  the  Council  of  National  Defense  adopted  a  resolution 
calling  upon  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Transportation  and 
Communication  to  call  upon  the  railroads  to  adopt  measures  to 
secure  the  greatest  possible  expedition  in  the  movement  of  freight. 
At  the  meeting  of  railroad  executives  held  in  Washington  on  April 
11  steps  were  taken  to  coordinate  the  operation  of  the  railroads 
under  the  supervision  of  the  executive  committee  of  five  of  the 
Special  Committee  on  National  Defense,  American  Railway  Associa- 
tion. The  executive  committee  came  to  be  known  as  the  Railroads' 
War  Board.  The  Cooperative  Committee  on  Transportation  and 
Communication  ceased  to  function  after  the  President  assumed  con- 
trol of  the  railroads.  The  committee  included  at  one  time  or  another 
the  cooperative  committees  on  Telegraphs  and  Telephones,  Railroad 
Transportation,  Electric  Railroad  Transportation,  Inland  Water 
Transportation,  Locomotives,  and  Cars.  Daniel  Willard,  chairman 
in  November,  1917. 

TRANSPORTATION    AND    TELEGRAPH    BRANCH,     CENTRAL    DISBURSING 
DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  June  12,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of  handling  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  settlement  of  transportation,  telegraph,  and  cable 
accounts.  On  October  21,  1918,  the  Central  Disbursing  Division,  to 
which  the  branch  reported,  was  transferred  to  the  Office  of  the 
Director  of  Finance.  Maj.  T.  F.  Powell,  chief. 

TRAVELERS'  AID  SOCIETY. 

A  nonsectarian,  noncommercial,  protective  organization  to  safe- 
guard travelers,  particularly  women  and  girls,  rendering  all  services 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      481 

free.  It  had  a  distinct  field  before  the  war  began,  but  enlarged  and 
intensified  its  work  in  or  near  war  camp  centers  and  cooperated 
with  agencies  which  helped  war  workers  to  find  employment  and 
housing.  Gilbert  Colgate,  president. 

TREASURER  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

An  official  of  the  Treasury  Department,  charged  with  the  custody 
and  disbursement  of  all  public  moneys.  He  is  redemption  agent 
for  national  bank,  Federal  reserve  bank,  and  United  States  currency, 
trustee  for  bonds  used  as  security  for  note  issue  and  deposits  of  Gov- 
ernment funds,  and  fiscal  agent  for  the  payment  of  principal  and 
interest  on  the  public  debt.  The  Treasurer's  functions  were  extended 
during  the  war  to  include  the  custody  of  funds  of  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation,  the  United  States  Housing  Corporation,  and  the- 
War  Finance  Corporation,  and  the  safekeeping  of  securities  de- 
posited by  various  executive  departments  and  agencies  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, The  Treasurer  during  the  period  of  the  war  was  John 
Burke. 

TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

One  of  the  executive  departments  of  the  Federal  Government,  un- 
der the  control  of  a  cabinet  officer,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
charged  with  the  administration  of  all  financial  operations  of  the 
Government.  The  secretary,  responsible  only  to  the  President  and  to 
Congress,  manages  the  national  finances,  supervises  all  fiscal  opera- 
tions, prepares  plans  for  securing  revenues  and  issuing  credit,  con- 
trols tax  collections,  disbursements,  customs,  and  coinage,  and  en- 
forces governmental  regulation  of  banking.  The  war  placed  upon 
the  secretary  the  responsibility  for  finding  new  sources  of  revenue,1,  de- 
vising improved  methods  of  taxation,  interpreting  and  administering 
the  new  revenue  laws,  and  determining,  within  the  •  limits  set  by 
Congress,  the  management  of  new  revenues,  the  procedure  in  extend- 
ing credit  to  the  allies,  the  dates,  terms,  and  amounts  of  Liberty 
loans,  and  the  methods  of  marketing  Liberty  loans,  treasury  certifi- 
cates, and  war  savings  stamps.  In  connection  with  these  duties  the 
Secretary  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  passage  by  Congress  of 
the  many  important  measures  that  determined  financial  policy  and 
established  financial  institutions.  By  direct  control  or  membership 
in  the  governing  bodies,  he  has  been  the  chief  agency  in  the  war- 
time control  of  banking,  credit,  foreign  exchange,  precious  metals,, 
agricultural  credit,"  and  Government  insurance.  He  organized  and 
directed  new  treasury  branches,  chief  of  which  wrere  the  War  Risk 
Insurance  Bureau,  the  War  Loan  Organization,  and  the  Foreign 
Loan  Bureau.  The  increase  of  departmental  activities  necessitated 
reorganization  and  expansion  of  the  department.  The  department 
personnel  was  increased  very  greatly.  The  number  of  assistant 
secretaries  was  increased  by  act  of  Congress.  The  war-time  as- 
sistant secretaries  were  as  follows:  O.  T.  Crosby,  United  States 
Finance  Commissioner  and  United  States  representative  on  the  Inter- 
Ally  Council;  R.  C.  Leffingwell,  in  charge  of  fiscal  bureaus;  T.  B. 
Love,  in  charge  of  the  bureaus  of  Internal  Revenue  and  War  Risk 
Insurance;  J.  H.  Movie,  in  charge  of  public  buildings  and  miscel- 

127232—19 31 


482       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

laneous;  Albert  Rathbone,  in  charge  of  the  Foreign  Loan  Bureau, 
and  L.  S.  Howe,  in  charge  of  customs.  The  secretary,  in  addition  to 
his  treasury  functions  proper,  served  as  chairman  of  the  Federal 
Reserve  Board,  chairman  of  the  Federal  Farm  Loan  Board,  chair- 
man of  the  board  of  the  War  Finance  Corporation,  and  president  of 
the  executive  council  of  the  International  High  Commission.  Dur- 
ing the  period  of  hostilities  William  G.  McAdoo  was  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury.  He  was  also  director  general  of  the  United  States 
Railroad  Administration.  As  Secertary  of  the  Treasury  he  was 
succeeded  on  December  16,  1918,  by  Carter  Glass. 

TREASURY  DEPARTMENT,  AUDITOR  FOR  THE. 

The  office  of  auditor  for  the  Treasury  Department  is  one  of  the  six 
branches  of  the  Treasury  Department  which  audit  the  accounts  of 
one  or  more  of  the  executive  departments  of  the  Government.  The 
auditor  of  the  Treasury  receives  and  settles  all  the  accounts  and 
•claims  of  the  Treasury  Department.  The  war-time  incumbent  was 
Samuel  Patterson. 

TRENCH  WARFARE  SECTION,  PROCUREMENT  DIVISION,   ORDNANCE  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

Established  in  January,  1918.  Prior  to  the  reorganization  of  the 
Ordnance  Department  the  duties  of  this  section  were  performed  by 
the  Trench  Warfare  Branch  of  the  Design  Section,  Gun  Division. 
The  new  Trench  Warfare  Section  handled  all  negotiations  involved 
in  the  purchase  of  trench-warfare  material,  including  such  articles  as 
trench  mortars,  grenades,  flame  projectors,  signal  rockets,  etc.  After 
the  creation  of  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service  in  June,  1918,  the  sec- 
tion also  supervised  the  procurement  of  the  material  required  by  that 
service.  Under  the  organization  of  the  section,  certain  officers  were 
designated  as  negotiators  for  certain  specified  articles.  Maj.  A.  W. 
Fairchild  was  section  head  from  January  15  to  May  6,  1918.  He  was 
succeeded  on  May  9  by  Capt.  E.  G.  Wilmer,  who  was  in  turn  followed 
on  October  29  by  Capt.  Ogden  Minton. 

TRENCH  WARFARE  MATERIAL,   PYROTECHNICS,  AND   DROP-BOMB   PRO- 
GRAMS, BOARD  OF  OFFICERS  TO  REVIEW;  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

This  board  was  appointed  July  3, 1918,  to  review  the  entire  trench 
warfare,  pyrotechnics,  and  drop-bomb  programs,  and  to  submit 
recommendations  as  to  requirements,  procurement,  inspection,  and 
production  for  the  approval  of  the  acting  chief  of  ordnance.  The 
board  originally  consisted  of  six  members,  being  later  increased  to 
eight.  It  was  dissolved  December  6,  1918. 

TROOP  MOVEMENT  SECTION,  DIVISION   OF   OPERATION,  UNITED   STATES 
RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

This  section  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  Committee  on  Cooperation 
with  the  military  authorities  of  the  American  Railway  Association 
organized  in  May,  1918.  Under  the  management  of  George  Hodges, 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Relations  between  Railroads  of  the 
American  Railway  Association,  the  organization  worked  in  close  co- 
operation with  the  General  Staff  of  the  United  States  Army,  super- 
vising and  arranging  movements  of  troops  and  their  impedimenta, 
and  the  transportation  of  the  drafted  men  to  the  cantonments.  It 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      483 

was  taken  over  by  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration  in  May, 
1918,  when  it  became  known  as  the  Troop  Movement  Section  of 
the  Division  of  Operation.  Under  authority  of  the  Director  Gen- 
eral, it  also  assumed  control  of  the  passenger  equipment  of  the  Fed- 
eral controlled  roads.  Besides  the  central  office,  located  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  there  were  six  department  general  agents  located  at  the 
six  military  department  headquarters,  and  fifty-four  camp  general 
agents  located  at  the  various  camps  throughout  the  country.  A 
representative  was  also  detailed  to  the  office  of  each  State  governor, 
or  adjutant  general,  to  assist  in  handling  the  draft  quotas.  In  addi- 
tion there  was  on  each  railroad  an  authorized  official  to  whom  all  di- 
rections as  to  troop  and  other  movements  were  transmitted  and  who 
made  himself  responsible  for  their  proper  transportation. 

TRUCK  SECTION,  PRODUCTION  DIVISION,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 


tractors,  and  heavy  artillery  mobile  repairs  shops.  This  section  was 
passed  into  the  Tank  Division,  August  28,  1918.  Lieut.  Col.  G.  K. 
Hooper,  chief.' 

TRUNKS  AND  TRAVELING  GOODS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  trunks  and  traveling 
goods  before  the  Government  during  the  war  emergency.  It  coop- 
erated with  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board 
in  a  schedule  for  conservation  in  the  traveling  goods  industry  issued 
by  that  division  in  August,  1918.  Nathan  Goldsmith,  chairman. 

TUBERCULOSIS  ERADICATION  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 
DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division,  established  May  1,  1917.  Its  work  was  that 
of  controlling  tuberculosis  in  live  stock.  At  the  request  of  the  Sur- 
geon General  it  aided  the  War  Department  in  testing  cattle  supply- 
ing milk  to  the  various  Army  camps.  J.  A.  Kiernan,  chief. 

TUBULAR  PLUMBING  GOODS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  Hardware  and  Hand  Tool  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  to  represent  the  industry  before  that 
section  and  the  Priorities  Board.  W.  W.  Bowers,  chairman. 

TUBULAR  PRODUCTS,  SUBCOMMITTEE   ON;    AMERICAN  IRON  AND   STEEL 
INSTITUTE. 

Continued  the  work  of  the  same  subcommittee  of  the  Committee  on 
Steel  and  Steel  Products  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The 
committee  distributed  orders  for  pipe  for  the  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration, for  new  pipe  lines  for  use  in  France,  and  for  all  tubular 
products  when  needed.  James  A.  Campbell,  chairman. 

TUBULAR  PRODUCTS,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON 
STEEL  AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  May  24,  1918,  by  the  Committee  on  Steel  and  Steel 
Products.  The  committee  furnished  pipe  for  cantonments  and  hos- 


484       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

pitals  and  assisted  in  the  procurement  of  all  tubular  products  for 
Government  use.  When  the  committees  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  were  disbanded  in  the  fall  of  1917,  the  committee  was  con- 
tinued by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  with  the  same  per- 
sonnel and  functions.  James  A.  Campbell,  chairman. 

TUG   AND   LIGHTER   DEPARTMENT,    DIVISION    OF    OPERATIONS,   UNITED 
STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

Worked  in  conjunction  with  the  Shipping  Control  Committee, 
directing  all  matters  pertaining  to  tugs,  lighters,  barges,  and  other 
harbor  equipment.  W.  B.  Keene  in  charge. 

TYPEWRITER  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  August  1,  1918,  by  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. The  Government  orders  for  typewriters  were  distributed 
through  the  Priorities  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  The 
committee  was  able  to  effect  considerable  saving  through  the  elimina- 
tion of  all  accessories  not  essential  to  the  operation  of  the  machines 
and  through  the  reduction  of  the  size  and  weight  of  packing  boxes. 
John  T.  Underwood,  chairman. 

UNDERWEAR  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

The  committee  held  meetings  to  offer  suggestions  to  the  Knit 
Goods  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board,  and  to  aid  contractors 
who  were  experiencing  difficulties.  The  committee  took  up  the  mat- 
ter of  cancellation  of  contracts  and  decided  to  continue  its  organiza- 
tion during  the  period  of  reconstruction.  Andrew  Frey,  chairman. 

UNITED  STATES  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

A  title  used  by  the  board  in  its  correspondence  and  dealings  outside 
the  United  States. 

See  War  Industries  Board. 

UPPER    AND    HARNESS,    BAG    AND    STRAP    LEATHER    SECTION,    HIDES, 
LEATHER,  AND  LEATHER  GOODS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Consolidated  October  1,  1918,  at  the  time  of  the  transfer  to  the 
War  Industries  Board  from  the  Quartermaster  Corps  of  its  two  sec- 
tions, Upper  Leather  with  Fred  A.  Vogel,  chief,  and  Harness,  Bag, 
and  Strap  Leather  with  Maj.  Joseph  C.  Byron,  chief.  Systems  of 
supervising  manufacture  and  of  gathering  statistics  were  inaugurated 
by  the  section.  It,  together  with  trade  representatives,  recommended 
maximum  prices  on  upper  leather  to  the  Price  Fixing  Committee,  but 
the  armistice  was  signed  before  the  prices  were  announced.  Maxi- 
mum prices  were  fixed  June  25,  1918,  on  the  various  grades  of  black 
harness  leather  (discontinued  Dec.  1,  1918) ;  but  although  there 
was  considerable  shortage  in  russet  harness,  bag,  and  strap  leather, 
the  investigation  by  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  was  not  yet  com- 
plete at  the  time  of  the  armistice.  The  section  was  discontinued 
December  31,  1918.  Fred  A.  Vogel,  in  charge,  succeeded  November 
1,  1918,  by  W.  B.  Eisendrath. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      485 
VACUUM  CLEANERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  June  20,  1918,  with  H.  W.  Hoover  as  chairman,  to  rep- 
resent the  manufacturers  of  vacuum  cleaners. 

VARNISH  GUM  IMPORTERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  10,  1918,  with  S.  H.  Gillespie  as  chairman. 
The  committee  worked  with  the  Paint  and  Pigment  Section  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  and  the  Bureau  of  Imports,  War  Trade 
Board,  and  assisted  in  the  allocation  of  raw  materials. 

VARNISH  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December,  1917,  by  the  National  Varnish  Manufac- 
turers' Association.  The  committee  conferred  with  the  Commercial 
Economy  Board  and  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration  to  con- 
serve tin  plate  and  fuel.  The  committee  outlined  a  program  to  meet 
war  conditions  and  to  effect  a  saving  in  the  quantity  of  colors,  pig- 
ments, and  other  materials  used  by  the  industry.  The  industry  was 
represented  on  the  War  Conference  Committee  on  Paint,  Varnish, 
and  Allied  Trades,  which  presented  claims  for  priority  to  the  War 
Industries  Board  in  September,  1918.  Arthur  Davis,  chairman. 

VEGETABLE   DYE   AND   ANALINE   SECTION,   CHEMICALS   DIVISION,   WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Artificial  Dyes  and  Intermediates  Section,  War  Industries 
Board. 

VEHICLE   AND   HARNESS    BRANCH,   DOMESTIC    DISTRIBUTION    DIVISION, 
DIRECTOR  OF  STORAGE,  PURCHASE  AND  STORAGE. 

Transferred  from  Harness  Division  September  1,  1918,  to  dis- 
tribute all  animal-drawn  vehicles  and  harness  for  the  Army,  filling 
both  domestic  and  oversea  requisitions.  Lieut.  Robert  Emerson,  chief. 

VEHICLE,     IMPLEMENT,     AND     WOOD     PRODUCTS     SECTION,     FINISHED 
PRODUCTS  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

See  Agricultural  Implements,  Vehicles,  and  Wood  Products  Sec- 
tion, War  Industries  Board. 

VEHICLES,    SUBCOMMITTEE    ON    ARMY;     GENERAL    MUNITIONS    BOARD, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  in  April,  1917,  to  insure  the  quickest  possible  produc- 
tion of  Army  wagons.  Meetings  of  the  wagon  industry  were  held 
and  the  requirements  were  distributed  to  various  manufacturers. 
When  the  committees  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  were  dis- 
banded, this  committee  continued  as  a  subcommittee  of  the  National 
Implement  and  Vehicle  Association.  William  Butterworth,  chair- 
man. 

VEHICLES  AND  HARNESS  BRANCH,  SUPPLIES  AND  EQUIPMENT  DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Formed  April  16,  1918,  abolished  May  28,  and  reestablished  as  the 
Vehicles  and  Harness  Division.  Col.  W.  S.  Wood,  chief. 


486       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
VEHICLES  AND  HARNESS  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Established  May  18,  1918,  its  duty  being  the  procurement  of 
vehicles  and  harness.  It  functioned  through  the  Harness,  Vehicles, 
and  Administrative  Branches.  The  division  lost  its  identity  upon 
the  organization  of  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase  and  Stor- 
age, the  duties  pertaining  to  the  procurement  of  harness  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  Leather  and  Rubber  Branch,  Clothing  and  Equipage 
Division,  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase,  while  those  pertaining 
to  the  procurement  of  vehicles  were  transferred  to  the  Motors  and 
Vehicles  Division,  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase.  Col.  W.  S. 
Wood,  in  charge,  succeeded  by  Col.  G.  M.  K.  Williamson. 

VEHICLES    AND    LEATHER    EQUIPMENT    BRANCH,    REMOUNT    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 

This  branch  had  charge  of  the  purchase,  issue,  manufacture,  and 
inspection  of  all  animal-drawn  vehicles,  spare  parts  and  accessories, 
harness,  harness  parts,  leather,  and  miscellaneous  equipment  for 
animals  and  vehicles.  On  February  13,  1918,  the  branch  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Supply  and  Equipment  Division,  Quartermaster  Gen- 
eral. Capt.  J.  M.  Barr  was  in  charge  of  the  branch. 

VENEER  AND  PANEL  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  December  11,  1917,  at  a  meeting  of  the  National  Veneer 
and  Panel  Manufacturers'  Association.  Assistance  was  given  to  the 
Government  laboratories  testing  veneer,  and  plywood  and  aircraft 
manufacturers  were  put  in  touch  with  veneer  makers.  The  services 
of  this  committee  were  not  used  by  the  Government  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, and  the  committee  disbanded  June  20,  1918.  Benjamin  Lord, 
chairman. 

VENEREAL  DISEASES,  COMMITTEE  FOR  CIVILIAN  COOPERATION  IN  COM- 
BATING; GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Begun  as  a  subcommittee  of  the  Committee  on  Hygiene  and  Sani- 
tation, and  erected  later  into  a  full  committee  of  the  board.  Its  work 
was  along  the  line  of  developing  public  opinion  favorable  to  the 
social  hygiene  program,  and  was  done  through  joint  conferences, 
advertisers,  and  press  associations,  State  boards  of  health,  pharmacy 
boards,  and  local  officials.  Lectures  were  given  in  practically  all  the 
States,  which  organized  bureaus  to  disseminate  information  and  for- 
ward a  campaign.  Dr.  William  F.  Snow,  chairman. 

VETERINARY  DIVISION,  SURGEON  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

This  division  owed  its  origin  as  an  administrative  unit  to  no 
specific  order  but  developed  gradually  after  the  outbreak  of  war. 
Its  function  was  the  administration  of  the  Veterinary  Corps  of  the 
United  States  Army.  Maj.  G.  E.  Griffin,  Veterinary  Corps,  in 
charge,  February  3  to  November  28,  1917;  Lieut.  Col.  R,  B.  Miller, 
acting 'director,  November  28,  1917,  to  June  21,  1918;  Lieut.  Col.  C. 
T.  Morse,  director  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  period  of  hostili- 
ties. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       487 

VIRUS-SERUM  CONTROL,  OFFICE  OF;  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division,  organized  February  17, 1917.  It  had  charge 
of  the  supervision  of  veterinary  biological  products,  such  as  hog- 
cholera  serum,  and  gave  special  attention  to  the  supervision  of  bio- 
logical products  from  abroad  so  that  the  virus  of  an  infectious  dis- 
ease, such  as  foot-and-mouth  disease,  was  not  introduced  into  this 
country  either  intentionally  or  by  accident  through  contamination 
of  biological  products  imported  into  the  United  States.  H.  J.  Shore, 
in  charge. 

VISITING  WAR  MISSIONS. 

Seven  missions  from  the  allies  visited  the  United  States  upon  offi- 
cial invitation,  touring  the  United  States  in  the  interest  of  allied 
friendship.  In  addition  to  their  official  diplomatic  character,  they 
exercised  unofficial  influence  upon  the  establishment  of  commercial 
missions  or  arrangements.  The  missions  were:  Belgium,  Baron 
Ludouic  Moncheur,  head,  arrived  June  16,  1917;  France,  M.  Rene 
Viviani,  head,  arrived  April  25,  1917;  Great  Britain,  Right  Hon. 
Arthur  James  Balfour,  M.  P.  O.  M.,  head,  arrived  June  21,  1917; 
Italy,  H.  P.  H.  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Savoy,  Prince  of  Udine,  head, 
arrived  May  23,  1917;  Japan,  Viscount  Kikujiro  Ishii,  head,  arrived 
August  13,  1917;  Russia,  Prof.  Boris  Bakhmeteff,  head,  arrived 
June  15, 1917:  Serbia,  Dr.  Milenko  Vesnitch,  head,  arrived  December 
20,  1917. 

VITRIFIED  SALT-GLAZE  CLAY  SEWER  PIPE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE, 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  in  the  Building  Materials  Section  of 
the  War  Industries  Board  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  vitrified 
salt-glazed  clay  sewer  pipe,  vitrified  salt-glazed  Avail  coping,  and 
fire  clay  flue  lining.  W.  S.  Dickey,  chairman. 

VOCATIONAL  EDUCATION,  FEDERAL  BOARD  FOR. 

A  permanent  board  created  by  act  of  Congress  of  February  23, 
1917.  It  comprises  four  ex  officio  members — the  Secretaries  of  Ag- 
riculture, of  Commerce,  and  of  Labor,  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Education,  and  three  members  appointed  by  the  President — one  to 
represent  labor,  one  to  represent  agriculture,  and  one  to  represent 
manufacturing  and  commerce.  The  duty  of  the  board  is  to  promote, 
through  Federal  appropriations  and  in  cooperation  with  legally  ap- 
pointed State  Boards  for  Vocational  Education,  the  development  of 
home  economics,  agricultural,  trade  and  industrial,  and  commercial 
education  for  boys  and  girls  over  M  years  of  age  and  of  less  than 
college  grade.  The  war  work  of  the  board  was  especially  directed 
to  two  problems  with  which  it  was  particularly  well  qualified  to 
deal,  namely,  the  mechanical  and  technical  training  of  conscripted 
men,  and  the  reeducation  of  wounded  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines. 
Shortly  after  our  entrance  into  the  war  a  call  was  made  by  the  board 
on  State  Boards  for  Vocational  Education  throughout  the  country 
for  the  establishment  of  evening  industrial  classes  _in  which  pon- 
scripted  men  would  be  trained  to  meet  the  demands  of  Army  occu- 


488       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

pations  before  entering  the  service  and  in  which  those  employed  in 
essential  war  industries  might  secure  further  training.  On  Novem- 
ber 9,  1917,  the  board  authorized  the  director  to  secure  the  assistance 
needed  for  developing  courses  of  study  and  for  making  the  neces- 
sary administrative  arrangements  with  the  War  Department  and 
with  State  Boards  for  Vocational  Education  for  the  furtherance  of 
this  purpose.  One  year  later  over  35,000  men  had  been  enrolled  in 
war  training  classes.  For  the  training  of  conscripted  men  nine  bul- 
letins were  prepared  and  approved  by  the  Army.  Two  hundred 
thousand  of  these  were  issued.  The  board  prepared  for  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  a  memorandum  embodying  a  plan  for  the  training  of 
mechanics  and  technicians  for  war  purposes  in  the  public  and  private 
schools  and  colleges  of  the  country  and  through  day  and  evening 
classes.  Upon  the  creation  within  the  War  Department  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Education  and  Special  Training  the  Federal  board  coop- 
erated with  that  committee.  The  board  also  cooperated  with  the 
Office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  in  an  analysis  of  occupations 
for  use  in  special  draft  requisitions.  At  the  request  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board  a  bulletin  on  emergency  training  in  ship- 
building was  prepared.  Dr.  C.  A.  Prosser,  director. 
See  Vocational  Rehabilitation,  Division  of. 

VOCATIONAL  REHABILITATION,  DIVISION  OF;   FEDERAL  BOARD  FOR  VO- 
CATIONAL EDUCATION. 

Created  to  carry  out  the  new  duties  delegated  to  the  Federal  Board 
for  Vocational  Education  by  the  Vocational  Rehabilitation  or  Smith- 
Sears  Act  approved  June  27,  1918.  This  act  delegated  to  the  board 
the  duty  of  placing  back  in  industry  all  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines 
entitled  to  compensation  under  the  war-risk  insurance  act  and  of 
providing  at  Government  expense  training  or  retraining  for  all  such 
persons  not  able  otherwise  to  resume  their  former  occupations  or 
get  some  new  occupation  providing  adequate  support.  More  spe- 
cifically its  main  duties  were:  (1)  Advisement,  to  find  out  what  the 
disabled  man  wants  to  train  for  and  to  guide  him  into  that  vocation 
best  suited  to  his  capabilities;  (2)  training,  better  to  fit  him  for  his 
selected  trade  or  profession;  (3)  placement,  to  place  him  where  he  is 
employed  on  account  of  his  proficiency  and  not  because  of  disability. 
The  work  of  the  Vocational  Rehabilitation  Division  was  centralized 
in  a  comprehensive  general  staff  at  Washington  and  was  carried  on 
in  the  field  through  14  different  district  offices  and  7  subpffices  cov- 
ering the  entire  United  States.  Through  this  organization,  which 
had  agents  in  every  Army  and  Navy  hospital  and  discharge  point 
and  also  in  the  field,  the  Federal  Board  endeavored  to  get  in  per- 
sonal touch  with  every  disabled  soldier,  sailor,  or  marine,  to  inform 
him  of  the  Government's  attitude  toward  him,  to  ascertain  his  fitness 
for  immediate  placement,  or  his  need  for  training,  and,  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  War  Risk  Insurance  Bureau,  to  provide  for  the  finan- 
cial support  of  all  compensable  men  needing  training,  as  well  as  for 
their  dependents,  during  the  period  of  study.  Dr.  J.  A.  Chandler, 
chief. 

VOLUNTEER  MEDICAL  SERVICE  CORPS,  CENTRAL  GOVERNING  BOARD  OF; 
GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Formation  approved  January  13,  1918,  as  a  special  committee  to 
organize  a  body  through  which  the  services  of  physicians  ineligible 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       489 

for  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  on  account  of  age  (55),  physical  disa- 
bility, or  civil  or  institutional  needs,  and  women  physicians  might 
be  utilized  by  the  Government,  The  services  of  the  members  of  the 
corps  were  rendered  to  existing  governmental  agencies  upon  request 
of  Army,  Navy,  Public  Health  Service,  and  American  Red  Cross. 
Dr.  Edward  P.  Davis,  president. 

VULCANIZED  AND  HARD  FIBER  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  by  the  Jute,  Hemp,  and  Cordage  Sec- 
tion of  the  War  Industries  Board.  C.  G.  Rupert,  chairman. 

WAGES  AND  HOURS,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    COMMITTEE  ON  LABOR,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE.    ' 

Organization  started  shortly  after  formation  of  Committee  on 
Labor  in  April,  1917.  It  was  composed  of  about  30  members  repre- 
senting wage  earners  and  employers,  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers, 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor.  Through  conferences  at- 
tended by  members  of  its  executive  committee  it  assisted  in  incorpo- 
rating proper  standards  for  wages  and  hours  in  Government  con-, 
tracts.  It  became  inactive  upon  the  formation  of  the  War  Labor  Ad- 
ministration in  the  Department  of  Labor  in  the  spring  and  summer 
of  1918.  Frank  Morrison,  chairman. 

WAGES  AND  HOURS  OF  LABOR  BRANCH,  INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION, 
ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  August,  1918.  It  handled  the  relations  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  with  trade  unions  and  endeavored  to  prevent  disputes  by 
eliminating  the  cause  of  trouble.  It  received  requests  for  changes  in 
hours  and  rates  of  pay  of  workmen  engaged  in  the  production  of 
ordnance  supplies  and  prepared  recommendations  for  the  approval  of 
representatives  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  took  steps  necessary  to 
carry  the  awards  of  labor  boards  into  effect.  This  branch  took  over 
the  functions  that  had  been  performed  by  Mediation  Branch  before 
the  latter  was  abolished.  Maj.  James  Tole,  chief. 

WAGON  AND  VEHICLE  SUBCOMMITTEE,  FARM  IMPLEMENTS  COMMITTEE, 
NATIONAL  IMPLEMENT   AND   VEHICLE   ASSOCIATION. 

The  first  war  service  committee  of  which  there  is  any  record  oper- 
ating with  .the  different  departments  of  the  Government  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  an  entire  industry.  It  was  an  advisory  committee  to 
the  Council  of  National  Defense  until  September,  1917,  and  until 
its  discharge  by  the  association  September  1,  1918,  aided  various 
sections  of  the  War  Department  whenever  requested  to  do  so.  Wil- 
liam Butterworth,  E.  E.  Parsonage,  and  R.  IT.  Board  successively 
acted  as  chairman. 

WALL  PAPER  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  wall  paper  before  the 
Pulp  and  Paper  Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  On  July 
25, 1918,  the  committee  in  conference  with  the  War  Industries  Board 
formed  a  plan  for  the  conservation  of  paper  by  curtailing  the  opera- 
tions in  factories.  Henry  Burn,  chairman. 


490       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
WAR  BOARD  FOR  THE  PORT  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  War  Board  for  the  Port  of  New  York  was  created  November 
3,  1917,  including  in  its  membership  the  Secretaries  of  War,  of  the 
Treasury,  of  the  Navy,  of  Commerce,  and  of  Labor,  together  with 
the  Chairman  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  the  mayor  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  the  New  York-New  Jersey  Port  and  Harbor 
Development  Commission,  and  representatives  of  the  railroads. 
William  G.  McAdoo,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  was  originally  ap- 
pointed chairman,  but  after  assuming  his  duties  as  director  general 
of  Railways,  he  resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  Edward  N.  Hurleyr 
chairman  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  Irving  T.  Bush. 
of  the  Bush  Terminal  Co.  of  South  Brooklyn,  was  appointed  chief 
executive  officer  for  the  War  Board.  It  was  the  purpose  of  the 
board  to  utilize  as  efficiently  as  possible  the  entire  facilities  of  the 
port  of  New  York,  including  railroad  terminals,  piers,  warehouses, 
lighters,  etc.,  with  the  idea  of  speeding  up  the  loading  and  turn 
about  of  ships  carrying  troops  and  supplies  abroad.  In  addition  t'.> 
his  duties  as  chief  executive  officer,  Mr.  Bush  was,  on  January  30y 
1918,  made  chief  of  embarkation  for  the  port  of  New  York,  which 
gave  him  more  effective  control  over  the  port  facilities  under  his. 
supervision. 

WAR  CABINET. 

An  informal  body,  meeting  at  the  call  of  the  President,  March  207 
1918,  and  thereafter  regularly.  It  included  the  chairmen  of  the  War 
Trade,  War  Industries,  and  United  States  Shipping  Boards,  the 
United  States  Fuel  Administrator  and  the  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministrator, and  the  Director  General  of  Kailroads.  Its  inaugura- 
tion was  nearly  coincident  with  the  reorganization  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board,  the  establishment  of  the  supreme  military  command 
under  Marshal  Foch,  and  the  erection  of  the  Inter- Allied  Food,  Fuel, 
and  Maritime  Transport  Councils. 

WAR  COMMITTEE,  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  UNITED  STATES. 

See  War  Service  Executive  Committee,  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
the  United  States^  and  Committee  on  Cooperation  with  the  Council 
of  National  Defense. 

WAR  COUNCIL. 

The  War  Council  was  created  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War  on 
December  20,  1917.  It  originally  included  the  folowing:  The  Sec- 
retary of  War  and  the  Assistant  Secretary  of  War  as  members  ex 
officio;  Q^n.  Tasker  H.  Bliss,  as  chief  of  staff;  Maj.  Gen.  Henry  G. 
Sharpe,  quartermaster  general;  Maj.  Gen.  William  Crozier,  chief  of 
ordnance;  Maj.  Gen.  Erasmus  M.  Weaver,  chief  of  coast  artillery; 
and  Maj.  Gen.  Enoch  H.  Crowder,  judge  advocate  general.  The  fol- 
lowing were  later  appointed  to  the  council  on  the  dates  indicated :  Col. 
Palmer  E.  Pierce,  G.  S.,  December  28,  1917;  Charles  Day,  assistant 
to  the  chairman  of  the  Shipping  Board,  January  7,  1918:  and  Maj. 
Gen.  George  W.  Goethals,  acting  quartermaster  general ;  and  Edward 
R.  Stettinius,  surveyor  general  of  purchases  and  supplies,  March  11, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917.      491 

1918.  Gen.  Peyton  C.  March,  upon  his  appointment  as  chief  of  staff 
on  May  20,  1918,  thereby  automatically  became  a  member  of  the 
council.  Maj.  Gen.  Henry  G.  Sharpe  was  relieved  on  June  3,  1918. 
It  was  the  duty  of  the  War  Council  to  oversee  and  coordinate  all  mat- 
ters of  supply  pertaining  to  the  armies  in  the  field  and  the  military 
relations  between  these  armies  and  the  War  Department,  to  initiate 
for  ^consideration  plans  for  the  more  effective  use  of  the  military 
power  of  the  nation,  and  to  consider  and  make  recommendations  con- 
cerning all  matters  referred  to  it  by  the  Secretary  of  War  or  the 
Chief  of  Staff.  Meetings  of  the  council  were  presided  over  by  the 
Secretary  of  War,  or,  in  his  absence,  by  the  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War  or  Chief  of  Staff.  The  council  was  dissolved  on  July  8,  1918. 

WAR  COUNCIL,  AMERICAN  NATIONAL  RED  CROSS. 

Appointed  by  President  Wilson  May  10,  1917,  to  direct  the  war  ac- 
tivities of  the  organization,  and  coroclinate  the  functions  of  the  Red 
Cross,  so  that  the  objects  of  the  organization  might  be  fully  carried 
out.  Henry  P.  Davison,  chairman. 

WAR   COUNCIL  OF   THE  NATIONAL  WHOLESALE   GROCERS'   ASSOCIATION 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Created  to  cooperate  with  the  United  States  Food  Administration 
in  its  conservation  program  by  enlisting  the  hearty  support  of  the 
wholesale  grocers  of  the  Nation,  stabilizing  the  food  markets,  and 
working  for  the  distribution  of  food  products  to  the  consumer  at  the 
lowest  prices  possible.  Samuel  B.  Steele,  chairman. 


WAR  CAMP  COMMUNITY  SERVICE. 

The  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities  on  May  5,  1917,  re- 
quested the  Playground  and  Recreation  Association  of  America  to  be 
responsible  for  the  work  of  stimulating  and  aiding  communities  in 
the  neighborhood  of  training  camps,  to  develop  and  organize  their 
social  and  recreational  resources  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  of  the 
greatest  possible  value  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  in  the  camps.  This 
work  was  organized  under  the  name  War  Camp  Community  Service. 
The  service  was  responsible  for  organizing  the  social  and  recreational 
life  of  the  camp  cities  for  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers  in  their  free  time. 
It  worked  through  existing  agencies,  inaugurating  activities  only 
where  no  other  group  was  equipped  to  do  the  work.  Soldiers'  and 
sailors'  clubs  were  established,  entertainments  were  arranged  through 
community  groups,  canteens,  and  dormitories  were  maintained,  home 
hospitality  was  stimulated,  and  when  requested  it  arranged  dances 
and  entertainments  inside  the  camps.  During  the  mobilization  period 
the  War  Camp  Community  Service  helped  in  problems  of  employ- 
ment, in  the  welcoming  back  of  men,  and  in  their  assimilation  into 
their  communities.  In  March,  1919,  615  cities  were  organized  for 
service  and  2,700  workers  were  engaged  in  the  work.  Up  to  Novem- 
ber, 1918,  $4,000,000  had  been  spent  and  the  budget  to  December  31, 
1919,  involved  an  expenditure  of  $18.000,000.  Joseph  Lee  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Play  ground  and  Recreation  Association  of  America  as 
Avell  as  of  the  War  Camp  Community  Service.  The  War  Camp 
Community  Service  was  incorporated  in  November,  1918.  and  Joseph 
Lee  was  reelected  president. 


492       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

WAR  CONTEACTS  SECTION,  PLANNING  AND  STATISTICS  DIVISION,  WAR 
INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  August  17,  1917,  with  Lieut,  Col.  L.  P.  Ayres,  chief,  to 
collect  information  on  war  contracts  and  deliveries.  It  began  to  issue 
bulletins  on  February  2,  1918.  The  transfer  of  part  of  the  personnel 
to  the  Statistical  Division,  General  Staff,  in  April,  1918,  and  the  es- 
tablishment in  August  of  a  statistical  office  in  the  Purchase,  Storage 
and  Traffic  Division  kept  a  solution  of  the  problem  in  hand  from 
completion.  The  chief  resigned  September  15,  1918,  and  the  work  of 
the  section  was  practically  suspended.  A  special  committee  was  later 
appointed,  and  the  first  step  to  the  installation  of  a  different  system 
had  been  taken  when  the  armistice  came.  Mills  E.  Case,  chief. 

WAR  CREDITS  BOARD,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  board  of  three  members,  created  by  the  Secretary  of  War, 
November  20,  1917,  to  make  advances  of  funds  to  contractors  sup- 
plying War  Department  material.  The  urgent  deficiencies  act  of 
October  6,  1917,  authorized  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  to  make  advances  to  contractors  to  the  extent  of  thirty 
per  cent  of  the  amounts  payable  under  the  contracts.  The  Secretary 
of  War  delegated  his  authority  to  the  War  Credits  Board.  It  was 
the  board's  function  to  consider  applications,  arrange  all  terms  of 
the  advances,  and  authorize  the  procuring  bureau  to  advance  the 
amounts  approved.  The  procedure  involved  application  to  the  pro- 
curing bureau,  forwarding  of  the  application  by  the  bureau  to  the 
board,  arrangement  of  all  terms,  and  certification. of  approval  by  the 
board,  and  advancing  of  the  funds  by  the  procuring  bureau.  Re- 
payment was  effected  through  the  delivery  of  the  goods  contracted 
for.  The  general  policy  of  the  board  was  to  approve  advances  only 
in  cases  where  the  contractor  was  unable  to  secure  funds  from  private 
sources,  to  assist  the  contractor  in  securing  loans  from  private 
agencies,  to  adjust  rates  of  interest  to  the  market  conditions  in  the 
contractor's  locality,  and  to  require  the  highest  character  of  security 
for  advances.  From  the  date  of  organization  to  May,  1919,  the  board 
authorized  advances  aggregating  approximately  $269,000,000.  The 
advances  made  approximated  $248,000,000,  of  which  $163,000,000  has 
been  repaid.  As  originally  consituted  the  membership  of  the  board 
was  as  follows:  Col.  Samuel  McRoberts,  chairman,  Lieut.  Col.  M. 
W.  Thompson,  and  Lieut.  Col.  Edward  Clifford.  On  the  retirement 
of  Colonel  McRoberts,  Lieut.  Col.  Thompson  became  chairman  and 
Lieut.  Col.  C.  E.  Warren  was  appointed  to  the  board.  Lieut.  Col. 
Clifford  was  succeeded  by  F.  P.  Neal,  and  Mr.  Neal  was  later  suc- 
ceeded by  A.  W.  Russell.  Lieut.  Col.  Warren  and  Mr.  Russell  were 
later  succeeded  by  Maj.  A.  F.  La  Frenz  and  Maj.  C.  P.  Runyan. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

An  executive  department  under  the  Secretary  of  War  in  charge  of 
the  military  establishment  of  the  United  States.  The  department 
has  also  certain  functions  of  a  nonmilitary  nature.  It  has  charge  of 
the  improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors  and  of  matters  arising  under 
the  laws  for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  navigable  waters.  It 
has  supervision  of  the  government  of  the  Philippine  Islands  and 
Porto  Rico  and  of  the  government,  construction,  and  operation  of  the 
Panama  Canal.  At  the  time  of  the  entrance  of  the  United  States 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      493 

into  the  war  the  central  organization  of  the  War  Department  con- 
sisted of  various  operating  bureaus  and  of  a  General  Staff  Corps 
under  the  Chief  of  Staff,  who  served  as  the  immediate  adviser  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  on  all  matters  relating  to  the  military  establish- 
ment, and  had  supervisory  and  coordinating  duties  over  the  troops 
of  the  line  and  of  the  special  staff  and  supply  bureaus.  The  Chief  of 
Coast  Artillery,  also  by  law  a  member  of  the  General  Staff  Corps, 
exercised  supervisory  functions  over  the  Coast  Artillery.  The  mili- 
tary bureaus  were  as  follows:  The  Offices  of  the  Adjutant  General, 
Inspector  General,  and  Judge  Advocate  General,  the  Militia  Bureau, 
the  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs,  and  the  Offices  of  the  Quartermaster 
General,  Chief  of  Ordnance,  Surgeon  General,  Chief  of  Engineers, 
and  Chief  Signal  Officer.  The  last  five  bureaus,  sometimes  spoken 
of  as  the  supply  bureaus,  were  charged  with  the  procurement  of  sup- 
plies for  the  Army  and  were  thus  the  most  important  agencies  of  the 
War  Department  from  the  viewpoint  of  economic  mobilization.  The 
enormous  expansion  of  the  military  establishment  and  the  rapid 
developments  in  military  science  during  the  war  necessitated  con- 
siderable modification  of  the  prewar  organization  of  the  department 
and  the  formation  of  several  new  services.  On  May  18,  1918,  the 
selective  service  act  providing  for  the  raising  of  an  army  by  con- 
scription was  passed.  On  May  22, 1918,  Maj.  Gen.  Enoch  H.  Crowder 
was  appointed  Provost  Marshal  General  and  charged  with  the  execu- 
tion of  this  act.  Early  in  the  war  it  was  recognized  that  a  better 
coordination  of  the  functions  of  the  supply  bureaus  was  desirable. 
The  first  important  step  toward  the  accomplishment  of  this  end  was 
the  creation  on  December  20,  1917,  of  the  War  Council  with  over- 
seeing and  coordinating  functions.  Further  successive  steps  in  the 
same  direction  were  the  creation  in  the  General  Staff  of  new  services 
specifically  charged  with  supervision  over  supplies.  General  Orders, 
No.  167,  dated  December  28,  1917,  created  a  Director  of  Storage  and 
Traffic  to  enable  the  Chief  of  Staff  to  exercise  effectually  his  super- 
visory and  coordinating  powers  in  respect  to  the  movement  and  stor- 
age of  supplies  and  the  movement  of  troops.  General  Orders,  No.  5, 
dated  January  11,  1918,  created  the  Director  of  Purchase  with  simi- 
lar functions  with  respect  to  the  procurement  of  materials.  General 
Orders,  No.  14,  dated  February  9,  1918,  reorganized  the  General  Staff 
into  five  divisions,  namely :  Executive,  War  Plans,  Army  Operations, 
Storage  and  Traffic,  and  Purchase  and  Supply,  the  last  two  corre- 
sponding to  the  services  created  by  General  Orders,  Nos.  167  and  5. 
General  Orders,  No.  36,  dated  April  16,  1918,  created  the  Purchase, 
Storage  and  Traffic  Division  of  the  General  Staff  through  the  con- 
solidation of  the  Purchase  and  Supply,  and  the  Storage  and  Traffic 
Divisions.  General  Orders,  No.  80,  dated  August  26, 1918,  showed  the 
organization  which  finally  developed  in  the  General  Staff  during 
the  war  period.  Four  divisions  were  created,  Military  Intelligence, 
War  Plans,  Army  Operations,  and  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic, 
the  latter  division  maintaining  its  previous  supervisory  and  co- 
ordinating functions  in  regard  to  supplies.  In  the  course  of  the  war 
comprehensive  changes  took  place  in  the  internal  organization  of  the 
supply  bureaus,  new  agencies  charged  with  the  duty  of  supply  were 
created,  and  various  transfers  of  functions  between  bureaus  were 


494       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

effected.  The  formation  of  new  organizations  in  the  War  Depart- 
ment alongside  of  or  in  place  of  the  pre-war  bureaus  was  the  result 
of  the  development  of  new  methods  of  warfare,  the  splitting  off  of 
greatly  expanded  sections  of  the  old  bureaus  to  form  separate  units, 
and  the  attempt  to  bring  about  the  consolidation  of  supply  functions. 
Following  is  a  list  of  the  new  supply  services  formed  in  the  depart- 
ment with  the  dates  of  their  creation :  Embarkation  Service,  August 
4,  1917;  Construction  Division,  March  13,  1918;  Bureau  of  Aircraft 
Production,  May  20, 1918 ;  Chemical  Warfare  Service,  June  25, 1918 ; 
Inland  Traffic  Service,  August  1,  1918;  Motor  Transport  Corps, 
August  15,  1918 ;  Purchase  and  Storage  Service,  September  12,  1918 ; 
Finance  Service,  October  11,  1918;  Real  Estate  Service,  April  1, 
1919.  In  August,  1918,  the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production  was  com- 
bined with  the  Department  of  Military  Aeronautics  to  form  the  Air 
Service.  On  March  11,  1919,  the  Embarkation  Service  and  the  In- 
land Traffic  Service  were  consolidated  into  the  Transportation  Serv- 
ice. During  the  war  the  number  of  Assistant  Secretaries  of  Walv 
was  increased  from  one  to  three.  On  April  11, 1918,  Edward  R.  Stet- 
tinius  was  appointed  Second  Assistant  Secretary  to  have  charge  of  all 
questions  of  purchase  and  supply  for  all  bureaus  of  the  department. 
On  April  19, 1918,  Frederick  P.  Keppel  was  appointed  Third  Assist- 
ant Secretary  to  have  charge  of  all  matters  affecting  the  nonmilitary 
life  of  the  soldier,  such  as  the  relations  of  the  Army  with  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  and  Red  Cross.  On  August  28,  1918, 
John  D.  Ryan  was  appointed  Second  Assistant  Secretary  in  place  of 
Mr.  Stettinius  and  was  designated  as  Director  of  Air  Service  with  the 
responsibility  of  procuring  and  furnishing  to  the  Army  in  the  field 
the  materiel  and  personnel  required  for  the  Air  Service.  At  the  same 
time  Benedict  Crowell,  who  had  succeeded  William  M.  Ingraham  as 
Assistant  Secretary  of  War  on  November  11,  1917,  while  continuing 
to  have  general  charge  of  War*  Department  administration,  was  ap- 
pointed Director  of  Munitions,  and  as  such  was  made  responsible  for 
procuring  and  furnishing  the  Army  in  the  field  the  material  required 
for  its  military  operations,  except  that  required  for  the  Air  Service. 
Newton  D.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT,  AUDITOR  FOR  THE. 

The  office  of  Auditor  for  the  War  Department  is  one  of  the  six 
branches  of  the  Treasury  Department  which  audit  the  accounts  of 
one  or  more  of  the  executive  departments  of  the  Government.  The 
Auditor  for  the  War  Department  is  charged  with  the  receipt  and  set- 
tlement of  all  accounts  and  claims  of  the  War  Department  and  the 
Military  Establishment  and  the  Panama  Canal.  The  war-time  in- 
cumbent was  J.  L.  Baity. 

WAR  FINANCE  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE. 

Created  March  8,  1917,  to  report  on  how  the  financial  burden  of 
Avar  should  be  distributed.  The  committee  submitted  a  report  on 
April  19,  1917,  in  favor  of  a  scheme  of  heavy  taxation.  W.  D. 
Simons,  chairman. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      495 
WAR  FINANCE  CORPORATION. 

A  financial  corporation,  governmental  in  character  and  control, 
created  by  act  of  Congress  of  April  5,  1918,  to  provide  financial  as- 
sistance to  enterprises  engaged  in  the  production  of  war  materials  or 
otherwise  of  vital  public  interest.  The  fundamental  purpose  of  the 
act  was  to  provide  relief  for  essential  industries  unable  to  secure 
sufficient  funds,  with  corollary  objectives  such  as  protection  of  the 
Treasury  against  the  difficulties  that  would  follow  a  general  liquida- 
tion of  securities  and  the  creation  of  machinery  by  which  banks 
could  discount  securities  not  eligible  for  Federal  reserve  discount. 
The  act  authorized  the  corporation  to  lend  funds  to  banking  insti- 
tutions that  had  made  loans  to  or  bought  securities  from  war  indus- 
tries, to  make  loans  to  any  savings  institution  or  building  and  loan 
association  when  such  loans  would  be  in  the  public  interest,  to  make 
advances  directly  "  in  exceptional  cases  "  to  individuals  or  corpora- 
tions engaged  in  war  work  and  unable  to  procure  credit  through 
ordinary  channels  and  to  buy  and  sell  bonds  and  other  obligations  of 
the  United  States.  The  authorized  capital,  $500,000,000,  was  to  be 
provided  by  the  Government,  while  additional  resources  could  be  se- 
cured by  the  sale  of  bonds  to  the  public  in  amounts  to  six  times  the 
paid-in  capital.  The  corporation  was  to  cease  active  operations  six 
months  after  the  formal  termination  of  the  war,  and  not  less  than 
12  months  after  its  termination  the  corporation  was  to  begin  liquida- 
tion of  its  affairs.  The  corporation  was  to  be  controlled  by  five  di- 
rectors, one  of  them  to  be  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  remain- 
ing four  to  be  appointed  by  the  President.  From  the  date  of  or- 
ganization to  December  1,  1918,  the  corporation  received  from  the 
Government  $140,000,000  in  paid-in  capital  and  made  loans  of  more 
than  $71,000,000.  Of  the  loans  made,  more  than  $39,000,000  was  ad- 
vanced to  public  utility  corporations.  The  remainder  went  to  canning 
industries,  to  banks  financing  crop  movements,  to  cattle  raisers,  and 
to  miscellaneous  fields  of  industry.  The  corporation  rendered  serv- 
ices in  many  cases  without  actual  advances,  both  by  assurances  of  aid 
which  restored  private  confidence  in  the  enterprises  concerned  and 
by  promoting  private  relief  for  industries  in  difficulties.  The  cor- 
poration issued  no  bonds  prior  to  the  armistice.  Since  the  armistice 
the  corporation's  activities  have  been  enlarged.  The  financial  diffi- 
culties of  the  railroads  in  financing  equipment  obligations  are  being 
met  in  part  by  advances  by  the  corporation.  By  the  act  of  March 
3,  1919,  the  corporation  was  authorized  to  advance  sums  to  the 
amount  of  $1,000,000,000,  within  one  year  from  the  termination  of 
the  war,  to  exporters  of  domestic  goods  or  to  banks  financing  such 
exports.  The  paid-in  capital  has  been  increased  to  $350,000,000,  and 
the  corporation  has  floated  an  issue  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$200,000,000.  The  corporation  has  purchased  approximately  $911,- 
000,000  of  Liberty  bonds,  of  which  more  than  $603,000,000  were  re- 
sold, in  large  part  to  the  Treasury.  The  war-time  board  of  directors 
was  as  follows:  W.  G.  McAdoo  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury),  W. 
P.  G.  Harding  (Federal  Reserve  Board),  C.  M.  Leonard,  Augus  W. 
McLean,  and  Eugene  Meyer,  jr.  After  the  armistice  Secretary 
McAdoo  was  succeeded  by  Secretary  Carter  Glass,  and  Mr.  Harding 
was  succeeded,  as  managing  director  only,  by  Mr.  Meyer. 


496       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 
WAE  INDUSTRIES  BOAKD. 

Created  July  28,  1917,  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  to  act- 
as  a  clearing  house  for  Government  war-industry  needs.  Under  its 
chairman,  F.  A.  Scott,  chairman  of  the  General  Munitions  Board, 
who  resigned  October  26,  1917,  and  Daniel  Willard,  who  resigned 
January  11,  1918,  the  War  Industries  Board  took  over  the  functions 
of  the  General  Munitions  Board  and  of  the  Advisory  Commission  of 
the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  multiplicity  of  Government 
agencies  tended  to  make  the  advisory  character  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  nugatory  and  diffuse;  and  according  to  the  daily  press 
the  duties  of  the  board  were  perfunctory  and  the  new  agency  virtu- 
ally abandoned  during  January  and  February  after  the  chairman?s 
resignation.  The  interim,  however,  was  a  time  of  adjustment,  not  of 
importance  as  regarded  functional  value  but  of  jurisdiction.  The 
board  was  reorganized  March  4,  1918,  by  the  President  in  a  letter 
which  asked  Bernard  M.  Baruch  to  accept  the  chairmanship  of  the- 
board,  and  at  the  same  time  outlined  its  functions,  constitution,  and 
action.  The  board  was  made  a  separate  Executive  Agency  by  the 
President  on  May  28,  1918.  The  War  Industries  Board,'  broadly 
speaking,  was  to  be  the  "  general  eye  of  all  supply  departments  in  the 
field  of  industry,"  its  function,  to  obtain  materials  for  military  pur- 
poses with  the  minimum  dislocation  of  industry ;  to  restrict  non-war 
production,  and  to  fix  maximum  prices ;  and  more  explicitly,  accord- 
ing to  the  President's  letter,  the  functions  of  the  board  were  to  be : 
(1)  Creation  of  facilities  and  opening  of  sources  of  supply;  (2)  con- 
version of  existing  facilities,  where  necessary,  to  new  uses;  (3)  con- 
servation of  resources  and  facilities;  (4)  advice  to  Government  pur- 
chasing agencies  as  to  prices;  (5)  determination  of  priorities  of  pro- 
duction and  delivery,  and  of  proportions  when  supplies  were  insuffi- 
cient; (6)  purchases  for  allies.  Most  important  was  the  stipulation 
that  "  the  ultimate  decision  of  all  questions,  except  the  determination 
of  prices,  should  rest  always  with  the  chairman."  The  board  threw 
itself  upon  the  country  as  a  "  public  agency,  which  wished  public 
confidence  and  cooperation,"  and  its  great  service  was  shown  posi- 
tively by  results  and  by  general  conmmendation,  and  negatively  by 
an  almost  entire  absence  of  public  criticism.  The  board  performed 
its  joint  function  on  prices  through  the  affiliated  Price  Fixing  Com- 
mittee, centralized  its  activities  by  weekly  meetings  of  commodity 
chiefs,  and  decentralized  its  work  through  subordinate  agencies,, 
termed  divisions  and  sections,  and  the  Purchasing  Commission  for 
the  allies.  The  names  of  the  divisions  were  changed  from  time  to 
time,  but  on  September  1, 1918,  were:  Labor,  Requirements,  Finished 
Products,  Priorities,  Conservation,  Planning  and  Statistics,  Chemi- 
cal, Explosives,  Steel,  Textile,  and  Facilities.  The  President,  in  letter 
of  November  30, 1918,  accepted  the  resignation  of  Chairman  Baruch, 
and  the  War  Industries  Board  ceased  to  exist  January  1, 1919.  Many 
divisions  and  sections  had  completed  their  work  and  were  disbanded 
by  that  date,  but  the  permanent  activities  were  turned  over  to  other 
Government  departments,  in  the  main  to  the  War  Trade  Board. 

See  Council  of  National  Defense'  General  Munitions  Board;  Ad- 
visory Commission;  National  War  Labor  Board;  Price  Fixing  Com- 
mittee; Purchasing  Commission. 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      497 
WAE  INDUSTRIES  ABROAD  SECTION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  July  1,  1918,  to  search  foreign  publications,  official  docu- 
ments, and  periodicals  for  information  of  interest  to  the  War  In- 
dustries Board.  The  section  was  transferred  formally  to  the  War 
Trade  Board,  December  31,  1918.  Margaret  Goldsmith,  chief. 

WAR  LABOR  ADMINISTRATION. 

See  Labor,  Department  of. 

WAR  LABOR  CONFERENCE  BOARD. 

Established  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor  acting  as  labor  adminis- 
trator upon  the  advice  of  his  Advisory  Council.  Its  purpose  was  to 
formulate  a  set  of  principles  that  should  guide  the  war  labor  ad- 
ministration. In  January,  1919,  Secretary  Wilson  called  upon  the 
National  Industrial  Conference  Board  and  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor,  as  the  representatives  of  employers  and  wage  earners, 
respectively,  to  send  five  persons  each  to  a  war  labor  conference. 
Each  group  was  invited  to  choose  a  chairman  who  should  preside 
upon  alternate  days.  William  Howard  Taft  and  Frank  P.  Walsh 
were  the  chairmen  selected.  The  board  met  in  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton and  on  March  29  presented  to  the  Secretary  a  unanimous  report 
laying  down  the  principles  and  policies  that  should  govern  the 
relations  between  workers  and  employers  in  war  industries  for  the 
duration  of  the  war.  The  most  noteworthy  principles  in  brief  were 
as  follows:  The  right  of  both  employers  and  employees  to  organize 
and  bargain  collectively  should  be  recognized;  no  attempts  should 
be  made  to  change  existing  relations  as  regards  "  closed  "  or  "  open  " 
shop  conditions  or  recognition  of  the  unions;  where  women  were 
substituted  for  men  they  should  be  accorded  equal  pay  for  equal 
work;  in  fixing  wages  minimum  rates  of  pay  should  be  established 
as  to  insure  the  subsistence  of  the  worker  and  his  family  in  health 
and  reasonable  comfort.  This  Conference  Board  also  recommended 
the  creation  of  a  National  War  Labor  Board  to  adjust  labor  disputes 
in  fields  of  productions  necessary  to  the  effective  conduct  of  the  war. 
It  was  thought  by  Secretary  Wilson  that  the  Conference  Board 
would  be  best  qualified  to  interpret  the  principles  which  it  had 
formulated,  and  he,  therefore,  appointed  the  same  persons  who  made 
up  that  board  as  members  of  the  National  War  Labor  Board,  and 
this  action  was  formally  approved  and  confirmed  by  a  presidential 
proclamation  of  April  8,  1918. 

WAR  LABOR  POLICIES  BOARD,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Created  by  the  Secretary  of  Labor  on  May  13,  1918,  as  part  of 
the  War  Labor  Administration,  according  to  the  recommendation 
of  the  Advisory  Council  to  the  Secretary.  The  board  was  made 
up  of  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Labor,  the  War  De- 
partment, the  Navy  Department,  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corpora- 
tion, the  United  States  Fuel  Administration,  the  United  States 
Food  Administration,  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration, 
and  the  War  Industries  Board.  In  addition  the  board  had  ad- 
visers representing  labor  and  others  qualified  in  business  manago- 

127232—19 82 


498       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

jnent  and  technical  fields.  It  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  har- 
monizing the  policies  of  the  numerous  Government  bodies  handling 
matters  affecting  labor,  whose  policies  had  frequently  been  widely 
-divergent  and  provocative  of  instability  in  labor  conditions.  The 
work  of  the  board  was  to  formulate  and  develop  policies  for  a 
unified  labor  administration.  These  policies  were  then  applied  by 
the  Government  departments  and  organizations  in  dealing  with 
labor  problems.  Consideration  of  the  peculiar  problems  affecting 
each  department  or  organization  was  assured  by  its  representation 
on  the  board.  Some  of  the  problems  handled  by  the  board  were: 
The  elimination  of  labor  turnover,  the  adoption  'of  uniform  stand- 
ards governing  working  conditions,  the  granting  of  exemptions 
from  the  draft  on  industrial  grounds,  the  standardization  of  wages, 
the  prevention  of  profiteering,  and  the  employment  of  women, 
Felix  Frankfurter,  chairman. 

WAR  LOAN  ORGANIZATION,  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

A  Treasury  Department  organization,  created  in  April,  1917,  to 
conduct  the  advertisement,  sale,  and  distribution  of  Liberty  loans. 
The  work  of  the  organization  was  carried  on  through  the  Liberty 
loan  committees  of  the  Federal  reserve  districts  and  the  smaller 
organizations  subordinate  to  the  committees.  Through  its  divisions 
of  publicity,  sales,  and  public  speakers  the  organization  worked 
out  the  plans  for  Liberty  loan  distribution,  organized  and  directed 
the  successive  loan  campaigns,  and  conducted  the  necessary  nation- 
wide publicity  campaigns.  Through  the  National  Woman's  Lib- 
erty Loan  Committee  the  services  of  women  were  enlisted  in  the 
campaigns.  In  October,  1918,  the  organization  took  over  the  super- 
vision of  the  sale  of  war  savings  certificates  and  organized  the  Wai- 
Savings  Division.  The  organization  was  under  the  general  super- 
vision of  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  R.  C.  Leffingwell. 
The  director  of  the  organization  was  L.  B.  Franklin,  in  active  charge 
of  the  sales  division.  R.  W.  Woolley  was  director  of  publicity  dur- 
ing the  first  Liberty  loan  campaign ;  O.  A.  Price  during  the  second, 
and  F.  R.  Wilson  during  the  succeeding  three.  C.  F.  Horner  di- 
rected the  speakers'  bureau  in  the  first  four  campaigns,  and  T.  C. 
Green  in  the  fifth. 

WAR  MINERAL  RELIEF  COMMISSION. 

A  post- war  commission  in  the  Interior  Department,  created  by 
authority  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  March  2,  1919,  to  administer 
that  act's  provisions  for  financial  reparation  to  producers  who  had 
expended  large  sums  for  production  of  certain  war  minerals  and 
consequently  suffered  losses  through  the  signing  of  the  armistice 
before  the  investments  had  been  repaid  by  the  sale  of  products. 
The  membership  of  the  committee  is  as  follows:  M.  D.  Foster, 
P.  N.  Moore,  and  J.  F.  Shafroth. 

WAR  PAY  ROLLS,   COMMITTEE  ON;    UNITED   STATES   CHAMBER  OF   COM- 
MERCE. 

Created  in  April,  1917,  at  the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to 
investigate  the  proper  means  for  caring  for  dependents  of  persons 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       499 

who  entered  military  service.  It  assisted  in  getting  support  for  the 
legislation  for  allotments,  allowances,  and  insurance.  F.  A.  Seiber- 
ling,  chairman. 

WAR  PLANS  DIVISION,  GENERAL  STAFF. 

Created  by  General  Orders,  Xo.  14,  War  Department,  dated  Feb- 
ruary 9,  1918,  from  the  former  "War  College  Division  to  undertake 
the  study  of  and  submit  reports  upon  all  matters  referred  by  the 
Chief  of  Staff.  As  organized  on  August  26,  1918  (G.  O.  80,  W.  D.), 
this  division  was  held  responsible  for  the  plans  for  the  organization 
of  all  branches  of  the  Army,  including  the  preparation  of  tables  of 
organization,  for  research  and  invention  in  equipment  and  war  ma- 
terial, for  projects  for  national  defense,  for  proposed  legislation  and 
the  preparation  of  regulations  and  rules  for  the  military  establish- 
ment, for  the  training  of  the  Army  and  inspection  thereof  for  ef- 
ficiency and  thoroughness,  which  included  the  supervision  of  mili- 
tary education  and  special  training,  for  the  publication  of  foreign 
documents  relating  to  military  affairs,  and  for  the  collection  and 
compilation  of  complete  military  records  for  historical  purposes. 
This  division  operated  through  the  following  branches:  (1)  Wai- 
Plans;  (2)  Training  and  Instruction;  (3)  Legislation,  Regulations 
and  Rules;  (4)  Historical;  and  in  addition  the  Inventions  Section. 
Directors  of  the  War  College  Division  and  its  successor,  the  War 
Plans  Division,  who  are  assistant  chiefs  of  staff  and  are  authorized  to 
issue  instructions  regarding  matters  within  their  control  in  the  name 
of  the  Secretary  of  War  for  carrying  out  the  policies  approved  by 
the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Chief  of  Staff  during  the  War  of  1917, 
have  been  as  follows:  Brig.  Gen.  J.  E.  Kuhn,  to  August  25,  1917; 
Col.  P.  D.  Lochridge  (acting),  August  26,  1917,  to  January  10,  1918; 
Col.  D.  W.  Ketcham  (acting),  January  11  to  April  30,  1918;  Brig. 
Gen.  Lytle  Brown,  May  1,  1918,  to  June  13.  1919;  Maj.  Gen.  W.  J. 
Haan,  June  13,  1919,  to  date. 

WAR    PRISON    LABOR    AND    NATIONAL    WASTE-RECLAMATION    SECTION, 
LABOR   DIVISION,   WAR  INDUSTRIES   BOARD. 

Formed  December  17, 1917,  under  Dr.  E.  Stagg  Whitin  as  chairman, 
to  secure  governmental  cooperation  in  reclamation  of  man  power 
and  waste  material;  utilization  of  prisoners'  labor  and  standardiza- 
tion of  industries  in  penal  institutions;  reeducation  by  vocational 
training,  of  crippled  soldiers,  sailors,  and  those  injured  in  industry; 
and  development  of  camp  gardens.  This  section  was  in  active  co- 
operation with  the  Reclamation  Division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 
On  January  1,  1918,  the  work  of  the  section  was  transferred  to  the 
Department  of  Commerce. 

WAR  RISK  INSURANCE. 

See  Allotment  and  War  Kisk  Inxura,nce  7>/VAv/07?,  Department  of 
th-e  Navy. 

WAR  RISK  INSURANCE,  BUREAU  OF;  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  by  act  of  Congress  of  September  2,  1914,  under  the  super- 
vision of  a  director,  as  a  Treasury  Department  bureau  in  charge  of 
the  system  of  governmental  marine  insurance  established  by  the  act. 


500       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAK  OF  1917. 

By  the  act  of  June  12,  1917,  its  scope  was  enlarged  to  include  in- 
surance for  officers  and  crews  of  merchant  vessels,  and  by  act  of 
October  6,  1917,  to  include  the  system  of  governmental  insurance  for 
soldiers  and  sailors.  The  latter  act  established  in  the  bureau  the  Di- 
vision of  Marine  and  Seamen's  Insurance  and  the  Division  of  Mili- 
tary and  Naval  Insurance.  W.  C.  De  Lanoy  was  director  of  the 
bureau  from  September  2,  1914,  to  October  5,  1918.  H.  D.  Brown 
was  director  pro  tempore  until  December  17,  1918,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  H.  D.  Lindsley,  who  was  succeeded  by  Col.  R.  G.  Chol- 
meley-Jones,  May  19,  1919. 

WAK  SERVICE  EXCHANGE,  ADJUTANT  GENERAL,  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  January  18,  1918,  by  The  Adjutant  General  to  deal 
with  offers  of  service  to  the  War  Department  and  to  supply  men 
for  special  purposes  in  the  Army.  This  exchange  organized  a  re- 
cruiting force  through  which  demand  for  highly  specialized  per- 
sonnel could  be  issued  and  filled.  The  Engineering  Council,  the  Pub- 
lic Service  Reserve  cooperated  with  the  exchange,  and  on  April  15, 
1918,  the  Intercollegiate  Intelligence  Bureau  was  absorbed.  It  was 
transferred  to  the  Operations  Division  of  the  General  Staff  and  con- 
solidated with  the  Commissioned  Personnel  Section.  Lieut.  Col. 
E.  N.  Sanctuary,  succeeeded  by  Winslow  Russell,  chief. 

WAR   SERVICE   EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE,    CHAMBER    OF    COMMERCE    OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Organized  April  10,  1918,  succeeding  the  War  Committee.  The 
committee  had  the  same  general  functions  but  wider  authority.  The 
work  of  organized  War  Service  Committees,  which  had  been  started 
in  the  fall  of  1917  to  succeed  the  advisory  committees  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  National  Defense,  was  continued  through  1918,  and  at  the 
signing  of  the  armistice  400  had  been  organized  and  were  at  work. 
This  was  done  under  W.  H.  Mauss  as  director  of  War  Service  Com- 
mittees. Joseph  H.  Defrees  was  chairman  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee. 

WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Organized  by  Executive  order  October  12,  1917,  pursuant  to  the 
trading  with  the  enemy  act  of  October  6,  1917,  under  Vance  C. 
McCormick,  chairman,  with  members  representing  the  Departments 
of  State,  Treasury,  Agriculture,  and  Commerce,  the  Shipping  Board, 
and  the  Food  Administration.  In  addition  to  new  powers  given  by 
the  act,  it  took  over  functions  hitherto  exercised  by  the  Exports  Ad- 
ministrative Board,  under  the  espionage  act  of  June  15,  1917.  Its 
chief  functions  were  to  injure  the  enemy  by  restricting  his  trade  and 
stiffening  the  blockade,  and  to  conserve  shipping  and  commodities 
for  American  and  allied  use.  It  negotiated  trade  agreements  with 
neutral  countries  whereby  these  might  receive  their  necessary  im- 
ports from  the  United  States  without  thereby  contributing  to  the 
strength  of  the  enemy.  Its  subordinate  bodies  included  the  Bureaus 
of  Administration,  Branches  and  Customs,  Enemy  Trade,  Exports, 
Foreign  Agents,  Imports,  Research,  Tabulation  and  Statistics, 
Transportation,  War  Trade  Intelligence,  the  Division  of  Informa- 
tion, the  Contraband  Committee,  and  the  Russian  Bureau  (Inc.). 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       501 

WAR    TRADE    COMMITTEE,   NATIONAL   ASSOCIATION    OF   IMPORTERS    OF 
HIDES  AND  SKINS  (INC.). 

A  committee  of  five  members,  created  January  1,  1918,  to  act  for 
the  parent  association  "  with  the  Government  in  a  confidential  way, 
and  to  furnish  the  members  of  the  Association  with  various  rulings 
of  governmental  bodies  affecting  the  importing  and  exporting  con- 
ditions of  hides  and  skins."  The  committee  did  not  publish  the 
minutes  of  its  meetings,  but  issued  a  total  of  109  bulletins  running 
from  January  24  to  December  28,  1918,  in  which  the  trade  was  kept 
informed  of  actions  and  rulings  of  governmental  boards  and  trade 
agencies.  Maj.  F.  H.  Briggs,  chairman. 

WAR  TRADE  COUNCIL. 

Created  by  Executive  order,  October  12,  1917,  under  trading  with 
the  enemy  act,  and  included  the  Secretaries  of  State,  Treasury,  Agri- 
culture, and  Commerce,  the  United  States  Food  Administrator,  and 
the  chairman  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  It  superseded 
the  Exports  Council,  which  had  been  created  under  the  espionage  act, 
and  was  expected  to  function  in  an  advisory  capacity  upon  matters 
referred  to  it  by  the  President,  or  the  War  Trade  Board  which  was 
itself  composed  of  representatives  of  the  War  Trade  Council. 

WAR  TRADE  INTELLIGENCE,  BUREAU  OF;  WAR  TRADE  BOARD. 

Digests  and  studies  the  reports  from  special  agents  and  other 
sources,  including  the  military  and  naval  intelligence  officers,  and  the 
Economic  Intelligence  Section  of  the  State  Department,  upon  trade 
in  foreign  countries,  actually  a  secret  service  organization  which 
studied  the  character  of  consignors  and  consignees  and  compiles  the 
Enemy  Trading  List.  In  charge*  of  Paul  Fuller,  jr.,  until  December 
15,  1918. 

WAR   WORK   EXTENSION   DIVISION,   BUREAU    OF   EDUCATION,   DEPART- 
MENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

Organized  May  2,  1918,  to  develop  and  direct  interest  and  activity 
in  Americanization  throughout  the  country.  It  cooperated  with 
various  departments  of  the  Government  and  with  other  organizations 
in  work  relating  to  immigrants.  Patriotism  was  stimulated  in  schools 
and  industrial  plants.  The  division  was  merged  with  the  Division 
of  Immigrant  Education  to  form  the  Americanization  Division  in 
September,  1918.  Joseph  Mayper,  chairman. 


WAR- GAS  INVESTIGATIONS,  BUREAU  OF  MINES,   DEPARTMENT   OF   THE 
INTERIOR. 

The  war-gas  investigations  had  their  origin  in  the  work  done  by 
the  Bureau  of  Mines  in  connection  with  noxious  and  explosive  gases 
found  in  mines.  Early  in  1917  the  bureau  took  up  the  investigation 
of  breathing  apparatus  for  the  Navy,  and  in  April  the  War  and 
Navy  Departments  through  the  Military  Committee  of  the  National 
Eesearch  Council  authorized  the  Bureau  of  Mines  to  test  gas  masks 
and  self-contained  breathing  apparatus  for  military  and  naval  use. 
A  research  staff  was  organized  and  the  work  expanded  from  devis- 


502       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

ing  gas  masks  to  the  study  of  poison  gases,  smoke  screens,  chemicals 
and  chemical  appliances  for  offensive  warfare.  At  the  request  of 
the  War  Department  in  May,  1917,  the  bureau  designed  and  had 
manufactured  20,000  gas  mask  for  oversea  shipment.  In  July, 
1917,  the  actual  manufacture  of  gas  masks  was  transferred  to  the 
Surgeon  General's  Office.  Allotments  of  funds  for  the  research  work 
of  the  bureau  were  made  by  the  War  and  Navy  Departments.  A 
great  research  laboratory  and  experiment  station  was  established 
on  the  grounds  in  buildings  of  the  American  University  in  Wash- 
ington. On  June  25,  1918,  by  Executive  order  the  research  work 
on  war  gases  was  placed  under  the  control  of  the  War  Department 
for  operation  under  the  Director  of  Gas  Service  of  the  Army.  G.  A. 
Burrell,  later  colonel,  was  director  in  charge  of  war-gas  investigations. 

WAR-MINERALS  INVESTIGATIONS,  BUREAU  OF  MINES,  DEPARTMENT  OF 
THE  INTERIOR. 

Before  the  United  States  declared  war  against  Germany  the 
Bureau  of  Mines  had  been  investigating  methods  of  increasing  the 
available  supplies  of  certain  metals  and  minerals,  largely  imported, 
such  as  manganese,  nickel,  and  potash,  which  were  difficult  to  obtain 
because  of  the  German  submarine  campaign.  After  the  entrance 
of  this  country  into  the  war,  the  need  of  these  and  other  metals  be- 
came of  urgent  importance  in  assuring  munitions  for  the  Army  and 
Navy.  Accordingly,  the  Bureau  ^1  Mines  made  systematic  efforts  to 
increase  the  available  supply  of  these  commodities,  giving  especial 
attention  to  manganese,  tungsten,  molybdenum,  chrome,  quick- 
silver, pyrite,  sulphur,  graphite,  and  tin.  In  March,  1918,  Congress 
appropriated  $150,000  under  the  urgent  deficiency  bill  to  extend 
and  continue  the  investigations  relating  to  minerals  of  military  im- 
portance. A  research  organization,  termed  the  War  Minerals  In- 
vestigations, was  built  up  to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  the  act.  It 
was  composed  of  about  one  hundred  persons,  of  whom  about  ninety 
were  mining  engineers,  metallurgists,  or  chemists.  The  work  was 
temporarily  under  the  direction  of  D.  A/  Lyoii.  Later  J.  E.  Spurr 
wras  put  in  charge  as  chief  executive. 

WAR  ZONE  PASS  COMMISSION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD. 

On  January  22,  1918,  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  approved 
a  resolution  of  the  National  Adjustment  Commission  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  commission  to  have  charge  of  the  issuance,  supervision,  and 
revocation  of  passes  to  longshoremen  in  the  war  zone  on  the  New 
York  water  front.  The  War  Zone  Pass  Commission  was  appointed 
for  this  purpose  in  February  by  the  chairman  of  the  National  Ad- 
justment Commission,  and  consisted  of  three  members  who  repre- 
sented, respectively,  the  Government  and  public,  the  .shipping  in- 
terests, and  the  longshoremen.  D.  D.  Walton,  chairman. 

WAREHOUSE  DISTRIBUTION,  BUREAU   OF;    STEEL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  July  22,  1918,  with  Andrew  Wheeler,  chief,  who  had  been 
selected  July  9,  19i8,  by  the  American  Iron,  Steel,  and  Heavy  Hard- 
ware Association  to  act  as  their  representative  to  confer  with  the 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAIl  OF  1917.       503 

Priorities  Committee.  The  bureau  listed  all  the  warehouses  in  the 
country  and  divided  them  into  classes  according  to  tonnage  sold  per 
month.  It  notified  the  trade  on  November  18,  1918,  on  instruction  of 
the  Priorities  Committee  that  all  restrictions  as  to  sale  and  purchase 
had  been  removed. 

WAREHOUSING  DIVISION,  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

( Created  October  1C,  1917.  For  the  period  January  11  to  February 
13, 1918,  it  was  known  as  Storage  Division.  This  division  had  super- 
vision of  supply  depots  and  of  the  apportionment  and  distribution  of 
supplies,  determination  of  requirements,  handling  of  cablegrams, 
and  oversea  requisitions.  It  functioned  through  the  following 
branches:  Central  Office  Service,  Planning,  Depot,  Overseas,  Stor- 
age, Cable  Service  Branch.  The  division  was  abolished  April  16r 
1918,  and  the  duties  were  transferred  to  the  Depot  Division.  Maj. 
A.  K.  Williams,  Maj.  F.  B.  Wells,  L.  M.  Nicolson,  successively  acted: 
as  chief. 

WARM  AIR  REGISTERS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  October  10,  1918,  with  Walter  G.  Bailey  as  chairman 
to  represent  the  manufacturers  of  warm  air  registers. 

WASHING  MACHINE  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  24,  1917,  at  a  meeting  of  all  producers  of 
washing  machines,  with  full  power  to  act  for  the  industry.  The 
activities  of  the  committee  resulted  in  the  elimination  of  the  manu- 
facture of  420  distinct  styles  and  models  of  washing  machines  during 
the  war.  The  steel  requirements  were  cut  over  50  per  cent  of  the 
1917  consumption  of  iron  and  steel.  All  iron  and  steel  were  distrib- 
uted to  the  industry  through  the  committee  under  the  direction  of 
the  Priorities  Division  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Samuel  T. 
White,  chairman. 

WASTE  MATERIAL  DEALERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  in  1917  to  represent  every  branch  of  the  waste  material 
business.  The  members  of  the  committee  acted  as  chairmen  of 
subcommittees.  Two  special  subcommittees  were  formed  to  confer 
with  the  Woolen  Rag  and  Fiber  Administrator  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  in  reference  to  prices  and  embargoes.  Louis  Birkeii- 
stein,  chairman,  succeeded  by  Emanuel  Salomon. 

WASTE  RECLAMATION  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

The  Department  of  Commerce  took  up,  on  January  1,  1919,  the 
work  of  the  War  Prison  Labor  and  Xational  Waste  Reclamation 
Section  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  This  action  was  authorized 
by  the  President  hi  order  to  develop  a  national  movement  for  the 
conservation  of  industrial  materials.  The  service  reported  directly 
to  the  Secretary  of  Commerce.  Its  purpose  was  to  investigate,  de- 
velop, and  popularize  scientific  methods  of  conserving  waste  prod- 
ucts and  returning  them  to  productive  use.  Since  the  signing  of  the 
armistice  the  service  was  instrumental  in  finding  a  new  outlet  for 
Army  supplies  to  be  disposed  of  by  the  War  Department  without 


504       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

disturbance  to  the  market.  The  plan  consisted  in  the  sale  of  such 
material  to  State,  county,  and  municipal  institutions.  It  was  found 
feasible  by  the  War  Department,  and  the  service  advised  the  insti- 
tutions of  the  opportunity  for  purchasing.  The  service  also  recom- 
mended the  utilization  of  the  labor  of  inmates  of  penal  institutions 
in  renovating  worn  or  damaged  articles.  Because  of  failure  of 
appropriation  for  its  continuance,  the  service  lapsed  on  June  30, 1919. 
H.  L.  Balclensperger,  chief. 

WATER  PURIFYING  EQUIPMENT  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  24,  1918,  with  Samuel  Robert  as  chairman, 
to  represent  the  entire  industry  of  softening,  filtering,  and  purifying 
water  for  every  purpose.  Many  important  waterworks  improve- 
ments were  executed  for  the  Government  by  the  committee. 

WATER  RESOURCES  BRANCH,  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

The  branch  conducted  extensive  investigation  of  surface  and 
ground  waters,  but  independently  and  by  cooperating  with  State 
and  Federal  organizations,  both  to  help  in  the  increase  of  produc- 
tion where  agricultural  lands  needed  irrigation,  and  to  classify  the 
public  lands  with  reference  to  future  use  of  water.  It  furnished 
data  concerning  camp  water  supplies,  made  tests  of  water  and  esti- 
mates of  quantity  available  at  the  proposed  site  of  war  industries 
plants,  and  made  a  survey  of  water  conditions  along  the  Mexican 
border  west  of  Nogales,  Ariz.,  and  of  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Region. 
It  functioned  through  the  following  di-visions :  Surface  Waters,  John 
C.  Hoyt,  in  charge ;  Ground  Waters,  O.  E.  Meinzer,  in  charge ;  Qual- 
ity of  Water,  Alfred  A.  Chambers,  in  charge;  Water  Utilization, 
N.  C.  Grover,  in  charge;  Enlarged  and  Stock-Grazing  Homesteads, 
H.  C.  Cloudman,  in  charge ;  and  Power  Resources,  W.  B.  Heroy,  in 
charge.  N.  C.  Grover  was  in  charge  of  the  branch. 

WATER    TRANSPORT    BRANCH,    TRANSPORTATION    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Established  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war  under  the  name  of  Water 
Transportation  Branch,  the  designation  ^  being  changed  April  16, 
1918,  to  the  Water  Transport  Branch,  which  was  separated  from  the 
Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  and  transferred  to  the  Embarka- 
tion Division,  Office  of  the  Director  of  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic, 
Col.  R.  J.  Burt,  chief. 

WEATHER  BUREAU,  UNITED  STATES,  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

One  of  the  permanent  agencies  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
It  continued  its  normal  activities  during  the  war,  some  of  which, 
however,  were  adapted  for  military  uses.  For  example,  information 
concerning  climatic  conditions  was  of  great  value  in  deciding  upon 
the  location  of  military  camps  and  cantonments.  Knowledge  of 
meteorological  conditions  was  also  indispensable  in  the  development 
of  military  aeronautics  and  in  planning  and  carrying  out  flights  by 
airplanes  and  dirigible  balloons.  The  Chief  of  the  Weather  Bureau, 
Charles  F.  Marvin,  was,  by  law,  a  member  of  the  National  Advisory 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       505 

Committee  for  Aeronautics,  which  was  during  the  war  concerned 
with  military  aviation.  He  was  also  by  selection  a  member  of  the 
National  Research  Council.  The  following  agencies  of  the  Weather 
Bureau  performed  war  service:  The  Aerological,  Forecast,  Climato- 
logical,  and  Instrument  Divisions,  and  the  library  of  the  bureau. 

WEATHERPROOF  WIRE  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  September  10,  1918,  with  Walter  F.  Field  as  chairman. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Electrical  Industry  on  December  13,  1918,  it  was 
decided  to  continue  the  committee  in  service. 

WELFARE  WORK,  SUBCOMMITTEE  ON;    COMMITTEE  ON  LABOR,  COUNCIL 
OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organization  started  shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Labor  in  April,  1917.  It  has  a  membership  of  approxi- 
mately 400  representatives  of  employers  and  workers  and  technical 
experts,  all  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers,  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Labor.  It  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining 
and  improving  working  conditions  among  employees  in  war  indus- 
tries. Its  activities  consisted  in  investigation,  education  by  means  of 
literature,  lectures,  moving  pictures,  etc.,  and  cooperation  with  other 
bodies  in  forming  agencies  to  accomplish  its  ends — training  schools, 
for  example.  It  carried  on  its  work  through  various  sectional  com- 
mittees, whose  names  indicate  their  functions — Industrial  Safety, 
Sanitation,  Industrial  Training,  Housing,  and  Recreation.  Most 
of  the  functions  of  the  committee  were  assumed  by  the  various  serv- 
ices of  the  War  Labor  Administration  in  the  Department  of  Labor, 
upon  their  organization  about  the  middle  of  1918.  The  subcommittee 
was  directed  by  an  executive  committee  composed  of  about  nine 
leading  citizens.  Chairman,  L.  A.  Coolidge,  chairman  of  the  Welfare 
Department  of  the  National  Civic  Federation  and  treasurer  of  the 
United  Shoe  Machinery  Co.  of  Boston. 

See  Investigation  and  Inspection  Services,  United  States  Training 
Service,  Information  and  Education  Service,  Working  Conditions 
Service,  Bureau  of  Industrial  Housing  and  Transportation — all  of 
the  Department  of  Labor. 

WESTERN  REGION,  UNITED  STATES  RAILROAD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  January  18, 1918.  The  Western  Region,  as  originally  con- 
stituted, included  the  roads  in  the  territory  west  of  Lake  Michigan 
and  of  the  Indiana-Illinois  State  line  to  the  Ohio  River,  and  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River  from  the  Ohio  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
excepting  the  roads  in  Illinois  included  in  the  Eastern  Region  and 
those  roads  of  Illinois  and  Indiana  included  in  the  Southern  Region. 
R.  H.  Aishton,  president  of  the  Chicago  &  North  Western,  was  ap- 
pointed regional  director  with  an  office  at  Chicago.  On  June  11, 
1918,  the  Western  Region  was  subdivided  into  the  Northwestern, 
Central  Western,  and  Southwestern  Regions. 

WHEAT  EXPORT  COMPANY. 

This  company  represented  the  Royal  Commission  on  Wheat  Sup- 
plies and  had  charge  of  all  purchase  and  exportations  of  wheat  and 


506       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

cereals  to  the  allies.     The  grain  was  purchased  through  the  United 
States  Grain  Corporation  after  that  corporation  was  established. 

WHEAT  FAIR  PRICE  COMMITTEE. 

Appointed  by  the  President  August  15,  1917,  to  determine  a  fair 
basic  price  to  be  paid  in  the  Government  purchases  of  wheat,  under 
the  provisions  of  section  11  of  the  food  and  fuel  act  of  August  10, 
J  917.  The  report  of  the  committee  was  made  August  30,  1917,  when 
it  was  recommended  that  the  price  of  Xo.  1  northern  spring  wheat  at 
Chicago  be  $2.20  per  bushel.  Harry  A.  Garfield,  chairman. 

WHEEL  MANUFACTURERS'  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  at  the  request  of  the  War  Industries  Board  and  United 
States  Chamber  of  Commerce  on  October  26,  1917,  representing  40 
manufacturers  of  Avood  wheels  for  motor  and  horse  drawn  vehicles. 
The  committee  functioned  for  the  benefit  of  the  industry  in  aid  of 
the  Government's  plans,  keeping  manufacturers  informed  of  Gov- 
ernment requirements,  specifications,  location  of  raw  materials,  and 
in  general  acted  as  a  clearing  house  for  information.  Thomas  M. 
White,  chairman. 

WHOLESALE    AND    RETAIL    SECTION,    DISTRIBUTION    DIVISION,    UNITED 
STATES  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION. 

Organized  April  12,  1918.  The  section  had  in  charge  problems  of 
regulation  for  wholesalers,  retailers,  brokers,  and  commission 
merchants.  These  were  licensed  November  1,  1917.  and  required  to 
sell  all  commodities  at  a  reasonable  margin  over  costs.  Retailers 
whose  annual  sales  exceeded  $100,000  came  under  the  same  regula- 
tions. This  section  after  its  organization,  carried  out  the  details 
of  the  plan,  the  work  up  to  April  12,  1918,  having  been  done  in  the 
Distribution  Division  without  an  organized  section.  R.  R.  Williams, 
chief. 

WINDOW  GLASS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  by  the  Building  Materials  Section  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  to  represent  the  industry  with  that  section  and  the 
United  States  Fuel  Administration.  W.  L.  Monro,  chairman. 

WIRE  .CONTROL  BOARD. 

See  Marine  Cable**  Director  of ;  and  Tele(/r«/>hx  and  Telephones, 
Oj>(T(itln</  Board. 

WIRE   CONTROL  BOARD,  UNITED   STATES  TELEGRAPH   AND   TELEPHONE 
ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Wire  Control  Board  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  admin- 
istering the  telegraph  and  telephone  lines  and  later  the  cable  systems. 
It  was  appointed  July  23.  1918,  by  the  Postmaster  General  and  was 
composed  of  Albert  S.  Burleson,  Postmaster  General:  John  C.  Koons, 
First  Assistant  Postmaster  General:  David  J.  Lewis,  Commissioner, 
United  States  Tariff  Commission;  and  William  II.  Lamar,  Solicitor 
for  the  Post  Office  Department.  Mr.  Lewis  later  resigned.  After  the 
cable  systems  were  placed  under  Government  control  in  November,, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       507 

two  organizations  were  created,  subsidiary  to  the  Wire  Control 
Board,  an  Operating  Board  for  Telegraphs  and  Telephones,  and  a 
Director  for  Marine  Cables. 

WIRE    PRODUCTS,    SUBCOMMITTEE    ON;    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE    ON 
STEEL  AND  STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organized  in  June,  1917.  Its  functions  were  taken  over  by  the 
War  Industries  Board,  when  it  wns  dissolved  in  November,  1917. 
Frank  Brooks,  chairman. 

WIRE  ROPE  SUBCOMMITTEE,  AMERICAN  IRON  AND  STEEL  INSTITUTE. 

Appointed  by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  June  15, 1917. 
The  committee  reported  to  the  steel  director.  War  Industries  Board, 
in  regard  to  rope  production,  to  the  Priorities  Committee  in  regard  to 
progress  in  the  Spruce  Production  Division,  and  to  the  Oil  Division, 
United  States  Fuel  Administration,  in  regard  to  wire  rope  for  oil 
drilling.  The  committee  also  allocated  orders  for  the  allies  and, 
on  authority  of  th -\  War  Industries  Board,  orders  for  domestic 
concerns  doing  Government  work.  The  committee  disbanded  De- 
cember 21,  191cS.  Karl  G.  Roebling,  chairman. 

WIRE  ROPE  SUBCOMMITTEE;    COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON  STEEL  AND 
STEEL  PRODUCTS,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  June  15,  1917.  The  committee  had  charge  of  wire  rope 
production  and  the  allocation  of  orders  to  manufacturers.  When  the 
committees  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  were  dissolved,  the 
committee  became  a  subcommittee  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute.  Karl  G.  Roebling.  chairman. 

WIRE-BOUND  BOXES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Formed  in  April,  1918.  The  committee  met  with  the  United  States 
Food  Administi  ation  and  representatives  of  the  Army  and  Xavy  with 
reference  to  the  production  of  food  containers  for  export  and  do- 
mestic use.  Cooperation  was  maintained  with  the  War  Industries 
Board  in  regard  to  the  allotment  of  steel  for  Government  box  pur- 
poses, when  a  shortage  of  steel  threatened,  the  industry  being  given 
preferential  classification.  E.  E.  Ames,  chairman. 

WOMAN'S  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  April  21,  1917,  with  12  members.  Its  purpose  was  to 
act  ao  a  clearing  house  for  the  coordination  of  women's  war  work, 
to  transmit  to  all  the  women  of  the  Nation  the  information  and 
instruction  which  the  Government  designed  for  them,  and  to  stimu- 
late, direct,  and  utilize  the  patriotic  work  of  women.  The  com- 
mittee organized  divisions  in  each  State,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto 
Rico,  which  in  turn  organized  county  and  local  units.  Eighty 
women  s  organizations,  national  in  extent,  were  affiliated  with  the 
committee.  From  the  national  headquarters  in  Washington  bulle- 
tins were  issued  outlining  progress  of  work  and  transmitting  in- 
formation from  Federal  agencies  to  the  \vomen  of  the  country. 
Special  drives  carried  on  at  the  request  of  Government  departments 
included  one  for  Government  workers  for  the  Civil  Service  Com- 


508       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

mission,  and  another  for  student  nurses  for  the  Army  and  civilian 
training  schools.  The  committee  carried  on  its  work  through  the 
following  departments :  State  Organization,  Kegistration,  Food  Pro- 
duction, Food  Administration,  Women  in  Industry,  Child  Welfare, 
Maintenance  of  Existing  Social  Service  Agencies,  Health  and  Kecrea- 
tion,  Education,  Liberty  Loan,  Home  and  Foreign  Eelief  News. 
Dr.  Anna  Howard  Shaw,  chairman. 

WOMAN  IN  INDUSTRY  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Organized  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  the  Ad- 
visory Council  of  the  Secretary  of  Labor  in  the  early  part  of  July, 
1918.  The  section  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  promoting  and 
developing  the  welfare  of  wage-earning  women,  of  improving  the 
working  conditions  of  women  and  advancing  their  opportunities 
for  profitable  employment,  and  of  coordinating  and  controlling 
all  work  in  the  Department  of  Labor  and  other  departments  hav- 
ing to  do  with  any  matter  of  policy  or  procedure  with  reference 
to  women  wage  earners.  As  a  means  to  effecting  coordination  there 
was  organized  for  weekly  conference  a  council  composed  of  women 
representing  every  division  of  the  Department  of  Labor  and  other 
Federal  departments  having  organized  divisions  to  deal  with  prob- 
lems of  woman  in  industry.  Standards  governing  the  employment 
of  women  in  industry  were  formulated  by  the  service  and  adopted 
by  the  War  Labor  Policies  Board.  The  service  cooperated  with 
State  officials  in  securing  enforcement^  State  labor  laws  affecting 
women  and  in  supervising  the  carrying  out  of  the  provisions  of 
Government  contracts  regarding  the  employment  of  women.  Miss 
Mary  Van  Kleeck,  director. 

WOMAN'S  LAND  ARMY  OF  AMERICA. 

Incorporated  under  the  laws  of  New  York  in  May,  1918.  It 
organized  units  of  women  to  go  on  farms  where  a  shortage  of  labor 
existed.  In  most  cases  camps  were  .established  and  maintained 
under  a  supervisor,  the  women  being  taken  to  their  work  on  nearby 
farms,  and  returned  in  the  evening.  In  December,  1918,  arrange- 
ments were  made  for  affiliation  of  the  Land  Army  with  the  De- 
partment of  Labor,  as  the  result  of  which  it  became  the  Woman's 
Land  Army  Division  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service. 
Mrs.  Dorothy  H.  Hubert,  national  director. 

WOMAN'S  LIBERTY  LOAN  COMMITTEE,  NATIONAL. 

A  committee  of  12  women,  appointed  by  Secretary  McAdoo  in 
May,  1917,  to  cooperate  in  the  work  of  the  Treasury's  war  loan  or- 
ganization. The  committee  operated  through  the  subordinate  State 
and  local  organizations,  headed  by  a  chairman  for  each  State  and 
a  chairman  for  each  Federal  reserve  district.  More  than  1,000,000 
volunteer  women  workers  served  in  the  loan  campaigns.  Mrs.  W.  G. 
McAdoo,  chairman. 

WOMEN   IN   INDUSTRY   BRANCH,   INDUSTRIAL    SERVICE    SECTION,    ORD 
NANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

Created  in  December,  1917.  This  branch  advised  with  ordnance 
establishments  on  questions  regarding  the  employment  of  women, 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.      509 

such  as  substitution  ef  women  for  men,  employment  methods,  hours, 
rest  periods,  shop  uniforms,  etc.  It  supervised  the  conditions  of  work 
and  employment  of  women  in  ordnance  establishments  and  made 
recommendations  regarding  exemptions  from  State  laws  affecting 
women  workers.  Miss  Mary  Van  Kleeck,  chief;  succeeded  in  July, 
1918,  by  Mrs.  Clara  M.  Tead. 

WOMEN  IN  INDUSTRY  DEPARTMENT,  WOMAN'S  COMMITTEE,  COUNCIL  OF 
NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

This  department  devoted  its  efforts  largely  to  informing  the 
women  of  the  country  of  the  policy  of  the  Government  regarding 
maintenance  of  standards  for  women  in  employment.  Twenty-seven 
State  divisions  conducted  surveys  to  determine  the  extent  and  effect 
of  replacing  men  by  women  in  industry,  some  'State  divisions  re- 
cruited women  workers,  and  seven  conducted  employment  bureaus 
in  cooperation  with  official  agencies.  Through  the  efforts  of  the. 
department  at  Washington,  a  Housing  Committee,  composed  of  rep- 
resentative women  employees  in  Government  offices,  was  appointed 
to  present  the  view  of  women  employees  to  the  Committee  on  Living 
Conditions  of  the  Department  of  Labor.  Mrs.  James  R.  Field,  ex- 
ecutive chairman  January  to  June,  1918;  Mrs.  Samuel  B.  Harding, 
June  to  October,  1918 ;  Miss  Agnes  Nestor,  chairman. 

WOMEN    IN    INDUSTRY,     SUBCOMMITTEE     ON;     COMMITTEE     ON     LABOR, 
COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Organization  started  shortly  after  the  formation  of  the  Committee 
on  Labor  in  April,  1917.  It  had  a  membership  of  approximately 
100,  representatives  of  labor,  employers,  and  the  general  public,  and 
experts  on  labor,  all  appointed  by  Samuel  Gompers,  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Labor.  It  was  organized  to  jidvise  on  the  em- 
ployment of  women  so  as  to  secure  the  maximum  effectiveness  of 
the  woman  power  of  the  country.  State  committees  were  formed 
in  a  number  of  States,  whose  work  was  supervised  and  coordinated 
by  the  national  committee.  The  committee  conducted  investigations 
of  working  conditions  among  women  doing  war  work  at  various 
places  and  made  recommendations  to  the  Government  departments 
concerned.  The  State  committees  were  active  in  securing  the  en- 
forcement of  State  labor  laws.  Control  was  vested  in  an  executive 
committee  of  about  13  women.  With  the  inauguration  of  the  Woman 
in  Industry  Service  in  the  Department  of  Labor  in  July,  1918,  the 
activities  of  this  committee  practically  ceased.  Mrs.  J.  Borden  Har- 
riman,  chairman,  headquarters,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WOMEN'S  ACTIVITIES,  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE  ON;   NATIONAL  CATHOLIC 
WAR  COUNCIL. 

A  standing  committee  of  the  Committee  on  Special  War  Activities. 
It  directed  the  great  number  of  Catholic  women's  societies  through- 
out the  country  and  created  the  National  Catholic  Women's  Asso- 
ciation, which  conducted  the  work  for  women  and  girls,  including 
protective  and  recreational  work  in  larger  cities  and  industrial  cen- 
ters. It  erected  and  administered  visitors'  houses  in  various  camps 
throughout  the  country  and  sent  women  workers  abroad  to  the 
devastated  areas  and  the  industrial  centers  of  France  and  Italy. 
Rev.  William  J.  Kerby,  chairman. 


510       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

WOMEN  PHYSICIANS,  COMMITTEE  OF;   GENERAL  MEDICAL  BOARD,  COUN- 
CIL OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

The  committee  made  a  survey  of  women  physicians  of  the  country, 
kept  in  touch  with  the  graduating  classes  of  57  coeducational  and 
medical  colleges  for  women,  and  enlisted  women  physicians  for  serv- 
ice in  industrial  plants  and  as  contract  surgeons  for  the  Army.  Dr. 
Rosalie  S.  Norton,  chairman. 

WOMEN'S  SERVICE  SECTION,  DIVISION  OF  LABOR,  UNITED  STATES  RAIL- 
ROAD ADMINISTRATION. 

Created  August  28,  1918.  Its  purpose  was  to  give  consideration  to 
conditions  of  employment  of  women  on  railroads  under  Federal  con- 
trol. General  Orders,  No.  27,  had  provided  that  the  working  condi- 
tions of  women  should  be  healthful  and  fitted  to  their  needs,  that 
the  laws  enacted  for  the  government  of  their  employment  should  be 
observed,  and  that  they  should  receive  the  same  pay  as  men  for  the 
same  class  of  work.  It  was  the  special  function  of  the  Women's 
Service  Section  to  insure  the  observance  of  those  general  directions 
by  the  railroads.  Statistics  were  collected  in  regard  to  the  employ- 
ment of  women,  and  first  hand  information  as  to  actual  conditions 
under  which  women  were  working  was  obtained  through  the  investi- 
gations of  four  field  agents.  The  Women's  Service  Section  presented 
complaints  and  matters  needing  correction  to  the  proper  officials 
and  in  most  instances  was  able  to  secure  the  necessary  changes  and 
adjustments  on  the  presentation  of  the  facts.  Miss  Pauline  Gold- 
mark,  manager. 

WOMEN'S  WAR  WORK,  DIVISION  OF;    COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLIC  INFORMA- 
TION. 

Established  November  1,  1917,  under  the  direction  of  Clara  Sears 
Taylor,  who  administered  it  until  it  was  discontinued  in  July,  1918. 
This  division  encouraged  war  activities  among  women  and  acted  as  a 
clearing  house.  It  issued  much  news  material  in  the  form  of  special 
stories  and  features. 

WOOD  CHEMICAL  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

The  committtee  was  authorized  October,  1917,  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  National  Wood  Chemical  Association.  The  committee 
represented  88  plants  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  acetate  of  lime, 
wood  alcohol,  and  charcoal.  The  total  production  was  commandeered 
for  six  months  December  24,  1917,  and  again  extended  for  a  like 
period  June  14,  1918.  The  committee  was  charged  with  the  <luty  of 
keeping  all  plants  up  to  100  per  cent  production  and  thus  was  con- 
cerned with  keeping  all  plants  supplied  with  fuel  and  raw  materials 
and  adequate  car  service  to  transport  the  finished  product.  The  com- 
mittee cooperated  with  the  War  Industries  Board  and  the  Railroad 
Administration  to  make  their  program  effective.  John  Troy,  chair- 
man. 

WOOD     CHEMICAL    SECTION,     CHEMICALS    DIVISION,     WAR    INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Formed  December  24,  1917,  to  administer  the  requisition  and  com- 
pulsory order  of  same  date,  signed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  covering 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       511 

wood  chemicals,  including  acetate  of  lime,  acetone,  and  crude  and 
refined  wood  alcohol.  The  section  had  monthly  inventories  from  all 
manufacturers  operating  under  the  commandeering  order,  and  kept 
a  record  covering  the  entire  operation  of  the  requisition  and  order 
with  percentage  table  of  deliveries.  It  limited  the  production  of 
aspirin,  and  increased  that  of  methyl  acetone,  a  solvent  for  use  in 
aeroplane  dope.  The  work  of  the  section  was  previously  done  by  the 
Wood  Distillation  Products  Section,  Chemicals  and  Explosives  Divi- 
sion. The  section  was  discontinued  February  28,  1918.  C.  H.  Con- 
ner, chief. 

WOOD  DISTILLATION  PRODUCTS  SECTION,   CHEMICALS  AND   EXPLOSIVES 
DIVISION. 

See  Wood  Chemicals  Section,  Chemicals  Division,  War  Industries 
Board, 

WOOD  SHIP  CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION,  UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD 
EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION. 

For  the  purpose  of  expediting  the  shipbuilding  program  and 
separating  the  supervision  of  wood  ship  construction  from  that  of  the 
steel,  the  Division  of  Construction  of  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  was  separated  from  the  Wood 
Ship  Construction  Division  and  the  Steel  Ship  Construction  Divi- 
sion on  December  5,  1917.  The  Wood  Ship  Division  was  given 
the  supervision  over  wood,  concrete,  and  composite  ship  con- 
struction, including  acceleration  of  production,  development  of  man- 
agement methods,  cooperation  with  contractors,  and  inspection  of 
both  sides  of  a  contract  to  see  that  it  was  properly  executed  and 
performed  and  that  ships  were  built  according  to  specifications.  It 
approved  all  contracts  before  they  were  awarded,  and  maintained 
local  inspectors  at  each  shipyard  to  supervise  construction  and  report 
to  the  manager  of  the  division  through  the  district  officer.  The  super- 
vision of  concrete  ship  construction  was  transferred  to  the  Steel  Ship 
Construction  Division  upon  the  creation  of  the  Concrete  Ship  Sec- 
tion of  that  division  in  June,  1918,  in  the  place  of  the  Concrete  Ship 
Construction  Department  of  the  Wood  Ship  Division.  By  November 
20,  1918,  the  yards  building  ships  under  the  supervision  of  the  Wood 
Ship  Division  had  completed  and  delivered  to  the  corporation  98 
ships,  76  of  which  had  carried  cargoes  or  sailed  in  ballast  for  loading 
ports ;  and  they  had  launched  367  ships,  started  193  others,  and  made 
contracts  for  171  on  which  no  work  had  been  started,  besides  can- 
celing 148  contracts.  Only  three  were  lost  during  the  war,  and  only 
one  of  these  because  of  the  fact  that  it  was  wood.  In  January,  1919, 
James  O.  Heyworth  resigned  as  manager  of  the  division,  and  on  Jan- 
uary 16  the  division  was  abolished  as  an  independent  organization 
and  consolidated  with  the  Steel  Ship  Construction  Division  under 
the  name  of  the  Ship  Construction  Division. 

WOODEN-BOX  INDUSTRY,  NATIONAL  EMERGENCY  BUREAU  OF. 

Organized  on  December  3,  1917,  by  a  conference  of  delegates 
having,  authority  to  act  for  80  per  cent  of  the  box  industry  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  bureau  represented  the  entire  wooden- 
box  industry,  including  manufacturers  of  lock-corner,  veneer,  railed, 


512       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

and  wire-bound  wooden  boxes  for  the  Government  departments,  and 
was  supported  by  subscriptions  from  195  of  the  largest  box  manu- 
facturers in  the  country.  One  of  the  first  and  principal  jobs  of  the 
bureau  was  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  various  officers  in  Washington, 
especially  in  the  Ordnance  Department,  who  were  designing  boxes, 
advising  them  regarding  commercial  manufacturing  practice  so  that 
boxes  could  be  readily  obtained.  It  also  advised  purchasing  officers 
regarding  the  best  regions  in  which  to  place  orders,  and,  in  matters 
of  specifications  and  types  of  boxes,  worked  in  close  cooperation 
with  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Eesearch,  the  Forest  Products  Labo- 
ratory at  Madison,  Wis.,  and  the  Food  Purchase  Board.  On  June 
30,  1919,  the  bureau  ceased  to  exist.  F.  C.  Gifford,  secretary-man- 
ager, resigned  in  April,  1918,  and  was  succeeded  by  J.  C.  Nellis. 

WOODEN  BOXES  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

In  the  spring  of  1918  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
States  listed  the  executive  committee  of  the  National  Emergency 
Bureau  of  the  Wooden  Box  Industry  as  the  war  service  committee 
of  that  industry.  Later  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  conducted  a 
referendum  among  box  manufacturers  and  in  September,  1918,  cer- 
tified the  Committee  to  the  War  Industries  Board  as  the  War  Serv- 
ice Committee  of  the  Box  Industry.  Early  in  October,  1918,  the 
committee,  cooperating  with  the  National  Association  of  Box  Manu- 
facturers, conferred  with  the  Priorities  Committee,  War  Industries 
Board,  regarding  metal  requirements  of  the  box  industry  in  general ; 
but  before  the  investigations  started  by  this  conference  were  com- 
pleted the  armistice  was  signed  and  further  collection  of  data  made 
unnecessary.  G.  L.  Grosman,  chairman. 

WOODEN  TANKS  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  August,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
wooden  tanks.  The  committee  took  care  of  all  Government  require- 
ments. L.  E.  Wolcott,  chairman,  succeeded  December  23.  1918,  by 
John  B.  Berger. 

WOOL  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Created  April  19,  1918.  On  May  21,  1918,  it  issued  "  Government 
regulations  for  handling  wool  clip  of  1918,"  which  explained  prior 
rights  of  the  Government  to  acquire  wool  clip  at  prices  fixed  by  the 
War  Industries  Board,  necessity  for  concentration,  the  regulations  on 
fleece  wool  and  on  territory,  and  which  advised  pooling  by  growers, 
and  gave  a  list  of  territorial  valuations  as  of  July  30,  1917.  The 
regulations  provided  that  after  the  wool  had  arrived  at  concentra- 
tion centers  it  would  there  be  appraised  by  Government  valuation 
committees  and  then  allocated  for  military  or  civilian  needs.  The 
division  was  assisted  by  the  State  agricultural  colleges,  each  one  of 
which  was  asked  to  delegate  one  of  its  staff  to  cooperate  with  the 
division.  Lewis  Penwell,  chief. 

WOOL  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE,  WOOLEN  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER 
DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES  BOARD. 

Formed  September  27,  1918,  to  consist  of  representatives  of  the 
War  Trade  Board,  Shipping  Board,  the  section  chiefs  of  the  Textile 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       513 

and  Rubber  Division  interested  in  wool,  and  three  members  of  the 
War  Service  Committee  of  the  wool  manufacturing  industry. 
Through  this  committee  the  Woolen  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  provided  for  'a  study  and  review  of  all  angles  of  the  wool 
and  woolens  situation  which  gave  the  necessary  knowledge  to  the 
War  Industries 'Board  that  justified  prompt  action  in  meeting  condi- 
tions as  they  arose  in  the  industry.  The  committee  was  discontinued 
December  31,  1918.  John  W.  Scott,  chairman. 

WOOL  MANUFACTURING  INDUSTRY  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Created  at  the  end  of  1917  to  succeed  the  Wool  Manufacturers 
Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  Its  most  direct  re- 
lationship was  with  the  War  Industries  Board,  acting  "  as  a  clear- 
ing house  for  available  plant  capacity."  It  submitted  new  specifica- 
tions for  standard  Army  cloths  on  March  21,  1918.  At  the  date  of 
the  armistice  about  60  per  cent  of  the  wool  manufacturing  machinery 
of  the  country  was  working  on  Government  orders.  The  committee 
represented  equally  the  National  Association  of  Wool  Manufactures 
and  the  American  Association  of  Woolen  and  Worsted  Manufac- 
turers. Frederic  L.  Clark  was  chairman.  Herbert  E.  Peabody  was 
Washington  representative  until  he  became  chief  of  the  Woolens 
Section,  War  Industries  Board. 

WOOL  SECTION,  DOMESTIC;  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUS- 
TRIES BOARD. 

Formed  April  24,  1918,  to  regulate  the  collection  of  domestic  wool 
clip  at  points  of  origin,  and  the  concentration  of  same  at  distributing 
centers,  there  to  be  taken  over  by  the  Purchase,  Storage  and  Traffic 
Division.  It  worked  under  the  "Regulations  for  Handling  Wool 
Clip  of  1918  "  established  May  21,  1918,  by  the  Wool  DivHon,  War 
Industries  Board.  It  was  discontinued  December  21,  1918.  Lewis 
Penwell,  chief. 

WOOL  STOCK  GRADERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

The  association  was  organized  May  16,  1918,  for  the  duration  of 
the  war,  for  the  purpose  of  cooperating  with  the  departments  of  the 
Government  in  regard  to  wool  stock.  The  association  worked  with 
the  War  Indurtries  Board  ?nd  the  War  Trade  Board,  revising 
maximum  prices  on  wool  stock  and  rearranging  restrictions  against 
the  exporting  of  wool  stock.  A  War  Service  Committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  association  to  work  with  the  War  Industrie^  and 
•War  Trade  Boards.  Edward  A.  Stone,  chairman  of  the  committee; 
Herman  A.  Rawitser,  president  of  the  association. 

WOOL  TOPS   AND  YARN   BRANCH,   CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPAGE    DIVISION, 
QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Created  June  14,  1918,  with  A.  W.  Elliott,  chief.  It  administered 
the  commandeering  and  valuation  of  the  United  States  wool  clip 
of  1918,  and  purchased  all  imports,  especially  547,000  bales  of  Aus- 
tralasian wool.  It  functioned  through  the  'following  agents:  Am- 
brose Rose,  jr.,  Chicago,  Horace  Bullock,  Philadelphia,  Charles  J. 
Nichols,  Boston,  Charles  H.  Green,  Portland,  administrators;  W. 
127232—19 33 


514       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

E.  Brigham,  Boston,  distributor;  Frank  E.  Greene,  San  Fran- 
cisco, administrator  and  distributor;  Maj.  O.  T.  Simpson,  Boston, 
purchasing  quartermaster. 

WOOL  TRADE  ASSOCIATION,  VALUATION  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  BOSTON. 

The  wool  prices  fixed  by  this  committee,  as  of  July  30,  1917, 
were  the  basis  for  the  computation  of  options  for  purchase  by  the 
United  States  under  War  Trade  Board  regulations  of  December  15, 

1917.  No   import  licenses   for  wool   were  granted   except  subject 
to  this  option. 

WOOLEN   GOODS   SECTION,   COMMITTEE    ON   SUPPLIES,    COUNCIL   OF   NA- 
TIONAL DEFENSE. 

One  of  the  four  sections  through  which  the  Supplies  Committee 
functioned  after  its  reorganization  in  May,  1917,  until  the  commit- 
tee was  transferred  to  the  Quartermaster  Department  in  January, 

1918.  Its  greatest  service  was  in  getting  reclaimed  and  reworked 
wool,    commonly  called  shoddy,  made  into  a  new  wool  fiber  the 
use  of  which  made  a  great  saving  to  the  Government.    Jacob  F. 
Brown,  succeeded  July  30,  1917,  by  Lewis  Penwell,  chairman. 

See  Woolen  Manufacturers'  Cooperative  Committee. 

WOOLEN    MANUFACTURERS'    COOPERATIVE    COMMITTEE,    COMMITTEE    ON 
SUPPLIES,  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Created  February  7,  1917,  in  anticipation  of  war,  by  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Woolen  and  Worsted  Manufacturers,  and  the 
National  Association  of  Wool  Manufacturers,  and  sometimes  spoken 
of  as  the  Joint  Committee  of  Wool  Manufacturers.  The  committee 
completed  its  organization  March  28,  1917,  and  was  thereupon 
named  by  Julius  Rosenwald  as  one  of  the  cooperative  commit- 
tees on  supply.  The  committee  worked  in  continuous  cooperation 
with  the  Army,  Navy  and  Counc.il  of  National  Defense  until 
disbanded  November  28,  1917.  Col.  John  P.  Wood  was  chair- 
man until  July,  1917,  when  Nathaniel  Stevens  succeeded  him. 

WOOLENS    BRANCH,    CLOTHING   AND    EQUIPMENT    DIVISION,    QUARTER- 
MASTER GENERAL. 

Created  January  26, 1918,  to  recommend  specifications  for  and  pro- 
curement o*  all  woolens  for  clothing  and  equipment.  It  was  com- 
bined October  28,  1918,  with  the  Knit  Goods  Branch  to  form  the 
Woolen  and  Knit  Goods  Branch,  Purchase  and  Storage,  under  C.  L. 
Bansher,  chief.  Col.  J.  P.  Wood,  chief. 

WOOLENS  SECTION,  TEXTILE  AND  RUBBER  DIVISION,  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
BOARD. 

Created  June  3,  1918.  It  was  an  outgrowth  of  the  Supply  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  under  the  Council  of  National  Defense. 
Its  creation  was  primarily  caused  by  the  speculation  in  piece  goods 
which  jobbers  and  clothiers  began  when  the  allocation  of  wool  sup- 
plies to  manufacturers  for  civilian  purposes  was  stopped.  The  sec- 
tion, also  known  as  the  Woolen  Goods  Section,  obtained  by  question- 
naires the  amount  of  privately  owned  wool  in  possession  of  manu- 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       515 

facturers;  it  issued  instructions  to  stop  the  dyeing  of  wool  and  the 
spinning  of  yarn  for  handknitting  purposes.  At  the  same  time  it 
made  an  appeal  with  the  result  that  the  spinners  and  dealers  turned 
over  their  stocks  on  hand  to  the  American  Red  Cross,  and  acted  in 
an  advisory  way  with  regard  to  the  disposition  of  Government-owned 
wool.  Since  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  section  advised  as 
to  the  cancellation  of  war  contracts.  The  section  ceased  to  exist  De- 
cember 21,  1918.  Herbert  E.  Peabody,  chief. 

WORKING  CONDITIONS  SERVICE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

Appropriation  provided  for  in  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  act 
approved  July  1, 1918,  following  the  recommendation  of  the  Advisory 
Council  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor.  Legal  authorization  of  the  serv- 
ice is  found  in  the  enabling  act  creating  the  Department  of  Labor, 
which  directs  the  department  to  improve  the  working  conditions  of 
the  wage-earners  of  the  United  States.  It  was  the  function  of  this 
service  to  examine  working  conditions  in  war  industries,  to  deter- 
mine standards  as  to  conditions  which  should  be  maintained  in  war 
industries,  to  adopt  rules  embodying  such  standards  and  explain  them, 
to  determine  the  best  means  for  securing  the  adoption  and  mainte- 
nance of  such  standards,  and  to  cooperate  with  State  authorities  for 
the  above  purposes.  The  Working  Conditions  Service  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  served  as  a  central  agency  to  coordinate  similar  work 
of  the  various  production  departments  of  the  Government.  In  deal- 
ing with  problems  of  industrial  hygiene  and  medicine  this  ser- 
vice worked  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service,  and  in  the  matter  of  safety  engineering  with  the  Bureau  of 
Standards.  The  work  of  the  service  was  organized  with  the  follow- 
ing divisions:  Division  of  Industrial  Hygiene  and  Medicine,  Di- 
vision of  Safety  Engineering,  and  Division  of  Labor  Administra- 
tion. Grant  Hamilton,  director. 

WRAPPING  PAPER  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  in  October,  1918,  to  represent  the  manufacturers  of 
wrapping  paper  with  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Section.  F.  L.  Moore, 
chairman. 

YARDS  AND  DOCKS,  BUREAU  OF;  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Established  before  the  war.  The  bureau  had  charge  of  the  design 
and  construction  of  yards  and  docks,  and  other  naval  facilities,  to- 
gether with  their  accessories.  With  certain  exceptions  it  had  charge 
of  the  maintenance  of  these  works,  including  the  supervision  of  sys- 
tems of  transportation  and  communication  pertaining  thereto.  In 
general,  the  work  of  the  bureau  was  carried  out  by  commissioned 
officers  of  the  Corps  of  Civil  Engineers,  United  States  Navy.  The 
bureau  functioned  through  the  following:  Construction  Division; 
Shipbuilding  Facilities,  Yard  Development,  and  Storage  Section; 
Dry  Do -k  Section;  Project  Manager,  Hospital  Section;  Marine 
Corps,  Fuel  Oil,  and  Radio  Section;  Ordnance,  Aviation,  and  Sub- 
marine Base  Section;  Power  Plant;  Naval  Training  Camp  Section; 
and  the  Maintenance  and  Operating  Division.  Rear  Admiral  Fred- 
erick R.  Harris,  chief  until  January,  1918;  succeeded  by  Rear 
Admiral  C.  W.  Parks. 


516       HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917. 

YARDS,  PLANTS,  AND  STATIONS  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE,  NAVY 
DEPARTMENT. 

This  division  exercised  supervision  over  the  various  ordnance 
manufacturing  plants,  factories,  proving  grounds,  navy  yards,  am- 
munition, and  mine  depots,  etc. 

YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL  WAR  WORK  COUNCIL. 

Organized  April  10,  1917,  by  the  International  Committee  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and  composed  of  representatives 
of  that  committee,  of  local  and  State  associations,  together  with 
other  prominent  citizens.  The  council  had  general  responsibility 
for  the  promotion  and  supervision  of  the  work,  of  rendering  Chris- 
tian social  service,  and  of  developing  and  maintaining  morale  with 
the  military  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States  during  the  war. 
General  Orders,  No.  57,  of  the  War  Department,  issued  May  9, 1917, 
recognized  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  as  a  valuable  ad- 
junct and  asset  to  the  service.  In  1902  authority  had  been  given  to 
erect  buildings  and  in  1911  authorization  for  the  furnishing  of  heat 
and  light  had  been  given.  Buildings  were  ere  ted  and  maintained 
in  camps  and  posts  under  the  supervision  of  secretaries.  The  assist- 
ance given  to  the  soldiers  in  this  country  was  the  providing  of  free 
stationery,  free  entertainments  and  song  meetings,  books  and  maga- 
zines, athletics,  games,  and  amusements,  educational  work,  and  the 
development  in  the  soldiers  of  a  better  moral  and  spiritual  sense. 
The  same  service  was  rendered  in  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
as  far  as  conditions  made  it  possible,  and  certain  additional  responsi- 
bilities were  assumed  at  the  definite  request  of  the  military  authorities. 
Approximately  $160,000,000  .has  been  spent  by  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  in  their  relief  work.  At  the  signing  of  the 
armistice  1,900  huts  and  centers  were  opened  overseas  and  1,000  in 
the  United  States.  In  the  operation  of  the  work  7,853  workers  were 
overseas  and  4,763  in  the  United  States.  John  E.  Mott  was  general 
secretary  of  the  National  War  Work  Council.  E.  C.  Carter  was  chief 
secretary  in  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces. 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION,  NATIONAL  WAR  WORK  COUN- 
CIL. 

Created  June  6,  1917,  by  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associ- 
ation to  administer  the  war  work  program  of  that  association.  The 
council  had  general  responsibility  for  the  promotion  and  supervision 
of  the  work  of  its  subcommittees  and  local  branches,  reenforcing 
morale  of  women  workers  in  industrial  communities,  training  pro- 
fessional and  volunteer  workers,  educating  women  and  girls  in  the 
principles  of  social  hygiene  and  social  standards  in  war  time,  build- 
ing and  managing  hostess  houses,  cafeterias,  emergency  dormitories, 
and  recreation  centers,  and  working  among  women  in  camps  and  in- 
dustrial centers.  The  work  of  tl\e  council  among  soldiers  and  sailors 
was  done  through  the  hostess  houses  and  cafeterias.  Between  June 
7,  1917,  and  June  7,  1919,  $12,659,031.28  (of  which  $7,163,540.13  was 
expended  after  November  1,  1918)  was  spent  by  the  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  in  their  war  work  program.  Of  this  sum 
$1.903,583.92  was  spent  overseas  in  Italy,  France,  Russia,  England, 
and  Bohemia;  $4,081,335.63  for  hostess  houses  in  or  near  camps  in 


HANDBOOK  OF  ECONOMIC  AGENCIES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1917.       517 

this  country;  and  $784,197.75  for  war  work  among  girls  engaged  in 
war  industries,  replacing  men  in  service.  The  number  of  secretaries 
engaged  in  the  United  States  through  June  12,  1919,  was  2,235,  and 
the  total  of  those  overseas,  223.  Mrs.  James  S.  Bushman,  chairman ; 
Miss  Helen  A.  Davis,  executive  secretary. 

ZINC,  COOPERATIVE  COMMITTEE  ON;  COUNCIL  OF  NATIONAL  DEFENSE. 

Appointed  by  Bernard  Baruch,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Raw  Materials,  Minerals  and  Metals  of  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, April  21.  1917,  with  Edgar  Palmer  as  chairman.  The  com- 
mittee secured  for  the  Army,  Navy,  and  United  States  Shipping 
Board  full  requirements  of  zinc  at  a  reasonable  price.  The  com- 
mittee allotted  contracts  to  the  various  companies  and  was  able  at  all 
times  to  satisfy  requirements  of  Government  departments.  After  the 
passage  of  the  food  and  fuel  act  the  committee  resigned,  and  the  work 
was  continued  by  a  war  service  committee  appointed  November  12, 
1917. 

ZINC  WAR  SERVICE  COMMITTEE. 

Organized  November  12,  1917,  by  the  Non-Ferrous  Metals  Section 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  to  act  in  an  advisory  capacity  in  the 
conduct  of  relations  between  the  industry  and  the  War  Industries 
Board.  In  May,  1918,  a  subcommittee  was  appointed  to  take  up  the 
question  of  transportation  of  zinc  with  the  United  States  Railroad 
Administration.  The  committee  conferred  regularly  on  zinc  prices 
and  provided  for  Government  requirements.  Edgar  Palmer,  chair- 
man. 

ZOOLOGICAL  DIVISION,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

A  permanent  division.  Through  its  investigations  of  animal  para- 
sites, including  the  cattle  tick,  the  division  was  an  important  source 
of  information  on  matters  relating  to  the  removal  of  obstacles  to 
economical  live-stock  produ  tion  and  handling  of  foods.  In  response 
to  requests  from  the  War  Department  it  ako  supplied  information 
concerning  parasites,  examined  and  determined  specimens,  and  sup- 
plied material  to  be  used  for  instruction  in  the  Army  Medical  School. 
B.  H.  Ransom,  chief. 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  NAMES. 


Page. 

Abbott,  Arthur  J 379 

Abbott,  Miss  Grace GG 

Abbott,  John  C 349 

Abel,  J.  J 280 

Abraham,  Herbert 84 

Ach,  L.  It 73 

Ackerly,  Dana  T 439 

Ackerson,  J.  L 422 

Adams,  A.  F 469 

Adams,  Commander  A.  K 15 

Adams,  C.  A 135 

Adams,  C.  Q 464 

Adams,  H.  M 224,  225 

Adams,  Capt.  J.  H 324 

Adams,  T.  S 14, 141 

Adler,  Dr.  Cyrus 241 

Adriance,  W.  M 401 

Agar,  John  G 81 

Airey,  C.  T 433 

Aishton,  R.  H 96,  310,  311,  384,  505 

Aitcheson,  C.  B 237 

Albee,  Lieut.  Col.  O.  W 49 

Albro,  Capt.  A.  B 137 

Alden,  W.  T 254 

Aleshire,  Ma.j.  Gen.  James  B__  188,  352 

Alexander,  Maj.  (Col.)  J.  H 51, 

218,  219 

Alexander,  J.  S 293 

Alexander,  Maj.  Walter 297 

Alford,  W.  J 156,326 

Allen,  Ben  S 366 

Allen,  E.  AV 142 

Allen,  Frederick  L 434 

Allen,  H.  A 87 

Allen,  W.  G 37 

Allport,  J.  H 137 

Alpine,  John  R 51 

Alsberg,  D.  A.  L 66 

Alvord,  John  W 134,  207 

Amber?.  H.  V .477 

Ames,  C.  B 168 

Ames,  E.  E 507 

Ames,  E.  G 116 

Ames,  John  R 108 

Ames,  Col.  T.  L 83, 161,  362,  458 

Anderson,  C.  C 179 

Anderson,  Chandler  P___l 308 

Anderson,  George  W 83 

Anderson,  Miss  Harriet 370 

Anderson,  Commander  M.  A 227 

Anderson,  P.  C 210 

Andre.  Armado 168 

Andrews,  J.  F 407 

Andrews,  J.  I 472 

Andrews,  J.   L 239 

Anewalt,  H.  P 223,  224 


Angell,  R.  H  ___________________ 

Angle,  Capt.  W.  M  _____________ 

Anthony,  John  B  ______________ 

Appleton,  F.  H  ________________ 

Armour,  H.  Lawrence  __________ 

Armsby,  H.  P  _________________ 

Armsby,  George  W  _____________ 

Armstrong,  W.  W  ______________ 

Arnold,  Capt.  B.  H  ____________ 

Arnold,  J.  A  __________________ 

Aron,  H.  G  ____________________ 

Asbury,  Charles  W  ___________  14, 

Atkins,  C.  M  __________________ 

Atkins,  George  T.,  jr  __________ 

Atkinson,    Alfred  ______________ 

Atterbury.  Maj.  W.  W  _________ 

Atwater,  B.  L  _________________ 

Atwater,   Henry  _______________ 

Atwater,  Miss  Helen  S  ________ 

Atwood,  L.   It  _________________ 

Aubert,  M.  L  __________________ 

Austin,  C.  C  __________________ 

Ayer,  W.  B  ___________________ 

Ayers,  Col.  Leonard  P  _____  446,  447, 

Aydelotte.  J.  M  ________________ 

Axtell,  Frances  C  _____________ 

Baackes,    F  ___________________ 

Babbitt,  Col.   E.  B  ____________ 


Babcock,  George  C  ____________ 

Babson,   Roger  W  _______  216,222, 

Bacon,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  F  ________ 

Bacon,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  S  _______ 

Bacton,  M.  W  _________________ 

Baetier,  E.  G  _________________ 

Baeklaud,  L.  H  _______________ 

Bahney,  Lieut.  E.  S  ___________ 

Bniley,  Harry  L  _____________  100, 

Bailey,  I.  W  ___________________ 

Bailey,  Col.  IVarce  ____________ 

Bailey,  Walter  G  ______________ 

Baine,  C.  L  ___________________ 

Baird,  Frederick  C  ____________ 

Baity,   J.   L  ___________________ 

Baker,  Bernard  N  _____________ 

Baker,  Brig.  Gen.  Chauncey  B_  126, 
Baker,   G.   F  __________________ 

Baker,  Dr.  George  P  ___________ 

Baker,  I.  P  ___________________ 

Baker,  James  R  _______________ 

Baker,  Maj.  M.  G  ______________ 

Baker,  Secretary  of  War  New- 

ton G  _______________________ 

Baker,  Raymond  T  ____________ 

Bakhweteff,    Prof.    Boris    (Rus- 

sia) ________________________ 

Baldeusperger,  H.  L  ----------- 

519 


ISO 
374 
214 
405 

29 

17 
472 
180 
124 
369 
361 
196 
125 
475 
168 
222 

66 
113 
169 
325 
178 
227 
168 
494 
104 
127 
239 
138 
338 
313 
140 
363 
268 
167 
188 
359 
470 

17 
305 
503 
301 
250 
493 
421 
296 
293 
158 
180 
169 
361 

493 
292 

487 
504 


520 


INDEX   OF   NAMES. 


Page. 
Baldwin,   G.   P 373 

Baldwin,  William  H 104 

Balfour,     Right     Hon.     Arthur 

James  (M.  P.  O.  M.)    (Br.)__       487 

Ball,  Lieut.  Col.  L.  R LL1      148 

Ballard,   S.  Thurston 98 

Ballard,  J.  A 115 

Bamman,  F.  C 182 

Bane,  Lieut  Col.  T.  H 4C6 

Banning,  Maj.  Kendall 335 

Bansher,  Herbert  L 514 

Barba,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  P 135,  241 

Barbee,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  P 141 

Barber,  Dr.  L.  L 109 

Barclay,   J.   S 331 

Barker,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  S 410 

Barlow,  H.  C 55 

Barnard,  H.  E 167 

Barnes,  C.  A 239 

Barnes,  Capt.  H.  L.  J 129 

Barnes,  Julius  H 61,193 

Barnes,  J.  Walton 180 

Barnes,  W.  L i_.  393,394,463,464 

Barnwell,  W.  G 48 

Barr,  J.  H 315,333 

Barr,  Capt.  J.  M 11,486 

Barrett,   John 326 

Barter,  Col.  A.  E 186,  338 

Barton,  James  L 26 

Bartsch,  Dr.  Paul 229 

Baruch,  Bernard  M 13,20, 

24,  62,  119,  263.  313.  339,  350, 
375,  388,  398,  450,  460,  496,  517 

Bass,  Mrs.  George 301 

Bass,  Robert  P 86,  270,  298 

Bastin,  Edson  S 190 

Bates,  Louis  W 346 

Batt,  Dr.  W.  R 209 

Battle,  George  G 81 

Bauer,  L.  A 334 

Baugh,  E.  V ,     112 

Bn usher.  C.  L 514 

Bench,  Dr.  T.  W 109,347 

Beacham,    Braxton 167 

Beard,   Mary 209,365 

Beatley,  Maj.  G.  A 347 

Becker,  G.  F 190 

Becker,  Mrs.  May  Lamberton 308 

Bedford,  A.  C 333 

Beecher,  N.  B 271 

Beegle,  F.  N 77,239 

Belden,  J.  C ^ 266 

Bell,    James   F 289,290 

Belnap,  Hiram  W 406 

Belting,  A.  W 338 

Belton,  M.  W 470 

Bemis,   A.   F 39 

Bender,  D.  H 159,36 

Bennett,  Arthur  J 165 

Bennett,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  B 18 

Bennet,  Capt.  J.  D 266 

Benson,  R.  D 333,337 

Benson,  W.  P 116 

Benson,  Admiral  William  S 304 

Bentley,  Charles  H 49,50 

Beresford,  A.  W 124, 125 


Page. 

Berger,  John  B 512 

Berkey,  C.  P 191 

Berolzheimer,  E 252 

Bertron,  S.  R 141 

Besler,  W.  G 96 

Bestor,  Arthur  E 434 

Bethel,  Union  N 469 

Betts,  Lieut.  Col.  Philander 88 

Betz,  Capt.  Charles  T 334 

Beukhart,  A.  G 129 

Bevington,  E.  L 287 

Bicklehaupgt,  N.  G 180 

Bicknell,  R.  F 167 

Biddle,  Maj.  Gen.  John 189 

Bigelovv,  Charles  A 197,  283,  311 

Bigelow,   Maj.   John 285 

Biggs,  Herman  M 209 

Bilbo,  Gov.  Theo 104 

Billings,  Col.  Frank 435 

Bingharn,  Gen.  Theodore  A 14 

Birdseye,  C 273 

Birkenstein,  Louis___  408,409,414,503 

Birmingham,  Col.  H.  P 410 

Bissell,  Richard  M 104 

Bishop,  F.  L 136 

Bitting,  A.  W 338 

Blabon,  J.  W 224 

Black,  Gen.  W7.  M 132,  225,  226,  343 

Blnckman,  William 33,  246 

Blackmer,  H.  M 333 

Blair,  C.  C 330 

Blair,  F.  A 117 

Blair,  Maj.  J.  A 340 

Blair,  Paul  A 328 

Blair,  William  McCormick 175 

Blair,  Wiley 180 

Blake,  H.  S 125 

Blakeslee,  James  I 140,  202 

Blanchard,  A.  H 202 

Blanchard,  Isaac  H 326 

Blancly,  I.  C 463 

Blauvelt,  Warren  S 77,  357 

Bliss,  Gen.  Tasker,  H 189,  330,  490 

Block,  Harry  A 196 

Bloomfield,   Meyer 218 

Blue,  Surg.  Gen.  Rupert 209,365 

Blunt,  Col.  S.  E 33,130 

Biyth,  Lieut.  Col.  L.  W 8, 160,  416 

Board,  R.  N 489 

Boggs,  Col.  Frank  C 93,  371 

Boldt,  Charles ^ 191 

Bolles,  Maj.  F.  G 70 

Boiling,  Maj.  R.  C— * 15 

BoTt-m,  Lieut.  Col.  C.  C 71, 148,  399 

Bolton,  Mrs.  Chester  C 363 

Bordley,  Dr.  .tames 461 

Borland,  W.  P 408 

Botting,  D.  C 115 

Botts,  James  B 129 

Bourgeois,  Leon 253 

Bowers,  W.  W 483 

Bowker,  Horace 156,  455 

Bowles,  Admiral  F.  T 78,90,450 

Bowmrm,  John  McE 206 

Box,  George  G 164,207 

I  Boyd,  D.  K 273 


INDEX   OF   NAMES. 


521 


Page. 

Boyd,  Henry  W 432 

Boyden,  R.  W 131 

Boyce,  William  T 129 

Boyle,  Gov.  Emmet  D 104 

Braddock,   Harold 284,411 

Bradford,  E.  F 98 

Bradley,  E.  C 301 

Bradley,  L.  C 21 

Bradley,   Philips  R 168 

Bradsby,  F.  W 36 

Brady,  Arthur  W 283 

Brady,  William  A 295 

Brainard,  Brig.  Gen.  D.  L 332 

Bralund,  Maj.  O.  W 108 

Brand,  Charles  G 100,108,273 

Brandis,   Alfred 61 

Brantingham,  C.  S 150 

Breckenridge,  Prof.  L.  P 134 

Breedon,  A.  W 435 

Brehm,  Lieut 391 

Brenninger,  Lieut.  R 372 

Brent,  Theodore 421 

Brenten,  A.  B 369 

Brett,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  Q.  A 70,  94, 161 

Brewster,  Carroll  H 164,207 

Bridge,  George  S 169 

Briggs,  Maj.  F.  H 501 

Briggs,  F.  H 210 

Brigham,  W.  E 514 

Brill,  G.  M 399 

Bristol,  Col.  Mat.  C 29,397 

Broadwell,  Maj.  R.  M 362 

Bronson,  Maj.  E.  S 11 

Brooker,  Charles  F 44 

Brookings,  Robert  S 350,  375 

Brooks,  F.  H 168,507 

Brooks,  Lieut.  J.  J 393 

Brooks,  S.  D 168 

Brown,  A.  W 71 

Brown,  Alexander  C 104 

Brown,  Charles  W 341 

Brown,  D.  E 8,83 

Brown,  Everett 260 

Brown,  F.  W 155 

Brown,  Franklin  Q 14 

Brown,  G.  V.  I 109 

Brown,  H.  D 122,  500 

Brown,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  S 159 

Brown,  J.  B 52 

Brown,  Jacob  F 514 

Brown,  J.  J 86 

Brown,  L.  Ames 308 

Brown,  Col.  L.  C 18 

Brown,  Brig.  Gen.  Lytle 499 

Brown,  W.  B 499 

Brown,  Capt.  W.  C 105 

Brown,  W.  W 129 

Browne,  Frank  A 334,  376,  377,  359 

Browning,  Commander  H.  W 459 

Bruere,    Henry 129 

Brulatour,  Jules  E . 173 

Brunker,  Albert  R 9 

Brunton,  Daniel  W 134,467 

Brush,  Samuel  P 149 

Bryan,  Dr.  E.  A 104 

Bryan,  Wiley  B 179 


I'rge. 

Brydon,  John  C 115 

Bryant,  B.  O 174 

Bryant,  Lewis  T 129 

Buck,  Harold  W 467 

Buck,  Raymond 202 

Buckley,  John   S 1 329 

Buckley,  Lloyd 255 

Buckley,  Capt.  W.  R 374 

Buffington,  W.  E 159 

Bulkley,  Robert  J 256 

Bullock,  Alexander 44 

Bullock,  Horace 513 

Bundy,  H.  H 34 

Bunn,  Marcus  H 172 

Burgess,  F.  A 385 

Burgess,  G.  K 135 

Burgess,  Maj.  WT.  R 446 

Burke,  John  J 81,481 

Surleson,  A.  S.  (Postmaster  Gen- 
eral)   269,  344,  467,  468,  506 

Burling,  E.  G 251 

Burlingame,  Edwin  A 129 

Burn,  Henry 489 

Burnside,  C.  V 83 

Burnham,  W.  H 154 

Burnquist,  Gov.  J.  A.  A 104 

Burr,  Maj.  Gen.  G.  W 70,  374 

Burrell,  Col.  G.  A 400,  502 

Burt,  C.  M- 327 

Burt,  Col.  R.  J 479,  504 

Burton,  Prof.  A.  E 303 

Burton,  O.  M 274 

Bush,  B.  F 434 

Bush,  David  D 357 

Bush,  H.  G 168 

Bush,    Irving   T 490 

Bush,    Samuel    P 149,177,322 

Bushman,  Mrs.  James  S 517 

Bushriell,  Col.  George  E^ 279 

Butler,   F.  C 27,83 

Butler,  Lieut  Col.  John  L 416 

Butler,  R.  C 464 

Butterfield,  Lieut.  Col.  A.  D 231 

Butterworth,  William 188,  485,  489 

Byar,  Carl 173 

Byers,  W.   L 115 

Byrd,  Harry  F 180 

Byrne,  M.  J 333 

Byron,  Maj.  J.  C 254,484 

Cabbie,  \Villiam 176 

Cahn.  William  M 463 

Cal lander,  Maj.  G.  R 249 

Calloway,  A.  W 41 

Galloway,  Ensign  C.  J • 372 

Cameron,  J.   P 115 

Caminetti,  Anthony 209 

Camp,  WTalter 72 

Campbell,  B 176 

Campbell,  James  A 239,483,484 

Campbell,  Richard  K 301 

Campbell,  W.  H 27 

Campbell.  William  H 467 

Canby,   Col.   James 160,294,409 

Canham,  A.  B 182 

Cannon,  Maj.  P.  C 45 

Capps,  Rear  Admiral  W.  L 422 


.522 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


Page. 

Carey,  Emerson 179 

Carlisle,  Maj.  F.  W 295,  464 

Carlton,  Newcomb 269 

Carmatt,  J.  W 83 

Carmichael,  R.  L 157 

Carney,  Maj.  M.  F 38 

Carpenter,  A.  F 40 

Carr,  James  A 376 

Carrell,  H.  G 22 

Carruth,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H_ 93 

Carry,  E.  F 319,343 

Carson,  J.  A.  G 303 

Carson,  H.  L 374 

Carson,  W.  F 2.19 

Carter,  E.  C 516 

Carter,  W.  S 245 

Carter,  Zenas  W 281 

Gary,  Sheldon 261 

Case,  George  B 252 

Case,  John  J 332 

Case,  Mills  E 447,494 

Casenave,  M.  M 178 

Casey,  John  J 246,247 

Castle,  Commander  Guy  W.  S__  124 

Catchings,  Waddill 95 

Catlett,  Charles 393 

Catt,  Mrs.  C.  Chapman 122 

Cecil,  Lord  Robert  (Great 

Britain) 252,460 

Chace,  Malcom  G ISO 

Chamberlain,  E.  T 303 

Chambers,  Alfred  A 504 

Chambers,  Edward 428,474,478 

Chambers,  Capt.  F.  T 269 

Chambers,  Maj.  T.  H 330 

Chandler,  Maj.  G.  M 228 

Chandler,  Dr.  J.  A 488 

Charming,  H.  M 256,397 

Charming,  J.  Parke 134 

Chapin,  Roy  D 202 

Chapman,  George  A 154 

Chappe  1,  Capt.  A.  J 12 

Chase,  M.  F 64,143 

Chase,  W.  W 149 

Chatfield,  H.  S 417 

Chatillon,  George  E 195,286 

Cheney,  Charles 428 

Chevalier.  Stuart 207,255 

Child,  Huntley 39 

Child,  J.  F 168 

Childs,  William  H 75 

Chincla,  Viscount 253 

Chipman,  F.  L 205 

Chittenden.  Prof 238 

Christiansen,  Lieut.  A.  P 453 

Christie,  Lieut.  Col.  A.  C 150,403 

Cholmeley-Jones,  Col.  R.  G 500 

Chubb,  Herndon 229,393 

Churchill,  Brig.  Gen.  Marlbor- 

ough 285 

Churchill,  William 172,  393 

Cisler,  Shiphen  A 173 

Clagctt,  Brice 381 

Glair,  H.  P 371) 

Clamer,  G.  H 123 

Clapp,  A.  W 247 


Tagc. 

Clapp,  Martin  H 467 

Clark,  A.  M 205 

Clark,  Edgar  E 83, 176,  383 

Clark,  E.  W 333 

Clark,  Frederic  L 513 

C  ark,  John 172 

Clark,  J.  William 102 

Clark,  Le  Roy 124 

Clark,  Wallace  S 405 

Clark,  Will  L 179 

Clarke,  J.  M 191 

Clarke,  Walter 431 

Clarkson,  G.  B 103,202 

Claxton,  P.  P 121 

Clayton,  Charles  T 416 

Clayton,  E.  R 115 

Clegg,  A.  E 477 

Clegg,  Luther  B 379 

jlemenceau,  M.  Georges  (France) 

331,  460 

Cleveland,  De  Coursey 58 

Clifford,  Lieut.  Col.  Edward—  332,494 

Clifton,  Charles 38 

Clifton,  Randall 176 

Clippert,  George  H 46 

Clokey,  Capt.  A.  A 137 

C  oudman,  H.  C 504 

Clough,  Lieut.  S.  D 313 

Coats,  Alfred  M 168 

Cobb,  A.  S 442 

Cobb,  Lieut.  F.  W 111 

Cochran,  A.  F 197 

Coffen,  Charles  A 393 

Coffen,  George  H 47 

Coffin,  Howard  E___  13, 19,  20,  214,  297 

Cohen,  Judge  William  W 312 

Coker,  D.  M 104 

Coker,  D.  R 168 

Colby,  Bainbridge 421 

Cold,  C.  M.  T 79 

Coleman,  Col.  F.  W 182 

Coleman,  George  W 222 

Coleman,  W.  L 185 

Colburn,  James  R 345 

Colgate,   Gilbert 481 

Colgate,  Sidney  M 431 

Collins,  C.  L 124 

Collins,  J.  H 202 

Colver,   William    B 153,350,371 

Coneley,  O.  M 218,224 

Conley,  Louis  D 472 

Conley.  O.  N 476 

Conn,  Harry  A 180 

Connally,  C.  E 129 

Connelly,  W.  C 42 

Conner,  C.  H 193,  341,  511 

Conner,  Col.  Lewis  A 279 

Connor,  J.  H 346 

Conway,  William 293 

Cook,  A.  M 336 

Cook,  Mai.  C.  F 372 

Cook,  C.  W 319,410 

Cook,  Junius  F 149 

Cook,  Morris  L 188,  452 

Cooke,  Charles  B.,  jr 327 

Cooke,  Delos  W 181 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


523 


Page. 
Coolidge,  L.  A 505 

Coonley,  Howard  A 218,  248 

Cornell,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  W 100 

Cornwell,  Gov.  John  G 104 

Cosrten,  J.  S 333 

Cosgrove,  Maj.  J.  J 31 

Coss,  John  J 332 

Costigan,  E.  P 465 

Cotton,  J.  P 255,  274 

Cottrell,  F.  G 281 

Cottrell,  Edgar  H 351 

Couch,  H.  C 179 

Couden,  Rear  Admiral  A.  R 418 

Coulter,  J.  L 17,82 

Cover,  Thomas,  jr 432 

Covington,  J.  Harry 381 

Cowles.  Mrs.  Josiah  E , 67 

Cowling,  Maj.  J.  G 182 

Cox,  Gov.  James 104 

Cox,  O.  H 450 

Cox,  Thomas 133 

Cox,  Walter 191 

Crabbs,  George  D 35 

Cmddock,  J.  W 254 

Craig,  A.  L 13 

Craig,  W.  J 327 

Cralle,  Col.  G.  M 31 

Cram,  W.  J 341 

Cramer,  S.  W 14,41 

Crane,    Clinton 252,253 

Crane,  William  M 185 

Cranston,  R.  E 78 

Craven,  Herman  W 69 

Cravenes,  John  S 151,202 

Crawford,  Lieut.  Col.  C.  H 10 

Crawford,  George  W 333 

Crawford,  J.  E 136 

Crawford,  Mark  L 129 

Creel,    George 81 

Creel,  R.  H 366 

Crespi,  M.  S 235 

Crews,  Lieut.  Col.  Ralph 92,  256 

Crile,  Mr.  George  W 461 

Croaff,  Thomas  J 129 

Cromwell,  Lincoln 73,242,243 

Groom,  Maj.  W.  C 127 

Crosby,  Oscar  T 233,435,481 

Cross,  Capt.  H.  W 292 

Cross,  John  W 32 

Crossley,    Wallace 179 

Crowell,  Benedict 70,493 

Crowder,  Maj.   Gen.  Enoch  H_     363, 

490,  492 

Crowley,  Capt.  A.  L 43,  74,  75,  306 

Croxton,  Fred  C 129,168 

Crozier,  Mn.i.  Gen.  William___  321,  490 

Grume,  William 410 

Grume,  W.  C 127 

Crunder,  Maj.  W.  M 47 

Culberson,  M.  S 465 

Cullen,  George 97 

Cummings,  E.  Leroy 198 

Cummings,  Hugh  S .__       233 

Cummings,  J.  H 154 

Cummock,  A.  J 323 

Cunley,  F.  M 313 


Page. 

Cunningham,  James  V 129 

Cunningham,  N.  D 407 

Cunningham,  W  J 318 

Curtiss,  Capt.  J.  T '. 251 

Cuthell.  Chester  W 255,  259 

Cutler,  Burwell  S 171 

Cutler,  Col.  Harry 241 

Cutter,   John 212 

Dagit,  T.  A 278 

Dale,  W.  Pratt 129 

Daly,  Col.  C.  P 12 

Dalton,  H.  G 239,  335 

Daniel,  Capt.  Robert  W 435 

Danielopol,  Georges 79 

Daniels,    Josephus . 304 

Daniels,  H.  L 429 

Daniels,  Winthrop  M 237 

Dannenbaum,  Dr 28 

Dann,  J.  E 251 

Darling,  Ira  C 106 

Darlington,  Frederick 346 

Darnall,  Col.  C.  R 161 

Darr,  Maj.  E.  A 95 

Davidge,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  W 31 

Davie,  Lieut.  Col.  Preston 338 

Davis,  Arthur 485 

Davis,  Arthur  V 24 

Davis,  Dr.  Edward  P 489 

Davis,  Maj.  Ezra 12,  332 

Davis,  Miss  Helen  A 517 

Davis,  H.  F 87 

Davis,  H.  P 390 

Davis,  J.  L 21,129 

Davis,  Col.  M.  F 95 

Davis,  Norman  H 398,  459,  460 

Davis,  W.  H 70,122 

Davis,  W.  M 191 

Davison,  George  S 333 

Davison,  Henry  P 491 

Davison.  Mrs.  H.  P 81 

Dawes,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  G 259 

Day,  A.  L 334 

Day,  Charles 358,490 

Day,  George  E 315 

Day,  Maj.  R.  D 361 

Day,  Preston  C 72 

Dean,  Maj.  Bashford 135 

Dean,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  S 31 

Deans,  John  S 449 

Decker,  Maj.  Stiles  M 334 

Deeds,  Col.  E.  A 139, 188 

Deems,  J.  F 167 

DeField,  William  R 452 

D<  frees.  Josenh  H 500 

DeGroot,  E.  H.,  jr 54 

Deitiick,  Col.  L.  L 39 

DeLanoy,   William   C 270,500 

De  Lancey,  Darragh 212 

Delano,  F.  A 52,  53, 135, 153,  301 

Delano,  Miss  Jane  A 312,  393 

Dell,  Miss  Jessie 94 

Dellefield,    T 240 

DeMiller,  William 129 

DeLoy,  Capt.  R.  E 137 

TVmnsey,  Maj.  W.  A 7 

Denby,  Charles 170 


524 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


Page. 

Denechand,  Charles  I 280 

Denman,    William 422,423 

Denning,  William  J 386 

Denny,  Dr.  G.  H 102 

Densmore,  John  B 129 

Detmers,  Sidney 417 

Devine,  Dr.  E.  T 370 

Devereux,  Lt.  Col.  F.  L 398,  399 

Dewey,  Col.  Bradley 184 

Dewey,  Dr.  Davis 120 

DeWitt,  Lt.  Col.  C.  I 317 

Diamandy,   M 253 

Dibrell,   W.   W 140 

Dickey,  Fred  L 379 

Dickey,  W.  S_: 487 

Dickson,  J.  B 30 

Dickinson,  Capt.  C.  R 212 

Diefendorf,  H.  G 443 

Dieffenbach,  Commander  A.  C 241 

Diers,  Theodore  C 168 

Dietz,  Carl  F 194 

Diffin,  F.  C 37 

Disque,  Brig.  Gen.  Brice  P.—  262,436 

Ditty,   Ralph 175 

Dmouski,  M 253 

Doane,  Lt.  Col.  Philip  Schuyler.       199 

Docke,  Alexander  M 71, 

159,  294,  395,  437 

Dodge,  Cleveland 81 

Dodson,  Alan  C 357 

Doe,  C.  P 271 

Donald,  John  A 418,421 

Donald,  Malcolm 73,360 

Donnell,  J.  C 333 

Donnelly,  Thomas  E 370,  371 

Donovan,  F.  J__ 407 

Donovan,  Capt.  J.  T.  L 322 

Dopson,  Walter  A 129 

Dorr,  G.  H 70,  93 

Dorsey,  Col.  F.  M 111 

Dorsey,  Gov.  Hugh  M 104 

Dorset,  M 41 

Doten,  C.  W 218,249 

Dougas,  Lt.  Col.  R.  W.  E 31 

Dougherty,  James  B 129 

Douglas.  John  H 312 

Downman,    R.   H 263,264,336 

Downey,  Col.  George  T 459 

Drake,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  B 295,296 

Draper,  Mrs.  William  K 393 

Drefs,  A.  G 11 

Dreher,  N.  B 21 

Dribben,  S.  F 108 

Driggs,  George  A 205,  407,  473 

Drum,  J.    S 52 

DuBois,  Capt.  Henry  C 125 

DuBose,  J.  H 314 

DuBose,  W.  G 266 

Duffey,  E.  H 111 

Duffy,  A.  L 406 

Duke,  J.  B 473 

Duke,  Miss  Emma 211 

Dunbar,  C.  M 404 

Dunlap,   O.    E 104 

Dunning,  N.  Max 399 

Dunn,  Lieut.  Col.  B.  W__  228 


Page. 

Dunn,  H.  A 21 

Dunn,   Harry   T 404 

Dunott,  D.  Z 198 

clu  Pont,  Alfred  I 22 

Durand,  W.  F 15,  68 

Durham,  Raymond  E 179 

Dutosta,  M.  P.  (France) 331 

Dwight,  R.  S 99 

Dyson,  Rear  Admiral  Charles  W_  110 

Dyer,  M.  A 32 

Eames,  Maj.  H 430 

Earle,  Rear  Admiral  Ralph 320 

Earle,    Thomas 449 

Earnshaw,  John  F 455 

East,  E.  M 17 

Easton,    Edward,   jr 403 

Eaton,  Charles  A 300 

Ebey,  H.  H 410 

Eddy,  Charles  B 83 

Edgar,  Charles 264 

Edgar,  Col.  C.  G._"_ 458 

Edgar,  D.   R 71 

Edgerton,  James  A 375 

Edison,  Thomas  A 302 

Edwards,  Maj.  D.  F 360 

Edwards,  J.  L 16,  204 

Eglin,  Maj.  H.  W.  T 437 

Ehrman,  H.  B 270 

Eidlitz,  Otto  M 206,  207,  213 

Eiler,  Edward 264 

Eisendrath,  W.  B 484 

Eisenman,    Charles 455 

Elcock,  T.  R.,  jr 408 

Elliott,  A.  W 513 

Elliott,  D.  S 147 

Elliott,  E.  M 111 

Elliott,  William_ 168 

Ellis,  Ensign  Guy 372 

Ellis,  T.  A 442 

Ellsworth,  Goodwin  D 345 

Ellsworth,  O.  M 24 

Elton,  J.  P 45 

Ely,  Richard 131,168 

Emerson,  G.  V 233 

Emerson,  Lieut.  Robert 485 

Endicott,  H.  B 167 

Endicott,  Maj.  W.  H 401 

Engel,  Lieut.  Col.  Emit  E 334 

England,  Adjt.  Gen.  Lloyd 104 

Eno,  W.  P 202 

Enright,  John  M 131 

Esberg,  Alfred  I 473 

Esberg,  Henry 68 

Espenhain,  Lieut.  Col.  F.  K___  109,  416 

Essey,  Milton  S 379 

Estabrook,  Lieut.  A.  H 10 

Estabrook,  Leon  M 106 

Estes,  Brig.  Gen.  George  H 446 

Estil1,  Cando,  Thomas 410 

Eustis,  F.  A _• 249 

Eustis,  P.  S 327 

Evans,  Henry 163 

Evans,  Capt.  I.  L 413 

Evans,  J.  J 259 

Evans,  Maj.  L.  M 79, 13ft 

Evans,  R.  M__        464 


INDEX   OF    NAMES. 


525 


Page. 

Evans,  S.  M 444 

Evans,  Dr.  W.  A 411 

Evans,  W.  H 229 

Evins,  A.  Y 46 

Ewing,  D.  L Tel 

Evving,  Thomas 298 

Fabens.  Capt.  A.  L 139 

Fair,  Col.  John  S 390,  397 

Fairbanks,  Lieut.  Col.  Joseph—  93 

Fairchild,  Maj.  A.  W 10,  482 

Fancher,  E.  R 153 

Farell,  J.  A 239 

Farish,  W.  S 333 

Farley,  Cardinal 58 

Farnsworth,  L.  H 104 

Farrell,  James  A 24,448 

Farrington,  W.  R 129 

Fay,  R.  M 115 

Feigenspan,  C.  W 45 

Feiss,  Richard  A 26S 

Felton,  E.  C 129 

Felton,  H.  E 333 

Felton,  Samuel  F 287 

Fenner,  Btirt  L 207,  214 

Ferdinand   of   Savoy,   H.   R.   H. 
Prince      (Italy),     Prince     of 

Udine 487 

Ferris,  T.  E 465 

Ferris,  M.  D 92 

Ferry,  Mansfield 21 

Ferry,  Montague 223 

Fessender,  A.  D 240 

Field,  F.  J 14 

Field,  Mrs.  James  R 509 

Field,  Walter  F 505 

Fielder,  J.  P ,___  168 

Filene,  Thomas 423 

Finch,  E.  H 250 

Finch,  George  A 56 

Fingles,  W.  A 417 

Firestone,  H.  S 405,  433 

Fischer,  O.  H 443 

Fisher,  A.  K 41 

Fisher,  Capt.  Boyd 128 

Fisher,  Dr.  George  J 392 

Fisher,  Col.  H.  C 161 

Fisher,  Dr.  Irving 209 

Fisher,  W.  R 464 

Fisher,  W 49 

Fiske,  Rear  Admiral  Bradley___  14 

Fitch,  W.  C 437 

Fitzgerald,  W.  N 180 

Flach,  Maj.  F.  J 379 

Flaherty,   James  A 242 

Flannery,  J.  Rogers 188,  207,  386 

Fleishel,  M.  L 191 

Fleming,  Arthur  H 439 

Fleming,  F.  W 301 

Fletcher.  Rear  Admiral  F.  F_  39,  71,  84 

Fletcher,  H.  E 47 

Fletcher,  J.  G 19 

Flexner,    Dr.    Simon 393 

Fling,  Maj.  F.  M 112 

Flint    Dr.    Joseph   M 120,205,279 

Flinterman,  C.  H.  L 349 

Flower,  H.  C 52,  53 


Page. 

Floyd,  Charles  M 180 

Flynn,  Lieut.   John 111 

Flynn,   Lieut.   S.   B 181 

Flynn,  William  J :       414 

Foedisch,  George  C 357 

Foley,    Michael 104 

Folsom,  D.  M 313 

Fones,  Dr.  A.  C 109 

Foote,  Frank  F 242 

Foran,  George  J 134 

Forbes,  A.  B 53 

Forbes,  William  S 260 

Ford,  Guy  Stauton 68 

Ford,    Henry 301 

Ford,  Dr.  James 205,  400 

Forkes,   William   S 260 

Forman,  W.  A 404 

Forster,  Capt.  A.  O 359 

Fortune,  L 38 

Fosdick,  Raymond  B 81,  476,  477 

Foss,  W.  I 115 

Foster,  Capt.  Dan.  H 462 

Foster,  E.  M 108,239 

Foster,  Frank  B 154 

Foster,   Capt.   J.   F___ 190 

Foster,   Mortimer  B 292,498 

Foulois,  Brig.  Gen.  B.  D 18 

Fowler,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  J 444,  445 

Fowler,    Kenneth 164 

Fmher,  P.  H 425,  426 

Francis,    J.    H ,. 412 

Franko,   E.   P 326 

Frankfurter,    Felix 217,276,498 

Franklin,  L.  B 498 

Franklin,  P.  A.  S 423 

Franklin,  Q.  C 77 

Frantz,  Joseph  H 180 

Fraser,  W 231 

Frayne,  Hugh 246,350 

Frazer,  George  E 140, 182 

Frazer,  Maj.  J.  R 70 

Frazier,  Maj.  B.  L 12 

Frazier,  Gov.  Lynn 104 

Freman,  Chas.  E 168 

Frew,  W.  E 293 

Frey,  Andrew 484 

Fries,  Brig.  Gen.  A.  A 140 

Frost,  O.  D 268,  337,  338 

Fuller,   Charles  F 238 

Fuller,  Capt.   G.  G 12 

Fuller,   H.   J 411 

Fuller,  Paul,  jr 131,591 

Fuller,  S.  L 31 

Fuller,  Commander  S.  R 372 

Furer,  Commander  J.  A 358,  457 

Furlow,  Col.  J.  W 257 

Fustinir.  W.  F__ 43:) 

Fyfe,  R.  C 88 

Gadsrten,  Philip  H 124 

Gailor,  Maj.  C.  F 219 

Grnnos.   F.  F 382 

Gaisman,  Henry  J 407 

Galloway,  Charles  M 69 

Onlligan,  J.  A 115, 179 

Gallagher.  Maj.  Ben 108 

Gallagher,  H.  E 77 


526 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


Paee. 

Gardiner,  J.  W 4-t« 

Gardiner,  Lion 221 

Gardiner,  R.  W 115 

Gardner,  Capt.  Harry  C 435 

Garfiekl,  Dr.  H.  A_178,  314,  350,  382,  506 

Garland,  W.  M 389 

Garlington,  Gen.  E.  A 51 

Garnett,  Col.  C.  B 93 

Garnsey,  Cyrus  L.,  jr 11, 137, 178 

Garvan,  Francis  P 21 

Gary,  Elbert  H 239,  450 

Gaskill,  Lieut.  Col.  N.  B 31 

Gaston,  William  A 129 

Gay,  Edwin  F 338,  339,  401 

Geer,  B.  E 180 

Geer,  W.  C 184, 185,  275,  405,  435 

George,  Col.  Edwin  S 297 

Germaine,  L.,  jr 264 

German,  H.  J 54, 118 

Gerry,  Martin  H.,  jr 179 

Geuding,  A.  H 426 

Gibbs,  John  L 336 

Gibson,  Charles  Dana 335 

Gibson,  Col.  W.  W 186,  462 

GifCord,  A.  L 379 

Gifford,  W.  S 103 

Gifford,  F.  C 512 

Gilbert,  A.  C 473 

Gilbert,  C.  B 249 

Gilbert,  C.  G 29Q 

Gillespie,  S.  H 485 

Gillmore,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  E 95 

Ginn,  F.  R 35 

Gitchell,  Maj.  B.  H 215,  220 

Glass,  Carter 236,  482,  495 

Glassford,  S.  R 471 

Glasgow,  William  A.,  jr 255 

Gleason,  W.  P 47 

Glenman,  Col.  J.  D 205 

Glover,  Col.  Fred 295,  296,  297 

Goethals,  Maj.  Gen.  George  W_  36,  307, 
374,  378,  490 

Godd,  F.  R 197 

Godfrey,  Dr.  Hollis 13, 135 

Goff,  F.  H 52,53 

Goldmark,  Miss  Pauline 246,510 

Goldstone,  L.  A 357 

Goldsmith,  Margaret 497 

Goldsmith,  Nathan 483 

Goldwater,  Dr.  S.  S 206 

Good,  R.  C 464 

Godell,  J.  M 202 

Gooding,  Frank  R 179 

Goodhart,  H.  T 70 

Goodfellow,  S.  J 115 

Goodrich,  Annie  W 312 

Goodwin,  Maj.  P.  E 265 

Goodwin,  C.  A 458 

Gompers,    Samuel 13,25.98,221, 

236,  244,  277,  284,  349, 
370,  410,  419,  505,  509 

Gordon,  Maj.  C.  C 284 

Gordon,  Sir  Charles 45,49,129 

Gorgas,  Mai.  Gen.  William  C 461 

Goss,  W.  F.  M 386 

Gossett,  B.  B 180 


Page. 

Gould,  Lieut.  S.  S 105 

Gough,  G.  R 133 

Graham,  Charles  J 42 

Graham,  George  M 296 

Graham,  William  A 190, 195, 196 

Gralund,  Maj.  O.  W 141,294 

Grand,  Maj.  Gordon 359,361 

Grant,  A.  H 151 

Grant,    Lincoln 100 

Grasselli,  E.  R 9 

Graves,  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  S 175 

Gray.  Carl  R 318 

Gray,  D.  L 224 

Gray,  G.  W 393 

Gray,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  H 31 

Green,  Charles  H 513 

Green,  L 284 

Green,  P.  A 102 

Green,  T.  C 498 

Greene,  Evarts  B 202 

Greene,  Frank  E 514 

Greene,  N.  Lincoln 405 

Greenleaf,  C.  D 40 

Greer,  Samuel  M 111 

Gregg,  A.  H 173 

Gregg,  Willis  R 15 

Gregory,  H.  E 

Gregory,  Thomas  B 183 

Greve,   L.   W 342 

Griffen,  Maj.  W.  S 

Griffin,  Maj.  Frank  J 334 

Griffin,    Maj.    G.   E 486 

Griffin,  Rear  Admiral  Robert  S—      447 

Griggs,  Lieut.  Col.  M.  F 256 

Groshon,  Maurice 

Grosman,  G.  L 512 

Grove,  Col.  W.  R 169,453 

Grover,  H.  C 48,  504 

Groverman,  W.  H 115 

Gude,  William  F 165 

Guerin,  W.  E 462 

Guffey,  J.  F 21,  333 

Guiberson,  S.  A.,  jr 337 

Gunby,  Col.  F.  M 133 

Gundlach,  E.   T 127 

Gunnison,  Royal  A 168 

Gunter,  Gov.  J.  C 104 

Gutheim,   August   C 

Guthrie,  Sir  Connop 

Guttenson,   H.   L 373 

Gysart,  Capt.  L.  C 321 

Haan,  Maj.  Gen.  W.  G 499 

Hack,  Harold  W 416 

Hadley,  E.  A 136 

Hagerty,  A.  G 83 

Haggerty,  J.  B 156 

Hahn,  Maj.  George  H 332 

Haight,  T.  S 464 

Hale,  G.  E 188,400 

Hales,  G.  W 267 

Halev,  A.  B 78 

Haley,  E.  J 464,465 

Hall,  B.  F 394 

Hall,  C.  G 115,144 

Hall,  Henry  C 83,237 

Hall,  Howard  L 264 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


527 


Page. 

Hall,  J.  E 45U 

Hall,  J.  S 369 

Hull,  Louis  D 260 

Hall,  William  E 83,368 

Hallowel,  J.  W 442 

HaLstead,  F.  M 107 

Hanibrecht,  George  P 129 

Hamerschlag,  Dr.  A.  A 218 

Hamil,  Samuel  McC 67 

Hamilton,  Col.  E.  A 92,93 

Hamilton,    Grant 349,406,515 

Hamilton,  C.  D.  P 43 

Hamlen,  J.  C 179 

Hamlin,  C.  S 52,  53 

Hammer,  Lee  F 48,  258 

Hammond,  John  H 131 

Hammond,  M.  B 245 

Hanch,  C.  C 38 

Hancock,  Commander  J.  M___  350,  372 

Hand,  jr.,  C.  H 131 

Hanna,  Guy  C 249 

Hanna,  James  R 411 

Hanson,  B.  W.  M 188 

Harahan,  W.  J 384 

Hardie,  M.  V 475 

Hardeman,  Col.  Letcher 397 

Harding,  L.  L 168 

Harding,  P.  M 167 

Harding,  Mrs.  Samuel  B 509 

Harding,  W.  P.  G 153, 192,  495 

Hardman,  Maj.  H.  W 397 

Hardman,  L.  G 179 

Hardness,  Maj.  W.  E 260 

Hare,  C.  W 408 

Harkness,  Frank  E 254 

Harries,  Gen.  George  H 123 

Harriinan,  Mrs.  J.  Borden 509 

Harris,  Rear  Admiral  Frederick 

R 117,  422,  515 

Harris,  Lt.  Col.  F.  W 362 

Harris,  J.  F 301 

Harris,  Maj.  Gen.  P.  C 9 

Harris,   Lloyd 49 

Harris,  William  J 153 

Harris,  R.  H 293 

Harrison,  Maj.  E.  A 141 

Harrison,  Fairfax 55,96,383,385 

Harrison,  Gov.  Francis 104 

Harrison,  Harry  P 284 

Harsh,  G.  R 254,  424 

Hart,  Charles  S 158 

Hartley,  Capt.  B 70 

Hartman,  Lt.  Col.  C.  D 267 

Hartman,  L.  H 378,462 

Hartners,  James 168 

Harvey,  A.  F 249 

Harvey,  Col.  C.  G ,.      447 

Harvey,  Maj.  L.  I 93 

Harwood,  F.  J 326 

Haskell,  Frank 333 

Haskell,  George  E 107 

Haslrton,  Barton 310 

Hatfield,  H.   R 339 

Haugh,  J.  L 136 

Havemeyer,  John  F 85 

Hawkins,  Maj.  Richard  H 92 


Page. 

Hawley,  Alan  R 14 

Hawley,    Frank  T 214 

Hayes,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  S 120 

Hayes,  Col.  H.  R 82, 148 

Haynes,  Dr.  George  E 305 

Hayneu,   W.    J 263 

Haywood,  J.  K 226 

Hearty,    E.    W 178 

Heavy.  Brig.  Gen.  John  W 288 

Hebberd,  Charles 168 

Heckhart,  Capt.  H.  J 137 

Heckman,  Col.  J.  C__ _  90,  317,  443,  458 

Heddles,  W.   S 104 

Heer,  C 443 

Heerbrandt,    George 94 

Heidrick,  E.  C.,  jr 241 

Heinl,  R.  D 369 

Heinernann,  C.  B 475 

Heiner,  Moroni 115 

Heinz,  Howard 168 

Henry,  E.  J 22 

Henry.  Capt.   S.  M 427 

Hequembourg,  Capt.  Kenneth  D_       193 

Herendeen,  F.  W 58 

Herman,  Frank  J 77 

Hern,  J.  E 129 

Heroy,  W.  B 504 

Herreid,  Charles  N 168 

Herrick,  Myron  T 81 

Herrick,  Maj.  Parmel 257 

Hershey,  R.  F 195 

Hess,  O.  B 203 

Hess,  Capt.  R.  H 443 

Heston,    Maj 79 

Heyworth,  James  O 90,511 

Hibbard,  Capt.  I.  N 414 

Hickborn,   Charles   S 129 

Hickey,  J.  J 226 

Hickman,  R.  W 377 

Hicks,  Maj.  G.  W 82 

Hildreth,  C.  E 265 

Hill,  Charles 336 

Hill,  D.  H 104 

Hill,  Capt.  J.  A 30,  453 

Hilton,  Col.  C.  H 238 

Hilton,  Comdr.  James  C 262 

Hilton,  Samuel 334 

Hiues,  Edward  W 104,311 

Hines,  Brig.  Gen.  Frank  T__  126, 477 

Hines,  Howard 166 

Hines,  Walker  D 381 

Hirsh,   A.   M 59 

Hirsch,  Col.  H.  J 375 

Hiss,    Phillip 208 

Hitt,  Lieut.  Col.  Rodney 447 

Hobart,  H.  M 135 

Hobbie,  Richard  M 104, 167 

Hodge,  Maj.  Charles 124 

Hodges,    George 53,55,482 

Hoffer,  Col.  J.  E 187, 195.  241 

Hoffman,  Frank  C 464 

Holbrook,  F.  S 147 

Holbrook,  W.  H 100 

Holcombe,  Maj.  A.  M 329,  360 

Holden,  Hale 60 

Holden,  J.  F 224 


528 


INDEX   OF   NAMES. 


Page. 

Hol  inger,  J.  H 315 

Hollis,  Henry  H 259 

Hollis,  Ira  N 134 

Holmes,  E.  A 115 

Holmes.  Fred  J 180 

Holmes,  George  H 180 

Honnold,  F.  C 115 

Hooper,  Lieut.  Col.  G.  K 483 

Hooper,  Lloyd  M 104 

Hooper,  Comdr.  S.  C 379 

Hooper,  W.  E 372 

Hoopingarner,  D.  L 128 

Hoover,  Herbert  C 26, 

166,  274,  459,  460,  485 

Hoover,  H.  W 485 

Hope,  Walter  E 441 

Hopkins,  E.  M 51,  215,  217 

Hord,  C.  W 61 

Hord,  R.  A 115 

Home,  Frank  J 21,  77,  78 

Horner,  C.  F 417,498 

Homer,  W.  S 239 

Homey,  Brig.  Gen.  Odus  C 186,  458 

Horton,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  E 11 

Hotchkiss,  H.  Stuart 404 

Hough,  Maj.  I.  D 374,  427,  459 

Hough,  J.  L 136 

House,  Col.  Edward  M___  231,  253,  330 

Houser,  E.  W 334 

Houston,  David  Franklin 17 

Houston,  W.  S 94 

Housum,  Bird  W 46 

Housum,  Lieut.  C.  R 325,  369 

Howard,  Col.  D.  C 410 

Howard,  F.  C 243 

Howard,  Mrs.  Henry 431 

Howard,  Henry 392,  455 

Howard,  John  H 71 

Howard,  L.  O 138 

Howe,  E.  J 115 

Howe,  Owen  C 201 

Howe,  Henry  M 134 

Howe,  Wi  lard 316 

Howell.  Ernest 289 

Howell,  W.  H 280 

Rowland, -A.  P 428 

Rowland,  Charles  B 207 

Rowland,  Charles  P 255 

Rowland,  L 157 

Rowland,  Lieut.  W.  I 241 

Hoyt,  Homer 264 

Hoyt,  H.  M 168 

Hoyt,  John  C 504 

Hubbard,  Maj.  A.  B 50 

Hubbard,  J.  J 112 

Hubbard,  Russell 325 

Hubert,  Mrs.  Dorothy  H 508 

Huessman,  Louis  C 129 

Huff,  Julian  B 115,357 

Hughes,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  S 34 

Hughes.  John 239,  336 

Rul  ,  Cordell 141 

Hull,  V.  K 433 

Humphrey,  R.  L 81 

Humphreys,  Alex  C 131 

Humphreys,  Col.  G.  E 343 


Page. 

Hunsaker,  Commander  J.  C 19 

Hunt,  Gov.  G.  W.  P 104 

Hunt,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  B 28,  50,  70 

Hunt,  John  L 415 

Huntington,  W.  D 8,455 

Htmtling,  Capt.  G.  N 260 

Kurd,  D.  F 115 

Hurlburt,  Byron  S 136 

Hurley,  Edw.  H_  236,  326,  382,  422,  423, 

481, 490 

Hustes,  J.  H 384 

Huston,  Charles  A 131 

Hutchinson,  Lieut.  Col.  Guy__  295,297 

Huxley,  E.  H 405 

Hyde,  Col.  A.  P.  S 354 

Hymans,  M 253 

Ines,  Capt.  R 162 

Ingalls,  F.  A 117 

Ingersoll,  William  H 175 

Inglis,  James 451 

Ingraham,  William  M 493 

limes,  W.  B 115, 167 

Insull,    Samuel 104 

Ireland,  Charles  H 196 

Ireland,  James  S 192 

Ireland,  Maj.  Gen.  M.  W 461 

Ireland,  R.  L 290 

Irving,  W.  K 43 

Irwin,  Payson 223 

Irwin,  Will 171 

Irwin,  W.  G 98 

Ishii,   Kikujiro 487 

Ittleson,  Henry 92, 105 

Izard,  Ralph 129 

Jackson,  Coindr.  U.  S 459 

Jacobus,  N.  L 281 

Jacobsen,  Lieut.  Col.  B.  L 186 

Jacobsen,  Hans  A.  M 129 

James,  Carwin  R 66 

James,  George  R 99 

James,  Harlean 214 

Jamieson,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  C—  323,358, 

359,  448 

Jameson,  David 25 

Jameson,  John  B 104 

Jamison,  John  N 115 

Janell,  J.  T —      204 

Janin,  Charles 193 

Japp,  H 

Jayme,  M 

Jeffires,  Zay__ 135 

Jeffrey,  Maj.  W.  P 261 

Jenkinson,  Richard  C__ _ 

Jennings,    Hennen 193 

Jervy.  Maj.  Gen.  Henry 

Jessup,  Wilfred 117 

Johns,  Maj.  E.  B 479 

Johns,  William  H 

Johnson,  A.  C 176 

Johnson,  Maj.  Bascom 252 

Johnson,  Capt.  E.  R 11 

Johnson,  George  E „—      329 

Johnson,  Capt.  H.  B 430 

Johnson,  Homer  H _  180,259 

Johnson,    John 66 

.lohnson,   J.   K.,  jr 135 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


529 


Page. 

Johnson,  Maj.  Robert  M 320 

Johnson,  Capt.  S.  B 41G 

Johnson,  W.  C 42 

Johnston,  Lieut.  Col.  G.  C 403 

Johnston,  John 188 

Jones,  Chester  Lloyd 170 

Jones,  D.  C 118 

Jones,  Col.  E.  Lester 76 

Jones,  E.  R 35 

Jones,  Frank  G 179,  290 

Jones,  H.  J.  M 180 

Jones,  Capt.  Isaac  N 322 

Jones,  James  H 287 

Jones,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  M 11,  374,  375 

Joseph,  Eli 413 

Joubert,  F.  C 479 

Joyce,  Robert  M 104 

Joyes,  Col.  J.  W 309 

Julian,  Charles  E 129 

Julius,  G.   Lay 174 

Kadel,  Benjamin  C 228 

Kane,  Lieut.  Leo 372 

Kanode,  O.  M 195 

Kaufman,  George  A 45 

Keasbey,  H.  M 203 

Keating,  R.  B 129 

Keene,  W.  B 484 

Keiley,  Benjamin  A 40 

Keith,  Charles  R 336 

Keith,  Maj.  L.  S 447 

Keiley,   Mrs.   Florence 95 

Kelly,  J.  Will 129 

Kellogg,  Howard 259 

Kellogg,  M.  W 358 

Kellogg,  Vernon 17,188 

Kendall,  Augustine 180 

Kendall,  Henry  P 215 

Kendall,  W.  C 56 

Kenly,  Ma.i.  Gen.  W.  L 283 

Kennedy,  H.  A 386 

Kennedy,  John  L 179 

Kennedy,  S.  P 179 

Kent,  F.  I 172 

Kent,  John  S 426 

Kent,  William 465 

Kenyon,  Brig.  Gen.  L.  R 227 

Keppel,  Frederick  Paul 414,493 

Kerby,  Rev.  William  J 509 

Kernan,  Brig.  Gen.  Francis  J 126 

Kerr,  A.  B 255 

Kerr.  M.  J 129 

Ketcham,  Col.   D.  W 499 

Kiernan,  J.  A 483 

Kilburms  Col.  H.  S 373 

Kilgore,  G.  D 115 

Kimball,  George  D 115 

Kinohan.  Roady 129 

King,  Col.  C.  M 322 

King,  Lieut.  Col.  Edgar 435 

King,  Dr.  O.  U 109 

King,   R.   M 111 

King,    Stanley 33,51,198,217 

King,  V.  L 118 

Kinsman.  C.  F 25S 

Kirby,   Oustavus  T 170 

127232—19 34 


Kirby,    J.    H 263 

Kirk,   Dr.  Edward  C 109 

Kirkpatrick,  J.  B 282 

Kirsteiu,  Louis  E 95 

Kleffner,   George  J 129 

Kline,    E.    M 129 

Klock,    Maj.    R.    A 403 

Klotz,  M.  L.  L 398 

Knapp,  Bradford 148 

Knapp,  George  S 341 

Knapp,  Rear  Admiral  H.  S 231 

Knapp,    Martin   A 277 

Knode,    O.    M 195 

Knode,  Maj.  R.  H 180 

Knowlton,  Col.  J.  L 31,371 

Koch,  Hugo 129 

Koehl,  William 117 

Koepler,  E.  E 357 

Kohn,  Robert  D 357 

Koo,  Wellington 253 

Koons,  Lieut.  C.  L 133 

Koons,  John  C 345,  506 

Korper.  Leo  A 129 

Kotal,  John  A 47 

Kothe,  Capt.  E.  H 8 

Krag.  Capt.  W.  W 108 

Kramarz,    M 253 

Kramer,  Lieut.  Col.  Floyd 205 

Kraus,  Capt.  Charles  E 190 

Krebs,  A.  S 260 

Kruesi,  Capt.  \Valter  E 95 

Kubel,  S.  J 368 

Kuhn,  D.  W 180 

Kulm,  Brig.  Gen.  J.  E 499 

Kummer,  J.  H 156 

Kurrie.  George  R 90 

La  Frenz,  Maj.  A.  F 494 

La   Gunder,  Maj.   Romanus 278 

La  Claire,  Lieut.  Couidr 379 

La  Combe,  M.  J.  F 178 

Ladd,   Edwin   F 168 

Lafalmme,  Lieut.  Col.  L.  K__  108,109 

Lagercrantz,  Mr.  de 79 

Lahey,    W.   H 233 

Lally,  Lieut.  R.  R 10 

LaMar,  Lieut.  Col.  A 265,322 

Lamar,  Conulr.  IT.  D 459 

Lamar,   Mrs.    Joseph   R 167,441 

Lamar,  William  H 433,  506 

Lamb,  Henry  W 281 

Lament,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  P_  355,  361,  388 

Lament,  Thomas  W 161 

Lanahan,  Frank  J 239,  267 

Land,  A.  H 115 

Landon.  A.  A 358 

Lane,  Franklin  K 156,235,381 

Lane,  Capt.  H.  R 92 

Lang,    C.    F 85 

Langonberg,   R.   C 198 

La im worthy  C.  F 204 

Lansing.   Robert 311,  330,  401 

Lanza,  Dr.  A.  J ,  214 

Larnaudo,  M 253 

Lathrop,  Miss  Julia  C 67 

Laucks,  S.  F 406 


530 


IKDEX  OF   NAMES. 


Page. 

Lawrence,  G.  W 77 

Lawson,  D.  R 115 

Lay,  Julius  G 174 

Layman,  W.  A 379 

Lazo,  Gapt.  Antonio 105 

Learoyd,  A.  S 29 

Leavitt,  Scott__ 129 

Ledoux,  A.  D 377,  455 

Lee,  Alberte 168,180 

Lee,  Ivy  L 369 

Lee,  Joseph 493,494 

Leet,  A.  D ,___  166 

Leffingwell,  R.  C 481,498 

Legge,  Alexander 376,399 

Leguence,  J.  R_ 403 

Lehman,  Col.  H.  H 70,  93, 139 

282,371 

Leiserson,  Dr.  W.  M 247 

Leith,  C.  K 282,  291 

Lelaud,  Joseph  D 207,  213 

Lemly,  Maj.  R.  P 335 

Lenhart,  Charles  E . 115 

Leonard,  C.  M_ 495 

Lesh,  H.  F 464 

Lesher,  C.  E 446 

Leslie,  C.  F.  H 45 

Lester,  W.  J 135 

Letcher,  Marion 174 

Level,  M.  E 178 

Lewis,  David  J 463,  506 

Lewis,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  N 476 

Lewis,  Harry  J 192 

Lewis,  H.  W 129 

Lewis,  J.  O 333 

Lewis,  William  C 89 

Lichty,  George  E 402 

Lieb,  John  W 184 

Lind,  John 244,  245 

Lindley,  Judge  Curtis  H 255 

Linnard,  Capt.  J.  H 91 

Lindsay,  G.  F 336 

Lindsley,  Col.  H.  D 260,  500 

Lingham,  Fred  S 161 

Lippman,  Walter 33,51,217 

Litchfield,  P.  W 405 

Littell,  Brig.  Gen.  I.  W 89 

Littell,  Col.  I.  B 91 

Little,  R.  M 127 

Little,  W.  D 459 

Livingston,  F.  E 17 

Livingston,  Gov.  R 104 

Lloyd- George,  Right  Hon.  David  331 

Lobdell,  C.  E 151 

Lockhart,  F.  C 35 

Lochridge,  Col.  P.  D 499 

Logan,  Albert  J 40 

Logan,  G.  H 45 

Logan,  Maj.  W.  H.  G 108, 109 

Long,  Breckenridge 82 

Long,  George  S 116 

Long,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  E 135,  265 

Lonn,  E.  J 40 

Lord,  Benjamin 486 

Lord,  Everett  W 129 

Lord,  Brig.  Gen.  H.  M 30,  70, 158 

160,  294 


Page. 

^oree,  L.  F '. _      384 

Lorenz,  M.  O 446 

Louis,  Harry  J 192 

Love,  Lieut.  Col.  Albert  G 279 

Love,  John  H 167 

Love,  T.  B 481 

Love,  W.  J 474 

Lowell,  John 26 

Lovett,  Robert  S 51,375,382 

Lovis,  Henry  C__ 268,  461 

Lowman.  J.  D __       379 

Loyall,  George  L 178 

Lozier,  Maj.  H.  A 295 

Luckow,  E.  L 305 

Lufkin,  E.  C 333 

Liiigham,  Fred  J 166 

Lundberg,  Miss  Emma  O 431 

Lundbohm,  Dr.  Wjalmar 79 

Lundoff,  G.  \V 126 

Lusk,  Prof 236 

Lyford,  H.  B 379 

Lynch,  J.  K__J 153 

Lynn,  James  T 129, 185 

Lyon,  D.  A 502 

Lyon,  J.  D 301 

Lyons,  O.  G 313 

Lyster,  Col.  William  J 278 

Lyster,  Brig.  Gen.  T.  C 198,  378 

McAdoo,  William  G 147, 

151, 153,  236,  380,  381, 
383,  385,  482, 490,  495 

McAdoo,  Mrs.  W.  G 508 

McAlister,  A.  W 180 

McAuliffe,  Eugene 181 

McAuliffe,  P.  J 230 

McBride,  Malcolm  L 258,  344 

McCaffree,  Charles 129 

McCain,  Maj.  Gen.  H.  P 9 

McCarter,  Maj.  Gen.  Jesse  I 288 

McCarter,  Thomas  N 124 

McCarthy,  O.  P 471 

McCarty,  J.  J 282 

McCaskey,  H.  D 190 

McCauley,  Capt.  Edward 302 

McChord,  Charles  C 381 

McChord,  J.  A 153 

McCloskey,  H.  D 193 

McClung,  C.  E 17 

McConaughy,  J.  W * 308 

McConnell,  Lieut.  Col.  G.  M___  109, 116 

McCormick,  C.  A 10 

McCormick,  Vance.'—  42,  398,  460,  500 

McCullough,  T.  W 141 

McCutcheon,  Dr.  T.  P 466 

McCutcheon,  V.  H 145 

McDonald,  H 408 

McDonald,  Maj.  Patrick 324,338 

McDonald,  W.  C 180 

McDougal,  J.  B 153 

McDuffie,  Duncan 39 

McElmore,  Col.  Albert  S 392 

McE  wain,  J.  F 254,  425 

McEhvain,  J.  H 426 

McGarrah,  G.  W 293 

McGee,  John  F 179 

McGilvrey,  John  D 47 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


531 


McGowan,  Andrew  C 426 

McGowan,  Rear  Admiral  Samuel 

169,456 

McGrady,  H.  F ., 102 

Mcllhenny,  John  A 69 

Mcllwaine,  George  D 131 

Mclntire,  A.  Reed 320 

Mclntosh,     Lieut.     Col.     J.     W. 

108,169,453 

McKay,  Col.  D.  I 260,  261, 388 

McKeehan,  Col.  C.  L 256 

McKenna,  Lieut.  W.  H 459 

McKenney,  Col.  C.  A 70,  353 

McKinney,  W.  D 115 

McLane,  John  R 215 

McLaren,  H 91 

McLaughlan,  Jay  C 335 

McLaughlin,  A.  J 366 

McLean,  Angus  W 495 

McLean,  W.  O 223 

McLennan,  D.  R 310 

McManamy,   Frank 261,275,438 

McManus.  E.  S 131 

McNitt,  W.  C— 255 

McPherson,  D.  A 129 

McReynolds,  F.  W 416 

McReynolds,  J.  E 293 

^McRoberts,  Col.   Samuel 355,494 

McTyer,  Capt.  J.  F 128 

MacCleary,  Maj.  W.  M 388 

MacDowell,  Charles  H 64,309 

MacElwee,  R.  S 202 

MacGregor,  G.  F 238 

Mack,  Louis  E 158 

Mackenzie,  J.  H 193 

MacLeod,  A.  M 75 

MacLeod,  Maj.  Norman 340 

Macneille,  P.  R 206 

Macomber,  H.  H 150 

Macomber.  Irving  E 207,214 

Macy,  V.  Everett 277 

Madina,   P.  C 180 

Madden,  Capt.  James  L 127 

Maddox,  Robert  L 59 

Maguire,  A.  G__ 351 

Mahaney,  Roland  B 33 

Maher,  N.  D 342 

Maish,    Maj 228 

Makino,  Baron 253 

Mallinekrodt,    Edward 292 

Mallory,  Lieut.  Coindr.  C.  K 457 

Malone,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  S 93 

Maltbie,  W.  H 167 

Mance,  Brig.  Gen.  H.  O 460 

Manchee,  W.  A 268 

Manderville,  Capt.  M 372 

Marighum,  H.  E 396 

Manly,  Basil  M 300 

Mann,  Maj.  Gen.  William  A 288 

Manning,   Van  H 291 

Manville,  Thomas  L 35 

Marble,  Edwin  H 470 

March,  Gen.  Peyton  C 189.  491 

Markham,  C.  H 22,  434 

Marks,  Lieut.  S.  I 372 

Marscluilk,  Leighton  V.  B 395 


Page. 

Marsh,  Col.  A.  W 322 

Marshall,  Dr.  L.  C 216,  217,  219, 245 

Marshall,  Maj.  R.  B 473 

Marshall,  Brig.  Gen.  R.  C.,  jr 89 

Marshall,    W.   W 97 

Martin,  Dr.  Edward 120,442 

Martin,  Dr.  Franklin 13,277,280 

Martin,  Capt.  Frank  S 462 

Martin,  G.  C___ 190 

Martin,  Mrs.  Martha  Evans 27, 122 

Marvin,  Charles  F 504 

Marvin,  L 38 

Marx,  Otto 301 

Mathews,  C.  E : 234 

Mathew,  Maj.  JoJin  H 105 

Mathews,  Miss  Ellen  N 66 

Mattox,  W.  S 369 

Mauborgne,  Col.  J.  O 79, 137 

Mauck,  Victor 387 

Maulding,  J.  E 35 

Mauss,  W.  H 500 

Maxwell,  Capt.  A.  J__ 332 

Mayer,  Maj.  D.  F 219 

Mayo,  G.  H 43,  405 

Mayo,  Maj.  W.  J 461 

Mayper,    Joseph 501 

Means,  Charles  M _»_ 227 

Mechlihg,   Dr.  H.  E_____ 73,117 

Meeker,    Royal 248 

Medzikhovsky,  C.  F_ 405 

Megata,  Baron  T 79,  240 

Meinzer.  O.  E___ 504 

Mellen,  W.   A 479 

Melvin,  A.  D 29 

Mendenhall,  W.  C 250 

Menoher,  Maj.  Gen.  C.  T 18,  20,  283 

Meon,  Wallace  A 155 

Mercer,  Maj.  A.  T 389 

Meredith,  E.  T 141 

Merriam,  J.  C 188, 191 

Merrill,  Charles  W 27,28,34,64,78 

Merrill,  G.  P 191,  299 

Merrill,  Leon   S 167 

Merrill,  W.  H 164 

Merritt,  Albert  N 370 

Merritt,  Ralph  B 167 

Merriweather,  W.  S 221 

Merryweather,  G  E 265 

Messer,  S 333 

Meyer,  Balthasar  H 83 

Meyer,  Eugene,  jr 301,310,495 

Meyer,   Ferdinand 179 

Meyer,  W.  E 180 

Mezes,  Dr.  S.  E 469 

Middleton,   John  A 224,476 

Milam,  Carl  H 258 

Miles,  H.  B 175,221 

Miller,  A.  C 153, 192 

Miller,  A.  W 157 

Miller,  David  H 175,235 

Miller,  Prof.  E.  F 303 

Miller,  Franklin  T 268 

Miller,  Galbraith 183 

Miller,  J.  Z.,  jr 153 

Miller,  Maj.  L.  D 282 

Miller,  Col.  R.  B 333,486 


532 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Page. 

Miller,  S.  P 345 

Miller,  W.  W 180 

Millikan,  Lieut.  Col.  K.  A 188, 

282,  334,  412 

Millikin,  G.  H 101 

Milne,   W.  A 434,479 

Minnick,    F.    G 54,118 

Mince,  J.  L 228 

Minton,   Capt.   Ogden 482 

Mitchell,    Edmund 1G7 

Mitchell,  F.  B 177 

Mitchell,  Wesley  C 350 

Mixter,  Lieut.  Col.  G.  W 358 

Mohler,  J.  R 29,329 

Monell,    Ambrose 308 

Monerief,  Col.  William  H 461 

Moncheur,  Baron  Ludonic 487 

Monoz,  Maj.  G.  C 90 

Monro,  W.  L 506 

Monroe,  R.  B 26 

Montague,  Right  Hon.  E.  S 161 

Montgomery,  John  F 50 

Montgomery,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H__  31,  350 

Montgomery,  R.  S 99,237 

Moody,  Capt.  H.  R 325,466 

Mook,  Capt,  DeLos  E 252 

Moore,  Capt.  A.  T 397 

Moore,  E.  H 334 

Moore,  F.  L 515 

Moore,  H.  F 17, 135 

Moore,    Paul 222 

Moore,  P.  N 498 

Moore,  Mrs.  Phillip  N 199,  266 

Moorehead,  Dr.  F.  B 109 

Moran,  Lieut.  P.  C 86 

Moran,  P.  J 129 

Morchauer,    Edward 97 

Morehead,  J.  M 74,  213 

Morford,  C.  M 372 

Morgan,  Brooks 41 

Morgan,   W.   B 404 

Morgen,  H.  A 168 

Morran,  John  R 59,340 

Morrison,    Frank 489 

Morrison,  Martin  A 416 

Morrissey,  Capt.  George  R 292 

Morron,  John  R 340 

Morrow,  J.  D.  A 74, 113, 178 

Morrow,  Col.  Frank 121 

Morse,  C.  A 37,136,153 

Morse,  L;eut.  Col.  C.  T 486 

Morse,  Everett 45 

Moss,  Maj.  A.  J 78 

Mott,  John  R 81,  516 

Moulding,  Joseph  W 148 

Moxham,  Maj.  E 143 

Moyle,  J.  H_' 481 

Mueller,  Adolph 344 

Muldoon,  Rev.  Peter  J 58 

Mulligan.  William  J 242 

Mumford,  F.  B 104, 167 

Munn,  John  R 50 

Munn.  C  -pt.  J.  W 271 

Munoz,  Maj.  G.  C 90, 186 

Munro,  Dana  C 202 

Munroe,  C.  E 66 


PARC. 

Munson,  Brig.  Gen.  E.  L 294 

Murphy,  W.  R 182 

Murlin,  John  R 168 

Murray,  John  R 341 

Musselman,  C.  A 202 

Musser,  J.  C 72 

Myers,  John  P 142 

Myers,  George  M 14 

Nansen,  Dr.  Fridthjof 79 

Naramore,  Chester 333 

Nash,  C.  W 20 

Nash,  Maj.  W.  K 375 

Nasmyth,  G.  W 11, 178 

Naumberg,  Aron     198 

Neagle,  Pickens 298 

Neal,  F.  P 494 

Neal,  Thomas 325 

Neale,  James  B 178,356 

Nebitt,  Charles  F 286 

Neill,  C.  P 215,385 

Nellis,  J.  C 512 

Nelson,  E.  W 41 

Nelson,  Thomas  S 429 

Nestor,  Miss  Agnes 509 

Neville,  Lieut.  Col.  Charles 7 

Newton,  James  T : 329 

Newell,  Maj.  N.  J 437 

Nichols,  C.  B 75 

Nichols,  Charles  J 513 

Nichols,  Maj.  G.  R 34,267 

Nichols,  Harold  W 156 

Nichols,  J.  C 389 

Nichols,  William  H 63 

Nicol,  M.  L 178 

Nicolsen,  L.  M 317 

Nicolson,  S.  L 109,503 

Niles,  Edward  C 427 

Nims,  H.  D 178,254,351,356 

Noble,  H.  S 307 

Noble,  Maj.  Gen.  Robert  E 205,  333 

Noble,  Col.  W.  H 361,  362 

Nomes,  W.  M 40 

Norbeck,  Gov.  Peter 104 

Nor  fleet,  R.  C •—-- 180 

Norris,    Edward 182 

Norris,  G.  W 151 

Norris,  P.  A 180 

Norris,  R.  V 137 

North,  Dr.  S.  N.  D 56 

Norton,  Col.  G.  R 338 

Norton,  Dr.  Rosalie  S 510 

Noyes,  A.  A 66, 188 

Noyes,  Lieut.  D.  C 

Noyes,  Pierrepont  B 87 

Nutting,  M.  Adelaide 311 

Oakley,  R.  A 415 

O'Connell,  Cardinal 58 

O'Connor,  J.  M 182,418 

O'Donnell,  T.  A 357 

Odlin,  Maj.  Joseph  O 360 

Ogdan,  B.  K 229 

0-dan,    George   D^ 144,146,177 

Ogle,  A.  M 440 

Oglebay,   Earle 168 

Ohliger.    Willard 268 

Ohlinger,   William 11.7 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


533 


Page. 

O'Kelley,  John  G 1Y9 

Olmstead,  Frederick  L 207 

Olt,  John  A 190 

Orlando,    M 253 

Orlando,  V.  E 331 

Ormsteacl,  F.  L 473 

Orton,  Maj.  J.  R 398 

Orton,  Lieut.  Col.  Edwin 416 

Orr,  Samuel  L 239 

Osborne,   H.    S 398 

Osborn,  Maj.  I.  S 183,  226,  409 

Osborn,  W.  H__ 235 

Otis,  Charles  A 401 

Otterson.  J.  E 188,  430 

Owens,  'William  B 258 

Pack,  Charles  L 300 

Paderewski,   I.  J__ 298 

Page,  Charles  R 421 

Page,  Edward 379 

Page,  L.  W 201,  202,  366 

Page,    Henry    A 168 

Page,  T.  W 98,  465 

Paige,   Sidney 19;) 

Painter,  W.  S 346 

Palmer,  A.  Mitchell 21 

Palmer,    Edgar : 517 

Palmer,  G.  J 308 

Palmer,  Lynde  R 116,218,264 

Palmer,  Capt.  W.  E 359 

Park,   A.    G_— ---- 262 

Parks,  Rear  Admiral  C.  W 515 

Parker,  Carl  R 473 

Parker,  Edwin  B 259,  353 

Parker,  Maj.  F.  E 108 

Parker,  Miss  Grace 299 

Parker,  G.  H 381 

Parker,  John  B 167 

Parker,  P.  B 47 

Parker,  Col.  Walter  R 198 

Parmenter,  George  E 61 

Parsonage,  E.  E 16,489 

Parsons,  Charles  L 86,290 

Parsons,  Capt.  H.  G 151, 183 

Passmore,  E.  P 153 

Paton,  Stewart 280 

Patrick,  Maj.  Gen.  Mason 231 

Patten,  Lindley  H 129 

Patterson,  Albert  M 174,  470 

Patterson,  Mrs.  Hannah  J 396 

Patterson,  Harvey 281 

Patterson,  Maj.  R.  B 120 

Patterson,  Samuel 482 

Paull,  Maj.  George 180 

Payne,  John  Barton 251,  255 

Paxson,  Maj.  Frederick  L 120 

Peabody,  F.  S 75, 144 

Peabody,  Herbert  E 174,513,515 

Peabody,  R.  E 272 

Peacock,  Lieut.  A.  B 372 

Peacock,  Lieut.  G.  A 353 

Peale,    Rembrandt 178,243 

Pearce,  H.  C 355 

Pearce,  R.  M 280 

Pearl,  Dr.  Frank  M 444 

Pearsall,  L.   H ,. 372 

Pearsons,  W.  Frank__  69 


Page. 

Peart,   Col.   William 410 

Peary,  Rear  Admiral  R.  E 14 

Peck,  George  N 211 

Peck,  W.  I 241 

Peden,  E.  A 168 

Peek,  George  N 162 

Peizotto.  Dr.  Jessica  B 66,67 

Pemrock,  T.  D 22 

Pennock,  T.  D 22 

Pen  rose,    Dr.   C.   B 461 

Penwell,  Lewis 512,513,514 

Pepper,  George  W 104 

Perkins,  Mrs.  Ina  J.  N 66,67 

Perkins,  Geo.  F 10,81 

Perry,   J.  C 363 

Perry,  Roland 191 

Persons,  C.  E 120 

Pessoa,   M.   Epitacio 253 

Peters,  Capt.  C.  B_, 143 

Peterson,  Lieut.  C.  G 459 

Peterson,  F.  B 210 

Potiker,  W.  L 454 

Pettet,  Edward 129 

Pettijohn,   John  J 122,175,434 

Peyser,  Capt.  Julius  I 208 

Pfaiffer,  A.  E __!_ 114,  458 

Phelan,  James  T 81 

Phillips  B.  P 180 

Phillips,    Stock 347 

Phillips,  W.  V 239,240,413 

Phillips,  W.  H 325 

Pickeid,  W.  W _. 138 

Pickering,  E.  D 334 

Pickering.  Commander  N,  W__ _      241 

Pickett,  J.  King 140 

Pierce,    Palmer   E 490 

Pierce,  Brig.  Gen.  W.  S.  69, 186,  321,  361 

Pierson,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  P 24 

Picrrong,  Capt.  L.  A 292 

Piez,  Charles 357,  422 

Pilling,  Charles  J 268,461 

Pillsbury,  F.  H 471 

Pippin.    Warren ,      243 

Pitt,  William 443 

Planzoles,  M.  le  Docteur  Sicard 

de 231 

Plant,  A.  H 7 

Platt,  E.  M 74 

Pleasant,  Gov.  Ruffin  G 104 

Pleasant,  W.  H 269 

Plumb,  Fayette  R 196 

Plummer,  Lieut.  Col.  John 116 

Poe,  John  W 180 

Poole,    Ernest— 173 

Pope,  George 268 

Poppenhusen,  P.  Albert 451 

Porter,    George 96,439 

Potter,  E.   F 385 

Potter,    William    C 4»,  139, 180 

Powell,   G  Harold 331 

Powell,  F.  W 463 

Powell,  T.  C- 51.224 

Powell,  Maj.  T.  F 480 

Powell,  W.  H 31 

Power,  C.  M 61 

Praeger,    Otto 173,386 


534 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


Page. 

Pratt,   F.   C 188 

Prescott,   Geo.   A 167 

Prescott,  Maj.  Samuel  C 108 

Price,  George  H 202 

Price,  O.  A 498 

Price,  Theodore,  H 9,164,270,454 

Price.  V.  L 86 

Price,  W.  W , 109 

Priebe,  W.  F 346 

Printz,  A 268 

Prior,  J.  G 98 

Pritchett,  Capt.  F.  W 453 

Proffitt,  Col.  E.  J.  W 70 

Prosser,  Dr.  C.  A 488 

Prouty,  C.  A 367 

Prudden,  William  K 179 

Pryor,  L.  N 78,465 

Putman,  George  R 258 

Putman,  Dr.  Herbert 258 

Pyle,  D.  H 102 

Quick,  Herbert 151 

Radford,  Capt.  G.  S 92 

Ralph,  George  M 454 

Rainey,  Roy  A .. 357 

llambo,  Charles  N 164 

Ramsdel:,  C.  C 314 

Ramsdy,  George  J 129 

Ramsey,  F.  W 315 

Ramsey,.  R.  A 471 

Randies,  G.  E 266 

Randolph,  B.  W 24 

Ransdell,  Lieut.  Commander 459 

Ransom,  B.  H 517 

Rnnsome,  F.  L 193 

Rathbone,  Albert 172,  482 

Rausbottom,  F.  M 451 

Ray,  E.  L 260,  275 

Ray,  G.  A 13G 

Raycroft,  Dr.  Joseph  E 3G 

Raymond,  H.  E 40: 

Raymond,  H.  H 42.'. 

Raymond.  Maj.  Newman  H 33; 

Raymond,  R.  L 9, 

Raymond,  Maj.  Thomas 10-: 

Rawitser,  Herman  A 511 

Rawl,  B.  H 10. 

Rawson,  Maj.  H.  D 7v 

Read,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  W 5 

Reber,  Lous  E____^ 22 

Redfield,  William  Cox 7 

Reed,  C.  E 11 

Reed,  Lowell  J 46 

Rees,  Brig.  Gen.  Robert 12: 

Reese,  C.  L 11' 

Reid,  C.  W 20: 

Reid,  E.  B 36 

Reid,  J.  A 34 

Reid,  W.  R 251 

Reiley,  Capt.  A.  D 40 

Reilly,  Leigh 30 

Reimann,  F.  B 11 

Reis,  M.  Jayme  Brata'.ka 25.' 

Replogle,  J.  Leonard 44S 

Requa,  Mark  L 178,314,315,33: 

Renter,  B.  E 151 

Reynolds,  T.  P 410 


Rhetta,  R.  G 62,379 

Rhodes,  A.  E 163 

Rice,  George  S 291 

Rice,  Col.  J.  H 57,188 

Rice,  Capt.  W.  B 65 

Richards,  C.  A 91,145 

Richards,  Brig.  Gen.  George—  312,  339 

Richards,  James  D 379 

Richards,  John  R 260 

Richards,  L.  L 478 

Richards,  W.  J 30 

Richardson,  George  M 249 

Richardson,  Dr.  C.  W 461 

Richmond,  Carl 137 

Richter.  R.  M 47 

Rickard,  Edgar 26 

Uiiver,  John  J 125 

Riley,  H.  B 301 

Riley,  Lieut.  Commander  Donald      37'. 

Ring,  W ! 62 

Riordau,  Timothy  A 167 

Riotte,  Eugene  A 270 

Ripley,  William  Z 95,298 

Robbins,   \Valter 123 

Robert,  Samuel 504 

Roberts,  J.  W 37 

Roberts,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  R__  89, 137,  437 

Robertson,  H.  S 398 

Robertson,  J.  D 337. 

Robertson,  L.  J 464 

Robertson,  W.  E 124 

Robinson,  Allan 316 

Robinson,  F.  W 310 

Robinson.  H.  M 327,460 

Robinson,  W.  Champlin 314 

Rochester,  Miss  Anna 370 

Rock,  H.  A 449 

Rockefeller,  John  D.,  jr 81 

Rodenbaugh.  H.  N 136 

Roebling,  Karl  G 239,  507 

Roehrig,  C.  N 115 

Rogers,  Charles  A 197 

Rogers,  Maj.  Fred  A 261 

Rogers,  Lieut.  Commander  H.  L_      303 

Rogers,  Maj.  Gen.  H.  S 373 

Rogers,  Samuel  L 60 

Rogers,  Maj.  W.  C 220,  276 

•Jngi-rs,  Walter  S 82,173 

^ogerson,  Lieut.  E.  E 372 

lohl,  Lieut.  V.  B 322 

lolph,  Frank  A 49 

Romero,   Secundino 104 

lornmel,  George  M 28 

Roosevelt,  Franklin 33,  304 

toot,  Charles  T___ 331 

toper,  D.  C 235,  46.r> 

lose,  Ambrose,  jr 450,  513 

lose,  Brig.  Gen.  W.  H 133,  371 

:tosengarten,  A.  G 64, 162 

Rosensohn,  Maj.  Samuel  J 198 

tosenthal,  Lieut.  H.  A 74 

Rosenwald,  Julius 13,49,455,514 

tosseter,  J.  H 319 

'loth.  E.  J 453 

Rousmanniere,    J 100 

Rousseau,  Rear  Adm.  H.  H__  418,  424 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


535 


Page. 

Rouzer,  Lieut.  H.  D 11  i 

Rowe,  L.   S 107,482 

Rowbothaui,  George  B 253 

Roy,  Maj.  E.  L 260,  275 

Royden,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart 45 

Rubel,  Lawrence  E 335 

Rubens,  Horatio  S 21 

Rublee,  George 327 

Rubovitz,  Toby 280 

Rude,  Dr.  Anna  E 208 

Ruggles,  Brig.  Gen.  Colden  L.  H_      458 

Runyan,  Maj.  C.  P 494 

Rupert,  C.  G 489 

Russell,  A.  J 324 

Russell,  A.  W 494 

Russell,  Frank  H 267 

Russell,  John  A 129 

Russell,  N.  F.  S 58 

Russell,  R.  L 177 

Russell,  Col.  T.  T 249 

Russell,  Thomas  W 179 

Russell,    Wiuslow 500 

Ryan,    John   D 18,20,493 

Ryan.  John  J 96 

Ryerson,  Donald  M 175 

Sabin,  C.  M 293 

Sacket,  Fred  M 167 

Sadler,  H.  C 135,465 

Safford,  H.  R 136 

Saioniji,  Marquis 331 

Salisbury,  Capt.  R.  W 260 

Salonon,  Emanuel 503 

Saltzman,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  McK__      355. 

374,  459 

Sanctuary,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  N 500 

Sanders,  M.  J 293 

Sanford,  Hugh  W 155 

Sanger,  W.  Prentice 142 

Sargent,  G.  W _^__  32,281 

Sargent,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  H 284 

Sargent,    Murray 195,196 

Sargent,  Maj.  W.,  jr 139,  339 

Sartwell,  E.  R 120 

Saunders,  William  L 302 

Sawyer,  Capt.  D.  E 361 

Sawyer,  E.  K 129 

Sawyer,  H.  E 43,  405 

Scanlon,   S.   G 205 

Schaefer,  Jacob  H 194 

Schaefer,    Henry 77 

Scharier,  E.  O 428 

Schardt,  P.  J 172 

Scherer,  Col.  L.  C 371 

Schereschewsky,  Dr.  Joseph__  214,365 

Schiff,  Mortimej  L 81 

Schlabach,  Commander  R.  P 457 

Schlake,  William 45 

Schmidt,  John  C 61 

Schneider,  Herman 219,220 

Schoellkepf,  J.  F.  S.,  jr 118 

Schravesende,  P.  B 182 

Schreeder,  N.  S 441 

Schull,  Col 110 

Schultz,  H.  A 406 

Sclnvarb,  C.  R 422 

Schwabacher,  Albert  E 179 


Page. 

Scialeha,  M 253 

Scott,  Albert  L 73 

Scott,  Frank  A 169, 188,  298,  496 

Scott,  Maj.  Gen.  Hugh  L 189 

Scott,  Maj.  James  Brown 56, 

235,  331,  401 

Scott,  John  W 470,513 

Scott,  Walter  A 179 

Scott,  W.  B 384 

Scoville,  Robert 167 

Scribner,  J.  H 412 

Scudder,  S.  J 50 

Scudder,  C.  R 138 

Seaman,  Col.  A.  O 142 

Seay,  G.  J 153 

Seely,   Garrett  T 327 

Schull,  Col 110 

Seiberling,    F.    A 405,499 

Self,  E.  D 129 

Sells,  Cato 210 

Semmon,  H.  A 168 

Senior,  Maj.  P.  H 323 

Sensenbrenner,  F.  J 67 

Serugham,  Maj.  J.  G 50 

Sevier,  Col.  G 137 

Sewall,  Harold  M 104 

Shafroth,  J.  F 498 

Shannon,  Charles  M 179 

Shannon,  William  E 207,389 

Sharp,  H.  C 449 

Sharpe,  Maj.  Gen.  Henry  G 378, 

490,  491 

Sharpe,  W.  G 14 

Shaw,  Dr.  Anna  Howard 508 

Shaw,  A.  W 79,  88 

Shaw,  Maj.  C.  S 12 

Shaw,  H.  A 233 

Shaw,  James  Q 451 

Shaw,  John  K 129 

Shaw,  Maj.  R.  A 112,459 

Sheaffer,  Charles  M 55,145 

Sheehan,  Maj.  W.  G 48 

Sheffield,  C.  G 115 

Shellt,  Mrs.  Edmund 308 

Shelse,  R.  C 368 

Shenton,  Hobert  N 391 

Shepard,  George  B___ 405 

Shepart,  Frank  R 40 

Shepherd,  Maj.  E.  A 160,430 

Sheppard,  R.  K 125 

Sherer,  Samuel  J 165 

Sherman,  Lieut.  Commander  Ed- 
ward C 269 

Sherman,  F.  E 182 

Sherman,  L.  K 207,213 

Sherry,  Capt.  B.  J__ 282 

Shima,  Dr.  Yasujire 79,240 

Shirley,  Swagar 161 

Shirley,  H.  G 202 

Shore,  H.  J 487 

Shroder,  William  J 413 

Shotwell,  E.  C 417 

Shotwell,  James  J 202 

Sibert,  Maj.  Gen.  William  L 63 

Sieb,   Capt.   A.   M 190 

Siedler,  Maj.  G.  J 181 


536 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Page. 

Silsbee,  Frank  J 446 

Silver,  Lieut.  E.  O 181 

Simon,  Leon  C 379 

Simon,  M.  J 178 

Simon,  L.  H 464 

Simonds,  Robert  W 121) 

Simmons,  W.  D 141 

Simons,  W.  S 494 

Simpson,  Lieut.  Col.  F.  F 279,438 

Simpson,  Col.  J.  R 139 

Simpson,    Martin 47 

Simpson,  Maj.  O.  T 514 

Sims,  Vice  Admiral  William  S__      304 

Sims,  W.  C :,       463 

Sine,  G.  H 382 

Sinram,  F.  W 385 

Sisson,  Edgar 371 

Sitler,  J.  M 24,182 

Skinner,    Robert   P 30!) 

Skinner,  William 428 

Slack,  Judge  L.  P 304 

Slaight,  H.  A 268 

Slaughter,  Lieut.  Col.  N.  H 136 

Sleeper,  Gov.  Albert 104 

Sloyton,  Hovey  E 180 

Small,  Capt.  Edson 334 

Smart,  J.  A 112 

Smead,  Commander  W.  A 424 

Smelser.  Capt.  D.  P 180 

Smith,  A.  H 119 

Smith,  Albert  G 38.) 

Smith,  Alvin  M 2SU 

Smith,  C.  B 148 

Smith,  Elliott  S 323 

Smith,  E.  W 93 

Smith,  Fitz-Henry 194 

Smith,  George  F 101,163 

Smith,  George  Otis 191 

Smith,  Gershin 444 

Smith,  H.  M 97, 165 

Smith.  J.  Spencer 307 

Smith,  J.  Willison.. 208,328 

Smith,  Commander  Kirby 322 

Smith,  L.  S 251 

Smith,  Owen  H 23 

Smith,  Lieut.  Col.  P.  L 60 

Smith,  Phi  lip  S 191 

Smith,  Maj.  Rutledge 33,104 

Smith,  R.  W 33 

Smith,   Sidney  F 351 

Smith,  Lieut.  Col.  T.  L 140,  398 

Smith,  W.  A.  C 313 

Smith.  Wilfred  S 129 

Smith,  Col.  Winford  H 205 

Smith,  William  M 267 

Smith,  W.  S.  A 129, 151 

Smither,  Col.  H.  C 452 

Smott,  W.  A.,  jr 75 

Smuts,  Lieut.  Gen.  J.  C 253 

Smyth,  Calvin  M 371) 

Snead,  L.  A 178 

Snider,  G.  N 178,475 

Snoddy.  Titus  B 256 

Snow,  Capt.  E 92 

Snow,  Dr.  William  T 209,  486 

Snow,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  T 431 


Page. 

Snyder,  F.  S 169,274,363 

Soars,  Lieut.  C.  A 111 

Somarindyck,  G.  A 356 

Somers,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H 241 

Somerville,  Lieut.  Col.  G.  R 392 

Soule,  Andrew  M 167 

Southgate,  D.  W 354 

South  and,  L.  K 404 

Southworth,  T.  W 360 

Spaulding,  H.  N 168 

Spaulding,  J.  E 444 

Spaulding,  Brig  Gen.  O.  L 320 

Spaun,  Lemuel  B 129 

Speer,  L.  F 14 

Spence,  L.  J 76 

Spence,   H.    B 161,274,376 

Spens,  C.  E 224,478 

Spenser,  William  J 207 

Spillman,  W.  J 151 

Splaine,  M.  J 391 

Splint,  Miss  Sarah '. 203 

Sprague,  W.  G „ 129 

Sproul,  H.  B 168 

Sproule,  William 384 

Spruauce,  Col.  W.  C 143 

Spurr,  J.  E 502 

Squibb,  N.  E 129 

Squier,  Maj.  Gen.  George  O 82,  428 

Squir,  E.  E 378 

Stabler,    Herman 250 

Stadelman,  G.  M 405 

Stafford,  C.  B 475 

Stafford,  Maj.  H.  B 219,  248 

Staley,  Prof.  H.  F 466 

Stallings,  Lieut.  Col.  A.  R 31 

Stanley,  H.  M 129 

Starrett,  Col.  W.  A 126, 188 

Stearns,  Lieut.  Col.  C.  P 436 

Stearns,  Thomas  B 167 

Steddom,  R.  P 275 

Steele,  Robert  B 193.240 

Steele,  Samuel  B 194,491 

Stephens,  W.  C 104 

Stephens,  Capt.  R.  D 70.93 

Sterling,  G.  W 474 

Stern,  Capt.  E.  B 443 

Stern,  Jo.  Lane 104 

Sterett,  J.  E 14, 141 

Sterrett,  Maj.  F.  G 392 

Sterrett;  Maj.  W.  A 232,  490,  493 

Stevens,  Raymond  B__  23,  298,  421,  424 

Stevenson,  F.  A 469 

Steward,  Maj.  William  P 397 

Stewart,  Ethelbert 238 

Stewart,  H.  A 181 

Stewart,  H.  C 350 

Stewart,  Col.  G.  H 322 

Stewart,  Gov.  Samuel 104 

Stillman,  E.  Z 387 

Stillman,  F.  L 54 

Stimpson,  W.  G 365 

Stockard,  C.  R 279 

Rtocker,  Capt.  Robert 110 

Stockton,  J.  T 202 

Stokes,  Admiral  C.  F 209 

Stone,  Edward  A 513 


INDEX  OF   NAMES. 


537 


Page. 

Stone,  Howard 403 

Stone,  Malcolm  J 241 

Storey,  Dr.  T.  A 234 

Storrow,  James  J 104, 179 

Stoughton,  Bradley 135 

Stout,  C.  F.  C 199,  200,  201,  254 

Stover,  C.  S 35 

Stratton,  S.  W 413,439 

Strauss,  Albert 153, 161, 192 

Strawbridge,  Maj.  Robert  E 29 

Stream,  J.  J 70 

Streeter,    Mr 148 

Strong,  Benjamin,  jr 153 

Strong,    Benjamin 293 

Strong,  Col.  F.  X 233 

Stroock,  S.  I 154 

Stuart,  Charles  E i 357 

Stuart,  Henry  C 350 

Stuart,  H.  W 16, 138 

Stuart,  Lieut.  M.  D 459 

Stude,  Henry 39 

Sturges,  H.  A 157 

Sudler,  Carroll  H -13 

Suffern,  E.  L 7 

Sullivan,  Col.  John  S 334 

Sullivan,  J.  W 245 

Sullivan,  Col.  R.  P 461 

Sullivan,   W.   H 337 

Summers,    L.    L 64,232 

Surface,    Dr.   Frank  M 444 

Sutphin,  Capt.  S.  B 353 

Sutton,   George  M 344 

Suzzale,    Dr.    Henry 304 

Swanson,  A.  E 401 

Sweeny,   F.   W 83 

Sweet,   Lou.   D 108,345 

Sweet,  William  L 169 

Swenson,    Magnus 104,168 

Swift    Mai.    P.   A 375 

Swindlelmrst,  W.  J 179 

Syz,  John 79 

Taft,  William  H 300,  497 

Tahlman,   Clay 250 

Tarbell,  Miss  Ida  M 167 

Tardieu,  M.  Andre 178,  469 

Tarrant,  George  B 129 

Tate,  Col.  Sam 47 

Tatum,    J.   J 54 

Taulber,  Lieut.  Col.  Joseph  F__        29 

Taussig,   F.   W 350,465 

Taylor,  A.  Men-it 328 

Taylor,  Clara  Sears 122,510 

Taylor,  Rear  Admiral  David  W_        90 

Taylor,  Ed.  P 129 

Taylor,  Frank  A 108 

Taylor,    F.    H 268 

Taylor,  George  C 147 

Taylor,    H.    A 381 

Taylor,  H.  C 151 

Taylor,   H.   N 115 

Taylor,  Capt.   J.  T 251 

Taylor,  L.  S 370 

Taylor,  S.  A 178,  290 

Taylor,  William  A 340 

Taylor,  W.  D 351 

Tead,  Mrs.  Clara  M__  509 


Page. 

Teehee,   H.   B 395 

Temple,  E.  B 136 

Temple,  George  F 32 

Templen,   Dean   O 412 

Tenner,  Burt  L 214 

Teiiny,  Col.  Charles  H 323 

Ten  Weeges,  Charles  H 179 

Test,  Lieut.  Col.  Frederick  C—      446 

Terry,  Charles  A 134 

Terry,  Montague 223 

Thayer,  Harry  I 425.  464 

Thelen,    Max 298,  367,  371,  387,  454 

Thomas,    A.    W 268 

Thomas,  Col.  C.  O 362 

Thomas,  John  W 405.433 

Thompson,    A.    W 96,316 

Thompson,  Dora  E 32 

Thompson,  Frank  E 359,449" 

Thompson,  Col.  John  T 33,  430 

Thompson,  Capt.  M.  S 194 

Thompson,  Lieut.  Col.  M.  W__  159,  494 

Thomson,  F_ 359,377 

Thoraldsen,  Capt.  T 264 

Thome,  Robert  J .  379 

Thome,   U.    S 169 

Thorne,  William  S 373 

Thorns,  F.  R 469 

Thurber,  Commander  C.  D 419 

Tilgleman,  H.  L 129 

Tily,   Herbert  J 299,402 

Todd,  Capt.  D.  W 82 

Tole,   Maj.   James 276,489 

Tomlinson,  G.  A 226,  307 

Toole,  John  F 297 

Torrence,  Robert  M 35,  63 

Townes,  C.  L 179 

Town  send,  Gov.  J.  G.,  jr 104 

Towner,  M.  E 174 

Tower,  W.  S 339 

Treacy,  Barney  J 389 

Tregg,  Ernest  T 46,  74 

Tripp,  Brig.  Gen.  George  E 358 

Trendhardt,  Capt.  L.  P 168 

Trone,  W.  O 275 

Trotman,  W.  G 107 

Trowbridge,  H.  G 351 

Troy,  John 510 

True,  A.  C 443 

Trumball,   Frank 2ia 

Tschaffnt,  Col.  W.  H 108 

Tully,  Maj.  F.  W 128 

Turer,  Commander  J.  A 358 

Turner,  Spencer 100,456 

Tuttle,  M.  C 324,  359,  458 

Tyler,  W.  D 351 

Tyler.  W.  S 168 

Tyler,  AV.  T 318 

Tyssowski,  Lieut.  Col.  John 112 

Uhler,  George 448 

Uhler,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  D 316 

Ullman,  Isaac  M 98 

Underbill,  F.  P 280 

Underwood,  Maj.  Bert  E 334 

Underwood,  John  T 484 

Underwood,  J.  Y ;        92 

Underwood,  Maj.  S.  S 49- 


538 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Page. 
Uriek,  A.  L 129 

Vail,  Theodore  N 188, 468 

Vanclain,    S.    M 32, 

58, 188,  262,  340, 357 
Vanderbilt,  Brig.  Gen.  Cornelius-         14 

Van  Deuian,  Col.  Ralph  H 285 

Vanderlip,  Frank  A 81,  293,  301 

Van  Dervoort,  W.  H 188 

Van  Deventer,  Capt.  Horace 93 

Van  Dusen,  D.  B 71 

Van  Dusen,  Col.  James  W 279 

Van  Duzer,  H.  B 163 

Van  Houten,  J 115 

Van  Kleeck,  Miss  Mary 508,  509 

Van  Norman,  Louis  E 222 

Van  Rennsselar,  Miss  Martha 203 

Van  Sinderen,  H.  B 145 

Van  Zandt,  R.  L 153 

Vaughan,  C.  P 464 

Vaughan,  Henry  G 303,415 

Vaughan,  Victor  C 256,  280,  400 

Venizelo,  M 253 

Vesnitch,   Dr.    Milinke 253,  487 

Vesper,  F.  W.  A 37 

Vincent,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  G 20 

Viviani,  M.  Rene 487 

Vegel,  August  H 350,464 

Vogel,   Fred  A_ 464,484 

Vellenhoven,  Joost  Van 79 

Vorfeld,  R.  H 238 

Voris,  Capt.  A.  C 371,  374 

Wagner,  Capt.  A.  F 398 

Wagner,  Maj.  Hayden  W 29 

Walcott,  F.  C 292 

Walker,  B.  A 72 

Walker,  E.  H 180 

Walker,  Francis 120 

Walker,  F.  W 471 

Walker,  Frances 120 

Walker,  Capt.  H.  B 8,  76 

Walker,  Dr.  George 257 

Walker,  J.  Atwood 445 

Walker,  Lt.  Col.  W.  H 185 

Wallace,  F.  W 40 

Wallace,  Maj.  Charles 371,  375 

Wallace,  J.  N 293 

Wallace,  M.  B 326 

Wallin,  V.  A 464 

Wallis,  J.  T 284 

Walsh,  Dr.  E.  A 414 

Walsh,  Frank  P 300,  497 

Walsh,  T.  J 452 

Walters,  Henry 141 

Walton,  Maj.  J.  H 476 

Walton,  D.  D 502 

Warburg,  P.  M 53, 153, 192 

Ward,  George  S 40,  269 

Ware,  Joseph  T 129 

Warne,  F.  J 216,  444 

Warren,  A.  W 405 

Warren,  B.  S 366 

Warren,  B.  W 178,  254 

Warren,  Lieut.  Col.  C.  E 430,  494 

Warren,  George  E 181,  387,  388 

Warren,  Capt.  W.  H 369,  455 

Warriner   S.  D__  30 


Page. 

Warwick,  W.  W 84 

Waters,  Gen.  Frances 104 

Waters,  Dr.  H.  J 104, 167 

Watson,  Byron  S 426 

Watson,  Charles  H_^ 280 

Watson,  Thomas  J 37 

Watters,  L.  L 268 

Wattles,  Gurden  M 168 

Weaver,  Maj.  Gen.  Erasmus  M__      490 

Weaver,  John  L 179 

Weber,  Stewart  M 173 

Webster,  Charles 179 

Webster,  Daniel  T 89 

Weeks,  Col.  C.  W 202 

Weems,  Lieut.  Col.  F.  C 24 

Weida,  H 405 

Weidlein,  Dr.  E.  R 466 

Weir,  H.  H 129 

Wellford,  Walker  L 95 

Welles,  George  W 281 

Welles,  Rear  Admiral  Roger 302 

Wells,  Col.  F.  B 451,  452, 479,  503 

Wells,  Gardner  F 479 

Wells,  H.  G 280 

Wells,  Rella 153 

Wells,  W.  E 415 

Welsh,  Maj.  H.  J 324 

Wentz,  Daniel  B 181 

Weschler,  Frank  E 295 

West,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  W 397 

Wetmore,  Miss  Maude 204,299 

Wheaton,  H.  H 27,  209 

Wheeler,  Andrew 502 

Wheeler,  Brig.  Gen.  Charles  B_      186, 

321, 458 

Wheeler,  Lieut.  Col.  Earl 266 

Wheeler,    Harry    A 62, 167 

Whee:er,  Capt.  W.  W 253 

Wheelwright,   W.   D 379 

Whillpe,   S.  L 251 

Whitcomb,  David 180 

White,  A.  A 228 

White,  Maj.  A.  E 241 

White,  A.  M 142,230 

White,  C.  P 250 

White,  David 190 

White,  E.  B 168 

White,   Henry 235,  330,  331 

White,  J.  A 421 

White,  John  B 146,178,221,243 

White,  L.  W 408 

White,  Samuel  T 503 

White,  Thomas  M 506 

White,  W.  H.,  jr 255 

Whitehead,  F.  B 313 

Whitfield,  Justice  James 104 

Whitfield,  Capt.  William 162 

Whitin,  Dr.  E.  Stagg 499 

Whitmarsh,  Theodore 26, 113,  435 

Whitman,  Charles 104 

Whitney,  Milton 432 

Whiton,  Henry 45c 

Whitsonk,  Col.  M.  J 89 

Whittaker,  F.  M 224, 475,  476 

Whittemore,  C.  L 28 

Wig,  R.  J 85 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


539 


Page. 

Wiggen,  A.  H 180 

Wiggin,  A.  E 293 

Wilbur,  Dr.  H.  L 87 

Wilcox,  Dr.  E.  V 150 

Wilcox,  George  H 450 

Wilcutt,  Col.  J.  N 273 

Wi  kins,  Col.  H.  E 453 

Wilkins,  John  F 452 

Will,  Frederick : 453 

Willard,  Daniel 13, 

225,  383,  468,  480,  496 

Willard,  George  F 332 

Willcox,  E.  T 178 

Willcox,  Wil.iam  R 307,381 

William,  R.  R 506 

William,  W.  A 231 

Williams,  A.  E 503 

Williams,  Arthur  J 168, 179.  503 

Williams,  Brig.  Gen.  C.  C 321 

Williams,  E.  S 405 

WTil  Jams,  F.  L 127 

Williams,  George  A 43 

Williams,   Hamp 167 

Williams,  Henry  E 170 

Williams,  J.  H 289 

Williams,  James  T 22 

Williams,  John  E 179 

WLliams,  John  Skelton 52, 

153, 160,  270 

Williams,  Lieut.  Col.  R.  H 29 

Williams,  S.  M 202 

Williams,  Thomas 266 

Williams,  William  A 467 

Williams,  Capt.  Wade  H ._      187 

Williamson,  Col.  G.  M.  Q 480 

Williamson,  Capt.  Stanley 72 

Williard,  Col.  H.  O 31 

Willoughby,  W.  F 193 

Wills,   Wayne 366 

Willson,    Frederick 320 

Wilmer,  Capt.  E.  G 482 

Wilmeth,  J.  L 137 

Wilsen,  A.  D 167 

Wilson,  Clarence  A 167 

Wilson,  C.  G 155,455 

Wilson,  C.  T 405 

Wilson,  F.  R 498 

Wilson;  George  H 42 

Wilson,    Gordon 36 

Wilson,  H.  L ~_ 463 

Wilson,  S.  H 268 

Wilson,  Thomas  E 260,  324 

Wilson,  President  Woodrow__  253,  330 

349,  393 

Wilson,  William  B 245,247,276 

Wilson,  W.  R 403 

Wiltses,  C.  A 107 

Winchell,  B.  L 236,434 

Winslow,  Carlile  P 174 

Winston,  Lieut.  Commander  H.  T      457 

Wise,  Edward 473 

Wiseman,  H.  N 11 

Witherbee,  A.  S 163 

\Vinterburn,  Col.  C.  W__ _  225 


Page. 

Wolcott,  Charles  D 283,  299 

Wolcott,  L.  E 512 

Wold,   Theodore 153 

Wolfe,  A.  B 238 

Wolfer,  Henry 429 

Wolff,  L.  W 45 

Wolff,  Lieut.  Col.  S.  E 159 

Wolinan,  Leo__ 82, 120 

Wood,  C.  Walter 265 

Wood,  F.  W 39 

Wood,  George 368 

Wood,  Henry  A.  WTise 14 

WTood,  H.  B 20 

Wood,  Col.  John  P 514 

Wood,    Lawrence 129 

Wood,  Brig.  Gen.  R.  E 373,  376,  378 

Wood,  William  G 71 

Wood,  Col.  W.  S 398,  485,  486 

WToodbury,  Robert  M 444 

Woodhouse,   Henry 14 

Woodman,  A.  C 231,263 

Woodruff,  L.  F 165 

Woods,  A.  F 17 

Woods,  Col.  Arthur 129, 130 

Woods,  Gilbert  F 389 

Woods,  J.  \V 45 

Woodson,  Lieut.  Col.  Thomas  D_  305 
Woodward,  Dr.  Robert  Simpson-  57 
Woodward,  William  F_______J_  104 

Woolen,  Evans 179,  441 

Woolfolk,  William  G 140,455 

Woolley,  R.  W 498 

Work,  B.  G 405 

Worms,  Sidney 463 

Wrenn,  Phillip  W 409 

Wright,  Frank  C 268,269 

Wright,  Col.  J.  M 287 

Wright,  Leo  O 346 

W7 right,  Commander  N.  H 181 

Wyche,  Lieut.  Col.  I.  T 148 

Wye,  W.  H 462 

Yates,  Capt.  Charles 306 

Yerkes,  R.  M 280,  364 

Yeatman,  Pope 252,291,310 

Yocum,  Maj.  J.  C 452 

Yorke,  G.  M 469 

Yost,  George  M 191 

Yost,  Maj.  Howard 10 

Young,  Allan  A 401 

Young,  Benjamin 418 

Young,  C.  B 230 

Young,  F.  E 154 

Young,  James  A 131 

Young,  Lafayette,   sr 104 

Young,   Richard 464 

Young,   S.   D 452 

Younger,  John 134 

Zabriskie,   G.  A 165,454 

Zimmerman,  Lieut.  A.  G 241 

Zimmerman,  S.  R 35 

Zimmerman,  W.  R.  J 115 

Zollars,  Maj.  C.  O 90 

Zon,  R 17 

Zukor,  Adolph 295 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OP  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY   BE  PROCURED  FROM 

THE  SUPERINTENDENTG  OF  DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

40  CENTS  PER  COPY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  5O  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


NOV 


1940 


LD  21-100m-7,'40  (6936s) 


TU 


455599 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


I 


